Structural linguistic means providing richness of speech. Communicative qualities of speech

Discipline abstract

Stylistics of the Russian language

On the topic: Richness of speech

Plan:

1. Introduction

2. The concept of richness of speech

3. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

4. Word formation as a source speech wealth

5. Grammatical resources of speech wealth

6. Speech richness and functional styles

7. Conclusion

8. References

1. Introduction

I chose “Richness of Speech” as the topic of my message, as I consider it relevant and useful for later life. Because, in Russian, “there are enough colors to vividly depict any picture.” His huge vocabulary allows you to convey the most complex thought.

2. The concept of richness of speech

The level of speech culture depends not only on the knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also on the possession of its riches, the ability to use them in the communication process.

The richness of the speech of an individual is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how “skillfully, in accordance with the content, theme and task of the statement, he uses them in a particular situation. Speech is considered richer, the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning are used in it, the less often it is repeated without special communicative task, unintentionally the same language unit.

3. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

The richness of any language is evidenced primarily by its vocabulary. It is known that the seventeen-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 120,480 words. But far from all the vocabulary of the national language is reflected in it: toponyms, anthroponyms, many terms, obsolete, colloquial, regional words are not included; derivative words formed by active models. "Dictionary of living Great Russian language"contains 200,000 words, although far from all the words used in the Russian language of the middle of the 19th century are recorded in it. It is impossible to determine with maximum accuracy the number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. Reference dictionaries speak eloquently about this "New Words and Meanings", as well as the annual issues of the series "New in Russian Lexicon: Dictionary Materials". Thus, the dictionary-reference book on the materials of the press and literature of the 70s (1984) contains about 5500 new words and phrases, as well as words with new meanings that were not included in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language published before 1970. More than 2700 dictionary entries and 1000 new words with an incomplete description (without interpretations and etymological and derivational references) found in periodicals September to December 1980

The more lexemes the speaker (writer) owns, the freer, fuller and more accurately he can express his thoughts and feelings, while avoiding unnecessary, stylistically unmotivated repetitions. The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level common culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so he is not constant value for any native speaker. Scholars believe that modern educated person actively uses in oral speech approximately 10-12 thousand words, and in writing ¾ 20-24 thousand. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows, but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech.

However, the richness of language and speech is determined not only and not even so much by quantitative indicators. vocabulary, how much the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide branching of the meanings of words. About 80% of words in Russian have many meanings; moreover, as a rule, these are the most active, frequent words in speech. Many of them have more than ten meanings (see, for example, take, beat, stand, time etc.), and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings (see. remove, put, reduce, pull, go and etc.). Due to the ambiguity of words, significant savings in language means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can act in different meanings. Therefore, the assimilation of new meanings is already famous words no less important than learning new words; it contributes to the enrichment of speech.

Phraseological combinations have their own, special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the values of their components, for example: the cat cried¾ ‘little’, slipshod¾ ‘carelessly, carelessly’. Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: twist and turn¾1) ‘in different directions’; 2) ‘bad; not as it should, as it should, as it should be’; 3) ‘wrongly, distorting the meaning (to judge, interpret, etc.)’; submit hand ¾ 1) ‘stretch out a hand to shake as a sign of greeting, farewell’; 2) ‘offer to lean on one’s hand’; 3) in combination with a noun help¾ ‘help, assist someone’.

Phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse in terms of expressed meanings and stylistic role, they are an important source of speech wealth.

The Russian language has no equal in the number and variety of lexical and phraseological synonyms, which, due to their semantic and stylistic differences, make it possible to accurately express the most subtle shades of thoughts and feelings. Here is how, for example, M.Yu. Lermontov in the story "Bela", using synonyms, characterizes, depending on the change internal state Azamat Kazbich's horse. Stylistically neutral word is used first horse, then ¾ of it ideographic synonym horse(‘high running horse’): ¾ Nice horse you have! ¾ says Azamat, ¾ if I were the owner of the house and had a herd of three hundred mares, I would give half for your horse, Kazbich! As the desire to acquire a horse at any cost intensifies, the word horse appears in Azamat's vocabulary, the high stylistic coloring of which is quite consistent with the mood of the young man: The first time I saw your horse ¾ continued Azamat, ¾ when he was spinning and jumping under you, flaring his nostrils... something incomprehensible happened in my soul...

