Emotionally colored sentences that express strong feelings. Using three exclamation marks
vocabulary work. Emotion - emotional experience, feeling. Emotional - 1) saturated with emotions, expressing them; 2) subject to emotions. Task: compose 2 phrases with the word emotions so that in the first the word of emotions is the main one, and in the second it is dependent.
Abstract. Types of sentences by emotional coloring Exclamatory - sentences in which they express ... - are pronounced ... - put at the end of the sentence ... Non-exclamatory - sentences in which they do not express ... - are pronounced ... - put at the end of the sentence ...
Abstract. Types of sentences for emotional coloring Exclamatory - sentences in which any feelings are expressed - are pronounced with emotional intonation - put at the end of the sentence! Non-exclamatory - sentences in which no feelings are expressed - are pronounced without emotions - put at the end of the sentence. ?
Task: write down sentences, put a termination sign at the end, determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring. 1. Where does the snow come from at this time 2. It’s good in the forest 3. For many years I remembered the farewell cry of beautiful birds 4. Do not ruin anthills 5. Listen to the phrase to the end
Independent work. Exercise Find the boundaries of sentences, put a sign of completion. 2. Underline grammatical basis(subject and predicate). 3. Determine the type of sentences according to the purpose of the statement and according to the emotional coloring.
exclamatory sentences express the emotions of the speaker, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Exclamatory sentences can be declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences.
He met death face to face, as a fighter should in battle!(narrative-exclamatory);
- Who would have dared to ask Ishmael about that?!(interrogative-exclamatory);
My friend, let us dedicate our souls to the homeland with wonderful impulses!(incentive-exclamatory).
Grammatical means exclamatory sentences are as follows:
1) intonation conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, chagrin, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, with emphasis on the word that directly expresses the emotion) (Farewell, letter of love, farewell!; Somebody, apparently, an infidel! Wait, my dear!; Appear, inhale delight and zeal to the shelves you left behind!);
2) interjections, For example: Oh, this man, always cause me a terrible upset!; ... And, alas, my champagne triumphs over the power of her magnetic eyes!, Wow! well served here! Ahti, good!; Ugh, Lord, I'm sorry! Says the same thing five thousand times!;;
3) exclamation particles interjectional, pronominal and adverbial origin, informing the expressed emotional coloring: well, oh, well, where, how, how, what, what and others, for example: Well, what a neck! What eyes!; Well, here's some fun for you!, How sweet!; Just a matter of Kyiv! What an edge!; Fu you, what! Don't say a word to her!
Non-exclamatory - a sentence that does not have additional emotional intonation.
5. The system of structural-semantic types of a simple sentence:
a) by modality.
According to the nature of predicative relations, sentences are divided into:
affirmative;
negative.
The offer is called affirmative , if the connection established in it between the subject of speech and what is said about it is recognized as really existing (In the course of two days my affairs advanced terribly- expresses the presence of a connection between the idea of affairs as a subject of speech and what is said about them - advanced).
The offer is called negative , if this connection is denied, i.e. perceived as not existing in reality ( Fortunately, due to an unsuccessful hunt, our horses were not exhausted. the lack of connection between the subject of speech and its sign is expressed, i.e. the belonging of this attribute to this subject is denied).
Grammatically, negation is usually expressed by the particle NOT, and the assertion is its absence.
Negation may be
partial.
Complete denial is achieved by setting the particle not before the predicate, such a sentence is called generally negative.
Particle not in front of other members of the sentence expresses partial negation. Such proposals are called private negative, since as a whole they conclude the assertion. For example, in a sentence But Kochubey is rich and proud not of long-maned horses, not of gold, a tribute to the Crimean hordes, not of family farms, old Kochubey is proud of his beautiful daughter(P.) it is affirmed that this attribute is rich and proud of the given subject Kochubey, and only that Kochubey is rich in gold and horses is denied. In a sentence Between us, the speech does not flow so playfully(P.) the negation refers to the circumstance as such and in a certain respect limits the statement expressed by the sentence as a whole.
The sentence does not deprive the sentence of the general affirmative meaning and the negation before the subject, for example: “Hello, young, unfamiliar tribe! I will not see your mighty late age ... ”(P.).
Thus, the category of negation is directly related to the category of predicate: “It is only the negation that stands with the predicate that makes the whole statement negative, while the negation that stands with any other member does not shake the general affirmative meaning of the statement” (A.M. Peshkovsky "Russian syntax in scientific coverage").
However, the particle not even with the predicate does not always serve as a sign of a negative sentence. The sentence loses its negative meaning,
First, when repeating the particle is not, for example: I couldn't help laughing (P.);- offer with double negative, i.e. it is affirmative.
secondly, when the particle acquires NOT other shades of meaning, for example: assumptions - Searched the world, don't you want to get married?(Gr.); generalizations - Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters? P.); concerns - Whatever happens!(Ch.); approval - Why not work!; need - How can I not cry!
A particle can act as a negative particle NO, which introduces an additional amplifying shade of the value: Not a soul in the living room (Ch.).
Strengthening of negation is also achieved with the help of negative pronouns and adverbs: Nothing did not foretell bad weather.
The NI particle does not always express a negative meaning: it can also act only as an intensifying particle when conveying an affirmative meaning. This is typical for parts of a complex sentence that have a concessive connotation of meaning: But no matter how the girls all over the world say, everything becomes sweet in their mouths (Fad.).
