How is the analysis of the proposal by composition? An example of parsing a simple sentence. In sentences with isolated members of speech

Sentences, also known as analysis by composition, are one of the very first in the study of the Russian language. Question: "How to parse the proposal by composition?" - at first causes a lot of difficulties, but in fact everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

Offer basis

Let's start with the fact that each sentence has a basis - a subject and a predicate. Usually the subject, when parsed, it is underlined with one line, expresses what is said in the sentence (It has come night; They are finally able to build a house; Book was put on the shelf). The subject is always in nominative case- this is one of its main features.

Adjacent to the subject is the predicate - a member of the sentence, which describes the actions performed with the subject, as well as its state ( Came dawn; Bridge was opened; Night quiet), the predicate is emphasized in parsing with two lines. According to the number of bases, simple and complex sentences: in the first case, there is only one base (Sky covered dark clouds), and in the second - there are two or more of them ( The sun is gone- sky covered dark clouds).

Minor members

In order to understand how to correctly parse a proposal by composition, you first need to familiarize yourself with all its members. We have already dealt with the main, subject and predicate. Let's move on to the secondary ones.

Complement is a member of a sentence, most often expressed by a noun or pronoun with and without prepositions and answering questions indirect cases(that is, everyone except the nominative): Look (at what?) to the horizon; Renounce (what?) from this; Discuss (What?) the main thing; Tomorrow doesn't look like (what?) for today- that is, different parts of speech can act as an addition, but in their semantic meaning they are equivalent to the noun.

The definition describes the objects in the sentence, while answering the questions what? whose? Their complexity lies in the fact that they can be consistent (that is, they completely coincide in person, gender, number, case with the word they describe) and inconsistent (represented by phrases with adjunction and control). Compare: hung on the wall bookshelf and There was a bookshelf on the wall. In both cases, you can ask which?, therefore, in both cases, there is an agreed and inconsistent definition in the proposal, respectively.

How to parse a proposal by composition, not knowing about the existence of the circumstance? The circumstance answers adverbial questions, it can describe both the mode of action, and its time, and circumstances - this is probably the most extensive member of the sentence: We met (where?) on the square; (when?) Tomorrow I will refuse this offer; He (how?) free spoke English; He turned pale (why?) out of anger; I came (why?) talk; I'll go (no matter what?) despite to the storm; He's beautiful (how?) like a summer day. Sometimes the circumstance is confused with the addition, but nevertheless, with questions of indirect cases, the circumstances look somewhat unnatural, or whether it’s questions of adverbs.

Relationship between minor and major

Now that we already know which members of the sentence exist, it is worth adding that each of the minor ones is associated with one of the main ones. The definition, for example, is part of the subject, that is, questions are asked to it precisely this main member of the sentence; as for the complement and circumstance, they are connected with the predicate.

Designation of members of the proposal

It is also necessary to dwell on how certain members of the sentence are designated during the analysis. As mentioned above, the subject and predicate are underlined with one and two lines, respectively.

The addition is indicated by a dotted line, the definition by a wavy line, and the circumstance by a dash-dotted line (that is, a dotted line with dots). Now that we know how to parse a sentence by composition and underline its members, let's try to practice with specific examples.

First Practice: A Simple Sentence

So, here is an example of parsing a sentence:

On a hot afternoon, a young man was reading a book in the shade of a garden.

We start from the basics. This sentence speaks of a young man who read a book, in addition, it is this member of the sentence that is in the nominative case, that is, we have the subject before us. The actions performed by the subject are described by the verb "read" - which means that it is he who is the predicate. Thus, the basis of the proposal young man read, except for this basis, there are no others in the proposal, that is, the proposal is simple. There are no members of the sentence directly related to the subject. We turn to the search for additions: I read (what?) A book. As for the circumstances, here the situation is a little more interesting: I read (when?) at a (hot) noon - you can perceive the whole phrase as a circumstance of time, or you can also add a definition: at noon (what?) hot. The same with the circumstance of the place: read (where?) in the shade (of the garden) - also develops to one more addition: in the shade (of what?) of the garden.

That is, the analysis of the proposal by composition will look like this (the members of the proposal are indicated in brackets): In hot(def) noon(obst) youth(P) in the shadow(obst) garden(e) was reading ( with) book(e) .

