The participle denotes a sign. Communion in Russian

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. AT school course children are introduced to the Russian language with the participle as a special verb form, however, many linguists claim that it is independent part speech that has its own grammatical features.

Communion in Russian

The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: the sacrament is special form words denoting an action with pronounced signs of an adjective that answer questions which? doing what? and what did he do? In fact, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time determine its features in a certain period of time. It is this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also a common mistake in denoting the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, students confuse the participle with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in a sentence. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of real, passive participles and verbal adjectives.

Similarities of participles with verb and adjective

The participle includes grammatical signs of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfect and not perfect look, or, in other words, can mean a completed or unfinished action. It can take the form of reflexivity and can be active or passive. Like adjectives, there is a full and short participle. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, cases and numbers, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that the participle can only have the present and past tenses. It has no future tense. For example: jumping - imperfect view in the present tense and jumping - perfect view in the past tense.

Participle Features

All participles, depending on what sign they show, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the sign of the object to which the action is directed) and real (indicating the sign of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guiding, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looked; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from the verb of the imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From this we can also conclude that the formation of the participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the sacrament is that, together with the words dependent on it, it quite often forms a turnover, which is separated by commas in writing.

Valid participles

To form real participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as the basis and the suffix is ​​added to the first conjugation -usch-, -yusch-, and to the second -ash-, -ash-. For example: jump - galloping, treat - treating. To form a real participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -ti- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: go - riding, carry - carried.

Passive participles

Passive participles are also formed as a result of the replacement of suffixes. To form the present tense for the first conjugation of verbs, suffixes are used -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, store - stored. In order to get the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use the suffix -enn-. For example: dye - dyed, whiten - bleached. If the end of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to get the participle use the suffix -t-. For example: inflate - inflated, smack - ripped.

Short and full communion

Passive participles have two forms: short and full. The short participle has the same grammatical features as short name adjective. They are formed from the full form of the participle and can vary in numbers and gender, but do not decline in cases. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as nominal part compound predicate. For example: I am not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as hell. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both an adjective and a verb, and in a sentence they are always a definition.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words to themselves, while forming turns, which have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal attributes and has become an adjective, which depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, tense strings, high spirits. Given this possibility of the participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.

Scheme of morphological parsing of the sacrament

Although the sacrament is not distinguished as a separate independent part of speech, they only say that it is a special verb form with elements of an adjective, but still morphological analysis carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First, determine the name this case this is communion. Next, describe its morphological features: determine initial form. That is, they put the word in nominative case in masculine and singular; describe permanent signs, which include the following indicators: real participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in the sentence and the type of participle; the next item is a description of non-permanent signs: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, the syntactic function of the participle in the sentence is described (whether it is a definition or acts nominal part predicate).

μετοχή ) - independent part speech, or (depending on the point of view) a special form of the verb, which has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. Indicates a sign of an object by action and answers questions what?, what?, what does he do?, what did he do?, what did he do? The verb signs of the participle are the category of aspect, pledge, as well as a special predicative form of time. Adjective (associated with the adjective) signs of the participle are the categories of gender, number and case, the possibility of forming short forms in passive participles, syntactic function agreed definition. In addition, participles tend to turn into adjectives: brilliant fire - brilliant performance.

The participle is used in many Indo-European languages, Arabic, Hungarian, and also in many Eskimo languages ​​(for example, in Sireniki). In other languages, together with the gerund, it forms a special part of speech - English. Participle, German Partizip.

In russian language

The question of the status of participles has been and is being resolved ambiguously in Russian studies, however, linguists agree that participles are formed from a verb. The formation of participles is closely related to the category of aspect and transitivity. For example, from verbs imperfect form present and past participles can be formed, and from perfective verbs - only past participles. In addition, passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs. The present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense. Active voice forms are formed using suffixes -usch- growing) and -ash- holding). Forms passive voice present tense are formed with suffixes -om- , -eat- for verbs of the first conjugation ( slave) and -them- - for verbs of the second conjugation ( persecuted).

Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive. Active participles are formed with the suffix -vsh- for verbs whose stem ends in a vowel ( holding). With a suffix -sh- such participles are formed from verbs with a stem into a consonant ( growing up).

