Functional-semantic types of speech. Description as a type of speech

(cm.). In the history of the development of rhetoric, poetics, and stylistics, they had different names: methods of presentation, types of text, verbal and stylistic unities, compositional and speech forms, etc. The term F.-s. t. r. introduced into scientific circulation by O.A. Nechaeva (1974).

Each F.-s. t. r. characterized by a certain pragmatic function, a certain type of logical content and a type of structure. Description implements the task of the author to present objects in their qualitative certainty, by listing their features, narration - to present a sequence of events (these types of speech are combined into a group of representing, according to the classification of V.V. Odintsov), - to convince the reader of the existence of causal relationships between phenomena (argumentative type of speech). The structural and compositional characteristics of F.-s. t. r.

When combining sentences into representing F.-s. t. r. an essential, structure-forming role is played by the aspect-temporal ratio of verbs in the text. The meaning of synchronicity is usually expressed by the verbs nes. type (most often present or past tense), due to their "non-limiting" a certain duration of actions is created, which allows the latter to be simultaneous. Owl verbs. species express the meaning of non-duration, changeability of actions, which corresponds to the narrative. Often, movement in time is expressed by changing the tense forms of the verb, past and present. The enumerative meaning of a descriptive text is usually conveyed by a parallel connection of sentences; in a narrative, successively occurring events are expressed using a chain connection.

Reasoning consists of a chain of interdependent judgments. An indicator of a close - causative - connection is a pronounced synsemancy of independent sentences, a high frequency of logical markers - introductory words therefore, so, thus, adverbs with the meaning of consequence, conclusion therefore, therefore, hence, then, subordinating conjunctions because, since, because, so that and etc.

F.-s. t. r. have various modifications. By structure, they can be "classical" (close to the type), mixed, variational; undergo changes depending on the subject-thematic content of the work, funkts. style, genre, individual style of the author.

The traditional classification of types of speech arose within the framework of ancient rhetoric and includes the most general varieties of speech that clearly differ in their essential features. In the 70s–90s. 20th century a special appeal of linguists to the problem of F.-s. tr., attracting as an object of study texts of various functional and stylistic varieties of lit. language led both to the allocation of new types of speech, for example. statements(media instructions(see), characteristic primarily for office-cases. spheres of communication, and to isolating subtypes within each F.-s. t. r.

Within the whole text, there are various variants of alternation and interaction of F.-s. t. river, including contaminated types of speech, possessing simultaneously signs of two (or more) F.-s. t. r. (without obvious dominance of one over the other) as a result of combining two (or more) communicative tasks. An example of a mixed F.-s. t.r: "At the time the theory was created, the Ξ-hyperons and the Ω-particle were not yet known. Resonances Ξ ... were discovered in 1962. The top of the pyramid remained unfilled. Gell-Mann predicted that the particle corresponding to it should have a spin equal to 3/2, a hypercharge Y \u003d -2 and a mass of about 1675 MeV ... Almost immediately, a systematic search began for this particle, called the Ω-hyperon. At the Brookhaven Laboratory, a 33 GeV accelerator and a two-meter bubble chamber containing 900 liters of liquid hydrogen were used for this purpose. It was done about 300,000 images before one of them recorded the creation and decay of an Ω particle in January 1964. Its properties, in particular its mass, exactly coincided with those predicted by theory.Thus, the discovery of the Ω hyperon was a triumph of the theory unitary symmetry"(I.V. Savelyev. Course of General Physics). The first communicative function of this text is to tell about the discovery of the Ω-hyperon. The second is to evaluate this discovery, to draw a conclusion about its role in confirming the correctness of the theory of unitary symmetry. As a result there is mixed F. - pages. t. r. (representing and arguing the content) with a common communicative task - to tell about the discovery, preparing the reader for a certain conclusion about this discovery, for its correct assessment. The story is a synthesis of the narrative (a striking sign of it are references to dates and adverbs with the meaning of time, for example: almost immediately) and descriptions (the course and results of research, device design). The argumentative component of this microtext - conclusion - contains an indicator of logical connection thus.

F.'s identification - page. t. r. is most effectively carried out in the context of the whole work. This allows us to see the change in types of speech, their functioning either in pure or contaminated form, to isolate the "elementary" F.-s. t. r. and larger structures absorbing them, up to the global logical structure, which is the framework of the entire work and is associated with the expression and confirmation of the main hypothesis of the scientist, the idea of ​​the artist.

F.'s functioning - page. t. r. in one style or another, lit. language is largely due to the tasks of communication in the relevant field of communication.

