Evening is an impersonal verb. Impersonal verbs in Russian

In addition to personal forms of verbs in modern Russian, there are also impersonal verbs , which denote an action that proceeds on its own, without any relation to the subject (i.e., to the person). 2. Verbs-predicates in an impersonal sentence have the form of the 3rd person singular or the form of the neuter gender singular - in both cases without indicating the producer of the action: I don't sleeping something. In the morning me feverish.

The predicate of impersonal sentences is most often expressed by the following verbs:

1) Personal verbs in impersonal use (these are verbs that lose their forms of change and freeze in the form of the 3rd person singular or in the form of the past tense): hay smells ; wave broke boat(cf. Hay smells ; Wave smashed boat -- the same verbs are used in the personal form).
2) Personal verbs in impersonal use that have acquired a new lexical meaning and turned into impersonal verbs: To you lucky (about happiness, good luck). Works enough (enough). Their personal forms lucky (horse lucky ), enough (Fish enough bait) have a completely different meaning.
3) Actually impersonal verbs that have no homonyms among personal verbs: It's getting dark. It's getting light.
4) impersonal predicate often expressed in a special impersonal form of verbs, formed from the 3rd person form or the neuter form by adding a suffix -sya (s): not sleeping - not sleepingXia ; did not believe - did not believecamping . This predicate denotes various states of people that do not depend on their will: Two o'clock in the morning... Can't sleep .
5) A verb can also be used as an impersonal was - will be(in the meaning of "there was" - "there is"): Works It was weeks for two. The present tense in a statement is indicated by a pause in place of the omitted verb: Work - two weeks, and in case of negation - an impersonal form No: Not there was time.--Not time.

composite verbal predicate: noticeably began to brighten . It was starting to get dark . to me wanted to sleep .

Compound predicate, which includes state category adverbs (possible, must, necessary, necessary, necessary, impossible, ashamed, fearful, sickening, sorry, it's time, sad, fun, gratifying, warm, painful, dry, damp, cold, comfortable and etc.), bunch and often indefinite form verb, For example: It was already dark . To you cold a little. to me It was it's a pity old man. Necessary rebuild all life. Us it's time to go . It was fun to hear jingling of a Russian bell. It was a pity to me part with the old man. It was terrible to stay in the dark. About the trip couldn't even think .

Verbs can also express:

1. Natural phenomena ( evening, dusk, dawn).
2. Physical and mental condition person ( shivering, unwell, feverish, sick, (not) wanting).
3. The action of some elemental force ( water flooded the fields, covered the paths with snow, smashed a tree with lightning).
(Such impersonal verbs tend to be combined with nouns in the form instrumental with the meaning of the instrument of action).

Impersonal verbs always act as a predicate in a one-part impersonal sentence in which there is no subject and cannot be.

For example: It's evening outside. I'm not well

In modern Russian, it is customary to distinguish two types impersonal verbs.

1. Proper-impersonal verbs , which always act as a predicate in a one-part personal sentence. These are the verbs: dawn, evening, dusk, nausea, tickle, unwell, can not sleep and etc.
2. Personal verbs in impersonal meaning (use). Such verbs can act as a predicate both in a two-part sentence and in a one-part impersonal one.

Once, in the cold winter season, my mother caught a cold and fell ill. “Something has been chilling me all day today,” she complained to her little daughter. The girl was terribly surprised and asked: “Mom, who can chill you?” "No one, just chilly," she smiled. “Strange,” said the girl, “can it be so?” "Maybe. There are actions that, as in a fairy tale, are done by themselves or by some unknown force ... We don’t know this, we don’t see and don’t know who is acting, so we say this: it’s shivering, it’s getting dark, it’s dozing ... "" What What kind of fairy tale is this?”, you ask. Answer: "Impersonal verbs."

Definition

In Russian, there are some verbs that denote actions on their own, that is, without any actor. We are talking about a group called "impersonal verbs". What is their feature? If personal verbs are conjugated, then the latter cannot change in persons and numbers. They are used exclusively in impersonal sentences. For example: "It's getting dark. Along the alleys, over sleepy ponds, I wander at random ”(Ivan Bunin),“ By midnight it’s a little cold ”(Kuprin),“ It’s snowy, snowy all over the earth, to all limits ... "(Pasternak). Now let's figure out what these unusual verbs mean, and in what grammatical forms they can be used.

