Subordinating relationship between sentences with examples. Subordination of sentences and phrases, examples

writing connection

Means of expressing syntactic links in phrases

III. Adverbial phrases

1. Phrases with an adverb (for example: very well, still good).

2. Phrases with nouns (for example: far from home, alone with my son, shortly before exams).

Syntactic relationship - formal building relationships between components syntactic units, revealing semantic connections(syntactic relations) and expressed by means of the language.

Means of expressing syntactic relations in phrases and simple sentences:

1) word forms:

the case form of nouns;

number, gender, case of adjectives;

person, number, gender of conjugated forms of verbs.

2) prepositions;

3) word order;

4) intonation (in writing expressed with punctuation marks).

Syntactic links are divided into coordinating and subordinating, which oppose each other on the basis of the presence / absence of the relationship of "master" and "servant" in the syntactic construction.

At essay single function components. This connection is characterized by the number of combined structural components, i.e. sign of openness/closedness.

At closed coordinative communication only two of its components can be connected ( brother not sister; you love sadly and hard, and a woman's heart is joking). Necessarily expressed by opposing unions ( a, but), gradation ( not only but; yes and), explanatory ( namely, i.e).

With an open coordinative connection, an indefinite number of components can be connected at once. It can be expressed without conjunctions or with the help of connectives ( and, Yes) and separating ( or, or, also etc.) unions.

At subordination the role of the components in the creation of the structure is different, they are multifunctional. The Russian language has different formal means of expression subordination. These funds are grouped into three main types.

First view the formal expression of dependence is likening the form of the dependent word to the forms of the dominant word; such assimilation is carried out in those cases when the dependent word changes in cases, numbers and gender (this is an adjective, including pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers and participles), in cases and numbers (this is a noun) or in cases, except for them. n. and, for some. excl., wine n. (numerals); eg: new house (new home, new home...), late passengers, my brother, first flight; tower house, giant plant; three tables, four tables, several athletes. The condition for the formation of such a connection is the possibility that the connecting words of the case, number and gender coincide - with the dependence of the adjective, or the case and the number, or only the case - with the dependence of the noun ( tower house, in the tower house..., nursery-new building, in manger-new building...).

Second view formal expression of dependence - setting the dependent word in the form indirect case without a preposition or with a preposition (attachment to a word case form name); the main word in such a connection can be a word of any part of speech, and a noun can be a dependent one (including a pronoun-noun, a quantitative and a collective numeral): read a book, get angry at a student, enter the yard, marry the groom, watch the instruments, be in the city, work for seven, father's arrival, buying a house, award to the winners, math exam, city ​​on the Volga, capable of science, alone with myself, stronger than death, someone in a mask, first on the edge.

Third view formal expression of dependence - the addition to the dominant word of a word that does not have forms of change: an adverb, an invariable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund that syntactically behave like independent words. In this case, the main word can be a verb, a noun, an adjective, a quantitative numeral, and also, when combined with an adverb, a pronoun-noun. With this type of connection formal indicator dependence is the very immutability of the dependent word, and the emerging relations serve as an internal, semantic indicator: run fast, right turn, beige, overcoat saddle, golden side, sixth from left, three upstairs, order to advance, decide to leave, act smarter, older people, someone more experienced.

In modern Russian, three types of subordination are traditionally distinguished: agreement, control and adjunction. When delimiting and defining these connections, not only strictly formal types of connection should be taken into account, but also inseparable from these types significant side connections, i.e., relations arising on its basis.

Coordination- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by likening the form of the dependent word to the form of the dominant word in gender, number and case, or in number and case, or only in case, and means proper attributive relations: new house, someone else, tower house, nursery-new building. The main word in agreement can be a noun, a pronoun-noun and a cardinal numeral in the form im.-vin. n. With informatively insufficient words, agreement combines a definitive meaning with a complementary meaning and thus acquires signs strong connection: funny business, incomprehensible things.

