Define what a sacrament is. Separation of syntactically constructions

Communion is special independent part speech in Russian, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from the verb, but answers questions characteristic of the adjective: what ?, what does ?, what did ?, what did ?. School pupils and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of sacrament. It's permanent morphological trait participles, it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of communion and avoid mistakes, it is important to use the advice and follow the algorithm.

Determine the type of attachment. Recommendations

1. First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part speech combines the features of an adjective and a verb. View can be passive and real. Either the object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
   • real participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reading - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
     
   • the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
     
2. You can determine the type of participle by asking appropriate questions to it:
   • what did he do? doing what?- questions of real communion;
     
   • what's being done?- the question of the passive participle.
     
   remember, that this way checks must be combined with a more academic one: on formal grounds that indicate the appearance. However, this method will help you initially focus on certain kind, and then check whether the participle corresponds to it by highlighting the suffix in it.
   
3. Put the participle in full or short form. Notice if the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember important feature type of this part of speech:
   • the real participle in Russian has only a full form, it cannot be put in a short form without violating language norms;
     
   • passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable - readable.
     
   If your sacrament does not have a short form, it is valid. Sometimes the short form of the passive participle may seem archaic, but you will see that it is quite consistent with the norms of the language. For example: breakable - breakable.

   Real participles are shortened only in some dialects, choosing for this individual words. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
   

4. Please note: passive participles in short form change in Russian by number and gender. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
   
5. Sort the sacrament by composition. It is advisable to make a complete analysis of the word by composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the sacrament that is its formal species attribute. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
   • real participles: suffixes -ash-, -usch-, -yashch-, -sh-, -vsh-;
     
   • passive participles: suffixes -em-, -nn-, -enn-.
     
6. Draw your own summary table of signs of the type of sacrament. Put it all in useful information about different methods of determining the type of this part of speech: on questions, suffixes, the presence of short and full forms. Furnish your table own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the species of the participle, and you will quickly remember all the information by using different types memory.
   
7. Please note that some participles have long passed into another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be parsed as adjectives.
   

Algorithm for determining the species affiliation of the participle
How to determine the type of sacrament correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.

1. Write down on a separate sheet of communion, the type of which you need to determine.
   
2. Remember your table and begin to consider words in accordance with it. To begin, ask a question before the sacrament.
   
3. Check if this participle has a short, long form.
   
4. Disassemble the word by composition. Select the suffix and find out what form it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
   
5. Check yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: is it an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs with an object? Make final conclusions and write down the type of sacrament.
   

Follow the recommendations, determine the type of sacrament according to the algorithm, then you can do the job correctly.

Among scientists there is no single definition of participle within the framework of lexico-grammatical classes. Some linguists consider it a special form of the verb. Others, agreeing with academician L. V. Shcherba, call the sacrament independent part speech. There are some experts who define participle as a verbal adjective. V. I. Dal spoke of him as a part of speech, "participated in the verb in the form of an adjective."

However, the verb form

School textbooks reflect different points vision. However, if we consider the participle as a special form of the verb, then it is easier to immediately distinguish it from other parts of speech and write without errors. The very name "communion" characterizes it as something attached to something, and not independent.

Meaning

So, participle is a special form of the verb. It designates, as well as an object, but only according to its action. Questions for the sacrament: "what?" (as an adjective), as well as "what is he doing?", "what is he doing?", "what is he doing?".

Some linguists define the participle as a "hybrid" intraverbal form denoting an action expressed as a sign of an object.

Morphological characteristics

Participles have signs of two independent parts of speech at once - a verb and an adjective. The participle received all the constant signs "inherited" from the verb, and the changeable ones - from the adjective.

Immutable or permanent features

Communion is perfect and not perfect look.

· It can be transitive and intransitive.

Communion can be returnable and irrevocable.

The word can stand in tense: present, past, future.

Has a passive or active voice.

Changeable or non-permanent features

The participle changes form according to:

with middle, male and feminine;

with plural and singular;

with six cases

Passive participles can be both in full and in short form.

In a sentence

The syntactic function of participles is determined by the completeness and brevity of the form: full participles - definition or part compound predicate, short can only be a predicate.

How to distinguish between passive and active participles

We know that the participle expresses only the sign that is associated with the action. A knowledgeable specialist is one who knows. Checked notebooks are those notebooks that have been checked. As we can see from the example, 2 states are possible: the object performs the action itself, or another object performs the action on the object. Therefore, all participles are divided into two groups:

1. Valid, naming the sign of the object that performs the action: a yellowing (which turns yellow) leaf.

2. Passive, denoting such a sign that undergoes the action of another object: a problem solved (by whom? - by me).

What is the difference between full and short participles

Let's compare two constructions: "Created by the efforts of cybernetics artificial intelligence” and “An artificial mind has been created through the efforts of cybernetics.” In the first case, the participle "created" is full, in the second ("created") it is short. In sentences they play different role. The full participle is a definition, and the short participle is a predicate. If we want to decline both participles in cases, we will see that this can only be done with the full form. One letter "n" is written in short participle suffixes, and two "n" - in full forms. What they have in common is that both forms are able to change, firstly, by gender, and secondly, by numbers. Distinguish short participles from similar adjectives because they are spelled differently.