A special negative word can serve as a grammatical sign of a negative sentence NO, which performs the function of the main member in an impersonal sentence: There is no beast stronger than a cat (Kr.); He has no equal river in the world (G.).
Negation can be expressed without the participation of special lexical means - with the help of intonation, word order, some emotional particles. Such constructions are characteristic of the colloquial style, accompanied by subjective-modal meanings. They are always expressive. For example: Where can I dance (M. G.); How, wait, I will be silent! (A. Ostr.); So I'll be waiting for you! I also found a commander!
b) if possible, syntactic articulation;
According to the possibility of syntactic articulation, simple sentences are divided into:
1) articulating , that is, having members of the proposal;
2) indivisible (sentence words) , that is, deprived of the ability to distinguish members of the proposal in their composition (Eh! Of course. Well. Yes. No.). Indivisible sentences consist of either one non-significant word, hence the traditional name "sentence words", or from combinations of particles, modal words and interjections.
Among the non-segmented proposals, there are:
affirmative (Yes, sure);
negative (No, what else);
interrogative (Really? Really?,
incentives: Come on Won! Well! Shh!);
emotional-evaluative ( Hooray! Alas! E-eh-eh!)
Among the indivisible words-sentences there are a large number of so-called etiquette words type Thank you, Please, Goodbye, etc.., which some scientists consider as part of interjections. Sentence words are used in dialogic speech. They are unique to spoken language.
Indivisible sentences should be distinguished from some one-part and incomplete sentences. For example, suggestions Spring. Evening. It's getting light. do not belong to indivisible ones, because, firstly, the members of the sentence are distinguished in their composition, which is not observed in the composition of sentence words, and, secondly, they are formed by significant words, and not by particles, interjections and modal words that are not are members of the proposal.
c) by the presence of one or two main members of the proposal;
Remember what types of sentences for the presence of one or two main members of the sentence you know from school?
Divisible proposals for the presence of one or two The main members of the proposal can be:
one-piece , that is, having one main member as the organizing center of the offer (to someonehave brought from the master chest);
two-part , that is, having two main members as organizing centers of the proposal (I love homelandI but strange love!).
d) by the presence or absence minor members suggestions;
By the presence or absence of secondary members of the proposal, the following are distinguished:
common offers;
unsolicited offers.
Common suggestions - sentences that have, along with the main, secondary members (at night haze distance clouded .).
Uncommon offers - sentences that have only the positions of the main members - subject and predicate (She is did not answer and turned away . Insomnia .).
e) by structural and semantic completeness;
In accordance with the structural and semantic completeness offers are divided into:
1) complete;
2) incomplete.
Complete offers - sentences that include all the necessary members of the given sentence structure.
Incomplete offers - proposals that one or more necessary members of this sentence structure are omitted due to context or setting (Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously, I - rather badly, as usual (I. Turgenev). In the second part of this compound sentence, the predicate shot was omitted, which is easily restored from the previous sentence).
Both two-part and one-part sentences can be incomplete.
Incomplete sentences are primarily characteristic of colloquial speech and are widely used in fiction when transmitting dialogue:
1) - Has this house been standing for a long time?
- For a long time. (I. Turgenev)
2) - Have you read?
- What?
- Note (K. Fedin).
The response in the first example is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate and definition are omitted.
In the second example, all three sentences are incomplete sentences: in the first sentence, the object is missing, in the other two - the grammatical basis.
e) by the presence or absence of complicating members of the proposal.
By the presence or absence of complicating members of the proposal, there are:
complicated;
uncomplicated.
Complicated - sentences with complicating constructions: homogeneous and isolated members, introductory words, plug-in constructions, appeals (Trees, houses, benches in the park were covered with snow.).
Uncomplicated - sentences that do not have complicating structures (And again the star plays in the light swell of the Neva waves ...).
Write down the sentences that the guys shouted to each other. What is each intonation like? Put the appropriate signs at the end.The bear ran beside him and shouted:
- Press the pedal, press it!
I drove to Mishka and shouted:
- Stop!
I drove another circle:
-Stop the car, Mishka!
He meets me and yells:
-Hit the brake.
- Bear, where is this brake?
And he:
-I forgot.
- Hurry up, Mishka!
put punctuation marks and mark sentences by intonation. write down the sentences that the guys shout to each other.
linked text? Write 4-6 sentences, continuing the text:
A. This bird is called a woodpecker.
B. A bird lives in our forest.
B. Sits on a tree and taps on it with its beak
G. this woodpecker had lunch - he mined seeds from pine and spruce cones.
D. Sometimes there are a lot of cones lying around in the snow under a tree.
2. indicate the verb || conjugations
2) prick
3) breathe
4) draw
3.
A. A cat was sneaking up to him in the tall grass.
B. An owl sat on its roots
V. Kot got up and crawled into the bushes in fright.
G. Suddenly the eagle owl shouted out a long phrase
D. In the park, a storm uprooted an old spruce.
4. In what order should the sentences marked with letters follow in order to get a connected text? write 4-6 sentences, continuing the text.
A. suddenly noticed a mink under a birch.
B. In the forest, the first stream ran along the hollow.
V. I decided to take a brook to look into it.
G. A hedgehog slept sweetly in a mink.
D. A cold stream woke him up.
5. In what order should the sentences marked with letters follow in order to get a connected text? write 4-6 sentences, continuing the text.
