Russian as one of the Indo-European languages. List of used resources

Russian language among other languages of the world

Russian language - the national language of the Russian people, the state language Russian Federation, one of 6 official languages UN(United Nationswas founded in 1945). With is read by one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is the eighth language in the world in terms of the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue and the fifth in terms of total strength speakers.

More than 250 million people use it, including about 140 million people in Russia, according to the 1989 All-Union Census.

Russian is one of the top ten most widely spoken languages on the planet:

Chinese,
English,
Spanish,
Hindi,
Arab,
Bengal,
Portuguese,
Russian,
Japanese
Deutsch

Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, Russian belongs to the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. You can find the similarity of the words of Russian and other Indo-European languages: compare

Russian - night, Belor. - night, Ukr. - nothing, Bolg. - night, Polsk. – nos, Czech. – nos, Slovak. - nos, Lit. - naktis, Lat. - nox, Ital. – notte, Fr. – nuite, English. - night, German. – Nacht

For a long time, the Russian language existed autonomously and did not come into contact with other groups of languages. In the period from the 7th (7th) to the 12th (12th) centuries, words borrowed from the Scandinavian languages began to appear in it, mainly related to fishing. Subsequently, the Russian language was rendered certain influence Greek and French and. However, not only did other languages influence Russian, but the Russian language also had a significant influence on other languages. So, for example, in the middle of the 20th (20th) century, the words “cosmonaut” and “satellite” appeared all over the world.

In the process of its development, the Russian language went through several stages:

First stage was associated with the emergence Kievan Rus . It was the dialects of this East Slavic state that formed the basis of the Old Russian language.

Second phase was associated with the adoption of Christianity in Russia.During this period, church books in the Old Slavonic language became widespread. Translation of biblical scriptures from Greek was produced by Cyril and Methodius. In their works they used the South Slavic dialect, which became the first written language of the Slavs.

Third stage was marked by the transition Old Church Slavonic into Church Slavonic.This language was used both in church writings and scientific literature. He subsequently provided a huge impact on the formation of Russian literature.

Fourth stage associated with the formation of the national language, which appeared during the rise of Moscow.In the second half of the 15th century, the norms of written and oral Moscow speech began to take shape. As a result of continuous processing, normalization and enrichment, this language has become the generally accepted form of the Russian national language.

The term "modern Russian language" is used in a broad and narrow sense: as a language from Pushkin to the present day and as a language of recent decades.Today, the Russian language is gaining more and more international importance. Undoubtedly, this is one of the most beautiful languages world, which has the richest fiction.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Game ecology and its place among other programs on the world around 1st grade

This material summarizes the experience of using in primary school program "Game ecology" in a secondary school....

The course of the lesson "Words with a double consonant letter that came from other languages", Grade 4 is presented. Presentation contains verification work-game "Editor", the meanings of the words "abbr...

Tournament of experts in the Russian language "My faithful friend, my language is Russian"

Purpose: to develop intellectual ability Russian language students; instill interest in the Russian language; develop the speech of children; acquaint with phraseological turns, figurative common expressions ...

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Place pusskwowlanguageaamongotherslanguagespeace

Content

Introduction
Conclusion Russian language Old Church Slavonic international
Bibliography

Introduction

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. On the the globe it is spoken by about 250 million people. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, second only to Chinese (it is spoken by over 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million). Language is not only the most important means of communication between people, but also a means of cognition that allows people to accumulate knowledge, passing it on from person to person and from each generation of people to the next generations. Collection of achievements human society in industrial, social and spiritual activities is called culture. Therefore, we can say that language is a means of developing culture and a means of assimilation of culture by each member of society.

1. The place of the Russian language among the languages of the world

The Russian language acts not only as a language international communication peoples of the USSR, but also as a language international communication. The growth of the authority of our country in the world was also the growth of the world authority of the Russian language. An interesting fact is the sharp increase in the number of Russian language learners in the years after the launch of the first artificial satellites Earth and especially after Gagarin's flight. In England in 1957 the Russian language was taught in 40 educational institutions, and in 1959 - already in 101, in 1960 - in 120 and in 1964 - in 300; in the USA in 1958 the Russian language was taught in 140, in 1959 - in 313, in 1960 - in 450 schools*. Mastering the Russian language now is mastering the heights modern science and technology. Therefore, the Russian language is widely studied in higher educational institutions in many countries. In 1969/70 academic year the Russian language was studied in 40 universities in England, 40 in India, in Italy - in Italy, in 15 - in Canada, in 24 - in France, in 643 - in the USA; in all universities of the GDR, Hungary, Vietnam, Mongolian People's Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia**. In addition to the study of the Russian language, in higher and secondary educational institutions in all countries, European, Asian, African, etc., courses are being created for the study of the Russian language. Total number There are more than 18-20 million people studying Russian at the same time outside the USSR.

The International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature and the Institute of the Russian Language named after A.S. Pushkin, providing constant and multifaceted methodological assistance to all teachers of the Russian language in foreign countries.

The Institute publishes a special journal "Russian Language Abroad", which is very interesting in content and design *, and a large number of educational and fiction. In 1979, the textbook "Russian Language for All" prepared by the staff of the Institute received the State Prize of the USSR.

The Russian language is recognized by all as one of the most important world languages, which was reinforced by its inclusion among the official world languages of the United Nations.

The concept of a world language was formed in modern era, era scientific and technological revolution and further development mature socialist society in the USSR. Strengthening the connection between peoples in development scientific and technological progress, in the struggle to preserve peace, led by Soviet Union, determined the need for the promotion of intermediary languages that contribute to the rapprochement of peoples, the development of their mutual understanding. Naturally, one of these languages turned out to be Russian. Its status as a world language is determined by its wide distribution outside our country, active study in many countries, the great prestige of Russian science and culture, the progressive role of our country in the process of international, universal development in the 20th century, historical richness, expressiveness, which was noted by many, writing about the Russian language. Even F. Engels pointed out that the Russian language "in every possible way deserves to be studied in itself, as one of the most powerful and richest of living languages, and for the sake of the literature it reveals" *.

The world significance of the Russian language is manifested not only in widespread its study in modern world, but also in influence, above all its vocabulary, into other languages. Growth of authority Soviet state in the world public, scientific and cultural life leads to an ever wider penetration of words from the Russian language into other languages. Everyone knows and understands the Russian word satellite, which is already included in the dictionaries of many languages. Following the word satellite, other words and expressions related to space exploration began to be used in the languages of other countries: lunar, soft landing, lunar rover, astronaut, spaceport. The Russian language also introduced the word orbit (from Latin orbis - circle, wheel, wheel track) into international wide use in expressions to go into orbit, put into orbit and under. New words associated with space age, have become so firmly established in the speech of a number of countries that they began to be used both as proper names and as common nouns. So, in the GDR, the new hotel was called Lunik. This episode is very interesting. “Once Leonov was translating a “space” article from a German magazine and came across an unknown verb “leoniren”. He looked in dictionaries and did not find it. fly in open space. "*.

Along with "cosmic" words, Russian words have also entered other languages, reflecting different sides life of the new, socialist state. In English, dictionaries note: Bolshevik, Leninism, udarnik, commissar, kolkoz, komsomol, jarovization; in French: bolchevique or bolcheviste, Uninisme, oudarnik, kolkhoze, sovkhoze, mitchourinien, soubotnik, stakhanovets, pavlovisme (supporter of the teachings of the physiologist Pavlov), etc. These and similar words are widely represented in German, Italian and a number of other languages*.

AT linguistic science entered even new term- Sovietisms, i.e. words borrowed from Russian in the Soviet era.

The richness and expressiveness of the Russian language is not accidental, they are associated with the peculiarities of the development of its social and functional components.

2. Russian language in interethnic communication

Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is called the language through which they overcome the language barrier between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The exit of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of the status of an international one is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of becoming a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of the language also depend on the characteristics of the development of society. However, only social factors, no matter how favorable they may be, are not able to put forward this or that language as an international language if it lacks the necessary proper language tools. The Russian language, which is one of the widely spoken languages of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the language needs of not only Russians, but also other people ethnic background living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, developed system functional styles, the ability to reflect the diversity of the surrounding world. Russian language can be used in all areas public life, through the second language the most various information, the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; world-famous artistic, scientific and technical literature has been created in Russian.

The maximum completeness of social functions, the relative monolithic nature of the Russian language (the obligatory observance of the norms of the lit. language for all its speakers), writing, containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that was created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century about a third of fiction and scientific and technical literature of the total number of printed products in the world), - all this provided a high degree communicative and informational value of the Russian language. Ethno-linguistic factors also played their role in turning the Russian language into a means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of formation grew. statehood, the Russians were the most numerous nation, whose language was spread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russian population census of 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Ros. empire, two-thirds spoke Russian, or approx. 86 million people According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, out of 285.7 million people in the USSR, approx. 145 million - Russians, 232.4 million people spoke Russian. Linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They testify only to the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as to the existence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.

In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages in order to overcome the language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions joint activities representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. The language of interethnic communication common to all provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the possibility of constant and varied contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. The promotion, formation and functioning of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of the development of society. The use of the Russian language as a non-native language to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocods dates back more than one century, therefore, in the history of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication, three periods can be conventionally distinguished, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - before the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Ros. empires; the second period - to the end. 80s in USSR; the third period - from the beginning. 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. The beginning of the spread of the Russian language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and chronicle information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; this process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion grew. states, when Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Ros. empire, the Russian language was official language.

Reliable statistical data on the knowledge of the Russian language of the non-Russian population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia con. 19 - beg. 20th century no. However, the ratio of the volume of the functional load of the Russian language as the state language and other national languages in various fields, data on the study of the Russian language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions according to individual regions states, written testimonies of contemporaries and some other materials confirm the use of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in it in most cases was low. The second period is characterized by features that are due to changes in the national language policy in the USSR at different stages of its existence. After 1917, the compulsory state language was abolished in the country. In 1919, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR" was adopted, according to which "the entire population aged 8 to 50 years, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language at will."

Initially, the Russian language was not compulsory subject in schools with a national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively facilitated by cultural, educational, economic, and socio-political transformations in the country. However, existing in the 20-30s. the rate of spread of the Russian language among the non-Russian population of the country did not meet the needs centralized state in common for all citizens the language of interethnic communication. In 1938, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On compulsory study Russian language in schools national republics and regions ". The decree does not directly indicate the privileged position of the Russian language, but with its practical implementation in the regions, the limitation of the spheres of functioning of some native languages \u200b\u200bof the citizens of the USSR began gradually. language as a second (non-native) language.In the period from 1970 to 1989, this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million people, in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of people of non-Russian nationality who are fluent in Russian was 87.5 million people.

From Ser. In the 1980s, when the Russian language continued to perform the function of the language of interethnic communication, the attitude towards the Russian language in this capacity began to change, which was a natural result of the costs of the national language policy pursued in the USSR from the end. 30s, as well as a consequence of some socio-political processes in the country. Some politicians began to call the Russian language "the imperial language", "the language of totalitarianism", "the language of the occupiers"; in the resolutions of some conferences on national language problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been characterized as "politically harmful" and "scientifically untenable". During this period in the former allied and autonomous republics the officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication began, a significant reduction in the number of hours devoted to the study of the Russian language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject "Russian language" from school and university programs. However, conducted in the early 90s sociolinguistic research in Russia. republics and a number of CIS countries testify to the recognition for the most part society of the fact that in modern stage, it is difficult to solve the problem of interethnic communication without the Russian language.

A feature of the third period is the functioning of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication, not only in the Russian Federation. but also in the group of sovereign states. In the Russian Federation, according to the 1989 census, out of 147 million people, approx. 120 million people are Russians, more than 50% of the non-Russian population of the country is fluent in Russian as a second language. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) |and the "Law on the languages of the peoples of the RSFSR" (1991)] Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. The Constitution stipulates that the functioning of the Russian language as a state and international language should not interfere with the development of other languages of the peoples of Russia. The areas of application of the Russian language as a state and international language are subject to legal regulation; at the same time, legal norms for the use of the Russian language in interpersonal informal relationships, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations and organizations, are not established. The Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation performs numerous and diverse functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia. All R. 90s 20th century The Russian language retains its position as the language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to a number of objective circumstances, as well as in view of the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries. The materials of the 1989 census show that 63.8 million people of the non-Russian population of the former Soviet republics of the USSR (except for the RSFSR) speak Russian as their native language or as a second language. Linguistic aspects learning the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication is characterized by certain specifics. The expansion of the ethnic base of users of Russian as a non-native language, the functioning of the Russian language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it. According to some scientists (N.M. Shansky, T.A. Bobrova), the totality of such features, which are not the same in different regions existence of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication, contributes to the formation of national (in other terminology - regional) variants of the Russian language.

Other scientists (V.V. Ivanov, N.G. Mikhailovskaya) believe that meeting the needs of interethnic communication is one of the functions of Russian. lit. language, violation of norms to-rogo by foreign-language users is caused by an interference (see). There is also a point of view (T.Yu. Poznyakova), according to which the language of interethnic communication is a functional variety of the Russian language, hallmark which is a specialization of grammatical and lexical means Russian lit. language: increasing the number of analytic constructs to express grammatical meanings, frequency and stability of the use of syntactic models for the expression of the category of gender, etc. In the language of interethnic communication comes from - 449 boron and fixing morphological forms and syntactic constructions, lexical units, evaluated primarily as communicatively significant and sufficient. Learning Russian in conditions various types national-Russian bilingualism confirms the presence of a number of common specific features in the language of interethnic communication, regardless of the region of its existence. At the same time, in the Russian language of non-Russians, linguists also noted such features that are characterized as purely regional, not represented in other foreign-speaking regions. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the regional variation of non-native Rus. speech (non-original Russian speech - a set of texts, both written and oral, produced by people for whom Russian is not their native language). However, the maximum allowable qualitative and quantitative levels of regional variation remain unknown, which make it possible to qualify the language of interethnic communication as precisely the Russian language, and not some kind of pidgin - mixed language resulting from the interaction of languages (in a pidgin, the grammar of one language is often represented, and the vocabulary of another). Identification of essential linguistic characteristics The Russian language as a means of interethnic communication is connected with the study of its different levels, the study of the results and forms of interlingual contacts, the consideration of the processes of interaction between the language of interethnic communication and national languages in the context of specific types of bilingual and multilingualism, the areal characteristics of Russian. speeches of non-Russians in relation to Russian literary language. The results of such studies are important for practical action to optimize the process of teaching Russian as a non-native language in a volume that provides communicative competence users.

3. Russian language as one of the Indo-European languages

Russian language belongs to Indo-European family languages, that is, it has one common parent language with other languages \u200b\u200bof this group (basically, this European languages). Due to the common origin in these languages, there is much in common in the grammatical structure, there is a layer of identical words that differ from each other phonetically (these are words denoting family members, verbs denoting simple actions, etc.).

Russian language among other Slavic languages.

Russian language is included in Slavic group languages, which is divided into eastern, western and southern subgroups. Russian, belonging to the eastern subgroup, which also includes Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, is closely related to these languages.

Russian language and language contacts

Throughout its history, the Russian language did not exist autonomously, but came into contact with other languages that left their imprints in it.

In the 7th-12th centuries, the Russian language borrowed words from the Scandinavian languages, these were words associated with sea fishing (anchor, hook) and proper names (Olga, Igor).

Due to tight economic and cultural ties(adoption of Christianity) the Russian language was greatly influenced by the speech language (cucumber, lantern, altar, demon).

In the 18th century, the Russian language was actively influenced by the French language, which was considered the language of the aristocracy (buffet, lampshade, arena).

In the last fifteen to twenty years, words from in English. Sometimes the use of words English origin redundant: foreign words, which sometimes not even everyone understands, replace more familiar words. This spoils speech, violates its qualities such as purity and correctness. But not only other languages influence the Russian language, but vice versa. Thus, in the middle of the 20th century, after the launch of the first satellites and spaceships in all languages of the world such words as "cosmonaut" or "satellite" appeared.

The role of Old Church Slavonic in the development of the Russian language

Old Church Slavonic was first used Western Slavs, and in the 10th century it became the language and Eastern Slavs. It was into this language that Christian texts were translated from Greek. This language was at first a swamp of a book, but it is also a log colloquial began to influence each other, in the Russian chronicles these related languages were often mixed up.

The influence of Old Church Slavonic made our language more expressive and flexible. So, for example, words denoting abstract concepts began to be used (they did not yet have their own names).

Many words that came from the Old Slavonic language are not perceived by us as borrowed: they have become completely Russified (clothing, extraordinary); others are perceived by us as obsolete or poetic (finger, boat, fisherman).

Russian language Indo-European group

Conclusion: Russian is an Old Church Slavonic interethnic

I believe that the role of the Russian language is determined by the great significance that the Russian people had and has in the history of mankind - the creator and bearer of this language.

The Russian language is the single language of the Russian nation, but at the same time it is also the language of international communication in the modern world. The Russian language is gaining more and more international importance. It has become the language of international congresses and conferences, the most important international treaties and agreements are written in it. Its influence on other languages is increasing. Back in 1920, V.I. Lenin proudly said: "Our Russian word 'Soviet' is one of the most common, it is not even translated into other languages, but is pronounced in Russian everywhere." The words Bolshevik, Komsomol member, collective farm, etc. have entered many languages of the world.

AT modern conditions The Russian language is gaining more and more international importance. It is studied by many people in different countries peace.

The Russian language is undoubtedly the language of the richest fiction, global importance which is exceptionally large.

Bibliography

1. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. (Grammatical doctrine of the word).M. graduate School, 1986.

2. Vygotsky L.S. Development oral speech. M.: Education, 1982.

3. Leontiev A.A. language, speech, speech activity. M.: Education, 1975.

4. Modern Russian language. Proceedings of E.M. Galkina-Fedorchuk Part II. M. Publishing house of Moscow State University. 1997.

5. Ushakova T.N., Pavlova N.D., Zachesova I.A. Speech in human communication. Moscow: Nauka, 1989

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Introduction

Rumsian language (inf.) (one of the East Slavic languages, the national language of the Russian people. It is one of the most common languages of the world - the sixth among all the languages \u200b\u200bof the world in terms of the total number of speakers and the eighth in terms of the number of native speakers. Russian is also the most common Slavic language and the most widely spoken language in Europe - geographically and by the number of native speakers

The place of the Russian language among the languages of the world

The Russian language acts not only as the language of interethnic communication between the peoples of the USSR, but also as the language of international communication. The growth of the authority of our country in the world was also the growth of the world authority of the Russian language. An interesting fact is the sharp increase in the number of students of the Russian language in the years after the launch of the first artificial Earth satellites in the Soviet Union, and especially after the flight of Gagarin. In England in 1957 the Russian language was taught in 40 educational institutions, and in 1959 - already in 101, in 1960 - in 120 and in 1964 - in 300; in the USA in 1958 the Russian language was taught in 140, in 1959 - in 313, in 1960 - in 450 schools*. Mastering the Russian language now means mastering the heights of modern science and technology. Therefore, the Russian language is widely studied in higher educational institutions in many countries. In the 1969/70 academic year, the Russian language was studied in 40 universities in England, 40 in India, in India in Italy, in 15 in Canada, in 24 in France, in 643 in the USA; in all universities of the GDR, Hungary, Vietnam, Mongolian People's Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia**. In addition to the study of the Russian language, in higher and secondary educational institutions in all countries, European, Asian, African, etc., courses are being created for the study of the Russian language. The total number of Russian language learners outside the USSR at the same time exceeds 18-20 million.

The International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature and the Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin, who provides constant and multifaceted methodological assistance to all teachers of the Russian language in foreign countries.

The Institute publishes a special journal "Russian Language Abroad", very interesting in content and design *, and a large amount of educational and fiction literature. In 1979, the textbook "Russian Language for All" prepared by the staff of the Institute received the State Prize of the USSR.

The Russian language is recognized by all as one of the most important world languages, which was reinforced by its inclusion among the official world languages of the United Nations.

The concept of a world language was formed in the modern era, the era of the scientific and technological revolution and the further development of a mature socialist society in the USSR. The strengthening of ties between peoples in the development of scientific and technological progress, in the struggle for the preservation of peace, led by the Soviet Union, determined the need for the promotion of intermediary languages that would help bring peoples closer together and develop their mutual understanding. Naturally, one of these languages turned out to be Russian. Its status as a world language is determined by its wide distribution outside our country, active study in many countries, the great prestige of Russian science and culture, the progressive role of our country in the process of international, universal development in the 20th century, historical richness, expressiveness, which was noted by many, writing about the Russian language. Even F. Engels pointed out that the Russian language "in every possible way deserves to be studied in itself, as one of the most powerful and richest of living languages, and for the sake of the literature it reveals" *.

The world significance of the Russian language is manifested not only in the wide spread of its study in the modern world, but also in the influence, primarily of its lexical composition, on other languages. The growth of the prestige of the Soviet state in world public, scientific and cultural life leads to an ever wider penetration of words from the Russian language into other languages. Everyone knows and understands the Russian word satellite, which is already included in the dictionaries of many languages. Following the word satellite, other words and expressions related to space exploration began to be used in the languages of other countries: lunar, soft landing, lunar rover, astronaut, spaceport. The Russian language also introduced the word orbit (from Latin orbis - circle, wheel, wheel track) into international wide use in expressions to go into orbit, put into orbit and under. New words associated with the space age have become so firmly established in the speech of a number of countries that they began to be used both as proper names and as common nouns. So, in the GDR, the new hotel was called Lunik. This episode is very interesting. “Once Leonov was translating a “space” article from a German magazine and came across an unknown verb “leoniren”. I looked in dictionaries and did not find it. ..."*. language Russian speech youth slang

Along with "cosmic" words, Russian words also entered other languages, reflecting various aspects of the life of the new, socialist state. In English, dictionaries note: Bolshevik, Leninism, udarnik, commissar, kolkoz, komsomol, jarovization; in French: bolchevique or bolcheviste, Uninisme, oudarnik, kolkhoze, sovkhoze, mitchourinien, soubotnik, stakhanovets, pavlovisme (supporter of the teachings of the physiologist Pavlov), etc. These and similar words are widely represented in German, Italian and a number of other languages*.

Even a new term has entered linguistic science - sovietisms, that is, words borrowed from the Russian language in the Soviet era.

The richness and expressiveness of the Russian language is not accidental, they are associated with the peculiarities of the development of its social and functional components.

Russian language among other languages of the world.

The Russian language is closely related by origin to other languages of the world. This conclusion can be drawn from a comparison vocabulary languages. Language kinship is spoken of when different languages such words sound similar, which are known to have existed in ancient times. Obviously, several hundred years or millennia ago, such languages were one language that belonged to a single people, and only later this people was divided into several peoples speaking different, albeit somewhat similar languages.

The Ukrainian and Belarusian languages have the greatest similarity with the Russian language. This proximity is not accidental: until the XIV century, the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians were united people (ancient Russian nationality within Kyiv state), who spoke the so-called Old Russian. In the XIV-XV centuries. as a result of the collapse of the Kievan state, on the basis of a single language, three independent language which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages. Therefore, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages are very closely related. These three languages are called East Slavic.

Somewhat more distantly related to Russian are the languages of Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian and other languages of the southern and western Slavs. Together with Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, all these languages are called Slavic (Fig. 3).

However, languages such as English, German, French, Spanish and Italian have some similarities with Russian and others. Slavic languages. All these languages are distantly related and belong to the family of Indo-European languages.

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is spoken by about 250 million people around the world. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, behind only Chinese (it is spoken by over 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million).

At the same time, the Russian language is used in communication not only by those people for whom it is theirs. native language. Russian is the state language of Russia, i.e. common language understandable to employees public institutions and citizens throughout the state. It is in this capacity that the Russian language is used in higher bodies state power and management of Russia, in official office work and correspondence Russian institutions and enterprises, in television and radio programs intended for the whole territory of the country. It, as a state language, is studied in secondary and higher educational institutions of Russia.

The Russian language is also widely used outside of Russia, for example, for interethnic communication among residents of the CIS countries. Also, the Russian language is widely used in the work international conferences and organizations. It is one of the six official and working languages of the UN. Thus, the Russian language is one of the world languages (included in the club of world languages along with English, French, Chinese, Spanish and Arabic).

Bibliography:

1. Azarova, E.V. Russian language: Proc. allowance / E.V. Azarova, M.N. Nikonov. - Omsk: Publishing house of OmGTU, 2005. - 80 p.

2. Golub, I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance / I.B. Golub. - M. : Logos, 2002. - 432 p.

3. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / ed. prof. OK. Graudina and prof. E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: NORMA-INFRA, 2005. - 549p.

KSOU SPO Kamensk Pedagogical College

Department of Physical Education

Russian language among other languages of the world

Introduction

1. The place of the Russian language among the languages of the world

2.Russian language in interethnic communication

3. Russian language as one of the Indo-European languages

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. On the globe, it is spoken by about 250 million people. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, second only to Chinese (it is spoken by over 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million). Language - it is not only the most important means of communication between people, but also a means of cognition that allows people to accumulate knowledge, passing it from person to person and from each generation of people to the next generations. The totality of the achievements of human society in industrial, social and spiritual activities is called culture. Therefore, we can say that language is a means of developing culture and a means of assimilation of culture by each member of society.

1. The place of the Russian language among the languages of the world

The Russian language is recognized by all as one of the most important world languages, which was reinforced by its inclusion among the official world languages of the United Nations.

Even a new term has entered linguistic science - sovietisms, that is, words borrowed from the Russian language in the Soviet era.

The richness and expressiveness of the Russian language is not accidental, they are associated with the peculiarities of the development of its social and functional components.

2.Russian language in interethnic communication

Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is called the language, through which they overcome the language barrier between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The exit of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of the status of an international one is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole range of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of becoming a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of the language also depend on the characteristics of development society. However, only social factors, no matter how favorable they may be, are not able to put forward this or that language as an interethnic one, if it lacks the necessary linguistic means proper.Rus. a language that belongs to the number of widely spoken languages of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the language needs of not only Russians, but also people of other ethnic origins living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, a developed system of functional styles, and the ability to reflect the diversity of the surrounding world. Rus. the language can be used in all spheres of public life, the most diverse information is transmitted through the second language, the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; in Russian language, a world-renowned artistic, scientific and technical literature was created.

The maximum completeness of public functions, the relative monolithic Rus. language (the obligatory observance of the norms of the lit. language for all its speakers), writing, containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that has been created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century, about a third of artistic and scientific-technical literature from the total number of printed materials in the world) - all this ensured a high degree of communicative and informational value of Russian. language. Its role in the transformation of Russian. ethno-linguistic factors also played a role in the means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of formation grew. statehood, Russians were the most numerous nation, the language of which was spread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russia. population census in 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Ros. empire in Russian the language was spoken by two-thirds, or ca. 86 million people According to the All-Union Population Census of 1989, out of 285.7 million people in the USSR, approx. 145 million - Russians, Russian. 232.4 million people spoke the language. Linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They testify only to the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as to the existence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.

In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages in order to overcome the language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions for the joint activities of representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. The language of interethnic communication common to all provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the possibility of constant and diverse contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. Promotion, formation and functioning of the Rus. languages as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of the development of society. The use of Russian language as a non-native to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocod has more than one century, therefore, in the history of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication can be conditionally divided into three periods, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - before the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Ros. empires; the second period - to the end. 80s in USSR; the third period - from the beginning. 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries.11the beginning of the spread of Rus. language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and annalistic information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; this process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion grew. states, when Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Ros. Russian empires. the language was state. language.

Reliable statistical data on knowledge of Russian. non-Russian language population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia con. 19 - beg. 20th century no. However, the ratio of the volume of the functional load Rus. language as a state language and other national languages in various fields, data on the study of Rus. language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions in certain regions of the state, written testimonies of contemporaries and some other materials confirm the use of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in most cases was low. The second period is characterized by features that are due to changes in the national language policy in the USSR at different stages of its existence. After 1917, compulsory state registration was abolished in the country. language. In 1919, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR" was adopted, in accordance with the Crimea, "the entire population ... aged from 8 to 50 years old, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language optional".

Initially Russian. the language was not a compulsory subject in schools with a national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively promoted by cultural, educational, economic, and sociopolitical transformations in the country. However, existing in the 20-30s. the rate of distribution of Russian. language among non-Russians. population of the country did not satisfy the needs of a centralized state in a common language of interethnic communication for all citizens. In 1938, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the compulsory study of the Russian language in the schools of the national republics and regions." There is no direct indication in the resolution of the privileged position of the Rus. language, but with its practical implementation in the regions, the limitation of the spheres of functioning of some native languages of citizens of the USSR gradually began. nationality, fluent in Russian. language as a second (non-native) language. Between 1970 and 1989 this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million; in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of non-Russian persons. nationality, fluent in Russian. language, amounted to 87.5 million people.

From Ser. 80s, when the Russian. the language continued to perform the function of the language of interethnic communication, the attitude towards Russian. the language in this capacity began to change, which was a natural result of the costs of the national language policy pursued in the USSR from the end. 30s, as well as a consequence of certain socio-political processes in the country. Rus. some politicians began to call the language “imperial language”, “the language of totalitarianism”, “the language of the occupiers”; in the resolutions of some conferences on national language problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been characterized as "politically harmful" and "scientifically untenable". During this period, the officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian began in the former union and autonomous republics. language as a means of interethnic communication, a significant reduction in the number of hours devoted to the study of Russian. language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject “Russian. language” from school and university programs. However, conducted in the early 90s sociolinguistic research in Russia. republics and a number of CIS countries testify to the recognition by the majority of society of the fact that in modern. stage to solve the problem of interethnic communication without Russian. language is difficult.

A feature of the third period is the functioning of the Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication not only in the Russian Federation. but also in the group of sovereign states. In the Russian Federation, according to the 1989 census, out of 147 million people, approx. 120 million people are Russian, more than 50% are non-Russian. The population of the country is fluent in Russian. language as a second. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) | and the "Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the RSFSR" (1991)] Rus. language is state. language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. The constitution provides that the functioning of the Russian. language as a state and international language should not hinder the development of other languages of the peoples of Russia. Spheres of application rus. language as a state and international language is subject to legal regulation; at the same time, legal norms for the use of Russian are not established. language in interpersonal informal relationships, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations and organizations. Rus. language as state the language of the Russian Federation performs numerous and diverse functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia. In the middle. 90s 20th century Russian the language retains its position as the language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to a number of objective circumstances, as well as in view of the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries. The materials of the 1989 census show that 63.8 million people are non-Russian. population of the former Soviet republics of the USSR (except for the RSFSR) speak Russian. language as a native or as a second language. Linguistic aspects of the study of Russian. languages as a means of interethnic communication are characterized by certain specifics. Expanding the ethnic base of users Rus. language as non-native, the functioning of Russian. language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it. According to some scientists (N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova), the totality of such features, which are not the same in different regions of the existence of Rus. language as a means of interethnic communication, contributes to the formation of national (in other terminology - regional) variants of Russian. language.

Other scientists (V. V. Ivanov, N. G. Mikhailovskaya) believe that meeting the needs of interethnic communication is one of the functions of Russian. lit. language, violation of norms to-rogo by foreign-language users is caused by an interference (see). There is also a point of view (T. Yu. Poznyakova), according to which the language of interethnic communication is a functional variety of Russian. language, a distinctive feature of which is the specialization of grammatical and lexical means of Russian adapted to the conditions of interethnic communication. lit. language: an increase in the number of analytical structures for expressing grammatical meanings, the frequency and stability of the use of syntactic models for expressing the category of gender, etc. In the language of interethnic communication, the selection and consolidation of morphological forms and syntactic constructions, lexical units, evaluated primarily as communicatively significant and sufficient. The study of Russian. language in terms of various types of national-Russian. bilingualism confirms the presence of a number of common specific features in the language of interethnic communication, regardless of the region of its existence. However, in Russian In the language of non-Russians, linguists have also noted such features, which are characterized as purely regional, not represented in other foreign-speaking regions. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the regional variation of non-native Rus. speech (non-original Russian speech - a set of texts, both written and oral, produced by people for whom Russian is not a native language). However, the maximum permissible qualitative and quantitative levels of regional variation remain unknown, allowing to qualify the language of interethnic communication as precisely Russian. language, and not a certain pidgin - a mixed language resulting from the interaction of languages (in a pidgin, the grammar of one language is often represented, and the vocabulary of another). Identification of the essential linguistic characteristics of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication is associated with the study of its different levels, the study of the results and forms of interlingual contacts, the consideration of the processes of interaction between the language of interethnic communication and national languages in the context of specific types of bilingual and multilingualism, the areal characteristics of Russian. speeches of non-Russians but in relation to Russian. lit. language. The results of such studies are important for practical actions to optimize the learning process Rus. language as a non-native language in the amount that provides the communicative competence of users.

3. Russian language as one of the Indo-European languages

The Russian language belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, that is, it has one common parent language with other languages \u200b\u200bof this group (mainly European languages). Due to the common origin in these languages, there is much in common in the grammatical structure, there is a layer of identical words that differ from each other phonetically (these are words denoting family members, verbs denoting simple actions, etc.).

Russian language among other Slavic languages.

The Russian language is included in the Slavic group of languages, which is divided into eastern, western and southern subgroups. The Russian language, which belongs to the eastern subgroup, which also includes the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, is closely related to these languages.

Russian language and language contacts

Throughout its history, the Russian language did not exist autonomously, but came into contact with other languages that left their imprints in it.

In the 7th-12th centuries, the Russian language borrowed words from the Scandinavian languages, these were words associated with sea fishing (anchor, hook) and proper names (Olga, Igor).

Due to close economic and cultural ties (adoption of Christianity), the Russian language was greatly influenced by the spoken language (cucumber, lantern, altar, demon).

In the 18th century, the Russian language was actively influenced by the French language, which was considered the language of the aristocracy (buffet, lampshade, arena).

In the last fifteen or twenty years, words from the English language have been actively penetrating the Russian language. Sometimes the use of words of English origin is unnecessary: foreign words, which are sometimes not even understood by everyone, replace more familiar words. This spoils speech, violates its qualities such as purity and correctness. But not only other languages influence the Russian language, but vice versa. So, in the middle of the 20th century, after the launch of the first satellites and spacecraft, such words as “cosmonaut” or “satellite” appeared in all languages of the world.

The role of Old Church Slavonic in the development of the Russian language

The Old Church Slavonic language was first used by the Western Slavs, and in the 10th century it became the language of the Eastern Slavs as well. It was into this language that Christian texts were translated from Greek. This language was at first a bookish swamp, but the log language and the spoken language began to influence each other; in Russian chronicles, these related languages were often mixed up.

The influence of Old Church Slavonic made our language more expressive and flexible. So, for example, words denoting abstract concepts began to be used (they did not yet have their own names).

Many words that came from the Old Slavonic language are not perceived by us as borrowed: they have become completely Russified (clothing, extraordinary); others are perceived by us as obsolete or poetic (finger, boat, fisherman).

Conclusion

Russian Old Church Slavonic International

I believe that the role of the Russian language is determined by the great significance that the Russian people had and has in the history of mankind - the creator and bearer of this language.

The Russian language is the single language of the Russian nation, but at the same time it is also the language of international communication in the modern world. The Russian language is gaining more and more international importance. It has become the language of international congresses and conferences, the most important international treaties and agreements are written in it. Its influence on other languages is increasing. Back in 1920, V. I. Lenin proudly said: "Our Russian word" Council "is one of the most common, it is not even translated into other languages, but is pronounced in Russian everywhere." The words Bolshevik, Komsomol member, collective farm, etc. have entered many languages of the world...

In modern conditions, the Russian language is becoming increasingly important internationally. It is studied by many people in different countries of the world.

The Russian language is undoubtedly the language of the richest fiction, the world significance of which is exceptionally great.

Bibliography

1. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. (Grammatical doctrine of the word). M. Higher School, 1986.

2. Vygotsky. L. S. Development of oral speech .. M .: Education, J982.

3. Leontiev. A. A. Language, speech, speech activity. M.: Education, 1975.

4. Modern Russian language. Proceedings of E.M. Galkina-Fedorchuk Part II. M. Publishing house of Moscow State University. 1997.5. Ushakov. T..N., Pavlova. N. D., Zachesova I. A. Speech in human communication. Moscow: Nauka, 1989

Russian as one of the Indo-European languages. List of used resources

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

1. The place of the Russian language among the languages ​​of the world

The International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature and the Institute of the Russian Language named after A.S. Pushkin, providing constant and multifaceted methodological assistance to all teachers of the Russian language in foreign countries.

The Institute publishes a special journal "Russian Language Abroad", which is very interesting in content and design *, and a large number of educational and fiction. In 1979, the textbook "Russian Language for All" prepared by the staff of the Institute received the State Prize of the USSR.

The Russian language is recognized by all as one of the most important world languages, which was reinforced by its inclusion among the official world languages ​​of the United Nations.

AT linguistic science entered even new term- Sovietisms, i.e. words borrowed from Russian in the Soviet era.

The richness and expressiveness of the Russian language is not accidental, they are associated with the peculiarities of the development of its social and functional components.

2. Russian language in interethnic communication

3. Russian language as one of the Indo-European languages

Russian language among other Slavic languages.

Russian language is included in Slavic group languages, which is divided into eastern, western and southern subgroups. Russian, belonging to the eastern subgroup, which also includes Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, is closely related to these languages.

Russian language and language contacts

Throughout its history, the Russian language did not exist autonomously, but came into contact with other languages ​​that left their imprints in it.

In the 7th-12th centuries, the Russian language borrowed words from the Scandinavian languages, these were words associated with sea fishing (anchor, hook) and proper names (Olga, Igor).

Due to tight economic and cultural ties(adoption of Christianity) the Russian language was greatly influenced by the speech language (cucumber, lantern, altar, demon).

In the 18th century, the Russian language was actively influenced by the French language, which was considered the language of the aristocracy (buffet, lampshade, arena).

The role of Old Church Slavonic in the development of the Russian language

The influence of Old Church Slavonic made our language more expressive and flexible. So, for example, words denoting abstract concepts began to be used (they did not yet have their own names).

Many words that came from the Old Slavonic language are not perceived by us as borrowed: they have become completely Russified (clothing, extraordinary); others are perceived by us as obsolete or poetic (finger, boat, fisherman).

Conclusion: Russian is an Old Church Slavonic interethnic

I believe that the role of the Russian language is determined by the great significance that the Russian people had and has in the history of mankind - the creator and bearer of this language.

AT modern conditions The Russian language is gaining more and more international importance. It is studied by many people in different countries peace.

The Russian language is undoubtedly the language of the richest fiction, global importance which is exceptionally large.

Bibliography

1. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. (Grammatical doctrine of the word).M. graduate School, 1986.

2. Vygotsky L.S. Development oral speech. M.: Education, 1982.

3. Leontiev A.A. language, speech, speech activity. M.: Education, 1975.

4. Modern Russian language. Proceedings of E.M. Galkina-Fedorchuk Part II. M. Publishing house of Moscow State University. 1997.

5. Ushakova T.N., Pavlova N.D., Zachesova I.A. Speech in human communication. Moscow: Nauka, 1989

Similar Documents

Introduction

The place of the Russian language among the languages ​​of the world

Russian language among other languages ​​of the world.

1. The place of the Russian language among the languages of the world

The Russian language is recognized by all as one of the most important world languages, which was reinforced by its inclusion among the official world languages of the United Nations.

Throughout its history, the Russian language did not exist autonomously, but came into contact with other languages that left their imprints in it.

The place of the Russian language among the languages of the world

Russian language among other languages of the world.