City or town? Correct use and national peculiarities. What is the difference between town and city

There is another reason to break away from the text for a second. The English have a few words that you need to remember in a block: city,city,country,village.

(St.) And there is more county?

(Ex.) It's already " county ". They are full of additional words. But without them you will live, I assure you, but without these you will not.

So the word town – city. next to the word city translation too city ". Then what difference? Difference in one. city, almost always, it Small town , a city always Big city . So, in our conditions town, say, Brest, and city- Novosibirsk. By the way, now they are increasingly and more actively using not just “ Ilivein Novosibirsk" or " IliveinLondon"- these are now slightly gone versions, they will say this:" IliveincityofLondon" and " IliveincityofNovosibirsk". And so, when in the 30s Chaplin's film " Thelightsofthecity”, a smart person correctly translated into Russian cinema as“ Lights big city ". You can say “thank you” to him, he thought with his head when he wrote.

(Art.) And “I live in the city of Novosibirsk”, before city what article?

(Etc.) The city of Novosibirsk.

Move on. country. We already know one meaning of this word from - the country . Remember we said: Whatcountryareyoufrom? But in this case we will give a completely different meaning - countryside (as the opposite town'y and city). From here countrymusic- a huge musical direction in America (country music). Bungee, guitar, drums, harmonica, something that can be collected in the village. Violin.

village- literal translation « village». Well, they don’t have such a concept of “village”. Generally, village is a locality in country. With your name.

(St.) Villa.

(Ex.) And what about the fact that how it is connected with the "villa". To be honest, I doubt there is any connection. Most likely a play on letters. Because the word "villa" came from Italian. I personally don't see general connection with them. That is, I personally do not see the general semantics.

How to say from Russian to English “Last weekend we went out of town / to the village”? Wewentdowntothecountrysidelastweekend"? By the way country added more side(side) - it turned out the "village side".

Down- literally " down ". But in this case it has a very tricky meaning. Something like a social ladder starts to work here. That is, those who live in the city are taller, those who live in the countryside are lower. So they are like down. Therefore, leaving the city for the countryside is down. Moving from a big city to a small city is down. And if vice versa - up does not apply. But I'll tell you something else. It may not be necessary to explain it this way, although this is a working hypothesis, I heard its confirmation from the bourgeois themselves. The fact is that down- it's generally tricky word is a suggestion. For example, "we are walking down the street", they will say: " wearegoingdownthestreet”, although the street can be completely flat and you don’t go anywhere “down”. What meaning do they put in this image down? I have a feeling that they themselves do not know this, and we certainly do not. But they apply, and we will apply after them. After all, the law of our work with the language is very simple - we remember and apply consciously what we can answer to ourselves, and what we cannot understand, we know that this is so (the law because), we will apply as small children use. At the age of three, he also does not understand anything, but he will say “ godown».

(St.) Down-town Are they residents of the central city?

(Ex.) Indeed, in the vast majority of large American cities with a population of one million, there is a concept down-town(literally " lower city), while under down-town always understand the very center of the city. I will never forget: the plane made a circle around Dallas, there is such a magnificent nature, everything is planted there, although it is a desert, everything is ennobled, pools are visible near the houses, and in the center there is a huge black skyscraper almost under the wing of the plane. And the neighbor who was sitting with me (I was sitting by the window), he pushed me in the side like this: “ Down-town". And when I arrived, the first thing I asked the one who met me was: “Listen, you explain to me. I seem to understand, but I would like to make sure that this is truly correct. Why down-town called down-town'om?" He explained and I agree with this explanation. The city center has always historically been built up first. And there were opened such tiny houses, all sorts of one-story saloons, and so on. Then they began to build around them already big houses, and this, as it were, was not touched, because it served its functions, performed them. And those houses were already building more, and it became lower, and they called it down-town. But gradually, as one, they were later torn down, and finally large huge houses began to stand in their place. But the name remains down-town.

(St.) A up-town is it a suburb?

(Ex.) I don't know such a word at all.

(Art.) There is such a song “ Up-towngirl Suburban girl.

(Ex.) I am not ashamed to admit that I am a song about up-towngirl didn't hear. The second thing I can tell you is that I am not very sure that the translation you quoted me is correct. Even if someone translated it...

(St.) And this English group…

(Ex.) No, I agree that the English band sings in English. Who told you that this is "suburban girl" translation? Where did you read this? Did you translate it yourself or did someone tell you? I read it somewhere. So, I'm not absolutely sure that this is correct. And finally, the third...

(Art.) And what would be the correct translation?