Some verbs have specificity in the formation of participles, such verbs include verbs in -st , during the formation of which the original basis is truncated ( shrunken). From verbs with suffix -well- it is possible to form two forms of participles, for example, extinguished - extinguished.

Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -nn- (from verbs in -at : read, Lost), -enn- (from verbs in -it and -whose : baked), -t- (from monosyllabic verbs: crumpled).

Passive participles, as a rule, have full ( verified) and short ( verified) forms. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all passive participles of the present tense have a short form. Since the passive participles of the present tense ( slave, readable) belong mainly to book speech, there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, from colloquial and some neutral verbs(For example, beat, cover, feed and so on) passive participles of the present tense are often not formed. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.

Adjectivation

Adjectivation called transition various parts speech into an adjective, but in more it is the participles that undergo adjectivation. When adjectivized, participles lose their verb categories and begin to denote a constant static, unchanging sign, thus, the participles are rethought. Allocate:

• participles that have turned into adjectives figurative meaning (brilliant career);
• participles that have turned into adjectives with new, additional meanings ( thinking being);
• participles that have turned into adjectives with a designation of purpose for performing some action ( typewriter);
• participles that have turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be exposed to any effect ( inflected nouns);
• participles that have turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action ( condensed milk).

Grammar signs

The participle changes according to the features of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular. The participle can be perfective and imperfective, past and present; these signs do not change; for the sacrament they are constant.

Examples of a valid participle

• Rain, watering earth.
• Horror, flying on the wings of the night.
• Man, having read book.
• Fallen leaves from the tree.
• Birch, declining over wet bushes.

Examples of the passive participle

• Earth, watered rain.
• Plant, cultivated in the garden.
• Book, read everyone.

Perfect

The short form of the passive past participle of perfective verbs is used in Russian to form passive forms of the perfect: book read(present perfect) the house was built(past perfect) the road will be laid(perfect future tense).

Subjunctive participle

The question of the existence of participles in the Russian language subjunctive mood, formed by adding to the real participle of the past tense of the particle would, is debatable. However, similar forms are sometimes found in the works of N.V. Gogol, and in the form of a stable turnover would do honor- many other authors.

Participial

The participle with dependent words is called participle turnover. In a sentence participial and participle are separate or non-separate agreed definitions.

In Russian, the participial turnover is often separated by commas. If the participial turnover is after the word being defined, it is separated by commas on both sides. When the participial turnover is in front of the word being defined, commas are not put, except when the word being defined is expressed by a personal pronoun.

• Program, hastily written, performed an invalid operation.
• Hastily written The program performed an illegal operation.

Complex sentences can be overloaded with participial phrases:

• Woodpecker, gouging wood, growing in the forest, bombarded snow, falling from the branches, very frozen.

The participle is a special form of the verb with the following features:

1. Denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions which? What is doing, what is doing?, what is done?.

2. Possesses morphological features verb and adjective.

The features of the verb are

Type (SV and NSV),

Transitivity (the sign is relevant for real participles),

recurrence,

Time (present and past).

Voice (active and passive).

AT school grammar the voice is considered as a sign that is not characteristic of all verbal forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the sign of the voice is seen in the verb in any form (cf.: Workers are building a house - The house is being built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb.

The features of the adjective are

Case (for full participles),

Completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).

3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in the sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, the definition and nominal part of the compound nominal predicate(short participles - only part of the predicate).

Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb

A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.

Transitive verbs can have forms of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only forms of real participles.

ST verbs have only past participles (that is, ST verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. Thus,

transitive verbs NSV have all 4 participles (reading, reading, reading, reading),

intransitive verbs NSV have 2 participles - real present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),

transitive verbs CB also have 2 participles - real and passive past tense (read, read).

intransitive verbs CB have only 1 participial form - the real participle of the past tense (overslept).

Valid participles

Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.

The real participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense with the help of suffixes

Usch-(-yushch-) for verbs of the I conjugation: run-yush-y, run-yush-y,

Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the II conjugation: lying-ash-th, hundred-box-th.