Task two: an example of parsing a complex sentence

But we remember that there are simple and complex sentences. How to act in the second case? Let's try to find the basics first:

It had been raining since early morning and the sky was blacker than yesterday.

In this sentence, as you can see, there are two subjects in question, and they are not interconnected. Therefore, there are two bases. Considering the first part of the sentence, up to the comma, we find that the basis here is it was raining, while in the second the sky was blacker. The next step we work with the minor members of each part of the sentence: went (since when?) since morning(circumstance), in the morning (what?) early(definition); it was blacker (what?) yesterday(addition). That is, to parse a complex sentence, we work separately with each part of it.

We fix the analysis of a complex sentence

Knowing how to parse a complex sentence by composition, let's try to consolidate our knowledge.

In the yard stood a regiment of trained soldiers; the yard girls stared at them with admiration.

And again we see that there are two bases in the proposal. We work with its first part: the subject is the regiment, the predicate is standing, that is, the first basis is the regiment stood. We pass to the secondary members: stood (where?) in the yard- circumstance, regiment (of whom?) - soldier- addition, soldier (what?) - drilled- definition. Let's move on to the second part: girls - subject, stared - predicate: the second stem the girls stared. Girls (what?) - yard- definition, stared (in what way?) - with admiration- circumstance, stared (at whom?) - on them- addition.

How to parse a proposal by composition? Select all its members! That is, after parsing the proposal will look like this:

In the yard(obst) stood(with) regiment(P) drilled(def) soldier(e) ; dvore ( def) girls(P) with admiration ( obst) stared ( with) on them(d ).

Conclusion

As you can see, there is nothing complicated in how to parse a sentence by composition. The analysis begins with the search for the main members - the basis of the proposal. From them questions are then already asked to the secondary members of the proposal. At the end of parsing, all terms are underlined. a certain kind lines, which clearly demonstrates their presence in the sentence.

And compound nouns.

Underline the secondary parts of the sentence, if any. These include definitions (of which the appendix is a variant), which may or may not be consistent; additions (direct or indirect); circumstances (time, place, mode of action, etc.). Make a conclusion about the prevalence (non-proliferation) of the proposal.

Determine the completeness of the sentence: complete or incomplete - by the presence or partial absence of all the necessary members of this sentence structure.

Specify the offer type. If the grammatical basis is complete, i.e. consists of a subject and a predicate, then the sentence is two-part. Sentences with one main member are called one-part.

If the sentence is one-part, determine its type:

a) denominative - a sentence in which only one main member- subject.

b) definitely personal - a one-part sentence with a predicate, pronounced verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons of the present or future tense.

c) indefinitely personal - a one-part sentence in which the predicate is in the form of the 3rd person of the number of the present or future tense, as well as in the form plural or conditional.

d) generalized-personal. In such a sentence, the predicate can be in the form of the 2nd person of the person, sometimes in the form of the 1st or 3rd person of the plural person.

e) impersonal is a one-part sentence with a predicate, the form of which does not express a person.

Tip 3: How to define a vaguely personal sentence

A sentence expresses a message, a prompt, or a question. Two-part sentences have grammatical basis consisting of subject and predicate. The grammatical basis of a one-part sentence is represented by either the subject or the predicate.

Instruction

All verbs one-part sentences have a predicate but no subject. Moreover, in a definite personal sentence, the form of the verb and the meaning of the message suggest that the action refers to a specific person: “I love books”, “Find correct solution"," Take care, and honor from a young age.

The verb can be in the form of the first or second person singular or indicative or imperative. The first person means that the verbal question is asked from the pronouns "I", "we"; second person - from the pronouns "you", "you". Imperative mood induces to action, the indicative simply communicates information.

In an indefinite-personal sentence, the action is performed by indefinite or unmarked persons. This action is important in itself. The verb is in the third person form of the present or past tense. Examples: “The news is on TV”, “The tragedy was reported on Friday”, “The poster was removed from the door.” To get a verb in the third person plural form, ask a question for the pronoun "they".

In an impersonal sentence, the predicate indicates a process or state that, in principle, does not depend on the active agent: “It got dark outside”, “It’s stuffy in the room”, “It smells of wormwood in the field”, “This was agreed in advance”. The predicate is expressed impersonal verb(it got dark) impersonal form personal verb (smells), adverb (stuffy) and short passive participle(has been agreed). Adverbs and can go with the linking verb "to be" or without it. Also, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed by the words "no", "was not": "There are no more gaps in knowledge."