A. There was blood on the paw.
B. Under the bush, the children found a wounded hare.
B. The children carefully picked him up and carried him home.
D. When the hare's paw healed, the children took it to the forest.
D. At home, they washed the hare's wound and smeared it with iodine.
6. In what order should the sentences marked with letters follow in order to get a connected text? write 4-6 sentences, continuing the text.
A. But it was very heavy.
B. The ant found the grain.
V. Ant could not move him
D. Only together could the friendly ants handle the grain.
D. Then he called for help from his comrades.
7. In what order should the sentences marked with letters follow in order to get a connected text? write 4-6 sentences, continuing the text.
A. The vanquished has huddled under the shed and sits quietly there.
B. Suddenly a hawk swooped down.
Q. He grabbed the screamer and took him to dinner.
D. Two young cockerels fought, and one defeated the other.
D. The winner flew up to the fence, flapped his wings and yelled at the top of his lungs:<Ку-ка-ре-ку>
№496 In front of you is a sentence about the same kitten - a mischievous one. Think about how best to end this sentence, and write it down1,4. The children called the kittenSuinos because he . . . . . . . .
◘ Understand the structure of the sentence that you got and underline its main members, words needed for communication, and a comma wow.
Help please! :(
Before getting into our primers, the letters traveled from country to country for a long time. And they went through a lot of changes. Letters disappeared from Ancient GreeceAncient Rome, then migrated to Bulgaria, and only from there - just a thousand years ago - reached Russia. Although the Russian people began to use letters that came from far away, they gave their own names to many of them. A - "az", B - "beeches", C - "lead", G - "verb", D - "good" . From ancient name the first two letters of our alphabet - "az" and "beeches" - the well-known word "alphabet" turned out to be well known to everyone.
But that's not all. If you know what the words "az", "beeches" and others called, you can get very wise saying. Try to translate. So, "az" - I, "beeches" - letters, "lead" - to know, to know, "verb" - to speak, and the word "good" does not need to be translated.
Write why our ancestors called the first letters that way and what is the meaning of the sentence that you will translate into modern language?
Sentences can additionally express the emotions (feelings) of the speaker and the writer. At the same time, they are pronounced with a special intonation of exclamation: Already we will stand with our heads for our homeland!(M. Lermontov). Such sentences are called exclamatory sentences.
Sentences that do not express feeling are called non-exclamatory.
According to the purpose of the statement, every simple sentence can be exclamatory: declarative exclamations, interrogative exclamations, motivating exclamations. For example: How good it is in the forest! Is it good? Let's go to the forest!
In exclamatory sentences, pronouns and adverbs, as well as interjections, are used as amplifying particles: Dove, how good! What is there to enjoy here? Oh, I confess - even though it hurts me - I'm wrong!(I. Krylov).
The offer has grammatical basis, consisting of the main members,(subject and predicate) or one of them: The grass is green. Spring has begun (M. Prishvin);
Dust. Summer evening. Evening early. We sailed rather slowly (I. Turgenev).
Offers are simple and complex. A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences. A complex sentence, like a simple one, is a single whole. The sentences that are part of it are related to each other in meaning, intonation and lexical means.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence is a sentence that has one grammatical basis. It can consist of two main members - the subject and the predicate, for example: Where does the Motherland begin? (M. Matusovsky), or from one subject, for example: Winter. There is snow all around; predicate, for example: Evening. The sky in the west turned pink.
The subject and predicate may include dependent words - secondary members. The subject together with dependent words forms composition of the subject, for example: Golden stars dozed off (S. Yesenin).
The predicate together with dependent words forms composition of the predicate, for example: The leaves in the field turned yellow (M. Lermontov).
MEMBERS OF A SIMPLE OFFER
The members of the proposal are divided into major and minor.
MAIN MEMBERS OF THE OFFER
The main members of the proposal - subject and predicate.
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?, for example: Good weather has settled (what?) (M. Gorky). (Who?) Collective farmers finish sowing.
Practical work № 1
1. In each sentence, underline the subject.
Sample: Anna Sergeyevna hurried.
On the road he met Anna Semyonovna. Nobody recognized me.
Circles appeared on the dark surface of the water.
Laughter and merry talk resounded in the frosty air.
Life became more and more difficult every year.
It is always difficult to make your way through the thickets of the burnt forest.
Both went to the window and began to talk about something in a whisper.
There were two doctors around her.
Suddenly, three birds rose at once with a noise.
A thousand secrets sat in every wrinkle of Yegorushka's face.
Most of the day has already passed.
Along one edge of the site stretches a row of carts.
Some bright stars flickered over the river.
There were many wild boars roaming around.
All the other people remained below to arrange a bivouac.
All four of us do not write.
On the same day in the evening, one of the wise men appeared to the king.
Diners do not notice him.
Some of them came to our bivouac.
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Simple verbal predicate can be expressed:
With indicative, conditional, or imperative verbs: At this time, into the living room has entered the guest. He willingly would take his place. You don't look at me like that;
With future compound verbs: Rather will grow mustache;
Verbs imperative mood with particles yes, well, etc.: Come on here!
Verbs with particles were, so, know for yourself, etc.: Snow so fell. Fadeev went was with a basket to the shore;
Phraseologisms: He stood stock-still(i.e. dumbfounded).
Practical work No. 2
1. Underline the subject and the simple verb predicate.
Pattern: Yes we lived whole month.
Would you take a ticket!
Yes, you are finally leaving!
You show us something cheaper.
He will certainly look for us on the shore.
The pencil just walked across the paper.
I don't visit.