(Ex.) You have to think. You have to look at the context of the whole song.

(Art.) And by name ...

(Ex.) According to the name, it is impossible. Very often impossible. You and I sang the 28th song " Ido,Ido,Ido,Ido". Can you tell without reading the text that she is there Ido does? No. Here is the same situation.

(Art.) And if I find it, will it be possible to say later?

(Ex.) Bring and see with pleasure ( withmypleasure). whynot?

The Russian language is armed with many words that denote settlements different types. These can be cities, villages, towns and cities. But in English language there are two words that translate the same way. These are the words city and town, meaning "city" in translation.

city

We will analyze each of these two words separately. If at first glance the difference between the words city and town is not so obvious, then after reading the article it will become more clear.

So, city - which is much larger than town. It's closer to the rhythm modern life, the infrastructure in it is more developed and diverse.

But people have to pay for life in such a place with their own health, because together with large road junctions, shopping centers and skyscrapers, both gas contamination and the lack of wildlife in free access for recreation of the population come.

City is also the name for one of the oldest parts of London located in the city centre. There is even such a thing as city-man. It denotes a person who is engaged in business and works in the city center.

town

Unlike the first term, town refers to a relatively small city. Previously, there was a main criterion that clarified whether it was possible to call a settlement the word city. If there was no church in the city, then it could only be town. Now this is irrelevant, and the city's belonging to one category or another is determined by the population and living conditions.

This does not mean that if the settlement is called the word town, then it will not have a single skyscraper or large shopping center. And yet the difference is quite obvious to those who have been to cities with radically different populations. For people accustomed to the crazy pace of life in a metropolis, the measured everyday life of residents of smaller cities may seem completely boring. But this is a misleading impression, because every city has its own unique charm, and it doesn't matter if it's London or a small village in its vicinity. City, town - the difference is only in the rhythm of life, comfortable for you personally.

Other concepts

There are, of course, many other concepts denoting various settlements. So that in the future you will not have confusion when you hear a particular word, we have selected the most common ones and put them in the list along with the translation:

• capital - capital;
• regoin - region;
• village - village;
• settlement - settlement;
• country - country;
• district - district;
• area - area.

The difference between the words village and city is more obvious.

And yet, after our article, even such seemingly synonymous terms have probably become a little more understandable for you. And the difference between city and town does not seem so elusive now.

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The other day I noticed such a bug on Facebook.

Let's say I have a friend. And this friend has a birthday on September 16th. Accordingly, Facebook will send me a letter on the 16th at 7 in the morning that a friend should be congratulated.

Everything is fine, but Facebook does not take into account the time zone in which the friend lives, but sends a reminder based on my time zone. And what happens? By the time I wake up and receive a letter, in Australia, for example, the day is already over, and I won’t have time to congratulate my friend. He will receive my congratulations only the next day.

At the same time, Skype sends reminders based on the friend's time zone, which means that someone there thought about the difference in time zones.

This is how simple functionality in a program breaks down into globalization;)

Monday, April 6, 2015

The first of April fell on a working day, and I decided to have a little fun. Colleagues were not ready for this - for some reason, no one expected a dirty trick. Therefore, even standard jokes worked from the very morning.
I sealed the sensor on a wireless mouse with a sticker from one neighbor in the department. In the morning, waking up, he did not understand what was the matter, but nevertheless quickly "got to the bottom". At the other, he disconnected the wire of the handset of the telephone. This joke worked better - a colleague during a conference call first listened through speakerphone, and when I wanted to say something, I grabbed the phone, but it doesn’t work :) The third one, in all seriousness, said that I was quitting and the first day was my last day in the company. The friend also bought it.
But that's where my luck ended. I wrote to an Iranian colleague that he had received a package, and the receptionist told me about it. The Iranian was surprised, saying that he did not leave his work address anywhere, but I persuaded him to come up to our floor to pick it up. And he went to his office to talk with other colleagues.
And what was my surprise when the Iranian came back with a box! It turns out that something really came to him last week, and finally he took this package. I only joked in response - they say, since I turned out to be such a clairvoyant, I should have joked that he won the lottery.
After that, I stopped joking - since my jokes come true so strangely. And only at the end of the day these Iranian crocodiles and the office manager confessed to me that they played me. The secretary said that the Iranian colleague looked so upset and angry because I joked with him that she decided to help him recoup and found a box for him.

I only had to answer this - well, who is the April fool after that?

Tuesday, March 25, 2014

They hired us four months ago in our QA Manager department. That is, the head of the testers. Such a dark-skinned Indian (it turned out later that he comes from Sri Lanka, but has been living in Canada for 17 years).

