What is syntax. Complex syntactic integer

SYNTAX(from the Greek "structure, order") is a section of grammar that characterizes the rules for creating sentences and phrases. The syntactic structure, together with the morphological structure, is the grammar of the language. The essence of grammar and morphology contributes to their distribution into sections of grammar.

Syntax is the branch of linguistics that studies syntactic structure language, namely phrases, sentences, text, ways of combining phrases into sentences, sentences into text, building simple sentences and combining them into complex ones.

It is very difficult to separate syntax and morphology. Morphology studies the forms and meanings of words, while syntax studies the compatibility of words and the construction of sentences.

What is the role of syntax in modern language? Verbatim from Greek word "syntax" means "order" and indicates that it is necessary to organize individual units of the language - words. The presence of syntax in a person's life is associated with the need for people to communicate, the desire to build their speech in such a way as to more clearly convey information and their emotions. In a word, a person cannot convey everything his thoughts and emotions, but uses more complex speech elements in his speech - this is a phrase, sentence, text.

A phrase is a group of words that are linked together grammatically and in meaning. Very often in speech there are errors in the structure of phrases, both grammatical and semantic, for example, terrible beauty, beautiful girl. The transitional element from lexico-morphological to syntactic is the syntax of phrases. Via syntax individual words are structured into sentences.

A sentence is a set of words that are connected in meaning and have grammatical basis. If the grammatical basis is one, then the sentence is simple, if more, then it is complex. The sentence has a complete meaning and intonation completeness.

The phrase itself defines the phenomenon, action, object, and the sentence already reproduces emotions, thoughts, desires. Syntax is a universal tool that helps correct construction human speech. Sometimes it is very difficult to understand the speech of a small child or a foreigner who does not know the basic rules syntax.

A sentence is the smallest unit of communication. Syntax Properties words are manifested not only in a sentence, as an element of communication, but also in phrases, as a semantic and grammatical combination of words. Syntax studies the structure of sentences, their grammatical properties and types, and the phrase as the smallest union of words connected grammatically. Thus, it is possible to distinguish the syntax of a sentence and the syntax of a phrase.

Syntax it is a reflection of the creative component of the language. Indeed, in the process of communication, new sentences are constantly being built, new phrases appear. Syntax is the domain of grammar that examines the occurrence huge amount phrases and sentences from a finite set of words.

Syntax

(Greek syntaxis - compilation).

1) A section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech and includes two main parts: 1) the doctrine of the phrase and 2) the doctrine of the sentence. The syntax of the phrase. The syntax of the sentence.

2) The doctrine of the functioning in speech of various lexical and grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). Syntax of a noun. Verb syntax.

Syntax dynamic(dynamic aspect of syntax). Syntax, the object of study of which is a sentence as a communicative unit associated with the situation of speech, having a certain intonational characteristic and word order as a means of expressing the actual articulation.

Syntax communicative. Syntax, the object of study of which are such problems as the actual and syntagmatic division of a sentence, the functioning of phrases in a sentence, the communicative paradigm of sentences, the typology of statements, etc.

The syntax is static. (static aspect of syntax). Syntax, the object of study of which are structures that are not related to the context and situation of speech; a sentence (as a predicative unit) and a phrase (a non-predicative unit).

Text syntax. Syntax, the object of study of which is not block diagrams phrases, simple and complex sentences, a complex syntactic whole, and various kinds of statements related to the situation of speech, as well as the structure of the text that goes beyond the complex syntactic whole. The study of these phenomena has great importance for linguistic and stylistic analysis of the text.

Syntax functional.

1) Syntax, the object of study of which is to clarify the role (function) of all syntactic means(units, structures) in the construction of coherent speech.

2) A syntax that uses the “function-to-tool” approach as a research method, that is, finding out how by grammatical means relations are expressed spatial, temporal, causal, target, etc. ( cf. the traditional approach “from means to function”, that is, finding out what functions a certain grammatical unit performs).

