Every sentence has a grammatical basis. One-part and two-part sentences

- This syntactic unit, containing a thought and consisting of one or more words. With the help of a sentence, you can express thoughts and feelings, an order, a request, etc. For example: Morning. The sun rises from the horizon. Open the window! What a wonderful morning!

The offer is minimum unit of utterance . Words are connected in sentences syntactic links. Therefore, sentences can be defined as chains syntactically related words . Due to this, even in the text without punctuation marks (for example, in monuments Old Russian writing You can guess where one sentence ends and another begins.

Features of the offer:

1. A sentence is a statement about something in the form of a message, question or motivation.
2. The sentence is the basic unit of communication.
3. The sentence has intonational and semantic completeness.
4. The proposal has a certain structure (structure). Its core is grammatical basis.
5. The sentence has lexical and grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning sentences are its specific content. Winter was snowy and frosty.

grammatical meaning suggestions are general meaning proposals the same structure, abstracted from them specific content. She went on a tour (person and action). Travelers are cold and tired (person and his condition).

Meaning and intonation offers are narrative (contain a message) interrogative(contain a question) exclamatory (pronounced with strong feeling, with an exclamation) incentive(induce to action), for example: Golden Moscow is the best. Are you funny? And what stars! Raise your sword higher! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the presence of secondary members both one-part and two-part sentences can be uncommon (no minor members) and widespread (minor members is), for example: I doze (simple two-part uncommon preposition). Ice has grown on the windows (a simple two-part common sentence).

By the presence or partial absence of members of the proposal proposals can be complete and incomplete , For example: In a cold room, a Christmas tree mysteriously slumbers a ( full offer).Glass - penny (incomplete sentence, predicate released costs ). (According to I. Shmelev)

Grammatical (predicative) basis of the sentence

Offers have grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them. For example: Freezing. White beauty birch. I'm afraid. There is a rainbow over Moscow. (According to I. Shmelev)

The grammatical basis may include both both main members suggestions, and one of them- subject or predicate. Stars fade and fade. Night. Freezes. (I. Nikitin)

According to the structure of the grammatical basis simple sentences are divided into two-part (with two main members) and one-component (with one main member): Trumpets rumble in the passage. It smells of rubbed floors, mastic, Christmas tree. Here is frost! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the number of grammatical bases proposals are divided into simple(one grammatical basis) and complex(two or more bases, bound friend with a friend in meaning, intonation and with the help of lexical means). For example: Our Christmas is coming from afar (simple suggestion). The priests sing under the icon, and the huge deacon cries out so terribly that my chest shudders. (complex preposition). (According to I. Shmelev)

Subject and predicate

Subject - main member sentences that are related to the predicate and answer questions nominative case who? or what?

Ways of expressing the subject:

1. A noun in the nominative case or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun. Meanwhile sky(n.) continued to clear. Our fallen(and) - like sentries.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case. You you bloom alone, and I can’t return these golden dreams, this deep faith (A. Blok).
3. Infinitive. Work it was not difficult, and most importantly - fun (P. Pavlenko).
4. Phraseologisms. Skillful fingers were with this master (P. Bazhov).
5. Indivisible phrase. We are with a friend we left before sunrise (M. Sholokhov).

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?Dissuaded golden grove (S. Yesenin).

main members of the proposal. Subject and predicate

The main members constitute the grammatical basis of the sentence, without which the sentence cannot exist. However, the grammatical basis can also be one main member of the sentence. Such sentences are called one-part (i.e., they have only one main member - the subject or the predicate).
In addition, sentences are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones have only one grammatical basis. Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, connected by conjunctions, allied words and (or) in meaning, and therefore have more than one grammatical basis.

Subject - the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject and answering the questions of WHO? WHAT ?, an action, the state or sign of which is usually revealed by the predicate.

The subject can be expressed by any part of speech.
1. Noun in the nominative case: Income from shares rose by five percent.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case: We came to the conference.
3. substantive adjective: Sick called the doctor.
4. Numerals: Seven one is not expected.
5. Infinitive of the verb: To study will always come in handy.

The subject can be expressed both as a phrase and phraseological turn: Pacific Ocean spread out before us; His long tongue always ruins things.
The phrase can have different meanings:

• quantitative: thirty four workers wrote an application for leave; Both girlfriends laughed; Several people stopped; Crowd gathered in the square;


• selective: None of us did not agree to go;


• collective: director with secretary attended the meeting;


• temporary: stood mid July.

Predicate - this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and grammatically depends on it, indicates the action, state, attribute inherent in the subject, answers the questions: WHAT IS IT DOING?, WHAT IS IT DOING?, WHAT? and etc.

