A complex sentence with a pronominal correlative clause. Structural-semantic classification of complex sentences

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Compound sentences of the pronominal-correlative type

Correlative words and allied means

A constitutive feature of pronominal-correlative sentences is the presence of a correlative word that is part of the main part as its member and with which it correlates adnexa, compensating for its specific lexical unimportance, synsemanticity.

The nature of the correlative word determines the range of possible allied means by which a subordinate clause can be attached to it. Allied means in pronominal-correlative complex sentences can be all relative pronouns and some conjunctions. However, this set of connecting means is not completely allowed in any of the varieties of pronominal-correlative sentences. On the one hand, a certain correlative word presupposes a corresponding range of allied means possible with it, on the other hand, certain allied means also presuppose a corresponding range of correlative words. The combination of the correlative word and the allied means constitutes the structural basis of the pronominal-correlative sentence.

The nature of the relationship between the correlative word and adnexal part The pronominal-correlative complex sentence has no analogues either in the field of word combinations or in other types of complex sentences. Being formally, like the supporting word of a verbal sentence, a member of the main part to which the subordinate part belongs, the correlative word, due to its lexical incompleteness, itself plays a service role in relation to the subordinate part: it connects its content with the content of the main part. At the same time, the correlative word also plays an auxiliary role in relation to the main part: it is an indicator of its formal and semantic dependence, an expression of the fact that it is part of a complex sentence. The function of correlative words is performed by pronouns that have the meaning of a distant indication (that, that, that, there, there, from there), and pronouns, in the semantics of which there is no indication of remoteness or proximity (so, so, so much, so much). Each demonstrative pronoun, functioning as a correlative word, has the ability to combine with a semantically corresponding relative pronoun (one or more): So- how is it there- where exactly- where, there- where. Some demonstrative pronouns, in addition, are also combined with certain groups unions.

In the function of correlative words, in addition to the listed demonstrative pronouns, definitive, negative and indefinite pronouns that have a subject or spatial meaning can be used: all, all, one, any, each, any(these words in pronominal-correlative sentences have a substantive nature), nothing, something etc.; everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere, somewhere etc. Definitive, negative and indefinite pronouns act as more lexically meaningful "substitutes" for the corresponding demonstrative pronouns.

"Deputies" of correlative words can also be demonstrative pronouns that have the meaning of a close indication. These pronouns, due to the peculiarity of their meaning, are closely related to the situation and context, and therefore are semantically more meaningful. How correlative words from among the pronouns of this type can be used here, here, from here.

Types of pronominal-correlative sentences

According to the nature of correlative words and means of communication of parts, pronominal-correlative complex sentences are divided into three types.

Sentences of the first type are characterized by the fact that they allow any of the correlative words, except for the most abstract word then 2 and sustainable combinations so far, so far, thus, the choice of allied means in them is limited - only relative pronouns are possible in them, corresponding in meaning to correlative words: The forest book is given onlythose who wants to read it without any tangible benefit for himself or self-interest(Etc.); That,what I took it for a cloud, there was a thick morning fog over the Klyazma River(Ant.); Serpilin had a good idea of what this night was like.where Now there is a major war(Sim.); And does "The storm covers the sky with mist" sounds to meas did this sound, for example, for Bryusov, who grew up on the Pipe in Moscow?(Boon.).

2. In sentences of the second type, the circle of correlative words and the circle of allied means are equally limited. They contain correlative words with a definitive - qualitative or quantitative - meaning, and asemantic unions serve as allied means in them. what to and unions expressing the meaning of an unreal comparison: I, brotherSo love her,what even afraid of my love(Buoy.); stoodsuch darkness,what there were no windows in the room(Ant.); Serpilin saw with my own eyesso many deathswhat long lost count(Sim.); But apparently notsuch the time has cometo old people, it was possible to die quietly in their native kurens(Sh.); The rains weresuch as not water, but silver poured from the sky(Paust.); Motya met Trubnikovas if he came to visit her(Nag.).

3. In sentences of the third type, the range of correlative words is as limited as possible and the range of allied means is as wide as possible. These complex sentences contain the most semantically empty, formalized correlative word then 2 , as allied means, all relative pronouns are possible here (except what) and asemantic unions what and to; compare: The difficulty washow combine speed and precision of part processing.- The difficulty wasin that Accuracy decreased as the part was processed faster.- The task wasin that, to simultaneously increase both the speed and accuracy of processing the part.

These formal features in the set of possible correlative words and allied means are associated with differences in the principle of organizing a complex sentence - in the nature of the anaphoric function of correlative words. Sentences of the first type (with correlative words that have a subject, spatial or attributive meaning, and with their corresponding meanings relative pronouns as allied means) are built on the basis of a direct correlation between the correlative and allied words and the identification of their semantic content. In sentences of the second type (with correlative words that have a definitive meaning, and with conjunctions), the correlative word is associated with the entire subordinate clause, but this connection is indirect, mediated in nature, relies on elements of meaning that do not receive a separate verbal expression, but are inherent in the construction as a whole , and suggests a correlation between the content of the subordinate clause and main parts generally. In sentences of the third type (with the correlative word then 2 , allowing both a relative and allied way of expressing a connection), the correlative word contains the entire content of the subordinate part and includes it in the main one as single component its semantic-syntactic structure. So, in sentences of the first type I took with me what was needed; As the book says, so I did there is a correspondence: then- what, so- as. In a second type sentence I'm so tired that I barely made it home between relative word So and the subordinate part there is no direct correlation, the connection between them is based on the relations of the consequence, which presuppose a semantic correlation between the main and the subordinate parts. In a third type sentence This book is good because it makes you think. semantic content then 2 (this word is represented by the form instrumental) is equal to the content of the subordinate part: there is a direct correlation between them, based on the containing function of the correlative word.

These three types of sentences also differ in the peculiarities of the order of the parts. Sentences of the second type have a fixed order of parts: the subordinate clause is necessarily postpositive. Sentences of the first and third types are flexible structures, but the patterns of arrangement of parts, the influence of word order on the structure and meaning of the complex sentence are different in them.

Of all the features that distinguish the types of pronominal-correlative complex sentences, the most significant and deepest is the nature of the anaphoric function of the correlative word, which determines the relationship between the main and subordinate parts. Therefore, the following designations can be adopted for them, indicating the specifics of the anaphoric function of the correlative word: 1) identifying sentences;
2) offers phraseological type; 3) containing sentences.