Goldlit is a service for morphological and syntactic parsing of a sentence

Very convenient Goldlit service. Simple design and clear interface make the site available to people, with different levels computer knowledge. In the top line of the menu there are 3 items with a drop-down list.

Online service— goldlit.ru

The main menu is a list of the main sections of the site.
Literature - in the drop-down menu, a list of Russian and foreign literature, as well as analysis of poems - what the poet wants to say in them.
Chronology is literature organized by centuries.

To use the parsing of a sentence by parts of speech on the goldlit.ru service:

Go to the site - http://goldlit.ru/.
Under the menu is a line in which you need to enter text to parse.
Next to the text input window is the "Parse" button.

Immediately below the text entry line, blocks with parsing go down in a row in the yellow field. Each block is one word from a sentence. They alternate in the same order as the words in the sentence alternate. Block parts:

A word that is in its initial form.
The second line is the part of speech, which is the word.
Grammar. The number, quality, animated form, gender, etc. are written separated by commas.
Forms. All existing forms words (with prefixes, suffixes, endings).

Seosin - a site that has a service for parsing sentences into parts of speech

One of the well-known resources on the Internet that provides a tool for and morphological analysis offers online. In addition, the site offers other services for working with text, for example -. And also for working with other files, such as images and photos. The site periodically has problems with access, although the administrator writes in the announcements on the site that the situation with the server has been fixed.

To check text in a service:

Follow this link - http://www.seosin.ru/.
Enter the text to parse in the service field.
Click the "Analyze" button.

After a few seconds, you will be provided with an analysis of your text with explanations.

Other sites and for parsing sentences by parts of speech

In addition to automatic online services, there are also special sites that provide all the necessary information, which is required for the syntactic and morphological analysis of the sentence. One of these sites is - septemberata.rf. For students, it will be indispensable. As for the Russian language, here you will find sections:

Word - basic spellings of words with prepositions, particles, word hyphenation, etc. ().
Together or separately - adjectives, nouns, conjunctions, interjections.
Unstressed particles "He" and "Ni"
Rules for writing consonants - double "nn", "lzh".
The consonants that are written behind the hissing ones are “zh, h, w, u”.
Spelling of vowels.
Unstressed main ones.
The letters "b" and "b".
Offer.
Abbreviations.
Capital letters.

Parsing simple sentence firmly entered the practice of primary and high school. This is the most difficult and voluminous type grammar parsing. It includes a description and scheme of the sentence, analysis by members, indicating the parts of speech.

The structure and meaning of a simple sentence is studied starting from grade 5. Full set signs of a simple sentence is indicated in grade 8, and in grade 9 the focus is on complex sentences.

In this type of analysis, the levels of morphology and syntax are correlated: the student must be able to identify parts of speech, recognize their forms, find conjunctions, understand the ways of connecting words in a phrase, know the signs of the main and minor members suggestions.

Let's start with the simplest: we will help the guys prepare for parsing in 5th grade. In elementary school, the student memorizes the sequence of parsing and performs it at an elementary level, indicating the grammatical basis, syntactic links between words, the type of sentence in terms of the composition and purpose of the utterance, learns to draw up diagrams and find homogeneous members.

The elementary school uses different programs in the Russian language, so the level of requirements and preparation of students are different. In the fifth grade, I accepted children who studied in elementary school according to programs educational system"School 2100", "School of Russia" and "Primary School of the 21st Century". There are big differences. Teachers elementary school do a tremendous job to make up for the shortcomings of their textbooks, and themselves "make" successive links between elementary and secondary schools.

In the 5th grade, the material for parsing the proposal is generalized, expanded and built into more full form, in grades 6-7 it is improved taking into account the newly studied morphological units ( verb forms: participle and participle; adverb and category of state; function words: prepositions, conjunctions and particles).

Let's use examples to show the differences between the level of requirements in the format of parsing.