The predicate is divided into simple and compound.
Simple predicate expressed as a verb in any form: There were folders on the table in the corner; Would you come to talk to me; I will address these issues tomorrow.

Compound predicate in turn, it is divided into two more subspecies: compound verbal and compound nominal.

Compound verb predicate consists of two parts: auxiliary verb in conjugated form, which expresses grammatical meaning predicate and connects it with the subject, and indefinite form verb that expresses the main lexical meaning predicate.
As an auxiliary are:

• verbs denoting the beginning, end and continuation of an action: I'm already started doing new task; Our department stops striking;


• modal verbs that denote desire, unwillingness, possibility or impossibility of action: I can do your order; I want to learn your insight; I refuse to be errand boy!


• verbs that express emotional condition: All were afraid to object boss He likes to work;


• phraseological combinations: our company is honored to cooperate with such a famous company.

composite nominal predicate from a linking verb that expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate. Moreover, the link can be skipped.
The links are:

• verbs BE, IS: I was very pleased;


• verbs that do not express independent value: Alyosha seemed pale;


• verbs expressing the meaning of movement, state, activity: We returned home tired.

The nominal part can be:

• nouns in the nominative or instrumental: industriousness there is the main thing condition success;


• adjectives: clouds become more transparent;


• numerals: Us there were four;


• pronoun: Andrey Nikolaevich was here their;


• participle: This meeting was unexpected ;


• indecomposable phrase: Predicate is the main member of the proposal.

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition - a secondary member of the sentence, which answers the questions: WHAT?, WHOSE?, WHICH?, denotes a sign of the subject.
The definition can be expressed:
1) an adjective, a participle, a pronoun and an ordinal numeral, a phrase with a leading adjective or participle, then it is called agreed, because in this case it agrees with the noun in gender number and case. Examples:

• Silent voiced bird voices;


• We noticed a broken headlight approaching cars;


• Under fourth the number was our company;


• Its the load does not carry.

2) a noun, comparative degree adjective, some possessive pronouns, infinitive, phrase, then it is called inconsistent definition, since it is associated with the word being defined only by meaning. Examples:

• At the monument (what? to whom?) Pushkin lovers still meet; On his desk was a magazine (what?) with photos; Water (what kind?) from a spring was cold;


• Children (what?) older sent to the river for water;


• Eyes (whose?) his (her, them) were sad;


• The leader gave a sign (what?) shut up.

Addition - this is a minor member of the sentence, which answers the questions of indirect cases of the noun, denotes the subject, object and instrument of action.
The complement can be expressed by any part of speech: Get (what?) book(n.) off the shelf; We were asked (about what?) keep quiet(inf. ch.); invited (who?) her(local) for dinner and etc.
Addition can be direct and indirect.
direct complement is always used without a preposition and is expressed in the forms of the accusative and genitive with the verb: The merchant accepted (what?) decision; Today you(who?) will not be?
Indirect is used in the form of any indirect case with or without preposition.

Circumstance - this is a secondary member of the sentence that answers the questions: HOW?, WHEN?, WHERE?, WHERE?, WHY? , in which the action is performed.
The circumstance can be expressed by a noun, adverb, gerund, infinitive, etc.: Read (when?) after lunch; The boss said (how?) very fast; hunched over, (how?) sat a tired clerk at the table.

In addition, there are parts of the sentence that are not members of the sentence. These are appeals introductory words and designs. They are separated by commas, but do not affect the relationship of sentences in the text.

You may have already verified that even the easiest punctuation marks (at the end of a sentence) are not as easy to put as it seems at once, because it is necessary think about the meaning of the sentence and the text. And it's even more difficult work on punctuation in the middle of a sentence. Here you need to think about what blocks the sentence consists of, where the boundaries of the blocks are, then, in accordance with the rules, place punctuation marks. Don't be scared! Let's deal with even the most difficult cases, we will help them understand and turn them into simple ones!

Let's start with perhaps main blocks - simple sentences, which may be part of a complex What is a simple sentence? His heart is grammatical basis, usually consisting of subject and predicate. Around the grammatical base are minor members of the sentence, isolated and non-isolated; included in the predicate group and in the subject group.

The grammatical basis is therefore the basis because the whole offer rests on it. If you learn how to quickly find it, it will be easy to arrange those necessary signs punctuation, which will mark the boundary of simple sentences as part of a complex one. How should one argue?

Determine how many stems are in the sentence:

Is it difficult to find the grammatical basis of a sentence? Sometimes it's very simple: subject (who? or what?), predicate (what is he doing? what did he do?). But often there are more complicated cases.