2. Underline the subject and the simple verb predicate.
Sample: Yatak and gasped!
1) The heart is beating. 2) Life, know yourself, passes. 3) Then I did not lose sight of her. 4) If only he studied and did not indulge at home. 5) He found a briefcase, but lost it again. 6) You would go into the hallway and lock the door with a bolt! 7) He took a step back and stopped dead in his tracks. 8) If I were you, I would now hiccup and suffer heartburn from these sturgeons. 9) I will often visit you now. 10) Of all the luxury, a large mirror caught her eye first of all. 11) Many green and gray lizards rushed to the cracks and into the grass. 12) I pulled myself together and stayed where I was. 13) The general sat down at the table and took a pen in his hands.
A compound verb predicate has two parts - auxiliary and main.
The main part is expressed by the verb in indefinite form : He wanted to eat. He thirsty.
The auxiliary part can be expressed:
Verbs: Eyes started to get tired. He went on talking about your life. He wanted to drive past;
Short adjectives with a touch of obligation and their combinations with the verb to be, etc. (I'm glad, I was glad, I'll be glad, I should, I should, I should, I'll be ready, I'll be ready, etc.): I'll be glad to meet you;
Phraseologisms or stable phrases: had an intention (wanted), cherished hope (hoped), etc.: He burned desire to speak.
Practical work No. 3
1. Underline the subject and the compound verb predicate.
Sample: I can even leave to another room.
Nadia began to look out the window.
He stopped sending me money.
I didn't want to go to Olya.
You must be on stage!
You have no right to say this!
2. Underline the subject and the compound verb predicate.
Sample: I must leave out of here today!
1) I would be glad to be treated. 2) I am terribly hungry. 3) I tried not to look down. 4) We couldn't stand him. 5) We started making tea. 6) I began to walk along the corridor. 7) Otherwise, I will have to take extreme measures. 8) But the doctor had to interrupt his speech. 9) He could write full course gardening. 10) Kunya's hat continued to hang on a nail. 11) He could not stand lordly arrogance and self-importance. 12) And he again began to shout long and loudly. 13) Olga continued to look at me with surprise. 14) Even bears could not envy my dexterity. 15) On this point, I am ready to argue with you endlessly. 16) Petrov no longer wants to issue paper on credit. 17) I would not be able to upset her with my disobedience. 18) The debutante was ready to fall through the ground from shame and expectation.
Compound nominal predicate consists of two parts - a linking verb and a nominal part: He was a soldier. (The important thing is not that he was, but that he was a soldier.)
Nominal part indicates the sign of the subject, answers the questions what is the subject? what is he? what happens to him? and can be expressed:
Noun or phrase: He teacher. He was the director. He excited;
Full or short adjective: We young. We young;
comparative degree adjective: This road is shorter;
concise passive participle: Road laid through the forest;
Numeral name: He was fifth in turn;
Pronoun: The Cherry Orchard now my;
Adverb: Her shoes will fit;
Syntactically indivisible phrase: In the evening the sea it was black.
Linking verb may be omitted (zero link): He soldier.
A linking verb can be expressed:
All forms of the verb to be: Samovar would be important innovation;
Verbs, their combinations or syntactically indivisible phrases: He became a doctor. He would like to become a doctor. I almost went crazy with joy(i.e. rejoiced). She is sat tired(she was tired, that is, it is important not that she was sitting, but that she was sitting tired).
Practical work No. 4
1. Underline the subject and the compound nominal predicate with a zero link.
Sample: But still yarbray. 1) All this is clear. 2) I am a slave. 3) The air is great. 4) Both of you are people with means. 5) You are very kind. 6) Yegorushka is alive and well. 7) The doctor is very good. 8) You are simply spoiled for success. 9) She is immeasurably taller than you. 10) The first was brother Fyodor Fedorych. 11) This suitcase is mine. 12) I am one of the most regular visitors to the opera.
2. Underline the subject and compound nominal predicate.
Sample: Great was his joy. You have become boring. The night was clear. The mountains turned dark blue and gloomy. The valley got wider and wider. Her life will be wonderful. And you would be free. And the door remained unlocked. At ten o'clock the ball was in full swing.
3. Underline the subject and compound nominal predicate.
Sample: I won't I am the boss. 1) The night promised to be cold. 2) The night was unusually quiet and calm. 3) The defendant behaved very strangely at the trial. 4) The weather was great. 5) The hunt was unsuccessful. 6) It seemed familiar to me. 7) He is not the first. 8) Now he is mine.
4. Underline the subject and predicate.
Sample: She's sloppy. His face is cold and stern. Die is cast. A bargain is a bargain. He is not a coward and is not afraid of people. She was the soul of the company. He is a kind and honest fellow. Smiles are less than appropriate. One of the houses was empty. She was in a faint. They will be very happy to see you. At this time, a lizard appeared. One track seemed strange to me. He looked and felt himself on top of bliss. Every day it got harder and harder to walk. Ahead, tiger prints were visible on the muddy ground. In his old age, he could no longer hunt and became a trapper.
Proposals for emotional coloring are divided into:
- exclamatory;
- non-exclamatory
Narrative, motivating and interrogative sentences can have an emotional coloring, that is, express the attitude of the speaker. If emotionality is conveyed with the help of intonation or special service words, then such a sentence is exclamatory .
With the help of exclamatory intonation, feelings of joy, admiration, anger, fear, contempt, surprise, etc. can be conveyed.