Control- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by attaching a noun to the dominant word in the form of an indirect case (without a preposition or with a preposition) and means relations that are complementary or object or contaminated: object-filling or object-defining. The main word in control can be a word of any part of speech: become a scientist, be ignorant, master of fiction, contemplative, two students, alone with myself; read a book, buying a house, angry at everyone; run into rudeness; get home, drive off the mountain..

adjoining- this is a subordinating relationship that exists in two forms, of which each receives an independent definition. A distinction is made between adjoining in the narrow sense of the word (or adjoining itself) and adjoining in broad sense words (case adjunction). Adjacency proper - this is a connection in which invariable words act as a dependent word: an adverb, an invariable adjective, as well as an infinitive, or a participle. In this case, various relations may arise: when adjoining the infinitive - complementary (), object ( learn to draw, agree to go), or adverbial adjectives ( come talk); adjoining adverbs, gerunds - definitive ( To talk slowly, read faster, extremely interesting, city ​​at night, second from left) or defining complementary ( be nearby, get expensive, be listed here, get smarter); when adjoining an invariable adjective - proper definitives ( indigo, tsunami waves, mini skirt, older boy). The word of any part of speech can dominate in this connection.

case junction- this is an attachment to the main word (any part of speech) of a case (without a preposition or with a preposition) form of a name with defining value: come May 5th, come in the evening, wooden spoon, city ​​on the Volga, house with two windows, gray checkered, handsome face , teapot lid, one step ahead, someone in blue, first in line. With case adjacency, there are attributive, subject-determinative relations, or - with informatively insufficient words that require a circumstantial distributor, - adverbial-replenishing ( be on the coast, be in the factory, cost a hundred rubles, long before dawn).

If the dependent word answers the question how? and is an adverb, then adjunction is used in the phrase. Subordinating connection, see submission. Agreement is a subordinating relationship in which the dependent word agrees with the main word in the form of gender, number and case. A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence.

Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent, then you have control. When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. AT complex interaction two organisms to distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility.

See what a "subordinating relationship" is in other dictionaries:

Examples: writing poetry, faith in victory, happy with the answer. This pair of words should not be written out, since the grammatical foundations in which the words are connected by a coordinating link, that is, they are equal, are NOT a phrase. The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence, one of them acts as the main one, the other - as a dependent one. Subordination is a subordinating relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another.

PARATAXIS - lingv. coordinative connection two or more sentences within one compound sentence; linking parts of a sentence. All types of subordination: control, agreement, reflection, adjacency express the dependent position of one word in relation to another. The subordinating relationship is most often expressed with the help of various inflectional suffixes of number, case, possessive suffixes.

Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with management coincide, so in such cases you can confuse management with agreement, for example: the principal of a college. If the dependent word does not change, then this is a phrase with management: from the director of the college - to the director of the college. Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is dependent, for example: a little sad, I like to eat.

In phrases verb in the form of mood + infinitive, the main word is always the verb, and the dependent word is the infinitive. Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences. According to the number of grammatical foundations, sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical basis) and complex (more than one grammatical basis).

You mean: Now I also saw that the rain has ended↓, ↓ that the cloud has moved on.↓ By the way, I listened to this option for myself - at first glance, it seems possible. 1. There cannot be a descending phrase in the middle of the NGN - otherwise the intonation of the enumeration, and with it the composing connection, will be preserved. They write about it on the Internet. When the main word changes, the dependent word also changes.

In the categories of pronouns, two homonymous (the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories are distinguished. Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. 1) Identify the main word by asking a question from one word to another. We determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. 3. If you need control, look for a non-nominative noun or pronoun.

I was in third grade when I had a bad cold. Mom called ambulance and we went to the district hospital. Subordination is characterized by an irreversible relationship between parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without prejudice to the overall content. Examples: a little boy, summer evening; our doctor, at Lake Baikal. Examples: female astronaut, excellent student. 4] (word order, lexically and intonation).

The independent part is called main part, and dependent - subordinate. Suddenly, the treacherous convict stunned me with the butt of a pistol, as you might guess (uncommon introductory sentence, where the highlighted words are the subject and the predicate), my own pistol.

Example 2. SPP: NOW AND I SAW THAT THE RAIN IS OVER, THE CLOUD GOES FURTHER. There are three types of subordination between the main and dependent word in a phrase: agreement, control and adjacency. AT complex sentence a subordinating relationship exists between the main and subordinate clauses. Students and the examiner are not a phrase, because the connection between words is coordinating, not subordinating (that is, it is impossible to distinguish the main and dependent word).