Conclusion: one base is a simple sentence; two or more bases - complex.

Try to determine the grammatical basis of the following sentences (see answers below).

1. Everything is clear to us, the masters.
2. From the window of the room, suddenly I heard “ku-ku”!
3. Your host is both sweet and hospitable.
4. Everyone strives to get in with his proposal.
5. The village where we played in the summer was a lovely corner.
6. Evening. Forest. Far way.
7. Our city is decorated with a wonderful park.
8. He who strives for victory will surely win.

If you coped with this work without errors, you can be congratulated! If mistakes come across, do not be upset: they exist in order to cope with it and defeat them!

What mistakes could lie in wait for you here? Someone could lose the subject, somewhere there was no predicate, in some sentence an addition was squeezed in instead of the subject, in some cases, parts of the sentence that have nothing to do with each other are underlined.

Is it really that scary? Of course not! But, if you find the grammatical basis incorrectly, you cannot see the blocks correctly, so it turns out that a simple sentence is mistakenly taken as a complex one, in complex ones the number of parts is incorrectly determined, which means that punctuation marks are arranged as they please.

How to find this insidious grammatical basis? You can first find the predicate, then the subject, or vice versa, just remember a few tips:

1) In order to find the subject, be sure to ask from the predicate double question: who? what? Then you Don't confuse subject and object.

Try to do this by defining the subject in the following sentences.

The captain saw the shore first.

The front of the dress was decorated with flowers.

If you asked a double question from the predicate, then you found the subjects captain and flowers.

2) In order to find the predicate, try asking questions: “What is happening? What is said about the subject? What is this subject (subject)? What is he doing? (subject)"

Consider examples. Subject highlighted bold, predicate - in italics.

Pupilwas beautiful.

On the street freshly and windy.

To kids couldn't sit in place.

wonderful a game– catch-up!

3) From a change in the places of the terms, the sum is changing. This means, be attentive to some sentences when determining the grammatical basis.

Green City(one-part nominative sentence).

city ​​green(two-part sentence).

You have already seen what happens when a sentence has only a subject or only a predicate (much more often). Such proposals are called one-piece. When working with such offers, be careful! It is in them often the object is disguised as a subject in meaning. Then back to our first clue, ask a double question– and everything will become clear.

Try to find the grammatical basis in these sentences.

to me cold but.

Him not sleeping.

to me I want to smileutsya.

Many people will say that these sentences have a subject and a predicate, that is, they are two-part. Then I can ask what is the subject? The answer might be - me, he. Then one more question: where are the words I and HE in these sentences? They are not, there are other forms: me, him. And this is already not a subject, but an addition. If you ask a question: who? what?- everything will fall into place. The correct answer is this: one-part impersonal sentences. They do not and cannot have a subject, the predicate is in italics.

We hope you now have less problems when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence!

Good luck in learning Russian!

Answers to the task.

Subject highlighted bold, predicate - in italics.

1. AllIt's clear.
2. I heard"coo-coo"!
3. Mastermil, hospitable.
4. Everyone tries to fit in.
5. Villagewas lovely corner; wewere playing.
6. Evening. Forest. Further way.
7. decoratesthe park. 8. Aspiringwill win.

Do you have any questions? Don't know how to find the grammatical basis?
To get help from a tutor -.
The first lesson is free!

blog.site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

grammatical basis sentences form the main members of the sentence ( subject and predicate). That is, the grammatical basis of the sentence (predicative basis, core) is the main part of the sentence, which consists of its main members: the subject and the predicate. See also introductory words..

Subject.

Remember!

Subject can be expressed not only by a noun or pronoun in nominative case, but also:

1) numeral, adjective and participle in I.P. as a noun; Seven (num.)one is not expected. All Past (adj. as noun)I only dreamed.

2) designs: Numeral / several, many, part, majority, minority + noun in R.P.; The prince gathered in the sakla multitude of people. Several ladies were walking quickly up and down the square. Someone, everyone, many / adjective + of + noun in R.P.; The best student solved this problem quickly. Someone, something + adjective, participle as a noun; Something so insignificant tied in a scarf. Noun / pronoun + c + noun / pronoun in Tv.P. ( but only if the predicate is expressed by the verb in the plural!). Vanya and Iwent along the forest road predicate in plural.). Annawith her daughter in her arms entered the room (predicate in singular).

3) an infinitive that names an action that does not occur in time. livein a lordly way - this is a noble affair

Predicate.

There are three types of predicates in Russian. The following algorithm of actions will help you determine which type is represented in your proposal.

Distinguish!

If there are homogeneous predicates in the sentence, then each of them should be considered separately.