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "syntax" is in other dictionaries:

SYNTAX. Definition of S. In the definitions of S. three main directions in the study of grammar (see) are reflected in the whole direction - logical, psychological and formal. So, the most common definitions of S. are: 1) the definition of it ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

- (Greek, from syn together, and taxis order). A part of grammar that sets out the rules for connecting words and sentences themselves to express thoughts. Vocabulary foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. SYNTAX [gr. syntaxis… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Syntax- SYNTAX department of grammar, which concludes "the doctrine of sentences" according to one, "the doctrine of phrases" according to others and "the doctrine of the meaning of word forms and classes of words" according to the third. The definition of syntax is hampered by the difficulty of defining a sentence (see ... Vocabulary literary terms

- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order) a section of semiotics that studies structural properties systems of signs, the rules for their formation and transformation, abstracting from their interpretation (which semantics explores). S. formalized language is called ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

A set of rules for constructing phrases in an algorithmic language that allows you to determine if sentences are meaningful in this language. See also: Syntax of programming languages ​​Programming languages ​​Financial Dictionary Finam ... Financial vocabulary

- (from the Greek syntaxis construction, order), 1) ways of connecting words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, connecting sentences into complex sentences, ways of generating statements as part of the text; types, meanings of phrases, ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (from the Greek syntaxis building order), 1) ways of connecting words (and their forms) into phrases and sentences, connecting sentences into complex sentences; types, meanings, etc. of phrases and sentences. 2) A section of grammar that studies this ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SYNTAX, syntax, pl. no, husband. (Greek syntaxis compilation) (ling.). A department of grammar that studies a sentence, phrases. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

SYNTAX, a, husband. 1. The section of grammar is the science of the laws of combining words and the structure of sentences. 2. System language categories relating to word compounds and sentence structure. C. phrases. C. suggestions. C. text. S. colloquial ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Husband, Greek, Gram., Phrase. syntax rules. Synthesis, log. analysis from the beginning to the consequences, from particulars to the general. Synthetic way of research, ·opp. analytical, decomposing the whole into its parts, reaching from phenomena to ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

- (Greek suntaxiV system, system, construction in grammar, grammatical structure of speech) in Europe. grammar, this term denoted that part of it that considers the laws of combination individual words into whole sentences. Modern… … Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

TERMS

AND SIMPLE

SUGGESTIONS

well lectures

E.P. Wasteland

SYNTAX AS A SECTION OF GRAMMAR. TERM 3

OFFER 8

SIMPLE SENTENCE. FORMAL ORGANIZATION OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE 11

FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION OF ONE-COMPONENT, INCOMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE OFFERS 17

SIMPLE COMPLICATED SENTENCE (OP) 23

SEMANTIC AND COMMUNICATIVE ORGANIZATION OF SENTENCE 28

LITERATURE 32

SYNTAX AS A SECTION OF GRAMMAR. PHRASE

Syntax as a section of grammar. The subject and tasks of syntax.

Basic concepts of syntax.

The phrase as a unit of syntax. Characteristic features phrases.

Phrase types.

Types of connection of words in a phrase.

1. Syntax as a section of grammar. The subject and tasks of syntax

Syntax(from the Greek. syntaxis - compilation, structure) - this is a section of linguistics that studies the syntactic structure of the language, i.e. its syntactic units (SU), links and relations between them.

The subject of syntax is the study of ways to combine words into phrases and sentences.

Syntax tasks:

description of types of phrases, types of sentences and their structural parts;

description of the means of communication of the components of syntactic units;

study of the relationship between the form of CE and their content.

Syntax occupies a central place in the grammatical system of the language, since it is to it that those language units that serve for people to communicate (i.e., perform the most important function of the language) belong. This determines the relation of syntax to other branches of linguistics.

Relationship with morphology is carried out through word forms, which are the material for the structure of the CE. In the formation of the CE important role perform function words - prepositions, conjunctions, particles.

Connection with lexicology. The LZ of significant words that are part of the SE is the basis of the lexical semantics of the sentence.

Connection with phonetics carried out through intonation, which expresses the completeness of the sentence, distinguishes between interrogation / non-interrogation, conveys various expressive meanings, etc.

2. Basic concepts of syntax

Syntactic units(SE) - a phrase, a simple sentence (PP) and a complex sentence (SP).

The objects of study of syntax, but not syntactic units, are word and word form(units of morphology, building material of syntax), SSC and text(units of texto-linguistics, in syntax, are studied from the point of view of the connections between the sentences included in them).

Syntactic relations- these are varieties of syntactic correspondence that are regularly identified in the CE. CE components are among themselves in certain semantic relationships. For example, the relationship between an object and its attribute is a defining (attributive) relationship, between an action and an object is an object relationship.

Syntactic links - a formal expression of syntactic relations between the components of syntactic units. The syntactic links of a language are a system.