Available between two or more syntactically unequal words in a sentence or phrase, in the case when one of them is considered the main one, and, accordingly, the other is considered dependent. A subordinating relationship in a sentence exists between the main and subordinate clauses. In this article we will talk about the phrase and the main ways of subordination.

A phrase is a logical combination of two or more words that are related grammatically and in meaning. It is known that the phrase serves to more clearly describe objects and their features, as well as the actions that they perform.

In phrases, the dependent word is related to the main word in several ways. So, the methods of subordination include:

1) agreement;

2) management;

3) junction.

This classification ways is based on what part of speech expresses the dependent word in the phrase. Consider each of the above methods in more detail.

Ways of subordination: agreement

So, when managing, the dependent word answers the question, for example: remember history - remember (what?), Protect a person - protect (whom?) And so on. It is important to remember that a preposition will always be a sign of control.

Ways of subordinating communication: adjoining

Adjacency is the third type of subordinating connection, in which the dependence of a word is expressed lexically, by intonation and word order. Only such as infinitive, adverb, comparative degree of adjective, gerund, possessive pronoun can adjoin. It is these words that will indicate adjacency. In principle, the very word "adjacency" speaks for itself: the dependent word adjoins, that is, it explains the main thing.

In such a phrase, the main word can be a verb (clearly understand), a noun (Turkish coffee), an adjective (very understandable), an adverb, a participle (slightly tilted).

The connection in phrases with the infinitive is also regarded as an adjunction. For example, I ask you to write down, I want to see, and the like.

And, finally, a small "cheat sheet" that will help you quickly identify the method of subordination:

When agreeing, there are three requirements of the main word to the dependent - number, gender, case;

When managing from the main word, there is one requirement - case;

When adjoining, the main word cannot require anything.

Grammatically equal. This is a creative connection.

In some situations, one word may depend on another, and adnexa sentences may be subordinate to another, main one. This is a subordinate relationship.

What are the features of a subordinate relationship?

AT different words ah and phrases, different types of it are involved. The types of subordinating connection largely depend on what parts of speech the constituent phrases are expressed.

Coordination. With this variety, the dependent word is completely likened to the main one in gender, case, number. (Blue Lagoon, to our team).

Most often, dependent words in agreement are:

• adjectives,
• participles (both real and passive),
• some pronouns are possessive, demonstrative, attributive, negative),
• ordinals.

The main word must be a noun or any other part of speech acting in its role. For example: dear audience, the first cosmonaut, convalescent works. Types of subordination in phrases are not limited to agreement only.

Control. The dependent word must be attached to the main word in the form required by the lexical and grammatical meaning of the main word. Simply put, the dependent word must be in the main in a certain gender, case or number. (I remember the past, put it on the table, stand at the table, etc.). Dependent words in this case can be:

• nouns (or other words in their role): look at those sitting, sing a song;
• pronouns: get angry with him;
• some numerals: get angry at both.

The exact sign of control is the presence of a preposition in the phrase.

Adjacency. In this case, the main and dependent word do not connect grammatical form, but exclusively lexical meaning. Only invariable parts of speech can adjoin:

• adverb: run quickly;
• infinitive: must scatter;
• gerund: walked, singing;
• simple adjective comparative degree: older boys;
• invariable adjectives: khaki.

It is not difficult to figure out what types of subordinating relationship take place in a particular phrase if you act with the help of such a simplified hint.

The types of subordination are also divided into groups:

• Allied submission. I want it to be warm tomorrow. Relationship is expressed through union.
• Subordination is relative. The day came when the chicks flew out of the nest. Subordination is carried out with the help. It should be noted that these types of subordination are very similar.
• Obedience is indirect-interrogative. I can't figure out what it was. The main and subordinate parts are connected by adverbs and interrogatives).
• Submission sequential or inclusion. I know that I will find a job that will help me become richer. Adnexal "cling" sequentially, for each other.
• Subordination is mutual. I did not have time to enter, as I was captured by the maelstrom of events. Such a connection is expressed lexico-semantically, and both parts are interdependent.
• · Parallel subordination or subordination. When I approached the window, Marina turned her head to get a better look at me. The subordinate clauses obey one word in the main or the entire main.

