Structural and logical scheme of student training. Example of a structural logic diagram

Annotation. The article is devoted to questionsensuring economic security. The author considers the option of creating an economic security service.
Keywords: economic security, threats, ensuring economic security.

At present, the importance of such an aspect of the functioning of an enterprise as economic security is steadily increasing. Ensuring economic security is the basis for the existence of any economic entity in modern conditions. At the same time, the economic security of an enterprise is interpreted as an opportunity to effectively achieve the main goal of its activity in a market economy - to make a profit - due to the precise performance by the enterprise of its functions under the influence of internal and external threats. The concept of "security threat" reflects such changes in the external and internal environment subject that lead to a negative change in the subject of security. Threats can be those components economic system enterprises, the parameters of which may go beyond the allowable interval.

There are various classifications of threats to the economic security of an enterprise. In relation to the subject, threats can be external and internal. External due to exposure external environment- political and economic instability, aggravation of global environmental issues, unpredictable reaction of trading partners, etc.; internal - the state of the enterprise itself. At the same time, internal factors can either strengthen or weaken the effect of external threats, and vice versa.

They also distinguish real, already occurred changes, and potential ones that can occur under certain conditions. There are threats that are purposefully created by other actors, and that arise spontaneously, which are caused by the consequences random events. Threats can be indirect, act under certain additional conditions, and manifest themselves directly, directly causing negative changes. There are threats that generate negative changes at short time intervals (in turn, they are regular and sporadic), and promising ones, the manifestation of which can occur after a long period of time after the occurrence of this threat. They, in turn, are divided into economic, political, social and environmental. The identified threats can be classified as partially amenable to neutralization and not amenable to conscious control.

Greatest practical use to date, has found a classification of threats to economic security according to the sphere of their occurrence. In this context, the following threats are distinguished:

The enterprise as a whole - financial insolvency, incompetent management or damage to reputation (leading to insolvency);

Information - leakage of strategically important information;

Material assets - physical disappearance (destruction or loss) or damage;

Intangible assets - their liquidation (for example, revocation of a license, non-renewal of a certificate, etc.);

Finance - loss;

Development prospects - unfavorable market conditions.

Of course, these threats are not mutually exclusive, but intersect with each other. Any classification is arbitrary to some extent.

Threats to the economic security of an enterprise, depending on the source of occurrence, are divided into objective and subjective. Objective ones arise without the participation and in addition to the will of the enterprise or its employees, independent of decisions taken, the manager's actions are the state of the financial situation, scientific discoveries, force majeure, etc. They must be recognized and must be taken into account in management decisions. Subjective threats are generated by intentional or unintentional actions of people, various bodies and organizations, including state and international enterprises of competitors. Therefore, their prevention is largely associated with the impact on the subjects of economic relations.

In general, the sources of threats to economic security can be:

1) external sources:

Market - change in demand, exchange rates, product line, cost of loans, increased competition;

Unfair competition and other illegal actions of third parties directed against the enterprise;

Threats to the reputation of the enterprise for country, political, religious and other reasons emanating from the authorities state power and public organizations;

Industrial disasters, accidents, terrorist attacks, natural disasters.

2) internal:

Personnel - disclosure of confidential information, deliberate violations of control procedures for the purpose of theft, negligence, sabotage;

Imperfection of the mechanism of control procedures (lack of necessary control, ignorance of their personnel).

The factors of economic security of an enterprise are a set of environmental conditions that affect the security parameters. These factors are divided into internal and external. External factors can be divided into three subgroups:

1) macroeconomic: the stage of development of the country's economy, the stability of economic legislation, the level of inflation, parity of currencies, the purchasing power of the population, the state financial system, public policy(antimonopoly, investment, tax, innovation, regulatory, foreign economic, pricing);

2) market: consumer and industrial demand, the level of prices for raw materials and finished products, the dynamics of competition in the region and industry, the behavior of competitors, market capacity, solvency of counterparties;

3) other: rates scientific technical progress, demographic trends, crime situation, natural and climatic factors, etc.

The totality of internal factors of economic security can be divided into the following groups:

1) financial: structure and liquidity of assets, capital structure, provision with own working capital, level of profitability, profitability of investment projects, dividend policy;

2) production: the use of working capital and fixed assets, the state and structure of fixed assets, the quality control system, the cost structure;

3) personnel: organizational structure of management, motivation of personnel, availability of a development strategy, qualifications and structure of personnel, pay parameters, level of rationalization activity, social events;

4) logistics: the level of diversification of the supply of raw materials, the quality of the supplied raw materials, the rhythm of supplies, the use of modern technologies;

5) investment and technological: research and development, the availability of investment resources, the level of innovative activity;

6) marketing: product range, pricing policy, portfolio of orders, degree of diversification of consumers, policy of settlements with consumers, readiness of shipped products, marketing research;

7) environmental: introduction of new technologies, implementation of environmental protection measures.