Also watch the video presentation.

Clue.

1) Most often, doubts are caused by the definition of a simple verbal predicate, expressed in more than one word:

I I will take part in the exhibition.

AT this example I will take part – complex shape future tense, which is defined in syntax as a simple predicate. And the combination take part is a phraseological unit that can be replaced by the word I participate. Therefore, we have a simple verbal predicate.

Trap!

Often mistaken when calling simple verbal predicates following construction:

Everything in Moscow is saturated with poetry, pierced with rhymes.

This error is due to two factors.

First, a short passive participle should be distinguished from the past tense form of the verb.

Remember!

The short participle has suffixes -T-, -N-, and the verb -L-. Means, impregnated, pierced are short passive participles.

Secondly, we have a predicate that is expressed in just one word, but what is it - simple or compound (see Morphological analysis of a word with examples)? Try adding some adverbial tense to the sentence, for example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, and see how these forms behave.

At the beginning of the 20th century, everything in Moscow was saturated with poetry, rhymes were pierced.

A bunch appears It was and the predicate already clearly becomes compound. The Russian language is not characterized by constructions in the present tense with a bunch be. Agree, it sounds clearly foreign if we say: All in Moscow there is impregnated with verses, rhymes there is pierced.

Thus, if in a sentence you encounter predicates expressed by short passive participles, then you are dealing with compound nominal predicate.

Remember!

The words can't, can, must, must included in composite predicates.

to me need to get off at this stop.

Trap!

Be careful with words to be, to appear, to be, because by highlighting only them, you can skip one more component of the predicate.

She seemed funny to me.Wrong!

If you highlight only the words seemed, then the meaning of the sentence is completely changed ( seemed = dreamed, dreamed, imagined).

Right: She seemed funny to me

Wrong: The teacher was strict (was = existed, lived).

Right: The teacher was strict.

Trap!

In this task, quite complex sentences are offered for analysis and the answer options are very often similar to each other. What "traps" can you expect here?

1) Offers can be made according to different models:

• subject + predicate;
• only predicate or subject (single-member sentences);
• subject + homogeneous predicates;
• homogeneous subjects + predicate.

In the answer option, the subject, predicate, or one of the homogeneous subjects or predicates may be omitted.

Remember!

The grammatical basis includes ALL the main members of the sentence, the omission of one of them is a clear mistake.

2) In the answer option, the subject and predicate of different grammatical bases can be combined.

3) The subject can only be in I.P.! Answer options with nouns, pronouns not in I.P. deliberately incorrect (except when they are part of the predicate and without them the whole meaning of the sentence changes).

4) The answer option may contain a participial or participial turnover, which are never included in the grammatical basis.

Distinguish!

Structures should be distinguished verb + noun in V.P. and noun + passive participle.

The coordinates were calculated. ? Coordinates calculated.

AT first case coordinates is a noun in the form accusative, which depends on the verb (i.e. addition), and in second is a nominative form that agrees with the past participle (i.e. subject). If you change each of the designs, the differences will be visible. Let's put the predicates in each of the sentences in the singular form:

Calculate coordinates. coordinate calculated.

The subject and predicate always agree with each other, and the object will remain unchanged.

5) Sometimes words which, which in complex sentences are subject.

[And shiny droplets crawled down his cheeks] , (which are on the windows during the rain). (which = droplets).

Parsing the task.

1. Which of the combinations of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) So what is the difference between human and animal perception? (2) For an animal, only concrete things exist; its perception is inseparable from the real environment in which it lives and acts. (3) So, for example, the "television version" of a dog means nothing to a cat. (4) Man, in the process of evolution, acquired unique ability create in your mind perfect images reality, but they no longer seem to be a direct cast from a specific thing. (5) Through development cognitive activity, in particular, the processes of abstraction and generalization, a person can isolate any individual features of the object being studied, being distracted from all other, insignificant details. (6) Thus, a person has the ability to form a generalized image of a real thing, which allows you to see and recognize common signs and qualities of various phenomena of reality.

1) perception is (sentence 2)

2) acquired the ability (sentence 4)

3) they are not represented as a cast (sentence 4)

4) which allows you to see (sentence 6)

Option number 1 is not a grammatical basis, since here the predicate is not fully represented, which distorts the meaning of the whole sentence (perception is = in the meaning of “comes, arrives somewhere for some reason”). See point 3 in the Predicate section.

Option number 2 is also incorrect, since it lacks a subject. Who acquired the ability? In sentence 4, the subject is the word Human.