In the artist texts are dominated by narration, shaping the story of events, the system of which makes up the plot of the work; the description is widely presented (landscape, portrait, etc.). Reasoning functions in the form of subjective reflections and differs significantly in structural and functional characteristics from scientific reasoning. For scientific works are typically logical reasoning with a clear, stereotyped structure, which serves to derive new knowledge. In the artist In the work, a freer form, individualized, emotional reasoning functions, leading, preparing the reader for the perception of judgment, which is important for expressing the author's aesthetic assessment of the depicted.

In scientific texts by leading F.-s. t. r. are description (static and dynamic) and reasoning (reasoning proper, etc.). The first serves to depict the external features of the object of study, i.e. for direct reflection of objective reality, which refers to the embodiment of the results of empirical research; the second is used to reflect hidden connections and patterns of development of objects of study, i.e. expresses the results of theoretical knowledge. With the development of science and theoretical thinking, the share of reasoning in scientific. texts is increasing.

The implementation of the traditional communicative tasks of journalism - informing and persuading influence - predetermines the predominant functioning in the texts of F.-s. t. r. narrative and reasoning, the latter - primarily in the form of evidence, but different from scientific evidence, carried out with the help of strict logical procedures. In public In the text, in order to convince the reader of the correctness of the author's judgments, factual and value arguments are used. Communicatively determined in public. text - the text, the essential feature of which is dialogism, the calculation for a quick and obligatory reaction of the addressee, for the maximum degree of his understanding of the analyzed problems - is also the dedication of the reader to the causes of the phenomena under consideration () and the goals, motives (justification) of certain decisions, actions .

In the office. speech, the precept occupies a dominant position, which is associated with the implementation in the text of the main stylistic feature - the directiveness of the presentation, due to the regulatory, regulating function of law.

Lit.: Vinogradov V.V. About the language of the artist. literature. - M., 1959; Nechaeva O.A. Functional-semantic types of speech ( , ). - Ulan-Ude, 1974; Her: Essays on syntactic semantics and stylistics of functional-semantic types of speech. - Ulan-Ude, 1999; Loseva L.M. How the text is built. - M., 1980; Mets N.A., Mitrofanova O.D., Odintsova T.B. The structure of scientific text and teaching monologue speech. - M., 1981; Grishina O.N. The ratio of narration, description and reasoning in art. text (based on English and American prose of the 20th century): Abstract dis.… cand. philol. Sciences. - M., 1982; Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. Funkts. Russian types. speech. - M., 1982; Brandes M.P. Stylistics of the German language. - M., 1983; Kozhina M.N., Kyrkunova L.G. On the relationship of functional-semantic types of speech with the specifics of funkts. styles // Word in various spheres of speech. - Volgograd, 1988; Ismailova Zh.A. Semantic interaction of aspect-temporal forms of the verb with text types (on the material of V. Rasputin's story "Farewell to Mother"): Abstract dis.… cand. philol. Sciences. - L., 1990; Protopopova O.V., Trosheva T.B. Functional-semantic types of speech as a criterion for stylistic differentiation of scientific and technical texts // Essays on the history of scientific. Russian style. lit. language of the 18th–20th centuries. - Perm, 1998. Vol. 2. Part 2; Trosheva T.B. Formation of reasoning in the process of scientific development. Russian style. lit. language of the 18th–20th centuries. (compared with other functional varieties). - Perm, 1999.

T.B. Trosheva

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

Oratorical speech is heterogeneous in its composition. In the process of thinking, it is natural for a person to reflect various objectively existing connections between the phenomena of reality, between objects, events, individual judgments. This finds expression in various functional and semantic types of speech: description, narration, reasoning (reflection). At the same time, in various types of oratory there will be a different ratio of these types, because in reality they all mix, interact, and their isolation is very conditional.

Narration- This is a dynamic type of speech that expresses a message about actions or states developing in a temporal sequence and has specific language means. Narrative conveys changing actions or states that unfold over time. In narration, the speaker can speak as a participant in events; describe events from the words of a third person; model an event series without pointing to the source of information. Narrative dynamics are created through the use of verbs, which can express a quick change of events, the sequence of their development.

Description- this is a stating speech, as a rule, giving a statistical picture, an idea of ​​the nature, composition, structure, properties, qualities of an object by listing both its essential and non-essential features at the moment. Descriptions are very diverse both in content and form. They can also be figurative, which brings speech closer to description in fiction. The description can be expanded, detailed and concise, brief; objectified, for example, the description of experience in academic speech, and subjective, in which the speaker expresses his attitude to the object, for example, a description of the situation in political speech. The center of the description is nouns with objective meaning, which give rise to a specific image in the minds of listeners, cause a number of associations.