Means of expressing a syntactic link:

word form ( autumnthem leaves→ ending indicates agreement between the main word leaves in R.p., pl. hours and dependent word autumn, which is put in the same form);

prepositions ( to come inin home, victoryabove enemy→ prepositions indicate the connection of control);

unions ( thunderand lightning→ Op. union indicated. on Op. connection; return,when read→ sub. union indicated. on sub. connection);

word order ( Near the door stood(exercise) there is a vase with flowers on the table; On the tablenear the door (named adjacent) there was a vase with flowers);

intonation ( She sang, danced well; She sang well, danced;

Merchant dried roach stuck between boxes;

Merchantdried roach stuck out between drawers(Yu.Olesha).

Every language, including Russian, contains a large number of words. But these linguistic units do not mean anything without the correct formatting. This is where syntax comes in handy. The basic units of syntax are just responsible for grammatical connection words into sentences that make up human speech, written and oral. Knowledge of this important section of the science of language will help you correctly and competently formulate your thoughts. Syntax into the basic units of syntax and consider below.

Syntax is a special section of language science

The structure of syntactic units, their meaning and interaction is studied by a section of grammar called "syntax". It is a word of Greek origin, meaning "composition" or "construction". Thus, the section studies how exactly from the whole set of words to build the basic units of syntax - a phrase and a sentence. If this section of grammar is learned at the proper level, speech will be harmonious, logical and varied.

Punctuation is inextricably linked with syntax. This is a system of rules governing the punctuation marks. They help to divide the text into sentences, as well as logically arrange the syntactic units themselves.

Basic units

The basic units of syntax are the phrase and the sentence. Each of them has its own characteristics and purpose. Syntax units also include text and a complex syntactic whole.

Let's figure out what the basic units of syntax are. The table will help you with this.

phrase	Offer
It does not have a communicative function, it serves for grammatical and semantic connection words among themselves.	The minimum communicative unit serves to formalize oral and writing. Possesses predictability.
	One grammatical basis	Two grammatical bases
Catch with a net, a wooden table, slow down the movement, jump high.	The forest today is extraordinarily beautiful. He became very sad.	I came to pay my respects. Nature comes to life: in some places you can already hear the singing of birds that have arrived.

subordination

So, we said what is syntax, the basic units of syntax. Syntactic links determine how the relations between the latter are implemented. There are two types of connection that can connect the words in a phrase that make up the elements of a sentence: coordinating and subordinating.

When we talk about the latter, this implies that it is possible to highlight main part and the one that will depend on it. In other words, the main one - from which it is necessary to ask a question, dependent - to which it is posed.

Let's look at examples: know (what?) exact time. In this phrase "know" will be the main word, "time" - dependent.

I don't know what tomorrow will bring me. Here we already have a complex sentence with a subordinating relationship between the parts. From the first - "I know" - we ask a question to the subordinate (what?) "what tomorrow will bring me."

Ways of submission

Implemented subordination in several ways. This is most noticeable within a phrase.

1. Agreement: when the entire syntactic unit is changed, the word forms included in it also change. Wicker basket; wicker basket, about wicker basket. Dependent words in this case can be participles, adjectives, ordinal numbers and adjective pronouns.
2. Control: the dependent word remains unchanged, while the main word can change grammatical form. Describes the landscape - described the landscape - described the landscape - described the landscape. Dependent words: nouns, verbs, adjectives and cardinal numbers.
3. Adjacency: connection only in meaning. Went staggering, very handsome, went to work. Here, as dependents, everything will be

writing connection

Unlike submission, coordinative connection connects absolutely equal parts. It could be like special combinations words: flowers and herbs, walked and rejoiced, and the constituent parts of a complex sentence: "The street soon calmed down, but anxiety grew in the house."

Here we do not single out the main and dependent words, this connection is framed intonation or with the help of coordinating unions. Compare: "He walked, cried, did not notice anyone. - He walked and cried." In the first case, only intonation is used, in the second - the union and (coordinative connective).

Phrase. Phrase types

So, it was described above what the basic units of syntax are. The phrase is the smallest of them. It is two or more words connected in meaning, intonationally or grammatically. Phrases are singled out from sentences, because they are integral part. This is done as follows: It is drizzling outside.