In 4th grade	In 5th grade
In a simple sentence, the grammatical basis is highlighted, familiar parts of speech are indicated above the words, homogeneous members are emphasized, phrases are written out or syntactic links between words are drawn. Scheme: [O -, O]. Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, common, with homogeneous predicates. Exist. (main word) + adj., Ch. (main word) + noun. Ch. (main word) + places. Adverb + ch. (main word)	Syntactic links are not drawn, phrases are not written out, the scheme and basic designations are the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complicated by homogeneous predicates. Analysis is constantly practiced in the classroom and participates in grammar tasks control dictations.
In a complex sentence, grammatical foundations are emphasized, parts are numbered, familiar parts of speech are signed above the words, the type is indicated according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring, according to the composition and the presence of secondary members. Parsing scheme: [O and O] 1 , 2 , and 3 . Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, common.	The scheme remains the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of 3 parts that are connected by an allied and allied connection, in 1 part there are homogeneous members, all parts are two-part and common. Parsing a complex sentence in grade 5 is educational in nature and is not a means of control.
Sentence schemes with direct speech: A: "P!" or "P," - a. The concept of quotation is introduced, which coincides in design with direct speech.	The schemes are supplemented by a break in direct speech with the words of the author: "P, - a. - P." and "P, - a, - p". The concept of dialogue and ways of its design are introduced. Schemes are made up, but the characteristics of sentences with direct speech are not made.

Plan for parsing a simple sentence

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Find out the type of sentence by emotional coloring (non-exclamatory or exclamatory).

3. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, underline it and indicate the ways of expression, indicate that the sentence is simple.

4. Determine the composition of the main members of the proposal (two-part or one-part).

5. Determine the presence of minor members (common or non-common).

6. Underline the secondary members of the sentence, indicate the ways of their expression (parts of speech): from the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate.

7. Determine the presence of missing members of the proposal (complete or incomplete).

8. Determine the presence of complications (complicated or not complicated).

9. Write down the characteristics of the proposal.

10. Draw up a proposal scheme.

For analysis, we used sentences from the beautiful fairy tales of Sergei Kozlov about the Hedgehog and the Bear cub.

1) It was an extraordinary autumn day!

2) Everyone's duty is to work.

3) Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and played their squeaky violins.

4) He has no father, no mother, no Hedgehog, no Bear cub.

5) And Squirrel took nuts and a cup and hurried after.

6) And they put things in a basket: mushrooms, honey, a kettle, cups - and went to the river.

7) And pine needles, and fir cones, and even cobwebs - everyone straightened up, smiled and tightened the last one with all their might autumn song herbs.

8) The Hedgehog lay, covered up to the very nose with a blanket, and looked at the Bear Cub with quiet eyes.

9) The hedgehog sat on a hill under a pine tree and looked at the moonlit valley flooded with fog.

10) Across the river, blazing with aspens, the forest darkened.

11) So until the evening they ran, jumped, jumped off a cliff and yelled at the top of their lungs, emphasizing the stillness and silence of the autumn forest.

12) And he jumped like a real kangaroo.

13) Water, where are you running?

14) Maybe he's crazy?

15) It seems to me that he imagined himself ... as the wind.

Examples of Parsing Simple Sentences

Describe the sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or incentive.
By emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
By the presence of grammatical foundations: simple or complex.
Then, depending on whether the sentence is simple or complex:

If simple:

5. Describe the sentence by the presence of the main members of the sentence: two-part or one-part, indicate which main member of the sentence, if it is one-part (subject or predicate).

6. Characterize by the presence of secondary members of the proposal: common or non-common.

7. Indicate whether the proposal is complicated by anything (homogeneous members, treatment, introductory words) or not complicated.

8. Underline all members of the sentence, indicate parts of speech.

9. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.

If difficult:

5. Indicate which connection is in the proposal: allied or non-union.

6. Indicate what is the means of communication in the sentence: intonation, coordinating conjunctions or subordinating conjunctions.

7. Conclude what kind of sentence this is: unionless (BSP), compound (CSP), complex (CSP).

8. Parse each part of a complex sentence as a simple one, starting from point No. 5 of the adjacent column.

9. Underline all members of the sentence, indicate parts of speech.

10. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.

An example of parsing a simple sentence

Oral analysis:

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis: pupils and pupils study, common, complicated by homogeneous subjects.

Writing:

Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical stem pupils and pupils study, common, complicated by homogeneous subjects.

An example of parsing a complex sentence

Oral analysis:

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied connection, means of communication subordinating union because, a complex sentence. The first simple sentence: one-part, with the main member - the predicate did not ask common, not complicated. Second simple sentence: two-part, grammatical basis we went with the class, common, uncomplicated.

Writing:

Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied connection, subordinating union means of communication because, SPP.