Reasoning (or thinking)- this is a type of speech in which objects or phenomena are explored, their internal features are revealed, certain provisions are proved.

Reasoning is characterized by special logical relationships between its constituent judgments, which form inferences or a chain of inferences on a topic, presented in a logically consistent form. This type of speech has a specific linguistic structure, depending on the logical basis of reasoning or on the meaning of the statement, and is characterized by causal relationships. Reasoning allows you to involve listeners in the process of speech, which leads to the activation of their attention, causing interest in what is being reported.

Can be distinguished proper reasoning- a chain of conclusions on any topic, set out in a logically consistent form, its goal is the derivation of new knowledge; proof, the purpose of which is to substantiate the truth or falsity of the statements made; explanation, the purpose of which is the disclosure, concretization of the stated content, the establishment of the reliability of judgments regarding any obscure case.

A special case of reasoning is common places- abstract reasoning, inspired by the topic of speech, not fixed to a specific situation, which reinforce the argumentation of the main presentation, are used to emotionally strengthen the arguments and provisions. These discussions are on general topics, for example, about nobility and decency, justice and humanity, about the attitude towards people, etc. A well-chosen general idea serves as one of the main elements of the composition and a support for a particular material. The connection of common places with specific material increases the content orientation of speech.

Video lesson 2: Types of Speech/Narrative, Description, Reasoning

Lecture: Styles and functional-semantic types of speech

Speech styles

The styles of the literary language and the linguistic means that create them are studied by stylistics. The style of the language is a kind of communication characteristic of any side of social life. Therefore, there are various styles of speech. One style of language differs from another in purpose, set of language tools and genre. In order to understand in what style the text is written, it is necessary

Conversational style people use for communication in everyday life, family, friendly company. The goals of such communication are the establishment of relationships, the emotional exchange of thoughts and information in conversations or letters. The conversational style is characterized by ease and a certain freedom. In it, a violation of the logical sequence is permissible, it is not burdened with the rules of the Russian language, except for phonetics. The words of the colloquial style are colorful, lively and expressive. For example, "Zhenya! Firework! How are you? What's new? Let's go to football!"

Formal business style is used when citizens communicate with officials of the institution, when officials communicate with each other, as well as in the field of document management. The purpose of this style is to maintain and regulate official relations. Laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts are examples of official business communication. The character of the style is precise, strict, imperative. For example, “According to Art. 140 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, an official who unlawfully refused to provide a citizen with information affecting his rights and freedoms is punishable by a fine of up to two hundred thousand rubles.

Journalistic style typical, for example, for speeches of deputies before the people, as well as for any other propaganda and mass activities. This style is used in the socio-political sphere of life, as well as in the media. It aims to inform listeners/readers about important public affairs and influence their consciousness. The main feature of the style is a call to action or abstaining from it. A publicistic text uses a large number of linguistic means of speech expressiveness. For example, "You won't believe it! Scientists have done a miracle! After many years of hard work, they have finally created a cure for all diseases!

scientific style inherent in scientists, researchers and other scientific figures. It is used not only in the field of science, but also in the field of education. The main goals of the scientific style of speech are to identify and describe new facts, laws and patterns, to report on the discoveries and achievements of science. This style is not understandable for everyone, because it uses special professional and scientific words, formulas, drawings. There is no figurativeness and emotionality in the scientific text. For example, "The number of hydroxo groups in the hydroxide formula corresponds to the valency of the metal."

Art style - this is the art of the word, the style of works of literature (stories, novels, fairy tales, plays, poems, etc.). This style is characterized by figurativeness, emotional richness, impact on human feelings. The text is rich in epithets, metaphors, morphemes, homonyms, synonyms and other embellishing words. For example, “Sad time! Oh charm! Your parting beauty is pleasant to me ... ”(A.S. Pushkin).

As you can see, each style has a unique language means, goals and genres. But there are also language tools that are used in all styles. They are called stylistically neutral words.

Functional-semantic types of speech

In speech, a person speaks about people and animals, concepts and events. In some statements he describes phenomena, in others he talks about a problem, and in others he tells about an event. Therefore, speech can be divided into semantic types:

Description- a type of speech depicting signs of someone or something. Examples: Catherine the Great had a flexible mind and pragmatism, was hardworking and patient. Russia is a legal, democratic, federal state with a republican form of government. Description is used in all styles of speech.

reasoning- a type of speech that affirms or refutes something. In your reasoning, you need to adhere to the plan: thesis, arguments, conclusion. Example: To melt a substance, it is necessary to destroy its crystal lattice (thesis). It turns out that bonds between molecules in a crystal lattice are weaker than between atoms and ions (argument). Therefore, as a rule, substances with a molecular structure have low melting points (conclusion). This type of speech is used mainly for scientific style.

