Participle as part of a sentence. However, the verb form

In Russian lessons, we all studied the sacrament. However, linguists still do not have a common opinion about what a participle is. Some consider it a special form of the verb, others define the participle as independent part speech. Let's try to figure out what the sacrament is: the Russian language and its answers.

Participle Definition

Conventionally, a participle is called a special form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object or object by action, and answers the questions: which ?, which ?, which ?, which ?. In addition, the participle combines the features of both a verb and an adjective.

Participle and adjective

Participles have a lot in common with adjectives. Participles decline - agree with the noun in gender, number, case. initial form participles have the same characteristics - masculine, singular, nominative. For example, reflective, coloring, flying. Participles, like adjectives, have a short form.

Brief Communion

What is a short participle is another question that linguists ask when arguing that it is an adjective or a special part of speech. One way or another, the modern Russian language distinguishes two forms of participle - short and full. A short participle answers the questions: what is done?, what is done?, what is done?, what is done?.

For example, spilled - spilled, lost - lost. In a sentence, short participles are always a predicate: "the shop has been closed for several hours."

Short participles are formed from the full form by adding zero ending, as well as the endings "a", "o" and "s". For example, built - built; beveled - bevelled.

Participle and verb

Communion has common morphological properties and with verbs - recurrence, transitivity, aspect and tense. Moreover, unlike the verb, the participle does not have the forms of the future tense. But the forms of the present tense are only for participles, which are formed from verbs not perfect look. For example, sit - sitting.

The most difficult moments are connected with the question of what the past participle is, namely with their formation. You must remember the following rules:

The real past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes "vsh" or "sh", as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, hide - hidden; endure - endured.
Passive participles The past tense is formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes "nn", "enn" and "t", as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, do - done; contribute - contributed; shoe - shod.

Participle in a sentence

In a sentence, participles are a definition, less often a part of a compound nominal predicate. Participles with dependent words: nouns, adverbs or adjectives - form participial. In a sentence, he, as a rule, is separated by commas: “a dog that ran along the road”

There are two types of participles: active and passive.

What is a passive participle

Passive participles denote a sign that is present in an object after the impact of another object or object. For example, a problem solved by a student is a problem that a student solved; lost fight by a boxer - a fight that a boxer lost.

What is a real sacrament

Real participles denote a sign that is created by the actions of the object or object itself. For example, a suffering man is a man who suffers; a running horse is a horse that runs.

It is worth remembering that the participle can be translated into an adjective or a verb with dependent words. For example, a lying boy is a boy who was lying; trusted friend - true friend. Sometimes a short adjective can be formed from participles: a bewitching smile - a bewitching smile.

What is communion in church

The word "communion" can mean not only part of speech, but also the church rite of communion or the Eucharist.

During this rite, the believer must taste wine and bread, which symbolizes the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Communion or communion is carried out to enter into close contact with God, which gives a blessing.

AT different times communed different amount once. In the Middle Ages, Christians observed the Eucharist every day, and since the 19th century, this rite has been performed twice in a lifetime - after birth and before death.

Communion is special form verbs with the following features:

1. Denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions which? What is doing, what is doing?, what is done?.

2. Possesses morphological features verb and adjective.

The features of the verb are

Type (SV and NSV),

Transitivity (the sign is relevant for real participles),

recurrence,

Time (present and past).

Voice (active and passive).

AT school grammar the voice is considered as a sign that is not characteristic of all verbal forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the sign of the voice is seen in the verb in any form (cf.: Workers are building a house - The house is being built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb.

The features of the adjective are

Case (for full participles),

Completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).

3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in the sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, definition and nominal part compound nominal predicate (short participles - only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.

Transitive verbs can have forms of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only forms of real participles.

ST verbs have only past participles (that is, ST verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. Thus,

transitive verbs NSV have all 4 participles (reading, reading, reading, reading),

intransitive verbs NSV have 2 participles - real present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),

transitive verbs CB also have 2 participles - real and passive past tense (read, read).

intransitive verbs CB have only 1 participle form- the real participle of the past tense (overslept).

Valid participles

Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.

The real participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes

Usch-(-yushch-) for verbs of the I conjugation: run-yush-y, run-yush-y,

Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the II conjugation: lying-ash-th, hundred-box-th.

The real past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the basis of the past tense using suffixes

Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-y,

Sh- for verbs with a consonant stem: carried-sh-th.

Verbs can form real participles past tense from another stem:

Some verbs in -sti (lead, acquire) form the participles under consideration from the stem of the present / simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): having gained (the stem of the future tense has found-ut, the stem of the past has found-la), who led;

The verbs to go and fade form these participles from a special stem that is not equal to any other: walked-sh-th, fade-sh-th.

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive dried up, and the choice of the suffix is carried out in accordance with the above rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote a sign of the subject to which the action is directed: a book read by a boy.

Passive present participles are formed from the transitive verbs of the NSV, from the basis of the present tense with the help of the suffix

I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the I conjugation: read-em-th, ved-ohm-th,

Im- for verbs of II conjugation: store-im-th.

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: led and managed are formed from intransitive verbs to lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by the noun in the form not V. p., but T. p.: to manage, manage the plant).

The passive participles of the present tense do not have verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others.

The passive present participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (give-em-th).

The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.

Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from NSV verbs are few) from the stem of the past tense using suffixes

H (n) - from verbs on -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-th,

En (n) - from the bases to the consonant and -it: carried away-yonn-th, built,

T- from the bases to -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: close-t-th, ring-t-th, locked-t-th, bi-t-th, break-t- th.

Passive past participles are not formed in the verbs love, seek, take.

For some verbs in -sti, -st, passive past participles are formed from the basis of the present / future tense: given, acquired, spun, stolen.

Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -sya to the active form:

Passive participles have a full and short form: a letter written by me - a letter written by me. Brief participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, i.e., do not change in cases and appear in the sentence mainly in the function of the nominal part of the predicate.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb to burn with the help of the suffix -yash- the participle burning is formed, and with the help of the suffix -yuch- - the adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.

1. Participles denote a temporary sign of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in action, and adjectives denote constant feature subject (for example, “arising as a result of the action”, “capable of participating in the action”), cf .:

She was brought up in strict rules (= She was brought up in strict rules) - communion;

She was educated, educated (= She was educated, educated).

2. A word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmowed meadows (adjective)

not mowed slanting meadows (participle, because there is a dependent word),

sloping meadows (communion, because ST).

3. Since passive participles of the present tense can only be found in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CV or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots (adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),

invincible army (adjective, since the verb is to defeat the NE).

In Russian, there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or a verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail what is participle and participle. Even the ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “participation” in a noun or verb.

Participle

Declines, that is, changes in gender, number, cases, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having a view:

checking notebooks ( imperfect species) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
checked (perfect form) - the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , has a time value. It is a constant feature of data having the form of either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence return form(recognized sya).

It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - passive and real. Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences an action on itself (received package - received the package). The real ones reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is the one who runs himself).

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a sign of an object by action, manifested in time.

gerund

The term originated in the 18th century, meaning " relation to action”, which is indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verb features:

view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
recurrence(pretending camping).

Perhaps this is the limit of the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline and does not conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no flexion. On the contrary, participle endings are their hallmark.

To distinguish between these verb forms will help the questions they answer:

Full Communion(which (th; -th, -th)?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
gerund(doing what? doing what? how? how?).

Another difference is different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of circumstance (Bending, winding, a river into the distance.). Brief Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). Complete can be:

definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, impregnable rocks.);
part of a compound nominal predicate (Bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

View	Suffixes	Examples
Perfect	-in, -lice, -shi	Throwing, bending over, saving
Imperfect	-and I); -learn (obsolete forms)	Counting, sneak

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate the belonging of words to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming perfective forms, suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: looking, correct: looking.

Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:

ending in -ch (to save, burn the stove and others);
having a suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
run, prick, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

Condition right choice vowel in present participle suffixes - knowledge of verb conjugation. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms of the verbs: save, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of a vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund with is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix under-, which means “less than expected”, “poor quality”, for example, overlooking the child. Compare: not having finished watching the movie, that is, not finishing watching the movie.

Particle "not" should be written separately with a short form of participles (not embroidered), as well as with a complete one in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

The use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
dependent words: steamed in the oven;
suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, overjoyed;
the word is formed from a perfective verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms, one -n- is always written: based, unpacked.

Separation of syntactically constructions

Often there is such punctuation error - incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, to determine the boundaries of these structures, to find the word to which they refer.

Let us find out under what conditions adverbial and participle turnover. Let us give the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, stands apart if:

refers to the personal : Lulled by the tender words of his mother, he slept soundly. Me, who knows every path in surrounding area, appointed senior reconnaissance group.
stands after a defined noun: A soldier, stunned by a projectile, fell on the battlefield.
has circumstantial significance of reason or concession: Tired after long road, the tourists continued on their way. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult position.

The children found themselves in a difficult position (why?), because they were left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

Denotes an additional action of the verb-predicate, is a circumstance, always stands apart: Raising the waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exception is revolutions that have passed into the category set expressions, somehow: with bated breath, headlong, sticking out his tongue, through his sleeves.

Compare two sentences:

Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (Dog stuck out his tongue).
The boy ran with his tongue out (running fast).

In the first case, the sentence contains participial turnover. In the second, the expression "sticking out the tongue" has figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb "quickly", therefore, is one that does not stand apart.

Common grammar mistakes

The most common mistake is the incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man who completely obeyed his mother, Kabanikhe.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle "obeyed" explains another word - "man." The correct one sounds like this:

Tikhon was a weak-willed person (what?), Completely obeying his mother - Kabanikhe.

Passive and real participles are often confused:

Among lottery tickets was won.

From the written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word winner.

When using a gerund, it is important to consider that both actions, main and additional, must refer to one person. If this is not done, we will get similar phrases: Comprehension of the depth of spiritual values, the hero's worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund does not refer to the hero who performs the action, but to the word "worldview".

Correct option: Comprehending the depth of the spiritual values of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, you can't use this part speeches in impersonal sentences, conveying a state, not an action: Having deceived the mother, the children became ill.

Communion and participle: what's the difference? Participle and participle turnover - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

Speech educated person impossible to imagine without verb forms. The first ones help in a detailed, comprehensive characterization of the subject. The second ones make it possible to simplify speech, replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand gerunds, you can make your speech beautiful, bright, understandable, which is important for success in life.