1. First, the grammatical basis is determined. It is not a phrase. The rain is drizzling.
2. Next, we ask questions from the subject: rain (what?) Small.
3. After that, from the predicate: it drizzles (where?) On the street.

According to which part of speech the main word belongs to, all phrases are divided into nominal ones (an oak table, each of the guests, is capable of learning); verbal (was stumbling, speak clearly) and adverbial (very fun, to the right of the road, somewhere in the store).

Also, phrases are divided into simple and complex.

In the first, only one question is possible: the sun (what?) is bright and radiant. Complex ones are more common. Compare: read (what?) a magazine (simple) and read (what) a popular science magazine. AT last example from the word magazine, a question is also asked for the word popular science, so the phrase is complex.

Allocate free and integral phrases. The first ones differ in that each word from their composition is a full-fledged member of the sentence. The second in the sentence is not divided into constituent parts. Only two students passed the session with excellent marks. "Two students" is essentially a phrase, but in the sentence it acts as a subject, so it can be characterized as a whole.

Not a phrase

It should be remembered that phrases are never:

1. Subject and predicate.
2. Homogeneous members of the proposal.
3. Phraseological units (they should not be confused with whole phrases that are one member of the sentence: three sisters, a boy with a girl, etc.).
4. Combinations of a function word and an independent part of speech: during the day (preposition and noun), so does he (conjunction and pronoun), what an ignoramus (particle and noun).
5. Complex forms: I will read (future tense), the highest is more calm ( comparative), let him go (imperative mood).

Offer and its features

We already know that the basic units of syntax are the phrase and the sentence, but it is the latter that is the most important. After all, our speech consists precisely of sentences: we think and speak with them, making up a coherent text.

What characterizes the sentence as the basic unit of syntax? The grammatical basis is the indicator that distinguishes it from the phrase or simple dialing words. This feature is also called predicativity, because it is the predicate that carries an indicator of the reality or unreality of what is happening. It is expressed through the mood of the verb.

Also, the sentence as the basic unit of syntax is characterized by logical and intonational completeness. This is short sentence, the formulation of a certain thought about the subject of conversation. It cannot be confused with a phrase, because in the latter there is no logical completeness - it is just a grammatically connected set of words.

Grammatical basis

Every sentence has a grammatical basis. This is an indicator of its structure - the most important characteristic.

The predicative stem can be represented by both the subject and the predicate, or by each of them separately.

For example, the sentence: "We saw the long-awaited land." There are both main members here. Another thing is a sentence of this kind: "The long-awaited land has become visible." Here, from the basis, only the predicate - it became clear.

It is by the number of predicative stems that the most important characteristic: a simple sentence in front of us or a complex one.

Let's briefly review each main member. The subject shows us the subject of speech, indicates what the sentence is talking about. The predicate means what the subject does, what it is, who or what it is. There are three types of this main member in structure and meaning: simple and compound, verbal and nominal.

What are the offers

It is sentences that, for the most part, study syntax. The basic units of syntax are characterized by many parameters.

Regardless of the number of predicative bases, there are proposals for:

1. The purpose of the statement. Communicating with each other, people can report some facts ( narrative sentences), ask (interrogative) or call for some action (incentive). At the end of such syntactic units, respectively, a period, question mark or exclamation mark is placed.
2. Emotional coloring. Distinguish between exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences. It should be noted that the former may not necessarily be exclusively incentive. For example, the sentence: What a ridiculous situation! We will characterize it as narrative but exclamatory. It's all the fault of that, expressing admiration.

Characteristics of simple sentences

Simple sentences are the basic units of syntax. Let's briefly analyze their most important characteristics.

1. One piece or two piece. The grammatical basis will indicate this. If it is represented by one of the members, the proposal will be one-part. Otherwise, two-part. If the sentence has only a subject or a predicate, it is necessary to indicate its type (definitely or indefinitely-personal, nominative or impersonal).
2. Common or not. Minor members are responsible for this characteristic. If there is at least one of them - the proposal is common.
3. Complete or incomplete. The latter are typical for oral speech: they are missing a member. Thus, build a logical chain without neighboring proposals fails. For example: "Are you reading a book?" - "No, a magazine." The answer to the question posed is an incomplete sentence.
4. A simple sentence can be complicated. This is also one of its characteristics. Separate and secondary members, both common and not, as well as homogeneous constructions, introductory words, appeals act as complicating elements.