Enterprise security service - important structural subdivision organized by the administration to ensure the security of economic, technical and technological, legal, commercial, physical and regime components of the enterprise. The security service is structural unit directly involved in the operation of the enterprise. its structure and staff are determined by the head of the enterprise, depending on the characteristics of the activity and its scale. Appointment to the post of head of the security service, as well as his dismissal, is carried out by the head of the enterprise.

The structure of the security service is determined based on the results of the analysis of the functions of ensuring economic security. Its main functions include the following:

Organizational and managerial - impact on the formation and improvement organizational structure management, assistance in organizing the coordination and interaction of individual parts of the management system to achieve the organizational goals;

Planning and production - development of integrated programs and individual special target plans for ensuring the safety of the enterprise;

Social and personnel - participation in the placement of personnel, the prevention and localization of intra-organizational conflicts, the creation of a healthy working environment in the team;

Administrative and administrative - preparation of decisions on the organization and operation of corporate system security, defining the powers, duties, rights and responsibilities of employees in the field of security;

Economic and administrative - participation in planning and allocation of resources necessary for effective solution enterprise security tasks, in the preparation and implementation of security measures;

Accounting and control - determining the most important directions financial and economic activities and work on organizing the timely detection of internal and external threats to the financial stability and stability of the enterprise, assessing their sources, establishing control over critical factors, keeping records of negative factors;

Organizational and technical - material, technical and financial support of the enterprise security system;

Scientific and methodological - accumulation and development excellence security, training of staff, scientific study of emerging security issues, methodological support of activities in this area;

Information-analytical - targeted collection, storage and processing of information in the field of security.

The formation of the enterprise security service is carried out on the basis of the developed documents (charter and instructions), which formulate the goals, objectives and responsibilities of the service.

The purpose of the functioning of the security service for the enterprise is to timely identify and neutralize the conditions and causes that contribute to the infliction of possible damage.

The list of the main tasks of the security service is determined by the need to achieve this goal and represents the requirements for the implementation of measures in the following areas:

Ensuring the protection of the property of the enterprise;

Ensuring the safety of personnel;

Ensuring the protection of trade secrets, etc.

The structure of the enterprise security service and its staff is determined in accordance with the goals, objectives and functions of security. Its activities should be aimed at complete solution the tasks noted above based on the developed strategy and the application of a wide range of tactics preparation and implementation of security measures.

The security service should carry out the development of security regimes, the establishment and maintenance of these regimes, as well as control over their observance. It may include substructures internal security, economic intelligence, physical protection, etc. As part of the security service of an enterprise, information-analytical and auxiliary divisions, as well as other organizational units in the areas of security, can also be formed, temporary structures are created with the involvement of third-party specialists to solve complex problems. challenging tasks security, determined by specific goals and the prevailing situation.

The relationship of the security service with other divisions and services of the enterprise is determined by a special charter and organizational and administrative documents on the issues of these relations, which are drawn up in the form of orders and orders of the enterprise management.

The responsibility of the security service to the management of the enterprise, its divisions and the workforce is determined in accordance with the functions. She and her employees bear legal, disciplinary and financial responsibility for the results of their work. The security service is given the opportunity to use its full potential to solve security problems.

The activity of the security service is to create the necessary organizational, material and legal conditions for the detection, suppression and prevention of encroachments on property, favorable commercial conditions, intellectual property and scientific achievements, sustainability of economic relations, industrial discipline, socio-psychological environment, technological leadership, protected information.

Organizational conditions are formed on the basis of developing, building and maintaining high efficiency of the overall organizational structure for managing the process of identifying and suppressing threats to the enterprise, using an effective mechanism to stimulate its optimal functioning, and appropriate training and education of personnel.

Material conditions are created through the allocation and use of financial, human, intellectual, technical, information and other resources that ensure the timely identification, suppression or weakening of internal and external sources threats, prevention and localization of possible damage and the creation of favorable opportunities and conditions for the enterprise. These resources fill organizational measures with the necessary material content, creating real basis development of the enterprise security system.