School graduates in exams are given tasks to determine the type of connection in the text. Many people find it difficult to do this, although it is not that difficult.

A complex connection in sentences or phrases is a sentence (phrase) in which one of the parts is subordinate to the other. With a careful study of the rules of subordination, many examples are given independently.

There are only three types of subordination - this is coordination, adjacency and control.

• Coordination.

The dominant word is a noun, and participles, adjectives, possessive pronouns or ordinal numerators are dependent words, i.e. subordinate, consistent. Cases, gender and numbers change after the main word.

For example: our dacha, an open book, the first warrior. In the first phrase, the pronoun acts as a predicative word, and the type of subordinating connection will be agreement.

• Control.

The predicative word changes from the dominant one in the case. The parts of speech are very different. You can find the usual combinations: adjectives and nouns, participles (germs) and nouns, verbs and nouns, numerals and nouns, even nouns and nouns.

Example: watching a movie, death threats, pea soup, five stars.

At the final exams, applicants are often faced with the task of changing the type of communication from coordination to management or vice versa. As a rule, two nouns are an example. The above pea soup. To change the phrase, you need to convert one noun into an adjective, so you get pea soup. For inverse transformation the adjective needs to be made into a noun. For example, a silk dress will become a silk dress.

• Adjacency.

In adjunction, the dominant word is connected with the dependent word only logically, that is, in meaning. Usually, the following parts of speech have this type of connection: verb and verb, verb and adverb, verb and gerund, adjective or participle, verb and degree of comparison in the adverb. feature adjunction is that the dependent word has no case and gender.

For example: it’s sad to watch, he says laughing, I can’t fly, to be kinder, it was better.

There are several types of subordinating relationship in a complex sentence. There is one main clause and several subordinate clauses. Phrase subordinations differ from each other, so it is not always easy to distinguish them.

• Consistent submission.

In this case, the main phrase comes first, and the dependents obey it sequentially one after another.

For example. She looked at the guy she once asked for a lecture, but he didn't write it down either.

The main clause here is "She watched", the first clause "whom she asked for a lecture", and the second clause "he did not write it down".

• parallel subordination.

This is the subordination in which subordinate clauses depend on one chief, but on his different parts speech.

For example. That evening, which smelled wonderfully of bird cherry, he told his son about the moments when he and his mother met.

The main thing here is "This evening he told his son about the moments." The first subordinate clause answers the question: "What evening?" And then the answer follows: "Which wonderfully smelled of bird cherry." Another dependent phrase of the sentence poses the question: “About what moments?”, The answer will be: “When they met their mother.”

You need to know: what is it, its examples in the literature.

This shows that there is a main sentence and two subordinate clauses that depend on different words.

• Homogeneous submission.

This method of subordination has a peculiarity. With such subordination, predicative sentences answer the same question, and depend on the same part of speech.

For example. She knew that it would not get better, and that it was better for her to leave forever.

Most importantly, she knew. The first subordinate clause answers the question - did you know what? That it won't get any better. The second subordinate clause also answers the question "About what?", the answer is that it is better for her to leave forever.

After analyzing the text, it turns out that it is complex with uniform way submission.

• Allied submission.

This is a way of subjugation with the help of unions and allied words.

For example. She didn't know she was being watched.

The dominant phrase “She didn’t know”, the subordinate clause, answers the question “About what?”. The answer will be "That she is being watched."

• Indirect interrogative submission.

Relative clauses answer the main question with the help of relatively interrogative adverbs or pronouns. The main idea of ​​a predicative sentence is expressed using a verb or noun that describes a state or feeling.

For example. She didn't know how much it hurt. The main one is "She didn't know." The adverb “how painful it was” answers the question “didn’t know about what?”.

• Subordination.

The subordinate and main clauses are dependent on each other, and the main idea expressed using lexical-syntactic means.

She had not yet laid out things, as she was surrounded by children.

Dominant - she did not spread out things. It answers the question “what happened” (was surrounded by children).

Knowing the principles of constructing complex sentences is important for every Russian person, especially schoolchildren before final exams. Knowledge is not worn behind the back, and it is pleasant to talk with a literate person.