Sentences simple and complex

Russian syntax is very diverse. The basic syntactic units are simple and Let's figure out what the difference is between them.

If a syntactic unit has one grammatical basis, then we will talk about a simple sentence. The wind is very loud today. The characterization of such a proposal will proceed according to the plan presented above.

There are cases when a syntactic unit consists of several simple ones. Then it will be a difficult proposition.

It is most difficult to distinguish a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates from a complex one. Here you need to carefully look at the subject. If it is one item that performs various activities, then the proposition is simple. Let's look at examples:

"They walked the streets of the city and enjoyed their newfound freedom." - "They walked along the streets of the city, and the newfound freedom gave them strength." The first suggestion is simple. There is only one predicative basis here, complicated by homogeneous predicates: they walked, enjoyed. The second sentence will be difficult, because there are two grammatical foundations: they walked, they gave freedom.

Types of links in complex sentences

As mentioned above, the basic units of syntax are sentences. If speak about complex structures, then their most important characteristic will be the type of connection between the parts. Syntax also deals with these phenomena. The basic units of syntax, complex sentences, may include subordinating and coordinating parts. Depending on this, there is a gradation into compound and complex sentences.

Let's look at each type in more detail. The components of compound sentences are equal. This equality provides them with a special, creative connection. It is expressed in the fact that in the construction of sentences are used coordinating conjunctions. Thus, a question from one simple sentence to another is not possible.

Example: "I want to return everything back, but something is constantly preventing me." This sentence is compound, the parts are connected by an adversative union but.

Also, intonation plays an important role in the formation of a complex sentence: at the end of each simple sentence, it goes down - this characterizes logical completeness.

Complex syntactic integer

What other elements does Russian syntax include? The basic units of syntax are also complex sentences. They are made up of elements where one depends on the other. That is, between simple parts such a proposal, you can always put the question: "The clearing (what?), Which we went to, was hidden from prying eyes."

Such a connection is realized through subordinating conjunctions and intonation, descending towards the end of each simple sentence.

Do not forget that there is an allied relationship. It implies the absence of formal elements between the parts, only intonation completeness: The river was noisy and seething; ships sailing on it feared for their safety.

We have analyzed what the Russian syntax includes. The basic syntactic units, the sentence and the phrase, form other structures called the complex syntactic whole. And it, in turn, already forms the text. Within it, as well as in any other element of syntax, there are connections, both grammatical and semantic, and even formal (for example, unions with which the following sentence begins).

What is a complex syntactic whole? This is a group of sentences, simple and complex, logically interconnected by one main idea. In other words, the syntactic whole is a micro-topic that contains an intermediate meaning. As a rule, it is limited to paragraph articulation.

It is not uncommon for a text to be a syntactic whole. As a rule, this short stories with one short storyline.

1. Describe the sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or incentive.
2. By emotional coloring: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
3. By the presence of grammatical foundations: simple or complex.
4. Then, depending on whether the sentence is simple or complex:

If simple: 5. Describe the sentence by the presence of the main members of the sentence: two-part or one-part, indicate which main member of the sentence, if it is one-part (subject or predicate). 6. Describe by availability minor members suggestions: common or non-common. 7. Indicate whether the proposal is complicated by anything (homogeneous members, treatment, introductory words) or not complicated. 8. Underline all members of the sentence, indicate parts of speech. 9. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.

If difficult: 5. Indicate which connection is in the proposal: allied or non-union. 6. Indicate what is the means of communication in the sentence: intonation, coordinating unions or subordinating unions. 7. Conclude what kind of sentence this is: unionless (BSP), compound (CSP), complex (CSP). 8. Parse each part of a complex sentence as a simple one, starting from point No. 5 of the adjacent column. 9. Underline all members of the sentence, indicate parts of speech. 10. Draw up a sentence outline, indicating the grammatical basis and complication, if any.

An example of parsing a simple sentence

Oral analysis:

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis: pupils and pupils study, common, complicated by homogeneous subjects.

Writing:

Narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical stem pupils and pupils study, common, complicated by homogeneous subjects.

An example of parsing a complex sentence

Oral analysis:

The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied connection, means of communication subordinating union because, a complex sentence. The first simple sentence: one-part, with the main member - the predicate did not ask common, not complicated. Second simple sentence: two-part, grammatical basis we went with the class, common, uncomplicated.

Writing:

Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied connection, subordinating union means of communication because, SPP.

1st PP: one-part, with the main member - the predicate did not ask common, not complicated.

2nd PP: two-part, grammatical basis - we went with the class, spread, not complicated.

Schematic example (sentence followed by schema)

Another option for parsing

Parsing. Order in parsing.

In phrases:

1. Select the correct phrase from the sentence.
2. We consider the structure - we highlight the main word and the dependent. We indicate what part of speech is the main and dependent word. Next, we indicate how syntactically this phrase is related.
3. And finally, we denote what its grammatical meaning is.

In a simple sentence:

1. We determine what the sentence is for the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive or interrogative.
2. We find the basis of the sentence, we establish that the sentence is simple.
3. Next, you need to talk about how this proposal is built.
   • It is two-part or one-part. If it is one-part, then determine the type: personal, impersonal, nominative or indefinitely personal.
   • Common or non-common
   • incomplete or complete. If the sentence is incomplete, then it is necessary to indicate which member of the sentence is missing in it.
4. If this proposal is complicated in any way, be it homogeneous members or isolated members of the sentence, it is necessary to note this.
5. Next, you need to analyze the sentence by members, while indicating what parts of speech they are. It is important to follow the order of parsing. First, the predicate and the subject are determined, then the secondary ones, which are part of the first - the subject, then - the predicate.
6. We explain why one way or another punctuation marks are placed in the sentence.

Predicate

1. We note what the predicate is - a simple verb or compound (nominal or verbal).
2. Specify how the predicate is expressed:
   • simple - what form of the verb;
   • compound verb - what it consists of;
   • compound nominal - what connection is used, how the nominal part is expressed.

In a sentence that has homogeneous members.

If we have a simple sentence, then when parsing it, it should be noted what kind of homogeneous members of the sentence are and how they are related to each other. Either through intonation, or intonation with conjunctions.

In sentences with separate members:

If we have a simple sentence, then when parsing it, it should be noted what the turnover will be. Next, we analyze the words that are included in this turnover by the members of the sentence.

In sentences with isolated members of speech:

First, we note that in this sentence, there is a direct speech. We indicate the direct speech and the text of the author. We analyze, explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way and not otherwise. We draw the scheme of the offer.

In a compound sentence:

First, we indicate which sentence for the purpose of the statement is interrogative, declarative or incentive. Find in the offer simple sentences, we highlight the grammatical basis in them.

We find unions with the help of which simple sentences are connected in a complex one. We note what kind of unions they are - adversative, connecting or dividing. We determine the meaning of this entire compound sentence - opposition, alternation or enumeration. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way. Then each simple sentence that makes up the complex one must be parsed in the same way as a simple sentence is parsed.

In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (one)

First, we indicate what the sentence is in terms of the purpose of the statement. We single out the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex one. Let's read them.

We name which sentence is the main one, and which is subordinate. We explain what kind of complex sentence it is, pay attention to how it is built, how the subordinate clause to the main clause is connected and what it refers to.

We explain why the punctuation marks in this sentence are arranged in this way. Then, the subordinate and main clauses must be parsed, in the same way as simple sentences are parsed.

In a complex sentence with subordinate clauses (several)

We call what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We single out the grammatical basis of all the simple sentences that make up the complex one, and read them out. We indicate which sentence is the main one, and which is subordinate. It is necessary to indicate what the subordination in the sentence is - either it parallel subordination, either sequential or homogeneous. If there is a combination of several types of subordination, this should be noted. We explain why, in this way, punctuation marks are placed in the sentence. And, at the end, we analyze the subordinate and main clauses as simple sentences.

In a complex non-union sentence:

We call what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We find the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up this complex sentence. We read them out, call the number of simple sentences that make up the complex one. We determine what the meaning is the relationship between simple sentences. It can be - sequence, cause with effect, opposition, simultaneity, explanation or addition.

We note what are the features of the structure of this sentence, what kind of complex sentence it is. How are simple words connected in this sentence and what do they refer to.

We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way.

In a complex sentence in which there are different types of communication.

We call what, according to the purpose of the statement, this sentence is. We find and highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex one, read them out. We establish that this proposal will be a proposal in which there are different types connections. Why? We determine what connections are present in this sentence - allied coordinating, subordinating, or any other.

By meaning, we establish how in complex sentence formed simple. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way. We analyze all simple sentences that make up a complex one in the same way as a simple sentence is parsed.

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