Lexical meanings

Their lexical meaning is quite diverse. In general, it determines general meaning impersonal offer. So, impersonal verbs can have the following values. The first and most common are the phenomena and states of nature. For example: it's getting dark, it's getting light, it's drizzling, it's snowing, etc.

The second is the psychophysical states of a person or a living being (sick, cold, unwell, dozing, vomiting, and many others).

Third - the actions of elemental forces (she was unlucky, everything was covered with snow).

The fourth is the presence or absence of something (missing, missing). And the last is the obligation (it is necessary, it is proper, it follows, it is appropriate, it is obvious, it must).

Use

Impersonal verbs (examples follow) can be used in different grammatical forms. First, it is indefinite, or initial form verb (freeze, become, dusk). They can also be used in the indicative and conditional moods. In the indicative mood, they tend to change over time. The impersonal form of the verb can match the form of verbs in the 3rd person singular present or future tense (drizzle, will drizzle; shiver, shiver; it is getting dark, it will grow dark), as well as with neuter past tense verbs (it froze, blew, felt sad).

Please note that in general, the category of person in these verbs is a pure formality, since the form of the third person (or the form of the neuter gender) is in a kind of “frozen” state, and there simply cannot be another. In the conditional mood, the sign of which is the particle "by / b", they are used, respectively, with these particles (it would thaw, it would get warmer, it would warm). Remember that the particle "by / b" is always written separately with verbs. And finally in imperative mood- with a hint of desirability (let it get warmer). The topic “Impersonal verbs: examples of use” does not end there. Let's go further...

Kinds

There are several types of impersonal verbs. These are, in fact, the impersonal verbs themselves, which do not correspond to any subject (it is getting light, shivering, getting dark). Further - impersonal forms of verbs, which are formed from personal ones with the help of the suffix -sya (I think he hears it). Also, some personal verbs can also act in an impersonal sense. In this case, the sentence can often be constructed in two ways: either one predicate, expressed by an impersonal verb, without a subject, or with a subject, which names the subject of the action, and with the same predicate verb, but already used in a personal form. Let's consider such sentences with impersonal verbs: "hail beat the whole crop" or "hail beat the whole crop"; "I don't spell" or "I don't write"; "dampness blew from the apartment" - "dampness blew from the apartment." As you can see, a sentence with the use of an impersonal verb and a sentence with the same verb, but in a personal form, differ only in expressive and semantic shades.

Fiction

This is especially noticeable in the examples from fiction, in poetry: “The whole chest was covered with a chill, flooded with a feeling of joy, delight” (Paustovsky), “I had good friend- where better to be, - yes, everything happened, we didn’t have time to talk to him ”(Simonov). Sentences built according to the formula "subject plus predicate expressed by a personal verb" convey a more specific, unambiguous picture of the world, without any undercurrents. And phrases with verbs in an impersonal meaning, describing certain actions, processes or phenomena, appear to the reader more vague, and therefore more mysterious and mysterious. In this regard, impersonal verbs in the hands of a writer or poet become a real tool that can create unknown worlds and gave.

Verbs in Russian can be divided into many types. One of these types is impersonal verbs, which are, as it were, the opposite of verbs that have faces. Let's see how to recognize the impersonal form, what is characteristic of it, and in what sentences it is used.

Verbs for denoting actions without a subject

First, let's remember what personal verbs are. Usually, when we talk about a certain person or object that performs an action, the phrase sounds like this - “he did”, “she said”, “they did”, “we decided” and so on. The verb in such a sentence is closely related to the noun - it describes the action that we ourselves, the people around us, animals or even inanimate objects perform.

However, it also happens differently. It happens that verbs tell about actions that occur as if by themselves - no one performs them, there is no person who would be responsible for the process. It is these verbs that are called impersonal.

Here are some examples:

It was getting dark outside.
I usually get lucky in the lottery.
It blew outside the window.
In the evening he felt sad.
A chill came from the window.

Impersonal verbs are characterized by certain common signs. In particular, they do not decline by gender and number, of course, they do not have persons, participles or gerunds cannot be formed from them.

What are impersonal verbs?