Option number 3 true, although at first glance it seems wrong. The authors of the task are deliberately trying to confuse us. Although the word cast does not stand in the form of I.P., but it is part of the predicate, since without it the logic of the narrative is lost. They do not introduce themselves = Images do not call their names?!

Option number 4 incorrect . The subject is highlighted correctly. Word which, as we have said, may be subject. In the subordinate part, it is replaced by the word image and performs the same functions, that is, it is the subject. But the predicate is not fully represented. In the offer it is allows you to see and recognize.

So way, the student who chooses option 3 will be right.

2. What words are the grammatical basis in the sixth (6) sentence of the text?

(1)… (2) They are united by one desire - to know. (3) And their age is different, and the professions are very different, and completely different level knowledge, but everyone wanted to know more than they already knew. (4) This expressed the need of millions and millions of people, eagerly absorbing all the secrets of the world, all the knowledge and skills accumulated by mankind. (5) Library visitors either studied somewhere or dreamed of studying. (6) They all needed books, but when they came to the library, they got lost in the ocean of books. (7) ... (According to K. Chukovsky).

1) books were needed, they were lost

2) they needed, they were lost

3) books were needed, coming here, they were lost

4) books were needed, they were lost in the ocean

The right one is Option 1, since in the remaining options, the second included secondary members of the sentence in the basis: in the second, the word is superfluous them (addition, stands in D.P.), in the third there is a participial turnover that is not included in the basis of the sentence, and in the fourth there is a circumstance in the ocean.

3. What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences (or part of it)?

(1) ... (2) She will die of hunger if the gate is strong and no one opens it, but does not think to move away from the gate and pull it towards her. (3) Only a person understands that one must endure, work hard and do not what one wants, in order to get what one wants. (4) A person can restrain himself, not eat, not drink, not sleep, only because he knows what is good and should be done and what is bad and should not be done, but his ability to think teaches him this. (5) Some people increase it in themselves, others do not. (6)…

1) she will die (sentence 2)

2) what you want (sentence 3)

3) what is good and should do (sentence 4)

4) teaches ability (sentence 4)

This is an advanced task.

Option number 1 incorrect, since not all predicates are indicated by the authors. The proposal has a rather difficult structure for analysis. It is complex with a subordinate clause that is wedged between two homogeneous predicates. Therefore, you may not notice that the basis she will die must also include the predicate won't think of stepping back and pulling.

Option number 2 is also excluded. Verb I want to is impersonal and cannot have a subject.

Option number 3 similar to the previous one. This offer is also impersonal. Word must in dictionaries it is defined as a category of state, which is used in sentences without a subject.

True is Option 4.

When studying the Russian language, each student sooner or later comes across such a concept as a grammatical basis. What is it? The grammatical basis is the "foundation" of the sentence or its main part, consisting of the subject and the predicate (sometimes the sentence consists of one or another part, that is, the subject or the predicate). In one sentence, one or several grammatical bases can occur.

How to find the grammatical basis

Skills in finding a grammatical basis will help the student to quickly and correctly punctuate and determine its meaning.

The grammatical basis and all its constituent parts can be determined with the help of correctly chosen questions.

To correctly determine the grammatical basis, first read the entire sentence well and try to understand its essence. Conditionally divide the sentence into several parts according to the meaning. Then move on to defining the subject. Please note that some offers do not contain it. In this case, the search for a grammatical basis begins and ends with the search for a predicate. If you have an offer with two constituent parts, then immediately proceed to the definition of the subject. Here you need to be extremely careful, since the correct definition of the grammatical basis as a whole will depend on the definition of the subject.

Then move on to the definition of the predicate. To do this, ask a question from the subject. The predicate characterizes the action of the object, its property, etc.

The dependence of the grammatical basis on the type of sentence

AT simple sentence contains only one grammatical basis, and in the complex - two or more. One-part sentence contains only one part of the grammatical basis (subject or predicate). In a two-part sentence, both the subject and the predicate occur.

Examples

To better understand the essence of the topic, we give a few examples.

1. Clouds covered the sun.
   In that simple example it is not so difficult to determine the grammatical basis. The subject is the word "clouds". It answers the question "what?". The predicate is the verb "closed", which answers the question "what did you do?". Thus, the grammatical basis is the phrase “clouds closed”.
2. My aunt was in a hurry to work.
   AT this case the subject is "my aunt", and the verb is "in a hurry". So the grammatical basis is "my aunt was in a hurry"
3. That's how I was taught.
   In this case, there is no subject in the basis, there is only the predicate "taught". It will be the grammatical basis.

The grammatical basis is the core of the sentence, the correct definition of which will allow you to correctly identify the remaining members of the sentence, correctly punctuate and determine the meaning of the text.