The creation of legal conditions consists in the development, interpretation and implementation of the rules of law, the establishment of the limits of their validity, the formation of the necessary legal relations, the determination and provision of lawful behavior of the enterprise personnel in relation to its criminological security, the use of measures of state and administrative coercion, the application of sanctions against physical and legal entities infringing on the legitimate interests of the enterprise, the constant improvement of the legal technology of the security service.

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supervisor: Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor Volkova M.N.

As a result of studying this chapter, students should:

know

• - the nature and essence of threats to economic security;
• - methods for assessing the level of threats and risks of economic security;
• - the main directions of prevention of threats to the economic security of the country;

be able to

• - identify and analyze internal and external threats to economic security;
• - carry them out ranging by the probability of implementation and the amount of damage;
• - develop measures to localize and neutralize threats to economic security;

own

• - skills to identify and eliminate the causes and conditions that contribute to the emergence of threats to economic security;
• - threshold values ​​of economic security;
• - methods of localization and neutralization of threats to economic security.

Keywords: threats to economic security, risks to economic security, methods for assessing the level of threats to economic security, neutralization of threats to economic security.

The essence and classification of threats to the security of the economy

Threats to economic security scientific category does not exist in isolation. The problem of determining threats to economic security directly depends on how the subject of security is defined and the vital interests of the individual, society and the state are singled out. Only after that it is possible to understand what is essentially a danger to life in general and economic, in particular, and to identify the sources of risks, challenges and threats.

"Danger" in broad sense The word is characterized by the presence and action of destructive forces (factors) that have a destabilizing character in relation to the object of danger. These factors are those forces that can cause specific system specified damage, incapacitating or destroying it completely.

AT narrower sense dangers vary, but degree of danger or level of their development. This refers to how, on the one hand, the danger is relevant, and on the other hand, the magnitude of its scale. There is no clear and even more strictly quantitative difference here, but it is possible to determine some qualitative difference in the states of danger. Yes, in the very general view one can distinguish between potential and actually manifested, “hanging” danger. Therefore, expert analysts sometimes write about a brewing, growing (increasing) and threatening danger.

In this regard, in the theory of economic security, the concept of “threat” arose as a certain moment in the development of danger, its highest degree. The danger can be of varying degrees, come from a large number sources, act on many objects. The threat is directed towards a specific object, receives a high degree exacerbation and comes from a well-defined source that has potential opportunity and intention to act in a certain way.

If we interpret the danger as a certain probability of receiving damage, then when this value approaches 100%, the danger will accordingly develop into a threat. This means that there are cases when a danger may exist, but there will not yet be a threat, but under certain conditions the danger can reach the character of a threat.

Therefore, risks, challenges and threats can be considered as different levels of danger. In this series of terms, risks are lowest level dangers, and threats - the highest.

The most important aspect of economic security policy in economic sphere consists in the successful application of technologies for turning threats into challenges, and, accordingly, challenges into risks. When risks are transformed into challenges, and the latter turn into threats, this indicates serious problems in the system of economic security.

Some scientists do not distinguish between these categories, justifying this with their single target setting. Others, on the contrary, believe that “threat” and “danger” cannot be identified, despite the fact that both concepts refer to the same phenomenon or action. Their main argument is the difference in quality and quantitative characteristics the circumstance that has a negative impact.

Despite the similar etymological meaning of the concepts - the possibility of causing one or another damage to the activity of the subject - there are obvious differences between them.

First, the degree of readiness to cause damage or harm is higher for a “threat” than for a “danger”. If we consider the process of development of a contradiction, then the stage of its inception is the stage of the formation of danger, in which the subject can, but is not yet ready to use force. In the future, as a result of the transition of the contradiction to the stage of extreme aggravation, the “danger” develops into a “threat”, when the subject already intends to apply force.

Secondly, “threat” is distinguished by its specificity, which implies the presence of its subject and object, while “danger” is potential, hypothetical in nature and can spread to many objects at the same time.

Thirdly, for the realization of the "danger" it is necessary to create conditions "favorable" for saturating the contradiction and a time interval, while for the realization of the threat there is only a need for time, during which the subject will decide on the use of force.

Given the identified differences, we can conclude that the threat to the economic security of an object is the intention and ability of the subject to cause damage in accordance with the goal, while danger is only the possibility of causing damage. If we consider the purpose of the subject's activity from the standpoint of protection against threats, then objects economic security will be represented by economic interests, in relation to which subject precautionary measures and actions will be taken.

The above reasoning applies to any security problem. in different historical periods the relative importance of various threats to economic security is changing.

To understand deeper meaning of threats to economic security it must be emphasized that object mentioned threats are national economic interests. Satisfaction of national economic interests takes place within the framework of the processes of interaction of various external and internal social forces.

These processes act in the form of confrontation or cooperation, which can be seen as a form of struggle for existence through direct and indirect competition between different subjects. different levels. In the field of economics, such competition appears in the form competition, and outside this sphere - in the form of confrontation. The form, direction and characteristics of this confrontation or cooperation are determined by the content of national interests, which are relatively constant.

It is precisely such clashes in the course of the implementation of national economic interests that give rise to the phenomenon of threats to economic security.

In Strategy national security Russian Federation a threat to national security is defined as "a set of conditions and factors that create a direct or indirect possibility of causing damage to national interests." A threat to national security can be characterized as the possibility of the activity of the subject of the threat, which clearly requires a defensive reaction, unconditional measures to protect it.

It should be noted that practice (both domestic and foreign) has not yet formed a single, universally recognized approach to the concept of threat. In this regard, close in meaning, but different in degree, the concepts of "danger" and "threat" are often used as synonyms in official documents and journalism. Sometimes, even in spite of the obvious difference in the levels of meanings, danger is defined using the concept of threat: “Danger in emergency- a state in which a threat of occurrence has been created or is likely to occur damaging factors and impacts of the source of emergency situations on the population, facilities National economy and the environment natural environment in the emergency zone" 1 .

The concept of public security in the Russian Federation defines a threat to public security as "a direct or indirect possibility of damaging the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the material and spiritual values ​​of society."

Threat to economic security- this is the danger of the activity of the subject of the threat, which prevents the realization of national interests, in other words, it is an encroachment on the national interest, as well as the intention to harm it. The threat to national security is inextricably linked with one or another existing national interest. Outside this system of interests, a threat is simply a danger. In addition, the threat is necessarily associated with the activities of a certain specific subject that realizes its interests. The latter are the source of the threat.

The threat to economic security puts barriers to the freedom of choice for a particular individual, and for the country - the possibilities of action in a particular area of ​​the economy. In the process of implementation and achievement of national goals in connection with the threat, the selected proportions of means (resources) and methods are violated, it is carried out psychologically negative impact on the control system, i.e. to the decision making system. This increases the risks of achieving national goals in the economic sphere.

Modern researchers and experts distinguish various degrees destructive influences.

• - the emergence of a risk zone - the likelihood of creating an environment that can generate danger;
• - challenge - actions of a provocative nature or pressure;
• - danger (in the narrow sense of the word) - the actual possibility of causing harm and causing damage;
• Threat - A clear intent to cause harm.

The nature and extent of the content of the threat are determined by:

• - affected interests of the country, which reflects the significance of this threat;
• - the existing circumstances of one's own vulnerability or security, which determines the possible potential damage in the event of a threat being realized;
• - time and place of occurrence of negative conditions and factors;
• - intentions, capabilities and will on the part of the subject of the threat -

an existing competitor (opponent).

The last two conditions determine realizable threat probability.

In practice, to adequately ensure economic security important role plays typology of security threats, i.e. built according to certain criteria, the division into individual types(kinds). This helps to improve the organization of countering existing threats, taking into account their specific features.

The typology of security threats is shown in fig. 4.1.

Depending on the location of your source Threats are internal and external. If the threat of causing harm or damage arises from our state or fellow citizens, then it acts as internal threat. If the threat comes from another state, as well as its citizens, in whatever place they may be, such a threat is considered external. The division of threats into these types has practical value, despite the fact that in recent times the nature of many threats is becoming integrated and cross-border.

Depending on the degree of formation distinguish between potential and real threats. Potential Threat is the origin of danger, the formation of certain prerequisites (possibilities) for causing harm. The Real Threat - this is an already formed phenomenon, when only one or a few factors and conditions are not enough to cause harm.

Depending on the subjective perception of the threat, it can be imaginary, overestimated, underestimated, and, finally, adequate. Imaginary - it is a false, far-fetched or artificially formed threat, with no real prerequisites for existence in reality.

Under overpriced threat is understood as one whose parameters are lower than perceived human consciousness, respectively understated - the actual threat is higher than the perceived human perception. When adequate threats, the real values ​​of its parameters exactly correspond to their subjective perception.