Indefinite form, or infinitive. For example - "to get dark, to get dark, to want."
Conditional mood. For example - “it would have dawned sooner”, “all traces would have been covered up”, “everything would have passed with time”.
Indicative. In it, an impersonal verb can have the singular form of the 3rd person in the present tense - for example, “it’s getting dark outside”, “it’s snowing outside”. In addition, there are verbs in the future tense - “it will get dark” or “it will snow” - and in the past. But in last case masculine changes to medium - “it got dark”, “it blew”.

There are also impersonal verbs formed from personal verbs of the 3rd person and the singular with the help of the particle “sya”. For example - "do not sleep." AT this case the personal verb would sound like "not sleeping" and would be attached to the subject - "he is not sleeping", "she is not sleeping". But in a modified form, the verb denotes physical or emotional condition, which can refer to anyone - and therefore is impersonal.

Often we have to describe various natural phenomena, the physical or mental state of the living beings around us, and give advice. In such cases, impersonal forms of verbs come to the rescue.

If in a sentence an action occurs without a character or object, then verbs are used in it, which are called impersonal. The process takes place on its own without subjects. In such sentences, there is no place for the subject, and the verb is the predicate. Why do we need impersonal verbs so much?

Impersonal verbs - emotionality and figurativeness of speech.

As we have already found out, there is no subject in sentences. In this case, it cannot be under any circumstances. Therefore, impersonal verbs acquire the main meaning. They play the role of the main member (predicate) in the sentence. Impersonal verbs characterize various uncontrolled states of nature, man, living beings and spontaneous actions. They give speech emotional coloring, imagery and enrich the Russian language.

Consider several groups of such verbs with examples.

The first group is impersonal verbs that describe natural phenomena.

Outside the window it's getting dark and it's snowing. And it blew in winter, it's getting colder.
How much it freezes. And it doesn't fascinate me at all.
It would be warmer sooner and it would smell faster in spring.
It will brighten earlier and darken later.

Note that impersonal verbs appear in sentences only in certain forms. AT indicative mood they are used in the present and future tense, in the third person singular. For example, it’s getting dark, it’s snowing, it’s getting colder, it freezes, it doesn’t fascinate, it will brighten.

In the past tense, impersonal verbs are used in the neuter form. For example, it blew in winter.

In the neuter gender, impersonal verbs are also used in the conditional (subjunctive) mood. For example, it would be warmer, it would smell.

In the infinitive form, impersonal verbs are also not rare. For example, dark.

The second group is impersonal verbs that help convey the physical or psychological condition, sensation of a person or any other living being.

Today I don’t think, I don’t read, I don’t play.
I also can't sit at home.
'Cause on such a good day
It is easy to breathe on the street and you want to have fun.
The cat is unwell today.
She is feverish and shivering.
And so she was upset.
Where is Dr. Aibolit, I immediately thought?

From these examples, it can be seen that many impersonal verbs are formed from personal forms in the third person, singular with the help of the postfix -sya-. These are the following words: read, play, sit, breathe, have fun, be unwell. Other impersonal verbs are also used in the example: sad, thoughtful, feverish, shivering. They are easy to find in sentences by the absence of a subject.

The third group of impersonal verbs is used when it is necessary to express a desire, the possibility of action, the absence or presence of something.

Everyone should exercise in the morning.
You should get up early.
It is recommended to stretch first for order.
Want to be healthy?
The main thing is not to be lazy.
It is fitting for a person to work every day.
You suddenly don’t have enough strength, you don’t have enough time.
Enough laziness to encourage you.
It is proper for a person to observe the daily routine.

It is easy to see that impersonal verbs of the third group are used in the rhymed lines: follows, should, recommended, want, befits, lack, lack, enough.

To consolidate the material, I would like to add a few more examples of sentences with personal and impersonal verbs. I hope this helps to better understand the topic. In Russian there is a large number of personal verbs that are able to speak in an impersonal form.

Suggestion examples.

The example of these sentences shows the relationship between personal and impersonal verbs in Russian. Difficulties with their difference usually do not arise. The absence of a subject and the inability to insert it is the main feature that helps to immediately identify impersonal verbs in a sentence. In this case, the action occurs by itself, regardless of the specific person (object). I advise you to remember that impersonal verbs are used in certain form and do not change in numbers, persons and genders and do not form participles, gerunds.

In conclusion, I would like to wish learning without cramming. Take care of it with pleasure. The Russian language is rich, beautiful and powerful. The use of impersonal verbs diversifies your speech, gives it emotionality, figurativeness, artistry.