Material index
Course: Complex Sentence Syntax
DIDACTIC PLAN
The grammatical nature of a compound sentence
Communicative organization of a complex sentence
Structural types of complex sentences
Block diagram of a complex sentence
Composition and submission in a complex sentence
Classes of compound sentences
Traditional classification of compound sentences

Correlative words and allied means

A constructive feature of pronominal-correlative complex sentences is the presence correlative word, which is included in the composition of the main part as its member and with which the subordinate part corresponds, replenishing its specific lexical unimportance, synsemanticity.

The nature of the correlative word determines the range of possible allied funds, with the help of which an accessory part can be attached to it. Allied means in pronominal-correlative complex sentences can be all relative pronouns and some unions. However, this set of connecting means is not completely allowed in any of the varieties of pronominal-correlative sentences. On the one hand, a certain correlative word presupposes a corresponding range of allied means possible with it, on the other hand, certain allied means also presuppose a corresponding range of correlative words. The combination of the correlative word and the allied means constitutes the structural basis of the pronominal-correlative sentence.

The nature of the relationship between the correlative word and the subordinate part of the pronominal-correlative complex sentence has no analogues either in the field of word combinations or in other types of complex sentences. Being formally, like the supporting word of a verbal sentence, a member of the main part to which the subordinate part belongs, the correlative word, due to its lexical incompleteness, itself plays a service role in relation to the subordinate part: it connects its content with the content of the main part. At the same time, the correlative word also plays an auxiliary role in relation to the main part: it is an indicator of its formal and semantic dependence, an expression of the fact that it is part of a complex sentence.

The function of correlative words is performed by pronouns that have the meaning distant indication(that, that, that, there, there, from there), and pronouns, in the semantics of which there is no indication of remoteness or proximity(so, so, so much, so much). Each demonstrative pronoun that functions as a correlative word has the ability to combine with a semantically corresponding relative pronoun (one or more): so-how, there-where, there-where, there-where. Some demonstrative pronouns, in addition, are also combined with certain groups of unions.

Types of pronominal-correlative sentences

According to the nature of correlative words and means of communication of parts, pronominal correlative complex sentences are divided into three types.

1. Sentences of the first type are characterized by the fact that they allow any of the relative words, except for the most abstract word then 2 and sustainable combinations up to that point, thus, the choice of allied means in them is limited - only relative pronouns are possible in them, corresponding in meaning to correlative words: The forest book is givenonly to those who wants to read it without any tangible benefit for himself or self-interest(Etc.); What I took it for a cloud, there was a thick morning fog over the Klyazma River(Ant.); Serpilin had a good idea of what this night was like.where now there is a major war(Sim.); And does "The storm covers the sky with mist" sounds to meas did this sound, for example, for Bryusov, who grew up on the Pipe in Moscow?(Boon.).

2. In sentences of the second type, both the range of correlative words and the range of allied means are limited. They contain correlative words with a definitive - qualitative or quantitative - meaning, and asemantic unions serve as allied means in them. what to and unions expressing the meaning of an unreal comparison: I, brotherSo love her,what even afraid of my love(Boon.); stoodsuch darkness,what there were no windows in the room(Ant .); Serpilin saw with my own eyesso many deathswhat lost count a long time ago(Sim .); But apparently notsuch the time has cometo old people could die in their own huts(Sh.); The rains weresuch , what water as if not water, but silver poured from the sky(Paust.); Motya met TrubnikovSo , like he came to visit her(Nag.).

In sentences of the third type, the range of correlative words is as limited as possible and the range of allied means is as wide as possible. These complex sentences contain the most semantically empty, formalized correlative word then 2; as allied means, all relative pronouns are possible here (except what) and asemantic unions what and what; compare: The difficulty wasin how combine speed and precision of part processing. - The difficulty wasin that Accuracy decreased as the part was processed faster. - The task wasin that, to simultaneously increase both the speed and accuracy of part processing.

These formal features in the set of possible correlative words and allied means are associated with differences in the principle of organization of a complex sentence - in the nature of the anaphoric function of correlative words. Sentences of the first type (with correlative words that have a subject, spatial or attributive meaning, and with relative pronouns corresponding to them in meaning as allied means) are built on the basis of direct correlation between correlative and allied words and identifications their semantic content. In sentences of the second type (with correlative words that have a definitive meaning, and with conjunctions), the correlative word is associated with the entire subordinate clause, but this connection has indirect, indirect character, relies on elements of meaning that do not receive a separate verbal expression, but are characteristic of the construction as a whole, and implies a correlation between the content of the subordinate and main parts as a whole. In sentences of the third type (with the correlative word then 2, allowing both relative and allied way of expressing the connection) correlative word accommodates includes the entire content of the subordinate clause and includes it in the main one as a single component of its semantic-syntactic structure. So, in sentences of the first type I took with me what was needed; As the book says, so I did there is a correspondence: that-what, so-how. In a second type sentence I'm so tired that I barely made it home there is no direct correlation between the correlative word and the subordinate part, the connection between them is based on the relationship consequences, which suggest a semantic correlation between the main and subordinate parts. In a third type sentence This book is good because it makes you think. semantic content then 2 (this word is represented by the instrumental form) is equal to the content of the subordinate part: there is a direct correlation between them, based on the containing function of the correlative word.

Of all the features that distinguish the types of pronominal-correlative complex sentences, the most significant and deepest is the nature of the anaphoric function of the correlative word, which determines the relationship between the main and subordinate parts. Therefore, the following designations can be adopted for them, indicating the specifics of the anaphoric function of the correlative word: 1) identifying sentences; 2) sentences of phraseological type; 3) containing sentences.

Associative compound sentences

There are two types of adjectival clauses:

1) pronominal-correlative;

2) pronominal-union.

Pronoun-correlative constructions.

In them, the connection between the predicative parts is carried out with the help of correlative pairs: “he, everyone, everyone, everyone - who”, “who (everything) - what”, “such - what”, “such - what”, “so - like”, “as much - how much”, “as much as” :

That, [ who is that? ] who respects elders, he himself is worthy of respect.

He made it so how so? ] as best he can.

He bowed to everyone any one? ] whom he met on the way.

Communication tool in sentences this type- union word.

Pronominal-union sentences can be called sentences of contaminated structure. Such sentences combine features of different types of sentences. They occupy an intermediate position between the sentences of dissected and undivided structure. Their features are the following:

1) The presence in the main part of a pronoun that requires distribution;

2) correlative union in the appendage.

He does the job so he needs to redo everything - pronominal-union type.

He will do this job in a way that no one else will - pronoun-correlative type.

Sentences of pronominal-union type can have the following meanings:

1) Meaning of measure and degree:

He So vulnerable [ in what degree? ], what it's always easy to offend him

2) The meaning of the course of action:

Tatyana So danced [ how? ], what All her friends envied her.

3) Comparison value:

Air such clean, if There are no industrial enterprises around.

It should be remembered that constructions with comparative conjunctions, in which the clauses extend the noun, are considered among the attributive (determinative).

Separate from others are comparative constructions, the connection between the predicative parts of which is carried out with the help of a correlative pair "what - that." AT constructions of this type in both parts there is a comparative:

The less[adverb comparative] we love the woman the more [adverb comparative] we like her.

Note:

AG80 is considering these proposals among comparative designs undivided structure (I. N. Kruchinina, p. 492, §2818); M. V. Lyapon (p. 614, §3106) believes that these are comparative NGNs of a dissected structure; L. Yu. Maksimov classifies these SPPs as non-free phraseologized models of the pronominal-correlative type.

LECTURE #3

WBS dismembered structure

Plan

1. SPP of a dismembered structure: general characteristics.

2. NGN with clauses of time.

3.SPP with subordinate places.

4. NGN with subordinate goals

5. NGN with subordinate reasons.

6. NGN with subordinate conditions.

7. NGN with subordinate concessions (concessions).

8. NGN with subordinate corollaries.

9. NGN with comparative clauses.

10. The question of complex sentences with the subordinate part of the mode of action, measure and degree.

11. SPP with connecting clauses;

12. NGN with explanatory clauses.

1. REMEMBER that in NGN of a dismembered (with non-verbal connection) structure:

1) the subordinate part refers to the entire main part and does not have key word in the main part:

We left the house when it got dark.

2) the connection is formalized mainly by a semantic (unambiguous) union, indicating certain relations;

3) correlates move freely in the sentence (they can be both in the main and in the subordinate part);

4) the aspect ratio plan of the forms of verbs-predicates is not free.

Sentences of this type include NGN with clauses:

time;

Causes;

Conditions;

concessions;

Consequences;

Comparisons;

Mode of action, measure and degree (according to the school course);

Connecting;

Comparative;

There are (by analogy with the secondary members of the proposal: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type adnexal: definitive, explanatory and circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.

Subordinate clause can refer to a specific word in the main (conditional adjectives) or to everything main (non-verbal adventitious).

For determining the type of subordinate clause it is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the conditional or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of communication of the subordinate with the main.

Clauses

Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express a sign of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through the situation one way or another related to the subject.

In connection with the general value of the attribute of the subject attributive clauses dependent on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main clause and answer the question which? They join the main only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, where, where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace that noun from the main one on which the subordinate clause depends.

For example: [One of the contradictions, (which creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [n., (what (= contradictions)),].

Allied words in complex sentences with can be divided into main (which, what, whose) and minor (what, where, where, where, when). Non-basic can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign definitive adjectives.

The village where(wherein) Eugene was bored, there was a lovely corner ... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].

I was reminded today of a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [n.], (what).

At night, in the desert of the city, there is one hour, imbued with longing, when(in which) for the whole city at night got off ... (F. Tyutchev) -[n.], (when).

In the main sentence there are often demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that, such For example:

It was that famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. Herman)- [uk.sl. that - n.], (which).

Pronoun-defining clauses

By value, relative clauses are close pronominal-defining clauses . They differ from the proper attributive clauses in that they do not refer to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, each, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:

1) [Total, (what knew more Evgeny), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what),]. 2) [Not oh (what you think), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what),].

Like attributive clauses, they reveal the attribute of an object (therefore, it is better to ask a question about them too which?) and join the main sentence with the help of allied words (the main allied words are who and what).

Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjective attributive. [indicative + noun, (which), ].

[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - adjectival pronoun. [local, (who),].

Unlike proper attributive clauses, which always come after the noun they refer to, pronoun-defining clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:

(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower do not despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [loc. ].

Clauses of explanatory

Clauses of explanatory answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic distribution (addition, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speech, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most of the time these are verbs. (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, rejoice, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (happy, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear) nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, feeling and etc.)

Clauses of explanatory are attached to the explained word in three ways: 1) with the help of unions what, how, as if, so that when and etc.; 2) with the help of any allied words; 3) using the union-particle whether.

For example: 1) [The light has decided], (that t smart and very mil) (A. Pushkin)- [vb], (what). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought you me could not blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [Her dreaming], (as if she goes on a snowy glade, surrounded by a sad mist) (A. Pushkin)- [vb.], (as if).

2) [You you know himself], (which the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [vb], (what). [Then she started asking me], (where am I now working) (A. Chekhov)- [vb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo] (how many yo i live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [vb], (how much).

3) [Both very wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [vb], (whether).

Clauses of explanatory can serve to transfer indirect speech. With the help of unions what, like, when indirect messages are expressed using the union to- indirect urges, with the help of allied words and union-particles whether- indirect questions.

In the main clause, with the explained word, there may be a demonstrative word then(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Dr. Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [n. + uk.slov.], (what).

Distinguishing between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory

Certain difficulties are caused distinction between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory that refer to the noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses dependent on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the noun being defined is not important for them), answer the question which?, indicate the sign of the subject that is called the noun being defined, and are attached to the main one only with allied words. Adnexal same explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speech, thought, feeling, perception), except for the question which?(and it can always be set from a noun to any word or sentence depending on it) case question, they disclose(explain) content speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and join the main unions and allied words. ( adnexal, attachable to the main unions and union-particle whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)

More difficult distinguish between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory clauses depending on nouns when explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word what). Compare: 1) Question what(which) he was asked, seemed strange to him. Thought that(which) came into his head in the morning, haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received yesterday, very upset me. 2) The question of what to do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done made him uneasy. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.