The real past participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the basis of the past tense using suffixes

Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-y,

Sh- for verbs with a consonant stem: carried-sh-th.

Verbs can form real past participles from another stem:

Some verbs in -sti (lead, acquire) form the participles under consideration from the stem of the present / simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): having gained (the stem of the future tense has found-ut, the stem of the past has found-la), who led;

The verbs to go and fade form these participles from a special stem that is not equal to any other: walked-sh-th, fade-sh-th.

Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive dried up, and the choice of the suffix is ​​carried out in accordance with the above rule.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote a sign of the subject to which the action is directed: a book read by a boy.

Passive present participles are formed from the transitive verbs of the NSV, from the basis of the present tense with the help of the suffix

I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the I conjugation: read-em-th, ved-ohm-th,

Im- for verbs of II conjugation: store-im-th.

Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: led and managed are formed from intransitive verbs to lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by the noun in the form not V. p., but T. p.: to manage, manage the plant).

The passive participles of the present tense do not have verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others.

The passive present participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (give-em-th).

The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.

Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from NSV verbs are few) from the stem of the past tense using suffixes

H (n) - from verbs on -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-th,

En (n) - from the bases to the consonant and -it: carried away-yonn-th, built,

T- from the bases to -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: close-t-th, ring-t-th, locked-t-th, bi-t-th, break-t- th.

Passive past participles are not formed in the verbs love, seek, take.

For some verbs in -sti, -st, passive past participles are formed from the basis of the present / future tense: given, acquired, spun, stolen.

Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -sya to the active form:

Passive participles have a full and short form: a letter written by me - a letter written by me. Brief participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, i.e., do not change in cases and appear in the sentence mainly in the function of the nominal part of the predicate.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn with the help of the suffix -yash- the participle is formed, and with the help of the suffix -yuch- - the adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.

1. Participles denote a temporary sign of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in action, and adjectives denote constant feature subject (for example, “arising as a result of the action”, “capable of participating in the action”), cf .:

She was brought up in strict rules (= She was brought up in strict rules) - communion;

She was educated, educated (= She was educated, educated).

2. The word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NE and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb NE and / or has dependent words, cf .:

unmowed meadows (adjective)

not mowed slanting meadows (participle, because there is a dependent word),

sloping meadows (communion, because ST).

3. Since passive participles of the present tense can only be found in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CV or an intransitive verb:

waterproof boots (adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),

invincible army (adjective, since the verb is to defeat the NE).

Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

As a verb form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
• Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic signs of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).

Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.

Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.

They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
• -im- for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Real participles.

Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes

Has some features of this part of speech. They are of a perfect and imperfect kind: “- prompted”, “to excite - worried”; returnable and irrevocable: “decided”, “falling asleep”; present and past tense: “thinking”, “running”.

Unlike a verb, the participle does not have a future tense form.

Denoting a sign of an object, the participle, like adjectives, grammatically depends on and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."

Types and ways of forming participles

Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of grammatical features this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that sing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “discussed issue” (the one that someone is discussing now), “discussed issue” (the one that already discussed).

Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: real present and past tense, passive present and past tense.

The first group of participles (valid present tense) are formed from the basis of the present tense using the suffixes -usch- (-yushch-), -ashch- (-yashch-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-usch-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yushch-y” - I conjugation; “Let-at - let-ash-th”, “kle-yat - glue-box-th” - II conjugation.

Real participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes -т, -ти with the suffixes -вш-, -ш-. For example: “run-be-bezha-vsh-th”, “carry-ti - carry-sh-th”.

Present passive participles are formed from present tense verbs using the suffixes -em- (I conjugation) and -im- (II conjugation): “lele-em - lele-em-th”, “stor-im - store -im-th."

Passive past participles are formed from the stem indefinite form verb with the suffix -nn-, if the verbs end in -at, -et. Verbs in -it receive the suffix -enn-, as well as verbs in -ti, -ch, and verbs ending in -ot, -ut-, -yt- receive the suffix -t-. For example: “write - write-nn-th”, “capture - capture-en-th”, “save - save-en-th”, “forget - forget-t-th”.

Short participles, as well as short adjectives, are in the sentence the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

Passive participles have a short form with truncated