For example:
Oh, how bitter you are, to the point, later, youth, you need it!(Tv.) - the sentence for the purpose of the statement is narrative, it contains a message, and with the help of exclamatory intonation, as well as interjection, a feeling of bitterness, regret is expressed;
Come on, Tanya, speak up!(M. G.) - the sentence is motivating, emotional in intonation - exclamatory, it expresses impatience, annoyance;
"What are you- he screams angrily and rudely,- What are you, girl, grinning your teeth?(M. G.) - the sentence expresses a question with an emotional assessment (rage, anger)
In exclamatory sentences, emotionality is also created with the help of exclamatory particles. how, what, what, here, like this, well, well and etc.
For example:
howdear to me native people that youthful reason that always called him to freedom, to a dream that has lived from time immemorial!(TV)
End of work -
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The subject of studying the syntax of the Russian language
The place of discipline in educational process.. the discipline belongs to the cycle of general professional disciplines and .. the main provisions of the discipline should be used in the future when studying the following disciplines of stylistics and ..
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All topics in this section:
Explanatory note
In the "Syntax. Punctuation”, according to the State educational standard, should be studied following topics: - subject of syntax; - phrase;
Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work
The concept of syntax
The syntax section is the last, final section of the modern Russian language course. As you know, in the science of language, it is customary to distinguish five main language levels.
The subject of studying the syntax of the Russian language
There is no unequivocal answer to the question of what is the subject of the syntax of the Russian language. On this issue, four scientific directions are known in the science of the Russian language.
Syntactic means of the Russian language
Syntactic means of the Russian language, with the help of which sentences and phrases are built, are diverse. The main forms are sl
Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the rules for combining words in coherent speech; it is the science of the connection of words. The subject of syntax is the word in
The concept of a phrase as a nominative unit of language
The term "phrase" was understood and is understood by linguists in different ways. For some, it means any grammatical combination of meaningful words, including a sentence. Such a look
The composition of the phrase
The phrase is binomial. It distinguishes a grammatically dominant member and a grammatically dependent, subordinate member. So, in the phrase:
Syntactic relations between members of a phrase
Words in a phrase come into contact with each other not only in grammatical connections, but also in with mental relations. The relationship between the dominant and subordinate members of the phrase can be generally
Types of connection of words in a phrase
The dependence of a subordinate member on the dominant one is expressed in a phrase by formal means: - inflections; - official words; - position (position) of words from
Types of phrases depending on the morphological expression of the core word
Structural and semantic features of the phrase largely depend on what part of speech the dominant member is expressed. Therefore, the syntax considers the classification
Verb phrases
In verb phrases, the dominant member can be expressed by one or another verb form, namely: 1. infinitive form (read
Substantive phrases
In substantive phrases, the dominant member is expressed by a noun or a substantiated word (big house, random passerby, p
Adjective phrases
In adjectival phrases, the dominant member is represented by an adjective (pleased with success, red from sunburn, capable of music). hung up
Phrases with a numeral as the main word
Phrases with numerals denote a certain or indefinite number of objects (seven friends, second from the left). different structural properties have t
Exercise 1 Write out all the phrases from the sentence: In terms of genre scientific style quite varied.
A phrase is a combination of two or more significant words, bound friend with each other in meaning and grammatically. Simple
The concept of a proposal
The sentence is the basic unit of syntax. A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its main function in language is communicative
Predicativity
Predicativity is the relation of the statement contained in the sentence to reality, established and expressed by the speaker. Predicativity manifests itself and reveals
Message intonation
The intonation of the sentence has a closed structure: - beginning; - development; - completion. Without these elements of intonation, build a real sentence
Grammatical organization
Along with predicativity and intonation of the message as the main features, the sentence is characterized by grammatical organization. It manifests itself as in the presence of a connection of words (this
Current division of the offer
The actual (or communicative) division of a sentence, which has a different nature than the grammatical one, is carried out in the process of speech, in certain situation communication, taking into account communication
Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement
Proposals for the purpose of the statement are divided into: - narrative; - interrogative; - incentives.
Declarative sentences
A declarative sentence expresses a message. It can be: 1) description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and carelessly (M. G.); To Quarantine
Incentive Offers
incentive offer expresses will, motivation to action. It is addressed to the interlocutor or a third party. The object of motivation may be several (or many
Interrogative sentences
Interrogative sentence serves to express a question addressed to the interlocutor. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to obtain new information about something, confirmation or denial of any
Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Read with correct intonation cited texts: Text 1 I opened my eyes. White and even light filled m
A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its main function in language is communicative, that is, the function of a message. Predicativity
Topic plan
1. The concept of a simple sentence. 2. Two-part sentences: - subject; - predicate. 3. One-part sentences: - verbal one-part sentences
The concept of a simple sentence
In Russian, a simple sentence is diverse in structure and semantics. Differences in the structure are associated with the structure of the predicative core, with the ratio of major and minor h
Two-part sentences
The main members, subject and predicate, are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, the main categories of proposals are expressed in them.