1) The first group - complex sentences with adverbial attributive. union word what can be replaced by an allied word which. The subordinate clause indicates the sign of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause, you can only ask a question which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).

2) The second group is complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses. Allied word replacement what allied word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, message(from the main clause to the subordinate clause, a case question can be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause has a different form ( case forms pronouns: question, thought, news about that).

Adverbial clauses

Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and, accordingly, are divided into the same types.

Adventitious mode of action and degree

Describe the way an action is performed or the degree of manifestation quality trait and answer questions as? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of an adverbial mode of action or degree in the main clause. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause in two ways: 1) with the help of allied words how, how much, how much; 2) with the help of unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.

For example: 1) [The offensive was on as provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [vb + uk.el. so], (as) (subordinate modus operandi).

2) [The old woman is the same wanted to repeat my story], (how much do I listen) (A. Herzen)- [vb + uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).

Adventitious mode of action and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main allied words how, how much, how much)(see examples above) and two-digit(if joined by unions; the second value is introduced by the union). For example: 1) [White acacias smelled so strong] (that their sweet, cloying, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-

[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (what) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning subordinate union what).

2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the union to).

3) [Everything is small plant So sparkled at our feet], (as if it was really made from crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [uk.sl. so + vb.], (as if) (the value of the degree is complicated by the value of the comparison, which is introduced by the union as if).

adnexal places

adnexal places indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions where? where? where? They depend on the whole main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and join the main sentence with the help of allied words where, where, where. For example:

1) [Go the free way], (where entails you free cm)... (A. Pushkin)- , (where).

2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [nar.], (where).

3) (Where the river went), [there and the channel will] (proverb)-(where), [uk.sl. there ].

adnexal places should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.

Compare: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(wherein) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [n.], (where) (subordinate definitive).

2) [I_ began to remember], (where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [vb], (where) (subordinate explanatory).

Adventitious time

Adventitious time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign, which is referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions when? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main sentence and join it with temporary unions when, until, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, suddenly etc. For example:

1) [When the count is back], (Natasha impolitely rejoiced him and hurried to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (kog2) (Till does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice of Apollo), [in the cares of the vain world, he cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .

The main sentence can contain demonstrative words then, until then, after and others, as well as the second component of the union (then). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause then, then when in the subordinate clause is a union word. For example:

1) [I_ sitting until I don't start to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).

2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].

3) [The poet feels the literal meaning of the word even then], (when gives him in figurative meaning) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. then],(when).

Adventitious time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a union word when. For example:

1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- wherein) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [indicative + noun], (when) (subjective definitive).

2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [vb], (when) (subordinate explanatory).

Subordinate conditions

Subordinate conditions indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition? if, if ... then, when (= if), when ... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:

1) (If I get sick), [to doctors I won't apply]...(Y. Smelyakov)- (if), .

2) (Once we started talking), [then it's better to finish everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].

If a conditional clauses stand in front of the main one, then in the latter there may be a second part of the union - then(see 2nd example).

Adventitious targets

Adnexal suggestions goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They refer to the entire main sentence, answer questions why? for what purpose? for what? and join the main with the help of unions so that (to), in order to, so that, then so that, in order (obsolete) etc. For example:

1) [I_ woke up Pashka] (so that he didn't fall off from the road) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);

2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that turn away Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)-, (to);

3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;

When dismembering a compound union, a simple union remains in the subordinate clause to, and the rest of the words are included in the main sentence, being a demonstrative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ mention about it solely for the purpose] (to emphasize unconditional authenticity of many things Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [uk.sl. for],(to).

Adventitious targets must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses with a union to. For example:

1) [I want], (to the bayonet equated pen) (V. Mayakovsky)- [vb], (to) (subordinate explanatory).

2) [Time landings was calculated so], (to the place of landing get into at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [red.adj. + uk.sl. So],(to) (subordinate modus operandi with an added meaning of purpose).

Adnexal causes

Adnexal suggestions causes reveal (indicate) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and join it with the help of unions because, because, since, for, because, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:

1) [Sending her all my tears as a gift], (because not live me before the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)

2) [Any work is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (because).

3) (Thanks to we set every day new plays), [ theatre ours is quite willing visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .

Compound unions, the last part of which is what, can be dismembered: a simple union remains in the subordinate clause what, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of a demonstrative word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:

[That's why roads to me people], (what live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. because],(what).

Adventitious concessions

In the subordinate concession, an event is reported, in spite of which an action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessive relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate concessions called as if "non-working" cause. Adventitious concessions answer questions in spite of what? contrary to what? refer to the entire main sentence and join it 1) unions although, although... but, not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination with particle nor: no matter how much, no matter what (whatever). For example:

I. one) And (although he was a rake ardent), [but he fell out of love finally, and abuse, and a saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].

Note. In the main clause, in which there is a concessive subordinate clause, there may be a union but.

2) (Let be rose plucked), [she is more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .

3) [In steppes it was quiet and overcast], (despite what the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (despite the fact that).

Item 1) (No matter how protected myself Pantelei Prokofievich from all sorts of difficult experiences), [but soon had to endure him a new shock] (M. Sholokhov)- (whatever), [but].

2) [I_, (however would love you), getting used to fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (however),].

Comparative clauses

The types of adverbial clauses considered above correspond in meaning to the same-named categories of circumstances in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of adjectives (comparative, consequences and connecting), which do not correspond among the circumstances in a simple sentence. General feature complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses - the impossibility, as a rule, to ask a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.

In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and join it with unions like, exactly, as if, buto, as if, like as, as if, than ... asand etc. For example:

1) (As we swarm in the summer midge flies on the flame), [flocked cereals from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](as), ["].

2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if who them washed up and varnish on them brought) (I. Turgenev)-, (as if).

3) [We threesome started talking], (as if a century whether familiar) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).

A special group among relative clauses make sentences with conjunction how and double union than... that. Double conjunction clauses than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditioning of parts. Adverbs with the union how, in addition, they do not refer to everything that is important, but to the word in it, which is expressed by the form comparative degree adjective or adverb.

1) (How less woman we love), [the easier like us her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [those].

2) [As time went slower] (than clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compar. step. out], (than).

Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main clause. For example:

[Existence his concluded into this cramped program], (as egg in shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (as).

The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by a minor member of the predicate group - into the shell.

Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative turnovers, in which there can be no predicate.

Adnexal consequences

Adnexal consequences indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .

Adnexal consequences refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and join it with a union so.

For example: [ Heat all increased], (so it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow all became whiter and brighter], (so ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (so).

Adventitious connecting

Adventitious connecting contain additional information, comments on what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting subordinate clauses refer to the entire main clause, always stand after it and are attached to it with allied words what, what, about why, why, why, why and etc.

For example: 1) [Her should not be late to the theatre], (from whatshe is very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).

2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed good weather tomorrow) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (what).

3) [And the old man Cuckoos n fast allotment glasses, forgetting to wipe them] (what with him for thirty years of official activity never didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

Parsing scheme complex sentence with one adjunct

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of offer for emotional coloring(exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of the clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).

An example of parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause

1) [In time strong storm turned out rooted high old pine], (why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).

, (from what).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to everything main and joins it with an allied word from what.

2) (To be contemporary clear), [all wide open open the poet] (A. Akhmatova).(to), .

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The adjective answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and joins it with a union so that.

3) [I I love everything], (to which in this world there is no consonance, no echo No) (I. Annensky).[local], (what).

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a pronoun-defining clause. The adjective answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun all in the main, joins with an allied word what, which is an indirect complement.

AT pronominal-correlative sentences contact word - index pronominal word- performs several functions at the same time.

Firstly, it organizes the semantic unity of a complex sentence, since its subordinate part fills this pronoun with specific content.

Secondly, the demonstrative word is an auxiliary, connecting component, since it forms a bond together with an allied word or union. These correlative formations are integral and stable: then- what, that- who it- which one- which, so much- how much, how much- how, there- where so- as then- when it. p., and also: So- what, such- what, so- as if and etc.

For example:

What will a person forget to do, then nature will catch up for him(Brodsk.);

There were just so many gentlemen in Tolstoy, how much is needed for serfs (M. G.);

There , where in last year there was rye, now lay in the rows of mowed oats(Ch.);

Who enclosed talent, the purer of all should be the soul(G.);

I only love the flower which is rooted in the ground (Ec.)

Thirdly, although the pronominal word has an incomplete significance (it only points to objects, signs, etc., but does not name them), it performs the function of a sentence member. In the main part, it is in certain relations (predicative, attributive, objective, relative) with other members and is itself a subject, or a predicate, or a definition, or an addition, or a circumstance. The subordinate part, which explains the demonstrative word, as if duplicates its function.

formal and semantic connection between the main and subordinate parts in pronominal-correlative sentences is the closest of all types of connection in undivided complex sentences; both predicative parts are not semantically autonomous.

The semantics of the relations of parts of a sentence is also determined by the presence demonstrative pronoun is a relation of explanation. Accordingly, the subordinate part can be called explanatory. However, the form of the subordinate clause by itself is not sufficient to judge the type of sentence: the allied words used (what, who, who, where, how much, why etc.) can also be used in other types of undivided complex sentences. Explanatory meaning appears only in combination with a demonstrative word; this meaning is identified (determined) by the question “namely?”.

Explaining the demonstrative word as a member of the sentence, the relative part, as it were, duplicates the function of this member.

For example:

All that what a person touches illuminated by his living soul(Ahm.)

2. Substantive-attributive complex sentences.

Structure substantive-attributive sentences is determined by the verbal connection of the subordinate clause with the word form of the noun, which can fulfill any syntactic function in the main part and occupy any place in it.

For example:

to the phenomena which I don't understand I approach cheerfully and do not obey them(Ch.);

Room, where Ilya Ilyich lay, at first glance it looked beautiful(Gonch.);

Chichikov, for sure, saw a lady, which he I didn't notice at all bowing at the door with Manilov(G.);

I entered the green paradise yesterday, where is peace for body and soul under a tent of shady poplars (Ahm.);

So Kasatsky lived in the first monastery, where did he go seven years(L. T.);

The springs washed away the bitter ashes of the hearths, that warmed us (TV)

The verbal connection of the subordinate part with the contact word is formalized by relative pronouns (including pronominal adverbs). At the same time, the modified allied words are consistent with the contact noun in the number of herode.

For example:

Small swampy lake along the shore we made our way, still white among the trees(B.);

Service, about which for a minute I thought with such delight, seemed to me a great misfortune(P.);

And at the white stone gates, that led from the yard in field, at the ancient strong gate with lions stood two girls(Ch.)

End of work -

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All topics in this section:

Explanatory note
In the "Syntax. Punctuation”, according to the State educational standard, should be studied following topics: - subject of syntax; - phrase;

Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work

The concept of syntax
The syntax section is the last, final section of the modern Russian language course. As you know, in the science of language, it is customary to distinguish five main language levels.

The subject of studying the syntax of the Russian language
There is no unequivocal answer to the question of what is the subject of the syntax of the Russian language. On this issue, four scientific directions are known in the science of the Russian language.

Syntactic means of the Russian language
Syntactic means of the Russian language, with the help of which sentences and phrases are built, are diverse. The main forms are sl

Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the rules for combining words in coherent speech; it is the science of the connection of words. The subject of syntax is the word in

The concept of a phrase as a nominative unit of language
The term "phrase" was understood and is understood by linguists in different ways. For some, it means any grammatical combination of meaningful words, including a sentence. Such a look

The composition of the phrase
The phrase is binomial. It distinguishes a grammatically dominant member and a grammatically dependent, subordinate member. So, in the phrase:

Syntactic relations between members of a phrase
Words in a phrase come into contact with each other not only in grammatical connections, but also in with mental relations. The relationship between the dominant and subordinate members of the phrase can be generally

Types of connection of words in a phrase
The dependence of a subordinate member on the dominant one is expressed in a phrase by formal means: - inflections; - official words; - position (position) of words from

Types of phrases depending on the morphological expression of the core word
Structural and semantic features of the phrase largely depend on what part of speech the dominant member is expressed. Therefore, the syntax considers the classification

Verb phrases
In verb phrases, the dominant member can be expressed by one or another verb form, namely: 1. infinitive form (read

Substantive phrases
In substantive phrases, the dominant member is expressed by a noun or a substantiated word (big house, random passerby, p

Adjective phrases
In adjectival phrases, the dominant member is represented by an adjective (pleased with success, red from sunburn, capable of music). hung up

Phrases with a numeral as the main word
Phrases with numerals denote a certain or indefinite number of objects (seven friends, second from the left). different structural properties have t

Exercise 1 Write out all the phrases from the sentence: In terms of genre scientific style quite varied.

A phrase is a combination of two or more significant words, bound friend with each other in meaning and grammatically. Simple

The concept of a proposal
The sentence is the basic unit of syntax. A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its main function in language is communicative

Predicativity
Predicativity is the relation of the statement contained in the sentence to reality, established and expressed by the speaker. Predicativity manifests itself and reveals

Message intonation
The intonation of the sentence has a closed structure: - beginning; - development; - completion. Without these elements of intonation, build a real sentence

Grammatical organization
Along with predicativity and intonation of the message as the main features, the sentence is characterized by grammatical organization. It manifests itself as in the presence of a connection of words (this

Current division of the offer
The actual (or communicative) division of a sentence, which has a different nature than the grammatical one, is carried out in the process of speech, in certain situation communication, taking into account communication

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement
Proposals for the purpose of the statement are divided into: - narrative; - interrogative; - incentives.

Declarative sentences
AT declarative sentence a message is expressed. It can be: 1) description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and carelessly (M. G.); To Quarantine

Incentive Offers
incentive offer expresses will, motivation to action. It is addressed to the interlocutor or a third party. The object of motivation may be several (or many

Interrogative sentences
An interrogative sentence is used to express a question addressed to the interlocutor. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to obtain new information about something, confirmation or denial of any

Types of sentences by emotional coloring
Emotional sentences are divided into: - exclamatory; - non-exclamatory Declarative, motivating and interrogative phrases

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Read with correct intonation cited texts: Text 1 I opened my eyes. White and even light filled m

A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its main function in language is communicative, that is, the function of a message. Predicativity

Topic outline
1. The concept of a simple sentence. 2. Two-part sentences: - subject; - predicate. 3. One-part sentences: - verbal one-part sentences

The concept of a simple sentence
In Russian, a simple sentence is diverse in structure and semantics. Differences in the structure are associated with the structure of the predicative core, with the ratio of major and minor h

Two-part sentences
The main members, subject and predicate, are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, the main categories of proposals are expressed in them.

Subject
In Russian, the subject is absolutely independent main member two-part proposal. The grammatical indicators of subject independence are

Predicate
The grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject lies in the fact that the predicate plays an active role in expressing the predicative connection of the main members of the sentence. Forms with

One-part sentences
One-part sentences are an independent structural-semantic type of a simple sentence, opposed to two-part sentences. Their specificity lies in the fact that

Verbal one-part sentences
Verbal one-part sentences are diverse in structure and in grammatical meanings. In the expression of the main elements of predicativity - modality, time, person - a vital role belong

Definitely personal suggestions
In one-part definite-personal sentences, an action (sign) is expressed, correlated with a certain agent (carrier of the sign), which, however, is not verbally indicated. Indication of concret

Indefinitely personal sentences
In one-part indefinite-personal sentences, an independent action (attribute) is expressed. The agent (carrier of the sign) is not named, but is grammatically presented as indefinite. For example

Generalized personal sentences
In one-part generalized personal sentences, an independent action (feature) is expressed. The agent is not verbally designated, but grammatically presented as a generalized one. Indication of reference to generalization

impersonal proposals
In one-component impersonal sentences an independent action is expressed without reference to the agent. The verb forms of the main member of the sentence do not indicate the agent and are not able to do this with

Substantive one-part sentences
Substantive one-part sentences are fundamentally verbless, i.e. not only do not contain any "physical" verb forms, nor zero forms, but also do not imply

Nominative proposals
In one-component nominative sentences expresses the existence of an object in the present tense. Both the existential meaning and the indication of the coincidence of being with the moment of speech are manifested in the main member, without

Genitive sentences
In terms of the main meanings of beingness and the present tense, expressed in the main member, genitive sentences are similar to nominative sentences. However, the genitive quantitative (quantitative) introduces into them d

Implicit Offers
The main structural types of a simple sentence - two-part and one-part - in the Russian language are opposed to the so-called indivisible sentences. For example:

Common Suggestions
The main structural types of a simple sentence: - two-part: The children woke up; The winter was snowy; The sun began to bake; Teaching children is no easy task; -

Definition
A definition is a minor member of a sentence that expresses general meaning feature, which is realized in diverse private values. The proposal includes

Circumstances
This type minor members sentences are very diverse and heterogeneous in meaning and form. The circumstantial secondary members of the sentence characterize the action or

Complete and incomplete sentences
Distinguishing between complete and incomplete sentences very important for linguistic theory and educational practice. In theoretical terms, the concept of completeness / incompleteness is associated with the very essence of the proposal.

Proposals complicated by isolated members
The structure of a simple extended sentence containing one or another number of minor members can be further complicated by isolating one (or several) of

Separate definitions
Separation of definitions is a productive method of complicating the structure of a simple sentence. Thanks to isolation, the feature expressed by the definition is updated, and all

Separate circumstances
Separation of circumstances is determined, first of all, general conditions. However, particular and additional conditions are of considerable importance. Taking into account various conditions, one can distinguish

Comparative turns
The specificity of this type of isolated structures is manifested both in meaning and in design; the conditions for separating them are also special. Comparison, assimilation as specific

Proposals complicated by homogeneous members
A simple sentence, both common and non-common, can be complicated by homogeneous members. The syntactic relations in such a sentence include both composition and subordination.

Constructions not included in the sentence structure
Along with sentences that conclude a message, motivation or question, constructions are used in speech that are not independent sentences and are not included in the structure of the preposition.

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Define the following structural oppositions in a number of sentences: - two-part - one-part sentences; - non-rasp

The subject and predicate are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, the main categories of the sentence are expressed in them - modal

Topic outline
1. The concept of a complex sentence. 2. Allied complex sentences: - compound sentences; - complex sentences: - undivided complex sentences

The concept of a complex sentence

Allied compound sentences
The structure of allied complex sentences is determined by the number of predicative parts and their structure, and the grammatical form is represented by allied means: unions, allied (rel.

Compound sentences
A compound sentence (CSP) expresses the meaning of grammatical equivalence. The main indicator of this value, and at the same time a means of connecting parts

Connecting sentences
In compound connecting sentences the value of homogeneity is expressed in the enumeration of the same type of events, situations, which is formalized by connecting unions. Basics

Opposite proposals
In compound opposing sentences, relations of opposites, incompatibility are expressed; them grammatical form created by unions a, but, yes, however, the same,

Connecting sentences
Compound connecting offers combine the meaning of grammatical equivalence and addition: the first part is semantically complete, autonomous, and the second

Complicated sentences
As we have seen, the minimum composition of a compound sentence is determined by the content of the relations between its parts. Some relationships determine a closed structure (comparison, opposition

Complex sentences
A complex sentence (CSS) consists of two unequal predicative parts; this is its elementary structure: the dominant part is “the main sentence

Undivided complex sentences
In undivided complex sentences, subordinate clauses are conditional. They explain, characterize certain word forms in the main part

Explanatory complex sentences
The structure of explanatory complex sentences is determined by the valence of contact words, the need for their "distribution". Valence is formed not so much by g

Dissected complex sentences
The main structural feature of dissected complex sentences is the correlation of predicative parts (main and subordinate) as a whole; there is no link between them

Comparative clauses
Comparative clauses are attached to the main part of a complex sentence with the help of conjunctions while, meanwhile, if ... then, then how.

Conditional clauses
Conditional clauses are attached to the main part of a complex sentence through conjunctions if (then), as well as stylistically colored if, if, times

Adnexal target
Adverbial target denotes a goal, a motive that explains the content of the main part of a complex sentence. They join by means of alliances so that (mouth)

Adventitious concessions
Concession relationships are complex. To explain them, they say that the subordinate clause (concessive) of a complex sentence denotes the opposite condition

Connecting
This is a special kind of complex sentence that does not apply to either undivided or divided sentences. On the one hand, complex sentences with subordinate clauses

The term "complex sentence" should, strictly speaking, denote only a two-component difficult sentence, i.e., consisting of the main part and the subordinate. It's an element

Associative compound sentences
A non-union complex sentence is one of the two main structural types of a complex sentence in Russian, which is distinguished by a formal criterion. Bessoyuz

Non-union complex sentences of a complicated structure
Compound sentences with an allied connection have a flexible structure. It can form both separate types of relations (enumeration, explanation, conditionality, etc.), as well as their various combinations. Etc

Polynomial compound sentences
The term "polynomial complex sentences" refers to a variety of constructions that have two common features: a) the number of predicative parts is more than two;

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Prove that these sentences are complex. Something began to seem to me, as if I had a dream at night, from which the rest

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational combination of predicative units that are grammatically similar to a simple sentence.

The concept of speech and text
Structural means language, its units are actually embodied in speech activity person. The syntax units we have considered are the phrase and the sentence

Distinctive features of the text
According to L.M. Maidanova, the definition of the concept of "text" includes three distinctive features of the text: - integrity;

ORT turned to face the kids
The first channel intended to come to grips with the "children's issue" last fall. It is difficult to say what exactly prevented colleagues. Most likely a crisis. And now it's autumn again, and now they have everything

Kinds and types of texts
AT linguistic literature a typology of texts was carried out, which showed that, on the basis of common grounds, it is possible to classify all known texts. For example, by type

Build your house
... The village of Pronkino. It is noticeably younger. There are new good houses. The villagers build them themselves. The board of the Frunze collective farm allocates cash loans, helps with transport

American satellite missing in Mars orbit
We'll have to wait with Martian weather news. The world's first interplanetary meteorological satellite "Mars Claim Orbiter" was lost while approaching the "red planet". NA specialists

Miss student appeared in Orenburg
So the interuniversity beauty contest "Miss Student" was held. It was attended by girls from four universities: OSU, OGAU, OGMA, OGLA. In the hall of the house of culture "Russia" the atmosphere

Here are the texts for analysis
Text task: Indicate the features of the description and narration in the given text. About half a century ago, in the holiday village of Kuokkala, he stood not far from

The text is a specific product, the result of speech activity. It is built according to abstract grammatical schemes, according to generalized rules, but concludes concrete

The main types of speech errors
Among the qualities of good speech are purity, expressiveness, richness, and its appropriateness. For a journalist, the qualities of purity and relevance will merge with correctness and clarity. In the real process

Wrong choice of words in the phrase and sentence
For a more accurate expression of our thoughts, an important role is played by correct selection words in phrases and sentences. For example: Most of the students in our group showed

Speech errors of a grammatical type associated with a violation of the agreement of the members of the sentence
For example: Advice was given to teachers who asked for help. The time allocated for professional development of teachers was clearly not enough.

Wrong word order in a sentence
Speech errors may be related to wrong order words and sentences. For example: The spaceport warms the sun with warm rays. The phrase turned out to be two-shift. Not

Some features of word order in a simple sentence
I. In Russian, sentences with a direct order of the main members are widespread, when the subject (or the group of the subject, that is, the subject with words dependent on it) stands

Word order in sentences with isolated and non-isolated common definitions
I. Participial and an adjective with dependent words must come before or after the noun they refer to, and must not include it in their composition. Nap

Replacing subordinate clauses with participial and adverbial phrases
I. The participial turnover is close in meaning to the attributive subordinate clause. For example: Happy is the traveler who finds himself in untouched lands

material
1. List the main types of speech errors. 2. Talk about speech errors associated with incorrect pronunciation and use individual words and word forms. 3.

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Read, indicate the cases of inversion. 1. The season started with "The Singer from Palermo". Of course, I was the most worried (F.

Topic outline
1. The concept of punctuation. 2. Punctuation marks at the end of independent sentences and between parts of a complex sentence. 3. The use of a comma between homogeneous members of the sentence.

The concept of punctuation
Punctuation (Late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point) - this is a collection of rules for punctuation marks; - placement of punctuation marks in the text;

Punctuation marks at the end of independent sentences and between parts of a complex sentence
I. At the end of independent sentences (simple and complex), a period or a question mark or an exclamation point is put. A period is put if the sentence is narrative

The use of a comma between homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous are members of a sentence that answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. For example:

Offers
In the absence of a linking verb in a compound nominal predicate, a dash is put: 1. if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case.