Artists of the word creatively use the possibilities of synonymy, creating in some cases contextual (author's) synonyms. So, according to the observations of A.I. Efimov, "in Shchedrin's satire the word said has over 30 synonyms: blurted out, growled, thumped, exclaimed, squeezed out of himself, nailed, barked, hiccupped, thorned like a snake, moaned, cooed, noticed, reasoned, praised, said, blurted out and others. Moreover, each of these synonyms had its own scope ". Synonymous series are usually used for clarification, clarification, for a comprehensive description of an object or phenomenon. For example: Mezhenin lazily, reluctantly turned and, swaying, went out(Yu. Bondarev). In certain contexts, almost complete interchangeability of synonyms is possible. The substitution function ¾ is one of the main stylistic functions of synonyms ¾, which allows you to avoid unmotivated lexical repetitions and contributes to the diversity of speech. For example: The lucky ones, I thought, will not understand what I myself cannot understand.(M. Lermontov). Here: I don't understand - I don't understand.

4. Word formation as a source of speech wealth

The dictionary of the Russian language, as is known, is enriched, first of all, due to word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create great amount derived words according to ready-made models. For example, in " Spelling Dictionary Russian language" (M., 1985) only with the prefix on the- about 3000 words are given. As a result of word-formation processes in the language, large lexical nests arise, sometimes including several dozen words.

For example, a nest with a root empty-: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, empty, empty, devastation, desolator, devastating, desert, deserted, wasted, empty, empty, empty , desolation, empty etc.

Word-building affixes introduce various semantic and emotional shades into words. V.G. Belinsky wrote about this: "The Russian language is unusually rich for expressing natural phenomena ...

Indeed, what wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have kinds! Swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim...: it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!" Suffixes are diverse in Russian subjective assessment: they give words shades of endearment, humiliation, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. For example, the suffix ¾ yonk(a) gives the noun a contempt connotation:, horse, hut, room; suffix -enk (a)¾ shade of endearment: ruchenka, nochenka, girlfriend, zorenka etc.

The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. Its wealth lies in the innumerable stock of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic constructions and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. “There is nothing like this in the world, in the life around us and in our minds,” says K.G. Paustovsky, - which could not be conveyed in a Russian word: the sound of music, and ... the brilliance of colors, and the sound of rain, and the fabulousness of dreams, and the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, and baby talk, and the mournful roar of the surf, and anger, and great joy, and the sorrow of loss, and the triumph of victory.

Speech is the richer, the less often the same signs and chains of signs are repeated in it, and this, in turn, means that speech is the richer, the more diverse it is. language structure, and it is this circumstance that makes it possible, as it were, to identify the concepts of richness and diversity of speech.

Structural-linguistic conditions providing richness of speech. Such conditions turn out to be (if we mean the speech of one person, individual speech) an active stock of linguistic means, that is, that stock of words, their meanings, a stock of models of phrases and sentences, a stock of typical intonations, etc. - that stock, from which a person is able to choose the means he needs and apply it to construct a speech expressing the necessary information. At the same time, the condition that ensures the richness of speech, its diversity, is also the set of skills necessary for the uncomplicated and expedient use of language tools that are in the active language stock of a person.

The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level of his general culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so it is not a constant value for any native speaker. Scientists believe that a modern educated person actively uses approximately 10-12 thousand words in oral speech, and 20-24 thousand in written speech. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows, but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech.

Structural elements of the language

However, the richness of language and speech is determined not only and even not so much by the quantitative indicators of the vocabulary, but by the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide branching of the meanings of words. About 80% of words in Russian have many meanings; moreover, as a rule, these are the most active, frequent words in speech. Many of them have more than ten meanings, and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings. Due to the ambiguity of words, significant savings in language means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can appear in different meanings. Therefore, the assimilation of new meanings of already known words is no less important than the assimilation of new words; it contributes to the enrichment of speech.

Phraseological combinations have their own, special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the values of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried- few, slipshod- Carelessly, carelessly. Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: twist and turn- in different directions; bad; not as it should, as it should, as it should be, etc. Phraseologisms of the Russian language are diverse in terms of expressed meanings and stylistic role, they are an important source of speech wealth.

The dictionary of the Russian language, as you know, is enriched primarily by word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words according to ready-made models. As a result of word-formation processes in the language, large lexical nests arise, sometimes including several dozen words.

For example, a nest with a root is empty -: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, empty, empty, devastation, desolator, devastating, desert, deserted, wasted, empty, empty, desolation, desolation, empty, etc.

The suffixes of subjective evaluation in Russian are varied: they give words shades of endearment, pejorativeness, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. For example, the suffix - yonk (a) gives the noun a shade of contempt: horse, hut, little room; suffix -enk (a) - a shade of petting: little hand, little night, girlfriend, dawn, etc.

The ability to use the word-formation capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech, allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including individual author's ones.

The main sources of richness of speech at the morphological level are synonymy and variability grammatical forms , as well as the possibility of their use in figurative meaning. These include:

1) variance case forms nouns: piece of cheese – a piece of cheese, to be on vacation - to be on vacation, bunkers - bunkers, five grams - five grams and others, characterized by different stylistic coloring(of a neutral or bookish nature, on the one hand, colloquial, on the other);

2) synonymous case constructions that differ in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me - buy for me, bring to my brother - bring for my brother, did not open the window - did not open the windows, go through the forest - go through the forest;

3) synonymy of short and complete forms adjectives with semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy - the bear is clumsy, the young man is bold - the young man is brave, the street is narrow - the street is narrow;

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: lower - lower, smarter - smarter, smartest - smartest - smarter than everyone;

5) synonymy of adjectives and forms indirect cases nouns: library book - a book from the library, university building - university building, laboratory equipment - laboratory equipment, Yesenin's poems - Yesenin's poems;

6) variance in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred residents - residents, three students - three students, two generals - two generals;

7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, anyone - everyone - anyone; something -something -something -anything; someone - someone - someone; someone - someone; some - any - some - some - some);

Conclusion: The main conditions that ensure the richness of speech are: a large amount of active vocabulary, the speaker taking into account the semantic fullness of the word, the variety of grammatical means used by the speaker, the possession of intonational capabilities provided by the language. Errors that violate the richness of speech: the concept of speech stereotypes (clichés and clichés); different kinds speech redundancy (repetitions of the same word, tautology). The concept of forced tautology.

The richness of speech - the variety of language means used: a large volume active dictionary; variety of morphological forms used; variety of syntactic constructions used.
Evaluative words rich and poor in relation to speech are used by philologists, writers, literary critics, and teachers. They proceed from the speech experience that artistic speech, for example, Russian writers JI. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov, - rich, and in comparison g; her speech of the newspaper, of course, is poor.
Speech is considered rich if it is diverse in its linguistic structure. A person must have a large vocabulary from which to choose right word and apply it in your speech.
The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. For example, the “Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language”, published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words, “The Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl includes more than 200 thousand words, D. N. Ushakov included in the “Explanatory Dictionary Russian language” about 90 thousand words.
The richness of the Russian language lies not only in in large numbers words, but also in the diversity of their meanings. New semantic shades give the language flexibility, liveliness and expressiveness. There are many different homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms in our language, which make our speech colorful, diverse, help to avoid repeating the same words, and allow us to express a thought figuratively. There are many words in the Russian language that convey a positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of thought, that is, they have expression. For example, the words bliss, luxury, magnificent, fearless, charm contain positive expression, and the words chatterbox, klutz, stupidity, daub are characterized by negative expression. Here is an example of expressive, emotional speech:
Although Nilovna is only forty years old, she considers herself an old woman. She felt old, having not truly experienced either childhood or youth, having not experienced the joy of “recognizing” the world. Gorky draws a portrait of Nilovna in such a way that sad, gray tones predominate in it: “She was tall, a little stooped, her body, broken by long work and her husband’s beatings, moved silently and somehow sideways ... There was a deep scar above her right eyebrow. .. All of her was soft, sad and submissive.” Surprise and fear - that's what constantly expressed the face of this woman. The sad image of the mother cannot leave us indifferent ...
Here is another example taken from a collection of articles on best practices in agriculture:
Introduction to the crop rotation of legumes with which the activity is related nodule bacteria as well as creating the necessary conditions for better development of these plants are important measures for the accumulation of nitrogen and the provision of subsequent crops with it. Thus, the introduction of phosphate and potash fertilizers under peas increases its yield and, consequently, contributes to a greater accumulation of nitrogen.
This speech is devoid of liveliness, emotionality, it has no lively colors, such a speech is boring and standard, built from cumbersome statements.
It is impossible to achieve speech wealth without studying the amazing language of the people - in its literary and colloquial forms, in all the diversity of its styles and socio-professional varieties, in all the abundance and diversity of its vocabulary and phraseology, word formation and grammar.
Do not forget that intonation enriches speech. Literary Russian speech is characterized by a variety of intonations taken from spoken language and enriched and polished literary language. Intonation is not only an increase and decrease in tone, it is also an intensification and weakening of the voice, slowing down and speeding up the tempo, various changes in timbre, these are breaks in speech stream, or pauses. Intonation, participating in the construction of the utterance

and "layering" on syntax and vocabulary, creates excellent opportunities for expressing the most diverse shades of meaning.
Syntax also enriches speech. It is customary to say that the grammar of a language (i.e., the ways and means of constructing and changing words and constructing sentences) is not sufficiently mobile and active in creating speech diversity. The syntax of the Russian literary language has an enviable variety of means, methods, types of construction of very dissimilar sentences. Can be used in speech simple sentences, but it is possible - complex; can be put into speech coordinating conjunctions, but you can not enter ... Of course, in order to use flexible system syntactic means of our language, you need to know it well - and not only in theory, but also in practice, in its speech existence. The poetry of A. S. Pushkin for the first time in the history of Russian literature showed the flexibility and beauty of Russian syntax, Russian intonation. How well Pushkin's syntax conveys the rhythm and melody of the waltz:
Monotonous and insane
Like a whirlwind of young life,
The waltz whirl is whirling noisily;
The couple flashes by the couple.
The better the writer and speaker is familiar with the intonational resources of our language and the practice of their speech use, the freer and more varied his speech.
Good Russian speech is famous for its apt and figurative word. It is no coincidence that verbal folk art has created such an abundance of proverbs and sayings. After all, the language itself, its role in human life, received a well-aimed and vivid reflection in proverbs and sayings. The speech creativity of the people never stops. First of all, national writers become the spokesmen for this folk talent. Many sayings of Russian writers and poets are included in mutual language people as idioms. Well-aimed sayings enrich our speech if they are used in the right place and at the right time.

Main sources of linguistic wealth

The Russian language consists of units belonging to one of its levels: phonetic, derivational, lexical, morphological and syntactic. Accordingly, the wealth of the Russian language also consists of the wealth of each of its levels.

Phonetic richness- this is the wealth of phonemes (vowels and consonants) of their combinations. Perceiving oral speech, we first of all hear its sounds, which are characteristic of this language.

The sound richness of Russian speech is also used in poetry to create appropriate images with the help of a special selection of sounds (sound recording).

Word-building wealth, which develops as a result of the action of various processes of the formation of new words, is one of the most important ways replenishment vocabulary language and, consequently, its wealth. The use of certain methods of word formation allows one and the same root to form words of those parts of speech and with those shades of meaning that can most accurately express a thought, feeling or state, etc.

Lexical wealth- the most significant layer of the wealth of the language. Vocabulary - a set of words of the language, its vocabulary.

Vocabulary directly or indirectly reflects reality, reacts to changes in the field of social, material and cultural life, is constantly updated with new words to denote new objects, phenomena, processes, concepts.

Vocabulary among other levels of the language has the most developed and multi-layered structure, differing in the sphere of use, in the spheres of communication, in emotional coloring, in the degree of activity in its use, etc.

Lexical wealth also includes phraseological wealth.

Grammatical richness The Russian language is provided by the diversity and variety of morphological and syntactic means.

Morphological means represented by parts of speech grammatical categories which allow expressing various relationships of meanings, giving the statement the necessary stylistic, expressive and emotional coloring.

Syntactic richness The Russian language is determined by the variety of syntactic constructions that directly serve for people's communication. It is in the syntax that such special language tools are concentrated, without which communication cannot be realized.

The main sources of speech wealth.

Speech wealth is based not only on linguistic, but also on the actual speech units Oh. It includes intonational richness, semantic, stylistic, genre, thematic, etc., reflecting all the parameters of speech. Speech wealth in general is a much broader and more capacious concept than language.

There are layers of such means that relate exclusively to speech. It is impossible even to list all of them, because no matter what side of the speech we take, we will immediately see the variety of different means and ways of enriching it.

These aspects of the richness of speech are determined by the diversity of the situations themselves and the components of these situations. Speech itself is infinitely varied:

According to the goals, since both the content richness and the expression of the feelings and will of its author have many options in terms of the direction of the impact of speech, its intensity, in terms of the meanings and shades of their meanings;

By topic (subject of speech), since the statement cannot be devoted to absolutely all the facts, events and phenomena of life;

By forms, styles and genres;

By a set of verbal and non-verbal means, means of expression, etc.