Subject
In Russian, the subject is an absolutely independent main member of a two-part sentence. The grammatical indicators of subject independence are
Predicate
The grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject lies in the fact that the predicate plays an active role in expressing the predicative connection of the main members of the sentence. Forms with
One-part sentences
One-part sentences are an independent structural-semantic type of a simple sentence, opposed to two-part sentences. Their specificity lies in the fact that
Verbal one-part sentences
Verbal one-part sentences are diverse in structure and in grammatical meanings. In the expression of the main elements of predicativity - modality, time, person - a vital role belong
Definitely personal suggestions
In one-part definite-personal sentences, an action (sign) is expressed, correlated with a certain agent (carrier of the sign), which, however, is not verbally indicated. Indication of concret
Indefinitely personal sentences
In one-part indefinite-personal sentences, an independent action (attribute) is expressed. The agent (carrier of the sign) is not named, but is grammatically presented as indefinite. For example
Generalized personal sentences
In one-part generalized personal sentences, an independent action (feature) is expressed. The agent is not verbally designated, but grammatically presented as a generalized one. Indication of reference to generalization
impersonal proposals
In one-component impersonal sentences an independent action is expressed without reference to the agent. The verb forms of the main member of the sentence do not indicate the agent and are not able to do this with
Substantive one-part sentences
Substantive one-part sentences are fundamentally verbless, i.e. not only do not contain any "physical" verb forms, nor zero forms, but also do not imply
Nominative proposals
In one-component nominative sentences expresses the existence of an object in the present tense. Both the existential meaning and the indication of the coincidence of being with the moment of speech are manifested in the main member, without
Genitive sentences
In terms of the main meanings of beingness and the present tense, expressed in the main member, genitive sentences are similar to nominative sentences. However, the genitive quantitative (quantitative) introduces into them d
Implicit Offers
The main structural types of a simple sentence - two-part and one-part - in the Russian language are opposed to the so-called indivisible sentences. For example:
Common Suggestions
The main structural types of a simple sentence: - two-part: The children woke up; The winter was snowy; The sun began to bake; Teaching children is no easy task; -
Definition
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that expresses general meaning feature, which is realized in diverse private values. The proposal includes
Circumstances
This type minor members of the sentence is very diverse and heterogeneous in meaning and form. The circumstantial secondary members of the sentence characterize the action or
Complete and incomplete sentences
The distinction between complete and incomplete sentences is very important for linguistic theory and educational practice. In theoretical terms, the concept of completeness / incompleteness is associated with the very essence of the proposal.
Proposals complicated by isolated members
The structure of a simple extended sentence containing one or another number of minor members can be further complicated by isolating one (or several) of
Separate definitions
Separation of definitions is a productive method of complicating the structure of a simple sentence. Thanks to isolation, the feature expressed by the definition is updated, and all
Separate circumstances
Separation of circumstances is determined, first of all, general conditions. However, particular and additional conditions are of considerable importance. With considering various conditions can be identified
Comparative turns
The specificity of this type of isolated structures is manifested both in meaning and in design; the conditions for separating them are also special. Comparison, assimilation as specific
Proposals complicated by homogeneous members
A simple sentence, both common and non-common, can be complicated by homogeneous members. The syntactic relations in such a sentence include both composition and subordination.
Constructions not included in the sentence structure
Along with sentences that conclude a message, motivation or question, constructions are used in speech that are not independent sentences and are not included in the structure of the preposition.
Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Define the following structural oppositions in a number of sentences: - two-part - one-part sentences; - non-rasp
The subject and predicate are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, the main categories of the sentence are expressed in them - modal
Topic plan
1. The concept of a complex sentence. 2. Allied complex sentences: - compound sentences; - complex sentences: - undivided complex sentences
The concept of a complex sentence
Allied compound sentences
The structure of allied complex sentences is determined by the number of predicative parts and their structure, and the grammatical form is represented by allied means: unions, allied (rel.
Compound sentences
A compound sentence (CSP) expresses the meaning of grammatical equivalence. The main indicator of this value, and at the same time a means of connecting parts
Connecting sentences
In complex connecting sentences, the meaning of homogeneity is expressed in the enumeration of the same type of events, situations, which is formalized by connecting unions. Basics
Opposite proposals
In compound opposing sentences, relations of opposites, incompatibility are expressed; them grammatical form created by unions a, but, yes, however, the same,
Connecting sentences
Compound connecting offers combine the meaning of grammatical equivalence and addition: the first part is semantically complete, autonomous, and the second
Complicated sentences
As we have seen, the minimum composition of a compound sentence is determined by the content of the relations between its parts. Some relationships determine a closed structure (comparison, opposition
Complex sentences
A complex sentence (CSS) consists of two unequal predicative parts; this is its elementary structure: the dominant part is “the main sentence
Undivided complex sentences
In undivided complex sentences, subordinate clauses are conditional. They explain, characterize certain word forms in the main part
Pronominal-correlative compound sentences
In pronominal-correlative sentences, the contact word is demonstrative pronominal word- performs several functions at the same time. First, it organizes
Explanatory complex sentences
The structure of explanatory complex sentences is determined by the valence of contact words, the need for their "distribution". Valence is formed not so much by g
Dissected complex sentences
The main structural feature of dissected complex sentences is the correlation of predicative parts (main and subordinate) as a whole; there is no link between them
Comparative clauses
Comparative clauses are attached to the main part of a complex sentence with the help of conjunctions while, meanwhile, if ... then, then how.