1st PP: one-part, with the main member - the predicate did not ask common, not complicated.

2nd PP: two-part, grammatical basis - we went with the class, spread, not complicated.

Schematic example (sentence followed by schema)

Another option for parsing

Syntax parsing. Order in parsing.

In phrases:

Select the correct phrase from the sentence.
We consider the structure - we highlight the main word and the dependent. We indicate what part of speech is the main and dependent word. Next, we indicate how syntactically this phrase is related.
And finally, we denote what its grammatical meaning is.

In a simple sentence:

We determine what the sentence is for the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive or interrogative.
We find the basis of the sentence, we establish that the sentence is simple.
Next, you need to talk about how this proposal is built.
- It is two-part or one-part. If it is one-part, then determine the type: personal, impersonal, nominative or indefinitely personal.
- Common or non-common
- incomplete or complete. If the sentence is incomplete, then it is necessary to indicate which member of the sentence is missing in it.
If this proposal is complicated in any way, whether it be homogeneous members or isolated members of the proposal, this must be noted.
Next, you need to analyze the sentence by members, while indicating what parts of speech they are. It is important to follow the order of parsing. First, the predicate and the subject are determined, then the secondary ones, which are part of the first - the subject, then - the predicate.
We explain why one way or another punctuation marks are placed in the sentence.

Predicate

We note what the predicate is - a simple verb or compound (nominal or verbal).
Specify how the predicate is expressed:
- simple - what form of the verb;
- compound verb - what it consists of;
- compound nominal - what connection is used, how the nominal part is expressed.

In a sentence that has homogeneous members.

If we have a simple sentence, then when parsing it, it should be noted what kind of homogeneous members of the sentence are and how they are related to each other. Either through intonation, or intonation with conjunctions.

In sentences with separate members:

If we have a simple sentence, then when parsing it, it should be noted what the turnover will be. Next, we analyze the words that are included in this turnover by the members of the sentence.

In sentences with isolated members of speech:

First, we note that in this sentence, there is a direct speech. We indicate the direct speech and the text of the author. We analyze, explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way and not otherwise. We draw the scheme of the offer.

In a compound sentence:

First, we indicate which sentence for the purpose of the statement is interrogative, declarative or incentive. We find simple sentences in the sentence, we single out the grammatical basis in them.

We find unions with the help of which simple sentences are connected in a complex one. We note what kind of unions they are - adversative, connecting or dividing. We determine the meaning of this entire compound sentence - opposition, alternation or enumeration. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way. Then each simple sentence that makes up the complex one must be parsed in the same way as a simple sentence is parsed.

In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (one)

First, we indicate what the sentence is in terms of the purpose of the statement. We single out the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex one. Let's read them.

We name which sentence is the main one, and which is subordinate. We explain how complex sentence it is, we pay attention to how it is built, how the subordinate clause to the main clause is connected and what it refers to.

We explain why the punctuation marks in this sentence are arranged in this way. Then, the subordinate and main clauses must be parsed, in the same way as simple sentences are parsed.

In a complex sentence with subordinate clauses (several)

We call what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We single out the grammatical basis of all the simple sentences that make up the complex one, and read them out. We indicate which sentence is the main one, and which is subordinate. It is necessary to indicate what the subordination in the sentence is - either it is a parallel subordination, or sequential, or homogeneous. If there is a combination of several types of subordination, this should be noted. We explain why, in this way, punctuation marks are placed in the sentence. And, at the end, we analyze the subordinate and main clauses as simple sentences.

In a complex non-union sentence:

We call what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We find the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up this complex sentence. We read them out, call the number of simple sentences that make up the complex one. We determine what the meaning is the relationship between simple sentences. It can be - sequence, cause with effect, opposition, simultaneity, explanation or addition.

We note what are the features of the structure of this sentence, what kind of complex sentence it is. How are simple words connected in this sentence and what do they refer to.

We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way.

In a complex sentence in which there are different types of communication.

We call what, according to the purpose of the statement, this sentence is. We find and highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex one, read them out. We establish that this proposal will be a proposal in which there are different types connections. Why? We determine what connections are present in this sentence - allied coordinating, subordinating, or any other.

According to the meaning, we establish how simple ones are formed in a complex sentence. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way. We analyze all simple sentences that make up a complex one in the same way as a simple sentence is parsed.

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