They seated him at the next table. Like many Indians, he turned out to be very important. I went with a notebook, with a very important view read work mail. On the table next to the monitors, he put his bachelor's degree in some kind of science from the University of Ottawa.

After a while, everyone noticed that my neighbor does not do any special work. He speaks in a whisper on the work phone for an hour, reads each new email for a long time, studies profiles on LinkdIn. And everything would be fine, but after a while I noticed behind him something with which it was absolutely impossible to get along.

My neighbor farted mercilessly. Occasionally loudly, and more often silently, but the stench was unbearable. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that he was sitting between me and the window, and air currents heating systems - and all in my direction. It was somehow inconvenient to tell him about it directly - after all, he could begin to make excuses, and I would not be able to prove that it was he who was spoiling the air. As a result, I wrote a letter to all the employees in our room, saying that I noticed such a stench, please take pity on your colleagues, walk 15 meters along the corridor and spoil your air in the toilet.

The Hindu was the first to laugh out loud at this letter. I still hoped that he would come to his senses, but a couple of days later, just during my lunch, the farts were repeated. I had to go to the vice president. He listened to me, expressed his shock and said that if he managed to allocate another place in the office, he would be transplanted.

Meanwhile, employees in the department tried to find an explanation for this behavior. Someone suggested that it might be his cultural feature, but the counter-argument was that our colleague had lived half his life in Canada, it would be time to learn the local traditions.

Be that as it may, you can look for explanations for a long time and try to understand, but when it is impossible to breathe, then there is no time for explanations - oxygen runs out very quickly. The situation unraveled just before Christmas. My neighbor was fired quickly and unexpectedly for everyone, and first of all for himself. And even despite the fact that he was left without a job, we are in literally words could breathe a sigh of relief. Because no one farts in our office since then :)

Wednesday, December 18, 2013

I think everyone knows the old joke.

A cow walks through the village and shouts:
- Milk, sour cream, butter.
Nobody reacts. She again:
- Milk, sour cream, butter.
Again, zero response. Cow, with notes of despair in her voice:
- Milk, sour cream, butter ... beef, finally.

This anecdote was somehow brought to the attention of the political scientist and consultant E.V. Guilbaud, describing the economy in Russia. Although looking at the situation in Ukraine, it becomes clear that the situation there is no better. As an example, I recently came across a couple of factories that had all-Union significance in Soviet times. Of course, in the last 20 years they fell into disrepair, and then eventually they were sold to the Russians. And why, I wonder, do Russians buy factories that have been falling into decay for a long time? Everything turned out to be simple - the new owners cut and sold for scrap everything that could be cut and sold. And so they got rid of competitor on the Ukrainian market.

Here's a joke about a cow for you. Beef sales are in full swing. What is interesting - it's hard to even say what is to blame for this - human stupidity or human greed. But this is reminiscent of how the Indians exchanged gems on pieces of mirrors and other rubbish.

Or yesterday, Yanukovych agreed with Putin on a $15 billion loan and a 30% reduction in gas prices. It is not yet clear whether all this will be given to Ukraine, on this moment there is only an agreement and a promise. But if they do, what kind of beef did Ukraine give in return? In general, the amount seems so large that it is even hard to believe. The IMF gave Ukraine loans in pieces of 2-4 billion, and then immediately 15 and in addition such a discount.

But today a note slipped through the news that, with such a low gas price, it would be possible to abandon the development of shale deposits. Rejoice, people, the environment is saved! But such a "salvation" of Russia is much more profitable than Ukraine. And that's why.

AT Eastern Europe Shale gas reserves are mainly held by Poland and Ukraine. And Ukraine to a greater extent. The cost of shale gas production is in the region of 100-150 dollars, which is on average three times cheaper than the current selling price. And by 2014-2015, it was just planned that Ukraine and Poland would launch gas production on an industrial scale.

What does this mean for Russia? Loss of the main sales market and waste of money for the construction of gas pipelines of the northern and southern streams. The loss of a huge trough with which the country has been living for the past 15 years. And if Ukraine refuses production, Russia will retain part of the market for many more years.

Be that as it may, Ukraine could sell other parts of beef, and maybe only others. I think that it will soon become clear what was actually handed over to Russia.

Friday, November 29, 2013

No, I didn’t disappear anywhere, I just stopped blogging for a while.

It all started with the fact that the head of my department quit because he found a more interesting job. And the two of us used to close one area of ​​\u200b\u200bwork that no one else was doing. After the departure of the chief, a piece of work completely fell on my shoulders.

On the one hand, this is cool - for the whole company, I was the only one involved in converting data from different systems customers into ours, and no one else understood this issue. It was possible not to worry about the fact that they might be fired / reduced or not paid a bonus.

On the other hand, after a few months, I noticed that the work began to require more time than I wanted to devote to it. But you can’t do it - the business process will stop. And then it became even more interesting - a couple of large clients began to actively switch to our system. And everything would be fine, but by this moment I had already been given an assistant. Which, quite logically, for the first 2 months practically did not help, but on the contrary, it required even more of my time so that I could teach him and he could work independently.

And only towards the end of November, a gap appeared. The assistant helped clear the rubble with small clients, and I cleared the large ones myself.

Now, due to inertia, the flow of work is still rushing, but I expect to reduce the load to normal by mid-December or by Christmas. That's when you can breathe easier. And write a few posts about how the summer went. It didn't even go away, it just flew by.

But more on that later. Until communication.

Friday, May 31, 2013

I happened to go to the police station in my area last year. The question was a bit ambiguous and I actually didn’t expect much help from the police, but I had to at least register my appeal - in case I suddenly had to move on to that issue later.

Everyone probably knows that the speed of getting help in a hospital, for example, depends on how critical the case is. Those. if you came to ambulance with a bruised shoulder - it may take several hours until you get help. And if you come with incomprehensible pains in the abdomen (which are similar to appendicitis), then the tests are taken immediately, because there is a danger that the patient will hoard.

The situation is the same with the police. If you turn to the station with a problem that threatens life or property, they can send you to the nearest freed policeman. And if the question is not urgent - you can wait a few hours.

I arrived at the station around 8 pm. The receptionist listened to me, explained that the matter was not urgent, so I would have to wait a few hours. How much - is unknown, depends on the load and the number of crimes in the area in the coming night. Maybe 1-2 hours, or maybe 5 hours. Making sure that they would not receive me in the next hour for sure, I hit the road to my office, pulled up some forgotten documents. He returned, took a laptop and sat down to watch a movie. During this time, I was already the first in line, but then suddenly people came running with big problems than mine, so they moved me to the end of the queue again :)

At about 11:30 pm, the police called me in for a conversation. Communication was not particularly different from similar communication with the police in Ukraine, except that these were much more polite and strictly adhered to the rules. They asked me according to the same schemes, went around and around, returned to questions asked, but a little from the other side, to find out, what if I don’t finish something. In the end, we went to consult with the detective to decide if they should somehow act in my case.

They returned and informed me that they could not do anything on this issue. Now it was my turn to walk around and ask why this was so - after all, the lawyers advised me to contact them (it was so). Nevertheless, the policemen were adamant. And then, when I already tried the last argument, telling them that I would talk to the lawyers again and if they confirmed that the police should have intervened, then I would write complaints against them, - after that one of the policemen already lost his temper and advised me to pack my things and get out of the area;)

In principle, a logical reaction, I calmly apologized for the spoiled mood and said goodbye. Just in case, if I had to continue to move this case forward, I could make a request to the police through a FOIL request (Freedom of Information Law), according to which the police would have to provide me with their records on my appeal. By the way, the notebooks (!) of the police are a substitute for the protocol, in which they make notes in the course of communication with you. These records can then be requested for the court or some other proceedings.

Such an accounting system actually has one significant drawback - since this version of the "protocol" does not contain the signature of the applicant / victim, the policeman can essentially write anything there. And taking into account the fact that in court the word of a policeman is accepted as a statement of a disinterested person, then in fact the word of a policeman is law and truth. Hey Judge Dredd - we're almost in that future already.

Therefore, it is difficult to argue with the police here, and sometimes they can even abuse their power. For example, one of my drunken friends was dragged into the police station and spent the night there, after which he came out pretty beaten up. Well - the principles of work power structures everywhere are similar, therefore people go there with similar psychotypes.

the only big difference with countries former USSR The fact is that here the police are not self-supporting and are not interested in taking bribes, so if you do not look for adventures in a soft spot, communication with them is productive and within the law.

And for me going to the police had two positive results. First, I gained experience and better understanding how they do things there. And secondly, my visit nevertheless indirectly influenced the positive outcome of the case with which I applied there.

At this time, the phone also lives its own own life. He registers in mobile networks, it can take photos with its built-in camera, shoot videos, record audio from a microphone, check GPS coordinates, monitor our correspondence and the sites we visit, track our payments (if we make them with a phone) - and all this can be sent anywhere.

I wrote that the phone maybe do it, but does is he? There are many indirect reasons pointing to this. Back in the 90s, it was known that mobile operators have the means to automatically recognize and analyze conversations. There was a scandal on this topic in the United States, when the secret services got caught intercepting emerging business contracts and transferring them to American companies. The same thing happened in Ukraine - in the case of serious business negotiations, the participants not only turned off their phones, but also took out the batteries. Because everyone knew that a signal can be sent to a switched off phone and it will broadcast an audio stream.

AT modern world everything is more interesting. There are computer viruses (for example, Flame) that turn on the camera and microphone and broadcast the stream from them. Interestingly, the virus was developed as an update to Windows, which hints that it could not have done without the help of Microsoft. But this is from what we managed to catch, and how much more can be uncaught in operating system? It's the same with phones - the hype around rapidly depleting iPhone batteries makes you wonder - what is the phone actually doing at this time?

Users themselves greatly help the process of transferring information about themselves to the network. For example, my friends and I were sitting in a cafe, one of them was taking photos. A couple of minutes later, I receive a letter from Google stating that this friend has already posted these pictures on Google +, entered the address of the cafe there and indicated that in this photo I was photographed with him. It's so simple - you don't need to steal information from him, he will lay out everything himself.

Returning to the unrealized idea with chips. They failed to implement. The people were against it. But on the other hand, people voluntarily, with their own money, paid for a means of tracking them. At the same time, as the prices for iPhones show, they paid a lot of money.

I am not advocating to abandon phones, throw them away / smash them and return to stone Age. The telephone with means of communication brings many conveniences to our life. It's just that when we carry it with us, we need to remember what it can do at this time without our knowledge. And maybe at some point and be ready to part with it.

city ​​or town

I noticed that many people confuse or do not understand the terminology of the designation of settlements when they speak or write in English. I mean things like: village, town, city. I must say right away that in our country and, for example, in the same America, the division into administrative units occurs in completely different ways. This is partly due to completely different legislation, partly it happened historically. So, for example, America for the most part is low-rise, and consists of small, by Russian standards, towns. This is not a figurative expression, but an accurate expression of American reality. So, City or town, let's figure it out.

America, for the most part, consists of towns - small one-story cities that have: a school, shops, a fire station, gas stations, cafes, cinemas. Depending on the wealth of the city, there may be a closed local club for wealthy residents. One thing I can say for sure, all American towns are very, very similar. And even the name of the main street they have the same - main street. main street most often connected to the federal highway, which connects all the cities of America in one continuous road.

website
website
city ​​or town
City or town site

For us, it's a suburb. Yes, and the Russian cities themselves consist mainly of high-rise buildings, hence it turns out that even on approximately the same territory, we and the Americans have cities of different numbers.

So, for starters, remember that in the British and American versions city and town, will also have their own characteristics.

By general rule, the main criterion is the population size. city, certainly more populated than town. In Britain it is customary to use city in relation to the city in which there is a church or a cathedral - cathedral. They say this: A city has a cathedral, a town has none. This rule is not entirely unambiguous, since there is city and without cathedral. Today the status of the city city in England they receive, for example, those settlements to which the government itself signs such a decree. These are most often very small towns, and logically, none of them city, but historically they have always carried such a title, which received many centuries ago.

And what about in America?

town is something more than village(village), but significantly less than city. In more exact definition disagreements arise, which is associated with the legal subtleties and characteristics of each state, where there are their own laws. Photos of typical towns you have seen above. However, if the population is a couple of thousand inhabitants, and most of of which is engaged agriculture, then it is best to use village. There is also a limitation village cannot occupy more than 13 km² of area. Perhaps the most unusual village in America is Hempstead. The population of this village is 53891 according to the results2010 census. This is an exception, and only historical tradition they don't change their names. Sometimes cities town or city have areas called village, most often they are called west village, or something similar. Now oh city. Status city is determined, including its administrative, legalorhistorical status. In the United States city is legally defined government agency with the powers of the state. The city council and administration are created and approved by the voters of the city. citycan provide public services to their citizens. From state to state, everything changes a lot, since everything depends on taxes, and many, based on financial considerations, prefer one or another status.

cities from 30,000 people or more. Villages, tend to be of historical significance and are either " former villages", who were the founders major cities, of which they are now a part, orretain their status for marketing purposes or to avoid tax rates. Towns - about 1,000 to 30,000 people.

For American city characterized by high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, colleges and universities, for town- No. But still, the most important and 100% true is the difference in the type of city management.

Why you can not use the expression "Moscow City" read.