Conditional clauses
Conditional clauses are attached to the main part of a complex sentence through conjunctions if (then), as well as stylistically colored if, if, times
Adnexal target
Adverbial target denotes a goal, a motive that explains the content of the main part of a complex sentence. They join by means of alliances so that (mouth)
Adventitious concessions
Concessionary relations have complex nature. To explain them, they say that adnexa(concessive) complex sentence denotes the opposite condition
Connecting
This is a special kind of complex sentence that does not apply to either undivided or divided sentences. On the one hand, complex sentences with subordinate clauses
The term "complex sentence" should, strictly speaking, denote only a two-component difficult sentence, i.e., consisting of the main part and the subordinate. It's an element
Associative compound sentences
The unionless complex sentence is one of the two main structural types complex sentence in Russian, which is distinguished by a formal criterion. Bessoyuz
Non-union complex sentences of a complicated structure
Compound sentences with an allied connection have a flexible structure. She can design as certain types relations (enumeration, explanation, conditionality, etc.), and their various combinations. Etc
Polynomial compound sentences
The term "polynomial complex sentences" refers to a variety of constructions that have two common features: a) the number of predicative parts is more than two;
Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Prove that these sentences are complex. Something began to seem to me, as if I had a dream at night, from which the rest
A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational combination of predicative units that are grammatically similar to a simple sentence.
The concept of speech and text
Structural means language, its units are actually embodied in speech activity person. The syntax units we have considered are the phrase and the sentence
Distinctive features of the text
According to L.M. Maidanova, the definition of the concept of "text" includes three hallmarks text: - integrity;
ORT turned to face the kids
The first channel intended to come to grips with the "children's issue" last fall. It is difficult to say what exactly prevented colleagues. Most likely a crisis. And now it's autumn again, and now they have everything
Kinds and types of texts
AT linguistic literature a typology of texts was carried out, which showed that, on the basis of common grounds, it is possible to classify all known texts. For example, by type
Build your house
... The village of Pronkino. It is noticeably younger. There are new good houses. The villagers build them themselves. The board of the Frunze collective farm allocates cash loans, helps with transport
American satellite missing in Mars orbit
We'll have to wait with Martian weather news. The world's first interplanetary meteorological satellite "Mars Claim Orbiter" was lost while approaching the "red planet". NA specialists
Miss student appeared in Orenburg
So the interuniversity beauty contest "Miss Student" was held. It was attended by girls from four universities: OSU, OGAU, OGMA, OGLA. In the hall of the house of culture "Russia" the atmosphere
Here are the texts for analysis
Text task: Indicate the features of the description and narration in the given text. About half a century ago, in the holiday village of Kuokkala, he stood not far from
The text is a specific product, the result of speech activity. It is built according to abstract grammatical schemes, according to generalized rules, but concludes concrete
The main types of speech errors
Among the qualities of good speech are purity, expressiveness, richness, and its appropriateness. For a journalist, the qualities of purity and relevance will merge with correctness and clarity. In the real process
Wrong choice of words in the phrase and sentence
For a more accurate expression of our thoughts, an important role is played by correct selection words in phrases and sentences. For example: Most of the students in our group showed
Speech errors of a grammatical type associated with a violation of the agreement of the members of the sentence
For example: Advice was given to teachers who asked for help. The time allocated for professional development of teachers was clearly not enough.
Wrong word order in a sentence
Speech errors may be related to wrong order words and sentences. For example: The spaceport warms the sun with warm rays. The phrase turned out to be two-shift. Not
Some features of word order in a simple sentence
I. In Russian, sentences with a direct order of the main members are widespread, when the subject (or the group of the subject, that is, the subject with words dependent on it) stands
Word order in sentences with isolated and non-isolated common definitions
I. Participial and an adjective with dependent words must come before or after the noun they refer to, and must not include it in their composition. Nap
Replacing subordinate clauses with participial and adverbial phrases
I. The participial turnover is close in meaning to the attributive subordinate clause. For example: Happy is the traveler who finds himself in untouched lands
material
1. List the main types of speech errors. 2. Tell about speech errors associated with incorrect pronunciation and usage individual words and word forms. 3.
Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Read, indicate the cases of inversion. 1. The season started with "The Singer from Palermo". Of course, I was the most worried (F.
Topic plan
1. The concept of punctuation. 2. Punctuation marks at the end of independent sentences and between parts of a complex sentence. 3. The use of a comma between homogeneous members of the sentence.
The concept of punctuation
Punctuation (Late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point) - this is a collection of rules for punctuation marks; - placement of punctuation marks in the text;
Punctuation marks at the end of independent sentences and between parts of a complex sentence
I. At the end of independent sentences (simple and complex), a dot is put or question mark, or an exclamation point. A period is put if the sentence is narrative
The use of a comma between homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous are members of a sentence that answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. For example:
Offers
In the absence of a linking verb in a compound nominal predicate, a dash is put: 1. if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case.
Words with homogeneous members
I. Between homogeneous members connected by repeating unions (and ... and, neither ... neither, yes ... yes, or ... or, either ... either, then ... then, not that .. .not that), a comma is put. For example
Separate members of the sentence
Separate members are called members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation. Separate are: a) definitions; b) applications;
Separation of definitions
1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they refer to a personal pronoun. For example:
Offers
The clarifying members of the sentence are distinguished when pronouncing intonation, and in writing - with commas. 1. Most often, clarifying circumstances are isolated
Separation of add-ons
Separate additions with prepositions except, instead of, in addition to, except for, including, excluding, etc. For example: Who, besides the hunter, experienced how gratifying it would be
Comparative turns
The circumstances expressed comparative turnovers, beginning unions like, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what, what, than, etc., are separated by commas.