Depending on the the nature of its manifestation threats are natural (natural) and anthropogenic:

• - natural hazards are a collection natural phenomena arising in nature and carrying danger, regardless of human activity;
• - anthropogenic threats are formed in the process of a certain impact on environment person.

Threats are also classified in scale, since they can manifest themselves at different levels (scales): global, national, regional and local (or local).

For the Russian Federation, which has a large territory and a complex vertical of control, it is advisable to classify them according to the magnitude and depth of the potential impact. For this reason, they are divided into federal emerging and manifesting themselves throughout the country, regional operating on a regional scale, economic regions, federal districts, subjects of the Federation, and local updated only within the boundaries of the municipality.

Rice. 4.1.

Since threats are diverse in nature and can cause ambiguous (different in significance, as well as duration and volume) consequences, they can appear and disappear, increase and decrease, and at the same time their significance from the point of view of economic security will change, in connection with this for the optimal distribution of available resources while ensuring security, it is necessary to correctly determine and predict the priority of threats.

As a rule, the nature, scale and severity of threats are determined by a specific situation. In modern conditions, despite the pronounced opposition of the powers, in our country, the prerequisites for reliable prevention of both external and internal threats to economic security, dynamic development of the economy with the aim of turning the Russian Federation into one of the highly developed powers in terms of technological progress and quality indicators the standard of living of its population.

• Reliability technical systems and technological risk. URL: http://www.obzh.ru/nad/predislovie.html (date of access: 10/31/2016).
• Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 14, 2013 No. Pr-2685.

testing training base task

In order to control the knowledge of students in full and at a given level of assimilation, it is important for the teacher to know what educational elements students need to master the selected unit. educational material. An educational element (UE) is any object to be studied (subject, process, phenomenon, method of action) (1).

It is convenient to determine the information of the topic to be studied, and, accordingly, to control, to divide it into educational elements and to highlight the structural links between them conveniently with the help of structural logic diagram- graph and specifications (2). For each educational element, the specification indicates the level of assimilation, that is, the purpose of its study is specified. This stage of test design is especially important because teachers, depending on their experience, the material and technical support of the subject, can set learning goals higher than the requirements of the profession standard.

In the graph, learning elements (UE) are represented as vertices, and connections are represented as edges. The vertices are placed on horizontal lines called orders. One order includes educational elements united by a certain commonality. Educational elements are indicated by Arabic numerals. The names of the learning elements and characteristics of the goals are recorded in the specification.

When developing a structural-logical scheme, you need to keep in mind (2):

The number of orders is determined by the compiler for reasons of full coverage by the scheme of all educational elements of the topic;

The number of educational elements included in one order is not limited;

Any learning element is not considered part of the learning element higher order or as the sum of elements of the lowest order;

Edges can intersect order horizontals;

They show only the main connection of the educational element with one of the higher order elements;

Do not single out an educational element if it alone has a connection with an element of a higher order;

Do not distinguish a separate order if it includes only one element;

Structural diagram and specification show only the structure and content of the topic, so when building a diagram, you need to completely abstract from determining the sequence of presentation of educational elements.

The sequence of actions in drawing up the structural-logical diagram will be as follows:

Determine the name of the first educational element - the name of the topic;

Determine the number of orders and their sequence. Usually, the main concepts (subtopics) that need to be learned in order to fully master the topic are distinguished as orders. For example, in order for a student to master the topic "basic data structures" from the course programming languages, he must know 1) data structures, 2) data types, 3) data subgroups. In this case, three orders will be distinguished;

Prepare the basis for filling in the structural-logical diagram. Draw horizontal lines on a piece of paper according to the number of accepted orders. Prepare specification form;

Fill in the horizontals of orders with educational elements, numbering them with Arabic numerals and at the same time writing down the names of educational elements in the specification;

Compare the written out educational elements with the text of the standard or the program in the subject;

Fill in the column of the specification "Levels of assimilation of educational elements".

In some cases, it is more convenient for teachers to present the content of the topic in the form of a structural-logical diagram. In such a scheme, sometimes called a "pyramid", the top is the name of the scheme. Lower order are the main questions that must be considered in order to study the topic in its entirety. Each of the main questions also includes content elements that reveal it. The basic rules for compiling and the meaning of the structural-logical diagram as a whole coincide with the rules for compiling and the meaning of the graph.

A structural-logical diagram or a graph allows the teacher to see the entire volume and interconnection of the educational elements of the content, to know which learning elements compose test tasks and what level of mastery should be tested for each learning element.