Accordingly, oral and written speech have their own characteristics and a diverse repertoire of speech genres characteristic of each of them.

Features of monologue and dialogic forms of speech give rise to a wealth of means for authorizing and dialogizing a message, etc.

But the most important source of speech wealth is the manifestation of individuality - in an individual manner of speech, in personal meanings and associations expressed by speech and perceived through speech. The influence of personality on individual speech is not only in the knowledge of the language. But also in the reflection of the activity of consciousness, in the originality or stamping of thinking, in the direction, coloring and degree of brightness of emotions, in relation to interlocutors, etc.

The richness of speech is manifested not only in the creation of texts, but also in their perception, because the richer the language and speech baggage, the easier and more accurate recognition and recognition is. various elements speech, and especially - their transcoding into "their own language".

The richness of speech is manifested in speech specific person or specific text. At the same time, the richness of speech as a virtue presupposes not only the variety of used linguistic and speech means but also their relevance and validity.

Purity of speech.

Purity is the quality of speech, which, if not observed, turns out to be, judging by the polls, the most noticeable for listeners. The lack of purity of speech often causes irritation, since the use of certain "unclean", "dirty" means causes ethical and aesthetic "squeamishness" and rejection, and this is reflected in communicative relations - the mutual disposition of partners to each other is violated (does not arise), therefore - communication as a whole suffers.

All these groups of vocabulary are united by the fact that, as violators of "purity", they are usually foreign, other-style inclusions in speech. In other words, in order for them to be regarded as a kind of “spots”, it is necessary that the “main fabric” of the text be “clean”, that is, that the Russian literary language with stylistically neutral vocabulary should be the basis of speech.

The study of speech culture and the richness of Russian speech through the analysis of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants of syntactic constructions and intonations. Word formation and functional styles as sources of speech wealth.

Discipline abstract

Stylistics of the Russian language

On the topic: Richness of speech

Plan:

1. INTRODUCTION

2. The concept of richness of speech

3. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

4. Word formation as a source of speech wealth

5. Grammatical resources of speech wealth

6. Speech richness and functional styles

1. INTRODUCTION

2. The concept of richness of speech

The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. Its wealth is in an incalculable supply of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic constructions and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades.

The richness of the speech of an individual is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how “skillfully, in accordance with the content, theme and task of the statement, he uses them in a particular situation. Speech is considered richer, the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning are used in it, the less often the same language unit is repeated without a special communicative task, unintentionally.

3. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

The richness of any language is evidenced primarily by its vocabulary. It is known that the seventeen-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 120,480 words. But far from all the vocabulary of the national language is reflected in it: toponyms, anthroponyms, many terms, obsolete, colloquial, regional words are not included; derivative words formed according to active patterns. The "Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" contains 200,000 words, although it does not record all the words used in Russian in the middle of the 19th century. It is impossible to determine with maximum accuracy the number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. This is eloquently evidenced by the reference dictionaries "New Words and Meanings", as well as the annual issues of the series "New in Russian Vocabulary: Dictionary Materials". So, a dictionary-reference book on the materials of the press and literature of the 70s. (1984) contains about 5500 new words and phrases, as well as words with new meanings that were not included in the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language published before 1970. Dictionary Materials-80 (M., 1984) includes more than 2700 dictionary entries and 1000 new words with incomplete descriptions (without interpretations and etymological and derivational references) found in periodicals from September to December 1980

The more lexemes the speaker (writer) owns, the freer, fuller and more accurately he can express his thoughts and feelings, while avoiding unnecessary, stylistically unmotivated repetitions. The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level of his general culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so it is not a constant value for any native speaker. Scientists believe that a modern educated person actively uses approximately 1012 thousand words in oral speech, and 2024 thousand in written speech. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows, but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech.

At the same time, the richness of language and speech is determined not only and even not so much by the quantitative indicators of the vocabulary, but by the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide branching of the meanings of words. About 80% of words in Russian have many meanings; moreover, as a rule, these are the most active, frequent words in speech. Many of them have more than ten meanings (see, for example, take, beat, stand, time etc.), and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings (see. remove, put, reduce, pull, go and etc.). Due to the ambiguity of words, significant savings in language means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can appear in different meanings. Therefore, the assimilation of new meanings of already known words is no less important than the assimilation of new words; it contributes to the enrichment of speech.

Phraseological combinations have their own, special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the meanings of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried`little', slipshod`carelessly, carelessly.' Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: twist and turn 1) `in different directions'; 2) `bad; not as it should, as it should, as it should be'; 3) `wrong, distorting the meaning (to judge, interpret, etc.)"; submit hand 1) `stretch out your hand to shake as a sign of greeting, farewell'; 2) `offer to lean on your hand'; 3) in combination with a noun help`to help, to assist someone'.

Phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse in terms of expressed meanings and stylistic role, they are an important source of speech wealth.

The Russian language has no equal in the number and variety of lexical and phraseological synonyms, which, due to their semantic and stylistic differences, make it possible to accurately express the most subtle shades of thoughts and feelings. Here is how, for example, M.Yu. Lermontov M.Yu. Lermontov is a Russian poet, prose writer, playwright, artist, officer. 1992. p.329. in the story "Bela", using synonyms, characterizes Kazbich's horse depending on the change in the internal state of Azamat. Stylistically neutral word is used first horse, then its ideographic synonym horse(`horse with high running qualities'): Nice horse you have!says Azamat,if I were the owner of the house and had a herd of three hundred mares, I would give half for your horse, Kazbich! As the desire to acquire a horse intensifies at any cost, the word horse appears in Azamat's vocabulary, the high stylistic coloring of which is quite consistent with the mood of the young man: The first time I saw your horsecontinued Azamat,when he twirled under you and jumped, flaring his nostrils... something not quite clear became in my soul...

Artists of the word creatively use the possibilities of synonymy, creating in some cases contextual (author's) synonyms. So, according to the observations of A.I. Efimov, "in Shchedrin's satire the word said has over 30 synonyms: blurted out, growled, thumped, exclaimed, squeezed out of himself, nailed, barked, hiccupped, thorned like a snake, moaned, cooed, noticed, reasoned, praised, said, blurted out and others. Moreover, each of these synonyms had its own scope "For more details, see: Efimov A.I. Stylistics of the Russian language. M .: Enlightenment 1969. c.91. phenomena For example: Mezhenin lazily, reluctantly turned and, swaying, went out(Yu. BondarevYu. Bondarev is a Russian Soviet writer. For more details, see: Idashkin Yu.V. Facets of talent: On the work of Yuri Bondarev. M .: Fiction. 1983. 230 p.). In certain contexts, almost complete interchangeability of synonyms is possible. The substitution function, one of the main stylistic functions of synonyms, allows you to avoid unmotivated lexical repetitions and contributes to the diversity of speech. For example: The lucky ones, I thought, will not understand what I myself cannot understand.(M. Lermontov). Here: I don't get it - I don't get it.

4. Word formation as a source of speech wealth

The dictionary of the Russian language, as is known, is enriched, first of all, due to word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words according to ready-made models. For example, in the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1985) only with the prefix on the- about 3000 words are given. As a result of word-formation processes in the language, large lexical nests arise, sometimes including several dozen words.

Word-building affixes introduce various semantic and emotional shades into words. V.G. Belinsky V.G. Belinsky - Russian writer, literary critic, publicist, Western philosopher. For more details see: Slavin. L. I. 'The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky'.

Indeed, what wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have kinds! Swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim...: it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action! "Suffixes of subjective assessment are diverse in Russian: they give words shades of endearment, humiliation, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. For example, the suffix yonk(a) gives the noun a contempt connotation:, horse, hut, room; suffix -enk (a) touch of sweetness: ruchenka, nochenka, girlfriend, zorenka etc.

The ability to use the word-formation capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech, allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including individual author's ones.

5. Grammatical resources of speech wealth

The main sources of the richness of speech at the morphological level are the synonymy and variance of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of using them in a figurative sense.

These include:

1) variance of case forms of nouns: piece of cheesepiece of cheese, be on vacationbe on vacation, bunkersbunker, five gramsfive grams and others, characterized by different stylistic coloring (neutral or bookish, on the one hand, colloquial on the other);

2) synonymous case constructions that differ in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for mebuy me, bring my brotherbring for brother, didn't open the windowdid not open the windows, go through the forestwalk through the forest;

3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: bear clumsyclumsy bear, the young man daredbrave young man, the street is narrowthe street is narrow;

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: belowlower, smartersmarter, smarterthe smartestsmarter than everyone;

5) synonymy of adjectives and forms of indirect cases of nouns: library bookbook from the library, university buildinguniversity building, laboratory equipmentlaboratory equipment, Yesenin's poemsYesenin's poems;

6) variance in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred residents -- residents, three studentsthree students, two generals - two generals;

7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, anyeveryoneany; somethingsomethinganythinganything; someoneanyoneanyone; someonesomeone; someanysomesomesome);

8) the possibility of using one form of number in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verb forms in the meaning of others, i.e. grammatico-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, using the pronoun we in meaning you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Here we (you, you) have already stopped crying; use we in meaning I(author's we): As a result of the analysis of the factual material, we came to the following conclusions ... (I came); use of the future tense in the sense of the present: You can't take the words out of the song(proverb); You can't even pull a fish out of the pond without difficulty.(proverb), etc. For more details, see: Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. c. 151166, 179193, 199220, as well as textbooks and manuals on the modern Russian language.

Rich opportunities to diversify speech are provided by the syntax of the Russian language with its unusually developed synonymy and variance, a system of parallel constructions, and an almost free word order. Syntactic synonyms, parallel turns of speech that have a common grammatical meaning, but differing in semantic or stylistic nuances, in many cases can be interchanged, which allows you to express the same idea with a variety of linguistic means. Compare, for example: She is sadShe is sad; No joyno joyWhat joy is there; ended academic year the guys went to the village;The school year has endedthe guys went to the village;Because the school year ended, the guys left for the village;After (as soon as, when) the school year ended, the guys left for the village.

Synonymous and parallel syntactic constructions allow, firstly, to convey the necessary semantic and stylistic shades, and secondly, to diversify the verbal means of expression. At the same time, in an effort to avoid syntactic uniformity, one should not forget the semantic and stylistic differences between such constructions. For more details, see: Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. c. 350 368. .

The same sentence in speech can acquire different semantic and stylistic shades depending on the word order. Thanks to all sorts of permutations, you can create several variants of one sentence: Nikolai and his brother were at the stadiumNikolai was with his brother at the stadiumNikolai was at the stadium with his brother etc. There are no formal grammatical restrictions for permutation of words. But when the order of words changes, the shade of thought changes: in the first case, the main thing who was at the stadium, in the second where was Nikolai, in the third with whom. As noted by A.M. Peshkovsky, sentence of five full words (I will go for a walk tomorrow) depending on their permutation, it allows 120 options. For more details, see: Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of the methodology of the native language, linguistics and stylistics .. M .: Gosizdat. 1930s. 157., i.e. gives more than a hundred options for semantic and stylistic shades. Therefore, word order is also one of the sources of speech richness.

To give the same syntactic construction a variety of shades, in addition to word order, intonation helps. With the help of intonation, you can convey many semantic shades, give speech one or another emotional coloring, highlight the most important, significant, express the attitude of the addressee to the subject of speech. Take, for example, the proposal My brother arrived in the morning. By changing the intonation, one can not only state the fact of the brother's arrival, but also express one's attitude (joy, surprise, indifference, dissatisfaction, etc.). By moving the intonation center ( logical stress), you can change the meaning of this sentence, Brother came in the morning(contains the answer to the question when brother arrived?); Brother arrived in the morning (who arrived in the morning?).

Intonation has the ability to "express semantic differences of sentences with the same syntactic structure that are incompatible in one context and lexical composition: What's her voice like?What a voice she has!; Your ticket?(those. your or not yours)Your ticket!(those. present!) Intonation can give the same words completely various shades to expand the semantic capacity of the word. For example, the word hello you can say joyfully, affectionately, affably and rudely, dismissively, arrogantly, dryly, indifferently; it can sound like a greeting and as an insult, humiliation of a person, i.e. take on the exact opposite meaning. "The range of intonations that expand the semantic meaning of speech can be considered unlimited. It would not be a mistake to say that the true meaning of what was said is constantly not in the words themselves, but in the intonations with which they are pronounced."

Thus, speech richness implies, firstly, the assimilation large stock language means, and secondly, the skills and abilities to use the variety of stylistic possibilities of the language, its synonymous means, the ability to express the most complex and subtle shades of thoughts in various ways.