Introductory words and introductory sentences
Introductory words- these are words (or phrases) with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he reports. Most often as introductory words
Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
I. 1. Each of the sentences included in the compound is separated from the other by a comma. For example: Both friends kissed very tightly, and Manilov took his guest away
One subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses are connected to the main clause with the help of subordinating unions or allied words. Unions, connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, are not, however, a member
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of several types. 1. Complex sentences with sequential subordination
Punctuation marks with them
I. The use of commas and semicolons
When the speaker produces a text in the process of speech activity, there may be a need to convey someone else's speech, to include its content in the information. foreign speech -
Quotes are verbatim excerpts from texts, someone's statements. Quotes are a kind of direct speech. Both complete sentences and their parts can be quoted.
material
1. Define punctuation. 2. What are the main directions in the study of punctuation? Tell us about the features of each. 3. What is a punctogram? 4. When
The concept of punctuation
Exercise 1 A. Read, highlight phrases in each sentence, set the main and dependent words in them and indicate the way they are connected.
Offers
Exercise 3 Read, indicate among complex sentences compound, complex, non-union. Rewrite, emphasizing the grammatical basis of each simple sentence
Proposal members
Exercise 7 Read, Point homogeneous members suggestions. What members of the sentence are they, how are they connected? Rewrite with missing punctuation
Punctuation marks in a simple sentence
Exercise 13 Rewrite, inserting missing letters, placing punctuation marks. Do parsing simple sentences, indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (according to
The use of dashes between members of a sentence
Exercise 14 Rewrite, denoting the subject and predicate and putting dashes where necessary. 1. Don river is capricious (Paust.). 2.
Words with homogeneous members
Exercise 18 Read, highlight homogeneous members and indicate how they are connected. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, underline the unions connecting homogeneous members, mark
Punctuation marks for isolated members of a sentence
Exercise 23 Read. Specify separate members sentences and explain their punctuation. 1. The flame of our fire illuminates it [stone] from the side, facing
Separation of definitions
Exercise 24 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Explain punctuation for isolated definitions. I. 1. For the house
Separation of add-ons
Exercise 31 Read. Indicate the isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds or participles. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks
Comparative turns
Exercise 40 Read, indicate comparative turns. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, opening brackets. I. 1. Light
Punctuation marks in complex sentences
Exercise 49 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of complex sentences indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (if the complex sentence
Offer
Exercise 50 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of compound sentences. I. I began to read and
Offer
Exercise 57 Read. Indicate subordinate clauses, note which union or allied word each of them is connected with the main one, what meaning it has. Rewrite, ra
Punctuation in them
Exercise 64 Read and establish semantic relationships between simple sentences included in the complex non-union. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks
Punctuation marks in direct speech and dialogue
Exercise 70 A. Rewrite, adding missing punctuation marks and replacing where necessary, lower case uppercase. 1. He raised his head, looked
Quotes and punctuation marks attached to them
Exercise 72 Arrange these statements as quotations, accompanying them with the words of the author. The place where these words should be inserted is marked with ||. 1. Treat with words
Punctuation is a collection of punctuation rules; placement of punctuation marks in the text; the same as punctuation marks.
Criteria for assessing knowledge, skills and abilities of students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian: Syntax. Punctuation" is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is
Fund of control tasks by discipline
"Modern Russian language: Syntax. Punctuation" (for students of the specialty "Journalism") Note: Fund control
Sentence as a basic syntactic unit
Task 24 Define a simple sentence: A) I opened my eyes. C) in a foggy sky
Simple sentence
Task 32 Determine one-part sentence: A) Dawn. c) Will I have to go back? C) Everything was snowy and silent behind the glass
Difficult sentence
Task 62 Define a complex sentence: A) I began to imagine. C) That night it rained in the garden, and then a few
Punctuation
Task 88 Determine exclamatory sentence: A) Live, horses, live. C) We drove into the bushes. C) The road has become bumpier.
Glossary
NORMA (LANGUAGE), literary norm, - rules of pronunciation, grammatical and others accepted in the social and speech practice of educated people language tools, rules word
List of conditional abbreviations
Abr. - F. Abramov Azh. – V. Azhaev Aks. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. So
Information about the researchers of the Russian language
AVANESOV Ruben Ivanovich [b. 1(14). 2.1902, Shusha ( Nagorno-Karabakh) Azerbaijan. SSR] - owls. linguist, corresponding member USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from Moscow State University (1925), prof. Moscow State University (since 1937), Doctor of Philology.
Compound sentence (CSP)
Complex sentence (CSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,
Associative complex sentence (BSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,
Polynomial complex sentence (MSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,
How was Gray rescued?
We are sometimes worthy of our honest and incorruptible dogs. This gray dog irritated the souls of the regulars of the Nizhny Novgorod market. The dog whined plaintively, instead of the front paw - to
Healthy men sobbed like children
Fifteen minutes ago, there was an explosion deep underground. But at the entrance to shopping center- already a whole crowd of onlookers. They interfere with the work of firefighters and employees of the Emergency Center. medical care. “What
Links Nomination chain
1. Means of interphrase communication 1. The structure of the nomination goal semantic type: kidneys: a) means of communication between concepts - a) bases
The concept of dialogue
(excerpt from the book " Educational Opportunities communication in the activities of a journalist) For a journalist, it is especially important to understand that the success of his
flightless flyers
On the warm days of Indian summer or a little later, but in good weather, you will certainly see wingless little flyers-travelers. A spider sits on a knot, releases a silver flexible
The train can't leave without you
It seems to me that we have known each other for a long time, although only six years have passed since the exhibition called “ magic square" in the museum fine arts I first saw
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground