Examples of semantic links and relationships. Types of semantic connections of words

Starting from 2018, introduce monthly payments to young families at the birth of their first child until they reach one and a half years. He stated this at a meeting of the Coordinating Council for the implementation of the National Action Strategy for Children for 2012-2017. The TASS-DOSIER editors have prepared a certificate on state support for mothers in Russia.

State support

The Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) guarantees the provision state support family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood (Article 7). Paragraph 1 of Article 38 of the Basic Law states: "Motherhood and childhood, the family are under the protection of the state."

State support for mothers in Russia is provided in the form of various benefits. Those registered with a medical institution at an early stage of pregnancy are paid a one-time allowance in the amount of 613.14 rubles. (hereinafter, data for 2017), published in maternity leave- maternity allowance (calculated on the basis of a woman's average earnings).

At the birth of a child, a one-time payment in the amount of 16 thousand 350.33 rubles is provided, in the event of the birth of two or more children, it is paid for each child.

Paid leave is provided for child care until the child reaches the age of 1.5 years. The amount of payments is 40% of the average earnings. For non-working mothers, a benefit is provided, its minimum amount for caring for the first child is 2,908.62 rubles. per month, for the second and subsequent children - 5 thousand 812.24 rubles. Also, a mother who is on parental leave is entitled to a monthly compensation payment of 50 rubles. ( this norm established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 30, 1994 "On the amount of compensation payments to certain categories of citizens" and has been in force since 2001). It is issued only upon application (at the place of work, service or to the social security authority at the place of residence) and is paid until the child reaches the age of three.

In addition, since 2007 there has been such a form of support for families with children as maternity (family) capital. The amount of this one-time state subsidy is 453 thousand 26 rubles. The program is valid until December 31, 2018. On November 28, 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin proposed extending it until the end of 2021 and introducing additional opportunities for using mother capital.

State awards

In 1944-1991. into the system state awards The USSR was part of the Order "Mother Heroine". It was awarded to women who gave birth and raised ten or more children. At the same time they were given honorary title"Mother-heroine" (over 400 thousand women received it). In addition, there was the Order of Maternal Glory (since 1944), more than 5 million women were awarded it.

On May 13, 2008, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev established the Order of Parental Glory by his decree. "For great merits in strengthening the institution of the family and raising children" can be awarded to both mother and father. The Order is awarded to parents or adoptive parents who have at least seven children. The first award ceremony took place in January 2009. Total in 2009-2017 awarded 347 large families. In 2017, orders were awarded to 38 families, including one single father.

In addition, many regions award their own Mother's Valor medals.

Statistics

AT Russian Federation- 78.7 million females (54% of total strength population - 146.8 million; Rosstat data as of January 1, 2017). As of 2016, 35.2 million women are employed (48.7% of the total employed population - 72.3 million). Among economically active women, 22.3 million (63.5%) are married, 4.9 million (13.9%) are single, 2 million (5.8%) are widows, 5.9 million (16.8%) are %) - divorced.

According to the latest All-Russian Population Census of 2010 (VPN-2010), there were 65.5 million women aged 16 and over in Russia. Of these, 33.3 million were married (28.9 million - registered, 4.4 million - unregistered), 10.8 were never married, 6.4 million were officially divorced, 11.8 million were widowed, the rest did not report their status during the interview.

According to the VPN-2010, among the surveyed women aged 15 and over, 49 million were mothers.

In 2016, according to preliminary data from Rosstat, 985.8 thousand marriages and 608.3 thousand divorces were registered in Russia, 1 million 893.3 thousand children were born. The number of children under the age of 14 (inclusive) is almost 25 million.

In total, there are about 42 million families in Russia: half do not have children, more often only one child is brought up in a family (data were announced at the conference "Family and actual problems modern family", held on May 6, 2014 in Karachay-Cherkessia).

As of the beginning of 2017, the number of complete families with children is 11 million 600 thousand. 5.6 million families are incomplete, of which 5 million are single mothers. The number of families with many children - 1 million 566 thousand (an increase of 25% compared to the GDP-2010). In orphanages, according to data at the beginning of 2017, announced by Anna Kuznetsova, Commissioner for Children's Rights under the President of the Russian Federation, there are about 60 thousand children. 237,000 children were taken into care, 115,000 were adopted.

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1. Motherhood, childhood, family, fatherhood (it is mentioned in Article 7 and paragraph "g" part 1 of Article 72 of the Constitution) - social values public life. They represent an interconnected system of factors that characterize the state of society, the change and continuity of generations. The protection of motherhood, childhood, family, paternity is complex, carried out by various measures of the state, subjects of the Federation, municipalities, through the action of many norms of various branches of law (administrative, labor, civil, etc.). The protection of the family, motherhood, childhood, fatherhood is also carried out by measures of social influence, the activities of various public associations, the system moral relations established in society. Caring for the family, motherhood, childhood means the creation by society and the state of socio-economic, political, ideological and moral prerequisites for a strong, healthy family, full-fledged motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, care for mother and child, protection of their rights. Protection of the family, motherhood, childhood is provided for by international acts (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, etc.).

Issues of the family and its development are relevant for Russia. Almost half of the families do not have children, and in most - only one child * (472). In addition, there are 170,000 children in orphanages without families, and 3 million homeless and neglected children find shelter on the streets * (473). Therefore, in fact, in each of the four priority national programs- "Health", "Education", "Decent and comfortable housing - for the citizens of Russia", "Development of the agro-industrial complex" * (474) - contains provisions related to the protection and development of the family, motherhood, childhood.

In Russia, "protection of the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood" is under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities (clause "g", part 1, article 72 of the Constitution). The specific distribution of rights and obligations on these issues between the Federation and its subjects is contained in various laws - the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Citizens' Health, the Law on Education, Federal Law No. 124-FZ of June 24, 1998 "On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" - in red. dated 06/30/2007 (in connection with the ratification by Russia in 2009 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in this law amendments were made on measures to promote the physical, intellectual, mental and moral development of children * (475); SK and others. Federal legislation also regulates the basic principles and the most important provisions relating to the family, motherhood, fatherhood, and childhood. Some of these provisions are implemented through the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account local conditions (for example, on marriageable age). Subjects of the Russian Federation may also independently regulate certain issues by their own laws, but such laws must not contradict the Constitution and federal laws.

Legislation on the protection of the health of citizens enshrines the right of every woman to decide the issue of motherhood herself. It is provided with opportunities: to get free consultations in specialized institutions for family planning; undergo medical genetic examinations in order to prevent hereditary diseases in offspring; perform artificial termination of pregnancy in specialized institutions; carry out voluntary medical sterilization upon reaching the age of 35 or having at least two children (and, regardless of this, for medical reasons); perform artificial insemination or implementation of the embryo; use during pregnancy, during and after childbirth free specialized medical care; receive during pregnancy and in connection with the birth of a child special leave for pregnancy and childbirth, for childcare (from 70 to 110 days, depending on the number of children born). In Russia, there is a network of free antenatal clinics, there are institutions for temporary residence of pregnant women, mothers with children, underage mothers, special measures are being taken to provide them with psychological and legal support, social order. In order to support such institutions that fulfill state or municipal orders in connection with pregnancy, childbirth, the care of women for a child under one year old, orders of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated January 15, 2007 N 33 and dated January 19, 2007 N 35 establish new conditions for state payments to institutions of this kind.

Support for motherhood has in Russia special meaning, since the death rate exceeds the birth rate (annually the country's population decreases by approximately 700 thousand people, and the population density is three times less than the global one) * (476). Working and non-working women who are registered in medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy, in connection with registration receive 375 rubles. (since January 1, 2009). When going on maternity leave ("maternity leave"), a woman's social benefit has been paid since 2007 in the maximum amount of 16,125 rubles. (before - less). The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, by Resolution No. 4-P*(477) of March 22, 2007, recognized such restrictions as unconstitutional. The Court pointed out that this was a disproportionate limitation on the allowance for working insured women whose average earnings exceed the established norm, and ruled that within six months the Parliament should bring the legislation into line with this Ordinance, which it did. The new maximum allowance for pregnancy and childbirth was set at 100% of average earnings, but not more than 23,400 rubles. per month (on average from 30 weeks of pregnancy), from January 1, 2009, this amount was increased to 25,390 rubles * (478)

New measures to support motherhood established federal law dated 12/05/2006 N 207-FZ * (479), which introduced significant changes to the Federal Law of 05/19/1995 N 81-FZ "On State Benefits to Citizens with Children", and the Federal Law of 12/29/2006 N 256-FZ " About additional measures of the state support of the families having children "* (480). All payments established by these laws are indexed, and therefore the amounts increase periodically. The first of these laws increased several times the amount of state payments to mothers and some other persons at the birth of children, the second introduced the so-called "maternal (family) capital." Previously, the monthly allowance for child care was relatively small and was assigned only to mothers. Now it has grown ten and a half times, it can also be received by other persons (fathers, guardians, not working and not subject to compulsory social insurance). Since 2007, the allowance for caring for a child up to one and a half years has been increased several times (40% of wages, but from January 1, 2009 not less than 1873 rubles, for the care of the second and subsequent children - 3746 rubles. ( upper limit, which depends on the wages of working women, is now 7492 rubles). It is predicted that in 2020 the child care allowance will be 13,833 rubles. (maximum). At the birth of a child (any one in turn), working women receive a one-time allowance from January 1, 2009, 9990 rubles. (unemployed do not receive). At the birth of their first child, working women receive a monthly allowance of 40% of their average earnings, but not less than 1,873 rubles. and no more than 7492 rubles. (earlier - 700 rubles), at the birth of the second and subsequent children - the same 40%, but not less than 3746 rubles. and no more than 7492 rubles. Non-working women at the birth of their first child receive such an allowance in the amount of 1,500 rubles. At the birth of the second and subsequent children - 3000 rubles. (I have not received any benefits before). State or municipal medical institutions, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated January 15, 2007 N 33, at the birth of a child, issue a birth certificate to a woman, according to which she receives money.

Maternal (family) capital is the funds of the federal budget transferred to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation for additional measures of state support. It is 250 thousand rubles. and is issued in the form of a certificate for receiving these funds to a citizen of the Russian Federation: 1) to women who have given birth (adopted) a second child; 2) women who gave birth (adopted) a third child or subsequent children, starting from January 1, 2007, if they did not receive such support earlier; 3) to men who are the sole adopters of the second, third or subsequent children, if they have not previously used such support and if the court decision on adoption has entered into force starting from January 1, 2007. A certificate for receiving maternity capital is issued once in a lifetime, regardless on the number of children born or adopted. First, it was found that maternal capital cannot be spent within the first three years after receipt, and then can only be used for certain purposes (education of a child, purchase of housing, etc.). However, in the context of the global financial crisis, which had a strong impact on Russia, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted resolutions that allowed the use of maternity capital earlier deadlines for the purchase of housing and some other purposes, as well as to use interest in the amount of inflation payments (12%) for current needs. The amount of maternity capital is reviewed annually taking into account inflation. The initial amount of 250 thousand rubles. in 2008 it was already 276,550 rubles. and in 2009 it will increase to 313 thousand rubles * (481) When a child reaches the age of majority, the certificate is transferred to him. These data characterize the constitutional norms in action. Since 2009, it is possible to use maternity capital to repay housing loans if the husband entered into an agreement with the bank, and the maternity certificate was issued to the wife, however, it is necessary to submit many documents (order of the Ministry of Health and social development dated December 26, 2008 N 779-n. * (482)

The Government of the Russian Federation by Decree of December 30, 2006 N 873 approved the Rules on the procedure for issuing state certificate on maternal (family) capital. The right to such a measure of state support arises at the birth (adoption) of a child with Russian citizenship: for a woman who has given birth (adopted) a second child, starting from January 1, 2007; from a woman who has given birth (adopted) a third or subsequent children, starting from January 1, 2007, if she has not previously exercised this right; with a man who is the sole adopter of a second, third or subsequent children, if he has not previously exercised this right and if the court decision on adoption has entered into force starting from January 1, 2007. A clause beginning with the words "if" means that the woman or a man can receive maternity capital only once, regardless of the number of subsequent births (adoptions) after January 1, 2007. Children born before this time (at least December 31, 2006), as well as children in respect of whom parents were deprived of parental rights or adoption canceled do not count. Persons entitled to maternity (family) capital submit an application with an attachment required documents to the territorial body of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the place of residence. Currently, 880 thousand women * (483) received certificates for maternity capital.

In addition to federal benefits, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, if they have the means, establish additional measures social assistance. So, in Moscow, when adopting the first child, in addition to the federal 8,000 rubles. five times the subsistence minimum (in Moscow) is paid, upon adoption of the second - seven times, the third and subsequent - 10 times, and at the birth of three or more children at the same time, parents are paid a lump sum of 20 thousand rubles, since 2009 at the birth of the first child 5,500 rubles are issued, each subsequent - 6,700 rubles, and if triplets are born, the family will receive 50 thousand rubles. In the Moscow Region, from January 1, 2009, when two children are adopted, a lump-sum allowance is paid in the amount of 30 thousand rubles, three or more - 100-150 thousand rubles. There are other city benefits: for single mothers, for children of conscripts, student families, etc.

In maternity care important role belongs to labor law. The TC contains a special chapter. 41 "Peculiarities of labor regulation of women, persons with family responsibilities". The use of women's labor in heavy work and work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, as well as in underground work (Article 253), is prohibited, the use of women's labor in work related to lifting or manually moving loads that exceed the maximum allowable loads for them (lists of such jobs are approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations).At the request of pregnant women, in accordance with a medical report, their production rates, service rates are reduced, or such women are transferred to another work, excluding the impact of adverse production factors, while maintaining the average earnings of the previous job.If a pregnant woman undergoes a mandatory dispensary examination in medical institutions, she retains the average earnings at the place of work.Women with children under the age of one and a half years, in case of impossibility fulfillment previous work are transferred at their request to another job with the same earnings until the child reaches the age of one and a half years (Article 254). Women, upon their application and in connection with a medical opinion, are granted maternity leave of 70 (in the case of multiple pregnancy - 84) calendar days before childbirth and 70 (in the case of complicated childbirth - 86, in the case of the birth of three or more children - 110) calendar days with the payment of state social insurance benefits. At the birth of a child, regardless of the order of the child, a one-time allowance of 8,000 rubles is paid. The same allowance is paid upon adoption, transfer of a child to a family. At the request of a woman, she is granted parental leave until the child reaches the age of three (Article 256). During this period, the woman is paid a state social insurance allowance.

Working women with children under the age of one and a half years are provided with additional breaks for feeding the child at least every three hours of continuous work lasting at least 30 minutes each (at least an hour each if there are two or more children under the age of one and a half years) . It is prohibited to send pregnant women on business trips, to involve them in overtime work, work at night, weekends and holidays. Similar measures for women with children under the age of three are allowed only with their written consent and provided that this is not prohibited by their medical recommendations. This also applies to female workers with disabled children, as well as those who care for the sick (Article 259). The next leave is granted to a woman at her request before the maternity leave or immediately after it. Termination employment contract with a pregnant woman at the initiative of the employer is not allowed (except in cases of liquidation of the organization). This also applies to women with children under the age of three, single mothers raising children under the age of 14 (there are some exceptions provided for in the Labor Code). Possible additional holidays without pay for mothers caring for children under 14 years of age. There are other guarantees as well. The Criminal Code provides for criminal punishment for refusing to hire a woman on the grounds of pregnancy or in connection with the postpartum period (art. 143).

Less is said about paternity in the legislation. The Family Code establishes that paternity, like family and motherhood, is under the protection of the state (part 1, article 1). A father can fully or partially use leave at the birth or adoption of a child, if the mother did not use the leave (Article 257 of the Labor Code). A father who has adopted a child alone can use leave with the payment of benefits to him from the date of adoption (70 days after the birth of the child), and if two or more children are adopted at the same time - 110 calendar days from the date of their adoption. There are restrictions on sending on a business trip, engaging in overtime work, at night, on weekends, fathers with disabled children who care for sick family members. A father caring for a child with a disability is entitled to four additional paid days off per month (unless the mother has exercised this right).

Legislative regulation of the family, family relations belongs to the joint jurisdiction of the Federation and its subjects. The main provisions are established by the Federation (the UK operates), some issues are regulated by the subjects of the Russian Federation (for example, on issues of payment and benefits foster parents when creating a foster family, laws were adopted in 23 constituent entities of the Russian Federation). Most often, a family is created as a result of the voluntary marriage of a man and a woman in their personal presence. Along with marriage, a family can be created in another way: adoption (adoption) of children; when a child is born out of wedlock; conclusion of an agreement on the transfer of a child (children) to be raised in a family. The Family Code establishes that a marriage concluded only in the registry office is recognized (part 2 of article 1). Getting married in a church has no legal consequences. In Russia, 13-15 thousand children are adopted annually, about half by foreigners. In a foster family, a child lives with new parents, but does not have the status of an adopted child, there are about 5,000 such children annually. Family relationships according to the UK should be based on feelings mutual love and respect, mutual assistance and responsibility to the family of all its members. Arbitrary interference in family affairs is unacceptable; family members have the right to freely exercise their rights, using, if necessary, judicial protection of their rights. Protection of family rights is also carried out by other government bodies, including guardianship authorities.

The marriageable age is set at 18 years. Organs local government can allow marriage from the age of 16, and under special conditions, the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation may allow marriage up to 16 years old - from 14 years old. Marriage cannot be concluded by persons who are already married, close relatives, adoptive parents and adopted children (this also applies to adoption), who are incapacitated due to mental disorders. medical examination persons entering into marriage voluntarily, but if a person hid from another person the presence of a venereal disease, HIV infection, etc., the court, at the request of the party, may declare the marriage invalid.

A marriage can be dissolved at the request of at least one of the spouses, but the husband does not have the right, without the consent of the wife, to initiate a divorce case during the wife's pregnancy and within a year after the birth of the child. Divorce by mutual consent of spouses who do not have common minor children, as well as if one of the spouses is recognized by the court as missing, incompetent or sentenced to imprisonment for a term of more than three years, is carried out in the registry office. In other cases, the dissolution of marriage is carried out by the court. A marriage may be declared invalid by a court if the conditions for entering into a marriage are violated, as well as in the case of a fictitious marriage, when the spouses or one of them did not intend to start a family.

Spouses in the family are equal. The Family Code establishes their personal rights and obligations in relation to children (care, upbringing, choice of surname, etc.), as well as the property rights of spouses (in relation to joint property, the property of each of the spouses, the contractual regime of property on the basis of a marriage contract and upon its termination, liability of spouses for obligations, etc.). The Family Code defines the rights and obligations of children in the family, the procedure for establishing maternity and paternity (including litigation). When establishing paternity judicial order children have the same rights and obligations towards their parents as children born in wedlock. Spouses are obliged to financially support each other. In case of refusal of such support, the following have the right to demand the payment of alimony in court: a disabled needy spouse; wife during pregnancy and within three years from the date of birth common child; a needy spouse caring for a common disabled child until they reach the age of 18, etc. The amount of alimony is determined by the court in cash, they are paid monthly. Other family members are also required to financially support each other. This applies to the relationship of minors and disabled brothers and sisters, grandfathers, grandmothers and grandchildren, stepsons, stepdaughters and stepfather, stepmother.

Child protection issues are regulated by the laws mentioned above (on health care, education, etc.), the special Federal Law "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation", the UK. According to these acts, a child is a person under the age of 18 who has the right to express his opinion in the family, has property rights. In particular, the child has the right to income received by him, to property received as a gift or by inheritance, to other property acquired by him, but he does not have the right to own the property of his parents (the question of inheritance is another matter), as well as and the parents have no right to the property of the child. Parents have parental rights in relation to children and may be deprived of parental rights or limited in them by the court (including for lack of care for them, child abuse, for malicious evasion of alimony if the parents are sick chronic alcoholism or drug addiction, etc.). They are required to support their minor children. If parents do not provide maintenance for minor children, alimony can be recovered in court: for one child monthly one quarter, for two - a third, for three or more children - half of the earnings and (or) other income of the parents. Disabled adult children are also entitled to alimony (in the absence of an agreement between the parents, the monthly amount is established by the court).

2. One of the main tasks of parents is to take care of children, their upbringing. Paragraph 1 of Art. 18 of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child states that the interests of the child are the primary concern of parents. The manifestation of such care is dictated not only by moral, but also legal regulations. Part 4 Art. 43 of the Constitution establishes that parents or persons replacing them ensure that children receive basic general education. Chapter 11 of the UK speaks of the right of children: to live and be brought up in a family; know your parents live together with them, unless it is contrary to the interests of the child; to communicate with both parents, grandfather, grandmother, other relatives (Article 54). The dissolution of the marriage of the parents, its annulment or the separation of the parents does not affect the rights of the child. In the case of separation of parents, the child has the right to communicate with each of them (in case of conflicts between parents or obstacles, this right can be ensured by a court decision).

Children (teenagers from 14 years old) can be admitted to certain types labor (in agriculture, in hospitals, street cleaning), but they are prohibited from working at night, hard work with harmful and dangerous working conditions. They have the right to control their earnings. The care of parents concerns first of all to minor children. As for children who have reached the age of majority, parents are obliged to support those who are unable to work and need help (Article 85 of the UK).

In case of violation of the rights and legitimate interests of the child, failure of parents to fulfill their duties of upbringing, protection, education, in case of abuse of parental rights (including by one of the parents), the child has the right to independently apply for protection to the guardianship and guardianship authority (such authorities operate in the local self-government system) , and upon reaching the age of 14 - to the court (Article 56 of the UK). The rights of the child are also protected by the prosecutor's office. In case of loss of parents or deprivation of their parental rights, the rights and interests of the child are directly ensured by the guardianship and guardianship authorities.

Caring for children, their upbringing is the right and duty of both parents, who have equal rights and bear equal responsibilities. Each of them (until the children reach the age of 18) has the right and obligation to raise their children, take care of their health, physical, mental and moral development. Parents are the legal representatives of their children and have the right to act in defense of their rights and interests in relations with any persons and bodies, including in court, without special powers. All issues related to the upbringing and education of the child are decided by the mother and father jointly, based on the interests of the children. The opinion of the children must be taken into account. Disagreements between parents are resolved by the guardianship and guardianship authorities or the court.

Parents exercising their rights to the detriment of the rights and interests of children, abusing their rights, may be limited or completely deprived of parental rights by the court. They can be held criminally liable for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of duties in relation to minor children, if this is connected with cruel treatment (Article 156 of the Criminal Code).

In 2007, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Federal Target Program "Children of Russia" for 2007-2010. It includes several subprograms: "Healthy Generation", "Gifted Children", "Children and Family", etc. 50 billion rubles were allocated from the state budget for the implementation of the Program * (485)

3. At a certain stage in the development of kinship relations, the care of parents for their children is replaced by the care of able-bodied children who have reached the age of majority for their parents. Such care has the character of moral support, attention to the problems and interests of parents, but it can also acquire a binding legal nature of material support if the parents are disabled and need help (Article 87 of the UK). For this, however, it is necessary that the children be able to work, able to provide assistance. In the absence of assistance and in the presence of exceptional circumstances (a parent's injury, a serious illness, the need for constant care, etc.), adult children may be required by the court to bear additional costs in connection with the named circumstances. However, children can be exempted from the obligation to support their disabled and needy parents and from participation in additional expenses if the court establishes that the parents shied away from their duties of raising children (paragraph 5 of article 87, paragraph 2 of article 88 SC).