6. Speech richness and functional styles

The Russian language is enriched due to the emergence of new words, expressions and combinations, the development of new meanings for words and sustainable combinations already existing in the language, expanding the scope of use language unit etc. Innovations in language reflect changes that have taken place in reality, social activities of a person and his worldview or are the result of intralinguistic processes. "All language changes, noted L.V. ShcherbaL.V. Shcherba (1880-1944) - Russian and Soviet linguist, academician. More cm.: Larin B. A. In memory of Academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. L. 1951. S. 12., ... are forged and accumulated in the forge of colloquial speech. "Therefore, in the enrichment of the language important role plays a colloquial style with its less strict, compared to bookish, norms, with its greater variability of speech units. Conversational style, linking the literary language with the common language, contributes to the enrichment of the literary language with new words, their forms and meanings, phrases that modify the already established semantics, syntactic constructions and various intonations. It is no coincidence that writers, poets, publicists constantly resort to colloquial speech as inexhaustible source enrichment of the literary language. More A.S. Pushkin, turning to the folk language, saw in it an ever-living and always refreshing source. The entire 19th century, which gave rise to the geniuses of Russian literature, passed in search of ways to liberate the people under the sign of mastering and establishing folk speech in the struggle for the writer’s right to write in a living, simple and powerful language, not shying away from “muzhik” words and phrases, but, on the contrary, relying on on them as a model. Word artists are introduced into literary speech the most accurate folk words and expressions, the most successful constructions, colloquial intonations, thereby contributing to its enrichment. Fiction plays a paramount role in consolidating innovations in the literary language. Genuinely works of art teach the reader an unconventional verbal formulation of thought, a peculiar use of language means. They are the main source of enrichment of the speech of society and individuals.

Contributes to the enrichment of speech and journalistic style, characterized by a tendency to eliminate speech cliches, to enliven the narrative with fresh verbal turns. Publicists are constantly looking for language tools, designed for emotional impact, widely and creatively using the richness of the language. In newspaper journalism, faster than anywhere else, the changes taking place in colloquial speech are reflected, which contributes to their consolidation in general use. Many words and combinations, used in journalism, especially in newspapers, acquire a socially evaluative meaning and expand their semantics. Yes, in adjective class a new meaning was formed "corresponding to the ideology, interests of a particular class" (class point of view); word pulse(`internal impulse, impetus to something, due to the activity of nervous stimuli') in newspaper speech acquired a positive assessment and the specialized meaning: `what accelerates something, promotes development" ( creative impulse, mighty impulse, acceleration impulse).

At the same time, some newspaper reports are full of familiar, inexpressive words and phrases, speech stamps, patterns that impoverish speech, depriving it of expressiveness, originality. Newspaper speech, like business papers, is the main source of stamps. From here they penetrate into colloquial and artistic speech, giving rise to monotony and poverty.

The official business style with its standardization, widespread verbal formulas, stamps, stencils, which facilitate communication in the field of legal relations, is the poorest, monotonous, in comparison with others. At the same time and business speech in accordance with its internal functional differentiation, it can and should be diversified, including elements of other styles in it. Standardization and in the official business style should have reasonable limits, here, as in other styles, a "sense of proportion and conformity" must be observed,

AT scientific speech the choice of language means is completely subordinated to the logic of thought. This speech is strictly considered, systematized, designed to accurately, logically consistently express complex system concepts with a clear establishment of relationships between them, which, however, does not prevent its richness and diversity.

The scientific style to a certain extent (albeit to a much lesser extent compared to the artistic, journalistic and colloquial) contributes to the enrichment of the language, primarily due to vocabulary and terminological phrases.

7. Conclusion

I think that this information useful to us, students of higher educational institution, in later life. To achieve speech wealth, you need to study the language (in its literary and colloquial forms, its style, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and grammar).

1. Gritsanov A.A. Philosophy: Encyclopedia. Minsk: Interpressservis. 2002. 1376s.

2. Efimov A.I. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: Enlightenment. 1969. 261. p.

3. Idashkin Yu.V. Facets of talent: On the work of Yuri Bondarev. M.: Fiction. 1983. 230 p.

4. LarinB. A. In memory of Academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. L. 1951. 323 p.

5. Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of the methodology of the native language, linguistics and stylistics. M .: Gosizdat. 1930.311 p.

6. Pleshchenko T.P., Fedotova N.V., Chechet R.G. Stylistics and culture of speech. Minsk.: TetraSystems.2001.543s

7. Rosenthal D.E. Practical style of the Russian language. M .: AST. 1998.384 p.

8. Russian writers.1800-1917.t 3. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1992. 623.p.

9. Slavin. L. I. `The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky.' M.: Furious 1973. 479. p.

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Option 8 ............................................... ...............................47

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Option 3................................................... ...............................17

Option 4................................................... ...............................23

Option 5.............................................. ...............................29