How the sacraments are made

All participles arise from verbs, but their various forms depend on aspect and transitivity.

All 4 forms of participles (active and passive in the present and past tense) can only be produced from transitive and imperfective verbs. For example: meet - meeting (d. p., present time), meeting (d. p., past time) met (s. p., present time), met (s. p., past . vr.).

How to distinguish a participle from a verbal adjective

There is a group of adjectives that are formed, like participles, from a verb. What is the difference? If an object participates in an action and time and appearance matter to it, then this is a participle: to captivate - enthusiastic. AT this example you can determine the perfect form and the past tense, therefore, we have a participle. The definition in the phrases “boiled beets”, “frozen fish” indicates a result that has become permanent, the type and time are not relevant for it, which means that we have a verbal adjective.

What is participial turnover

We have defined the sacrament and considered its possible forms. However, this lexico-grammatical unit can participate in a syntactic construction called participle turnover. If the participle has dependent words (tokens to which we ask a question), then we are dealing with a participial turnover. In a sentence, it always plays the role of a definition. Let's compare: "duck swimming" and "duck swimming in the lake". In the first case, there is a definition participle"floating". In the second example, the participle has a dependent word: floating (where?) in the lake. The definition is expressed by participial turnover.

How to place commas

Which were given above, differ from the definitions expressed by participle turnovers, punctuation. As part of a sentence, the turnover is separated by commas, but only if it follows the word being defined. Let's compare 2 constructions in which the word being defined is “snowflakes”: “snowflakes swirling in the air” and “snowflakes swirling in the air”. However, this nuance does not apply to morphology; it is the subject of a separate discussion.

1. Define the sacrament.

Participle is an independent part of speech that answers the questions what? which? which? which? and designates a sign of an object by action. Participles are formed from verbs and have verb signs: aspect and tense (present and past). For example: laugh - laughing (non-native view, current v.), shout - shouted (perfect view, past v.).
Change in numbers, cases and in singular by birth: laughing (girl) - singular, female, I.p.; waving (flag) - singular, m.p., etc.; blue (lake) - singular, cf., D.p.; written (essays) - pl., R.p. Textbooks and notebooks are stacked (predicate) in a briefcase.

2. What is the difference between real and passive participles?

Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a fluttering (which flutters) butterfly, a laughing (who laughed) child. Passive participles denote a sign of an object that is affected by another object: dishes washed (by whom? - by mother), dishes told by (grandfather) story.
Passive participles can be short, real participles are not.

3. What do full and short participles have in common and how do they differ?

General: they vary by number and gender (singular): the suit is ironed (m.r., singular), the skirt is ironed (f.r., singular), the dress is ironed (cf., singular), trousers ironed (pl.).
Differences: 1. Short participles do not change by case. 2. Full participles can be different members of the sentence, short participles can only be a predicate.

4. What rules should be followed when writing vowels in the suffixes -usch- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-)? In suffixes -em- (-im-)?

For correct spelling vowels in suffixes real and passive participles present tense, it is necessary to determine the conjugation of the verb from which they are formed. If the verb belongs to the I conjugation, you should write the suffix -usch- (-yusch-) real participles(piercing, swaying), -em- - in passive participles (forwarded). If the verb is conjugated II, then the suffix -ash- (-yash-) - (breathing, adhesive) is written for real participles, and the suffix -im- (visible) is written for passive participles.

5. In what cases in passive participles is written a (i) before one and two letters n, in which - e?

To determine the spelling of the vowel before n and nn in passive participles, you need to look at what ends indefinite form verbs from which these participles are formed. For example, draw - drawn (drawn), dispel - dispelled (dispelled), offend - offended (offended). If the verb ends in -it-, then you need to write the vowel e: spread - spread out (spread out).

6. How many letters n are written in full and short passive participles?
In full passive participles, two letters n are written, in short ones - one: read (book), (book) read.

7. When is one and two letters n written in the suffixes of passive participles and adjectives formed from verbs?
NN is written:
1. in the suffixes of participles formed from verbs of the perfect and imperfect form, if they are the main word of the participial turnover (that is, they have explanatory words): drawn (by the artist's picture), knitted (mittens with knitting needles);
2. in participle suffixes formed from perfective verbs: broken wheel, problem solved;
3. in short suffixes verbal adjectives that lost the meaning of time and acquired the meaning permanent feature: people are excited (restless), the girl is well-mannered (cultured);
4. in participles that have a prefix other than NOT;
5. in participles that have the suffix -ova-, -eva-, -irova-.
N is written:
1. in suffixes of short passive participles: the houses are built, the task is completed, the picture is drawn;
2. in the suffixes of verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs that do not have explanatory words: broken line, dried meat, dried mushrooms.