Words with homogeneous members
I. Between homogeneous members connected by repeating unions (and ... and, neither ... neither, yes ... yes, or ... or, either ... either, then ... then, not that .. .not that), a comma is put. For example

Separate members of the sentence
Separate members are called members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation. Separate are: a) definitions; b) applications;

Separation of definitions
1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they refer to a personal pronoun. For example:

Offers
The clarifying members of the sentence are distinguished when pronouncing intonation, and in writing - with commas. 1. Most often, clarifying circumstances are isolated

Separation of add-ons
Separate additions with prepositions except, instead of, in addition to, except for, including, excluding, etc. For example: Who, besides the hunter, experienced how gratifying it would be

Comparative turns
Circumstances expressed by comparative phrases beginning with unions like, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what, what, than, etc., are separated by commas.

Introductory words and introductory sentences
Introductory words- these are words (or phrases) with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he reports. Most often as introductory words

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
I. 1. Each of the sentences included in the compound is separated from the other by a comma. For example: Both friends kissed very tightly, and Manilov took his guest away

One subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses are connected to the main clause with the help of subordinating unions or allied words. Unions, connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, are not, however, a member

Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of several types. 1. Complex sentences with sequential subordination

Punctuation marks with them
I. The use of commas and semicolons

When the speaker produces a text in the process of speech activity, there may be a need to convey someone else's speech, to include its content in the information. foreign speech -

Quotes are verbatim excerpts from texts, someone's statements. Quotes are a kind of direct speech. Both complete sentences and their parts can be quoted.

material
1. Define punctuation. 2. What are the main directions in the study of punctuation? Tell us about the features of each. 3. What is a punctogram? 4. When

The concept of punctuation
Exercise 1 A. Read, highlight phrases in each sentence, set the main and dependent words in them and indicate the way they are connected.

Offers
Exercise 3 Read, indicate among complex sentences compound, complex, non-union. Rewrite, emphasizing the grammatical basis of each simple sentence

Proposal members
Exercise 7 Read, Point homogeneous members suggestions. What members of the sentence are they, how are they connected? Rewrite with missing punctuation

Punctuation marks in a simple sentence
Exercise 13 Rewrite, inserting missing letters, placing punctuation marks. Do parsing simple sentences, indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (according to

The use of dashes between members of a sentence
Exercise 14 Rewrite, denoting the subject and predicate and putting dashes where necessary. 1. Don river is capricious (Paust.). 2.

Words with homogeneous members
Exercise 18 Read, highlight homogeneous members and indicate how they are connected. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, underline the unions connecting homogeneous members, mark

Punctuation marks for isolated members of a sentence
Exercise 23 Read. Specify separate members sentences and explain their punctuation. 1. The flame of our fire illuminates it [stone] from the side, facing

Separation of definitions
Exercise 24 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Explain punctuation for isolated definitions. I. 1. For the house

Separation of add-ons
Exercise 31 Read. Indicate the isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds or participles. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks

Comparative turns
Exercise 40 Read, indicate comparative turns. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, opening brackets. I. 1. Light

Punctuation marks in complex sentences
Exercise 49 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of complex sentences indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (if the complex sentence

Offer
Exercise 50 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of compound sentences. I. I began to read and

Offer
Exercise 57 Read. Indicate subordinate clauses, note which union or allied word each of them is connected with the main one, what meaning it has. Rewrite, ra

Punctuation in them
Exercise 64 Read and establish semantic relationships between simple sentences that are part of a complex non-union. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks

Punctuation marks in direct speech and dialogue
Exercise 70 A. Rewrite, adding missing punctuation marks and replacing where necessary, lower case uppercase. 1. He raised his head, looked

Quotes and punctuation marks attached to them
Exercise 72 Arrange these statements as quotations, accompanying them with the words of the author. The place where these words should be inserted is marked with ||. 1. Treat with words

Punctuation is a collection of punctuation rules; placement of punctuation marks in the text; the same as punctuation marks.

Criteria for assessing knowledge, skills and abilities of students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian: Syntax. Punctuation" is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is

Fund of control tasks by discipline
"Modern Russian language: Syntax. Punctuation" (for students of the specialty "Journalism") Note: Fund control

Sentence as a basic syntactic unit
Task 24 Define a simple sentence: A) I opened my eyes. C) in a foggy sky

Simple sentence
Task 32 Determine one-part sentence: A) Dawn. c) Will I have to go back? C) Everything was snowy and silent behind the glass

Difficult sentence
Task 62 Define a complex sentence: A) I began to imagine. C) That night it rained in the garden, and then a few

Punctuation
Task 88 Determine exclamatory sentence: A) Live, horses, live. C) We drove into the bushes. C) The road has become bumpier.

Glossary
NORMA (LANGUAGE), literary norm, - rules of pronunciation, grammatical and others accepted in the social and speech practice of educated people language tools, rules word

List of conditional abbreviations
Abr. - F. Abramov Azh. – V. Azhaev Aks. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. So

Information about the researchers of the Russian language
AVANESOV Ruben Ivanovich [b. 1(14). 2.1902, Shusha ( Nagorno-Karabakh) Azerbaijan. SSR] - owls. linguist, corresponding member USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from Moscow State University (1925), prof. Moscow State University (since 1937), Doctor of Philology.

Compound sentence (CSP)

Complex sentence (CSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

Associative complex sentence (BSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

Polynomial complex sentence (MSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

How was Gray rescued?
We are sometimes worthy of our honest and incorruptible dogs. This gray dog irritated the souls of the regulars of the Nizhny Novgorod market. The dog whined plaintively, instead of the front paw - to

Healthy men sobbed like children
Fifteen minutes ago, there was an explosion deep underground. But at the entrance to shopping center- already a whole crowd of onlookers. They interfere with the work of firefighters and employees of the Emergency Center. medical care. “What

Links Nomination chain
1. Means of interphrase communication 1. The structure of the nominative semantic type: kidneys: a) means of communication between concepts - a) bases

The concept of dialogue
(excerpt from the book " Educational Opportunities communication in the activities of a journalist) For a journalist, it is especially important to understand that the success of his

flightless flyers
On the warm days of Indian summer or a little later, but in good weather, you will certainly see wingless little flyers-travelers. A spider sits on a knot, releases a silver flexible

The train can't leave without you
It seems to me that we have known each other for a long time, although it has only been six years since the exhibition called "Magic Square" in the museum fine arts I first saw