8. Talk about spelling without participles.

Written separately:
1. with short participles(The walls are not painted.);
2. with full participles:
a) if they have dependent words (Walls not painted by workers);
b) if there is a contrast with the union a (Not painted, but pasted walls).
They are written together with full participles:
1. if they are not used without not (raging storm);
2. if they do not have dependent words and opposition with the union a (non-ceasing noise, unopened book).

9. What is participle turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter?

Participle turnover is a participle with a dependent word. The sentence emphasizes as one member of the sentence - the definition.
It is separated by commas in the letter if it is after the word being defined. For example: Birds preparing to fly away began to gather in flocks. Birds preparing to fly away began to gather in flocks.

What is the most participle turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter? On the territory of the image ... oh to the garden with .. Deliver brother and sisters. From the garden to the b ... windows ran Sergei jumping over three steps and stopped at the railing. The round roof of the gazebo and the six columns, very peeling, were reflected in the (dark) green pond. The water in the pond was covered with leaves fallen from the trees that grew along its banks.

What is the most participle turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter? On the territory formed by the garden, a brother and sisters were sitting. Sergei ran from the garden to the baokon, jumping over three steps, and stopped at the railing. The round roof of the gazebo and six columns, badly peeling, were reflected in the dark green pond. The water in the pond was covered with leaves that had fallen from the trees that grew along its banks.

4. Recall the rules for writing suffixes of present participles Stele .. climbing plant, naked .. climbing shrub, cloak ... winding sea, grass, oscillating ... ma I am the wind, bud. wind, galloping riders, breathing easily, building ... a building under construction. A creeping plant, a bare bush, a cloaking sea, grass, I am swayed by the wind, a barely dawning dawn, horsemen galloping driven by the wind, breathing easily, a building under construction.

5. In what cases is A (I) written before N or NN in strange participles, and in which - E? Zase ... now fields, shore, studded .. with pebbles, washed ... now hands, potash ... her fire, pumping out ... I’m pumping water from the pond, pumping out .. not a wheel. Now the fields are sown, the shore dotted with pebbles, my hands are not lathered, the fire is extinguished, I pump out water from the pond, the wheel is rolled out.

6. How many N are written in the suffixes of short and full participles? 7. When is Н and НН written with suffixes of strange participles and verbal adjectives? Along the empty ... th shore, dotting ... with pebbles, polish ... for her waves, countries ... for her peace, soak ... and I floors .... with the smell of the road, tired ... with the sun, weeds, gathered ... for bonfires, the room is tired ... but, broom ... her step Along the deserted shore, dotted with pebbles, polished by waves, strangely calm, I am saturated with the smell of sagebrush, the road is tired not by the sun, weeds collected for fires, the room is tired ... but, a sweeping step

8. Not with participles. The sea, (not) having boundaries, (not) experienced agitation before, (not) rolled out winding, but rumbling thunder, (not) gone beyond the horizon, cat-where (not) covered with clouds, I led (not) dug to the house, but trampled (n, n) and I'm a path. The sea, which has no boundaries, has not previously experienced excitement, not rolled out, but rumbling thunder, which has not gone beyond the horizon, where it is not covered with clouds, I did not lead to the house, but I trodden path.

“Not with participles” Separately Together 1. With short participles The meeting is not over (kr. adjectives) 2. With full participles, in which there are dependent words or opposition with the union A The meeting is not finished, but started. Meeting not started on time. 1. With full participles, if not used without. a perplexed look 2. With full participles, if they have no dependent words and there is no opposition with the union A The meeting is not completed. When?

Homework 1. Write off the text. (slide 12) Insert missing letters and commas. Graphically indicate all spellings and participial phrases. 2. Repeat morphological analysis communion. From the text, make out one real and one strange participle.

Anton is delighted ... with their eyes he looks at his father's cabin. I was tired of a small room .. and I was very comfortable with only the necessary furniture. (C, h) everything here was (un) ordinary. Above the bunk there is a feast ... oh wool ... with a blanket, in ... the village of writing ... and I oil ... with them paints to ... a picture that I depicted the wind ... a mill under a straw .. oh roof, a meadow full of flowers. (Not) ordinary, but specially attached ... shelves to the wall vm..shawls a lot of interesting (sn, t) things. On one of them, there was a letter ... her device next to it lay ... a stack of books in leather ... bindings. Among them, the boy saw books dedicated to the history of the sea and ships. One of the books caught his attention. On its cover was a drawing of a schooner running on the waves. Anton ra (ss, s) looked at her deck a small figure of a cabin boy. (Un)experienced…from earlier excitement over…the boy's body. He wanted to ra (ss, s) ask his father about the history of ... the schooner and the cabin boy.