Narration- a type of speech that describes events in a certain sequence of actions: what was, what became. Example: I began to stroke Yashkin's paw and I think: just like a baby's. And tickled his hand. And the baby somehow pulls his paw - and me on the cheek. I did not even have time to blink, but he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. Sat down and grins. (B. Zhitkov) Narration is typical for colloquial and artistic styles.

Federal Agency for Education

Department of Foreign Languages

Coursework in the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech"

on the topic

"Functional Types of Speech".

Completed:

Checked:

Introduction…………………………………………………..…………..3

Working with terminology………………………………….…………..4

Functional types of speech:

Description………………………………………………………………….5

Narration…………………………………………….…..………8

Reasoning………………………………………………..………..10

Memo…………………………………………………….…….......13

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….…..14

Literature……………………………………………………….…..15

Introduction

The problem of human knowledge of functional types of speech is very relevant. We communicate a lot with different people: at home, at work, in various public places, and the ability to correctly build our speech is of great importance. It is also important to be able to understand other people. We need all this in order to be understood correctly, so that a person, reading a work, listening to someone, has the most complete and clear idea of ​​what is at stake, can better understand the problem. Knowledge of functional types of speech is necessary to create competent texts in accordance with the tasks of communication in various areas of human activity, for competent speech to the public.

The process of communicative development of a personality is impossible without the formation of a theoretically clear idea of ​​the functional and semantic typology of speech, without developing the ability to analyze a text in terms of its belonging to a certain type, the ability to create texts in accordance with the communicative-functional, compositional-structural, lexical-grammatical characteristics of that or another functional type of speech.

In this paper, we will talk about the functional types of speech: description, narration, reasoning. The characteristic features of each type of speech will be considered, definitions of these types will be given, examples of use will be given.

The tasks facing this work are: to give a basic definition based on several sources, to characterize the types of speech, to explain the relevance of this topic, to show examples of the use of speech types.

A huge contribution to the development of the Russian language was made by scientists: Vinogradov Viktor Vladimirovich (1894-1969) - Soviet literary critic and linguist-Russianist, Anatoly Vlasovich Zhukov (philologist-Russianist) and others.

Working with terminology

In the textbook of the Russian language N.Yu. Shtreker "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" gives the following definition of the type of speech: the type of speech is understood as a text (or a fragment of text) with a certain generalized meaning (an object and its sign; an object and its action; an assessment of an event, a phenomenon; causal relationships, etc. .d.), which is expressed by certain linguistic means.

This definition makes us understand that the type of speech has a certain meaning and is expressed by certain linguistic means.

In the textbook for universities Graudina L.K., Shiryaeva E.N. "Culture of Russian speech" about the functional-semantic types of speech it is said: the type of speech is a monologue narrative - information about developing actions, a monologue description - information about the simultaneous features of an object, a monologue reasoning - about cause-and-effect relationships. Semantic types are present in speech depending on its type, purpose and the speaker's conceptual intent, which determines the inclusion or non-inclusion of one or another semantic type in the general fabric of oratory speech; the change of these types is caused by the speaker's desire to more fully express his thought, reflect his position, help listeners perceive the speech and most effectively influence the audience, and also give speech a dynamic character.

This definition emphasizes that functional types are present in speech depending on its type, the author's intention.

Nechaeva O.A. in the book "Functional-semantic types of speech (description, narration, reasoning)" indicates the definition of types of speech: functional types of speech are communicatively conditioned typified varieties of monologue speech, which traditionally include description, narration and reasoning.

This definition shows us that types of speech serve to communicate people with each other.

So, we will give our definition of the type of speech based on the above definitions. Functional types of speech are communicatively conditioned typified varieties of monologue speech, which are expressed by certain linguistic means.

Functional types of speech

Consider the main functional types of speech, characterizing each of them in detail.

Description

Description is a functional type of speech, the essence of which is to express the fact of the coexistence of objects, their features at the same time. The description serves for a detailed transfer of the state of reality, images of nature, terrain, interior, appearance. For example:

"The Kochanovsky estate stands on the river, opposite the village. The estate is not rich - the house is covered with wood chips, on both sides the gate connects it to the outbuildings, in the left outbuilding there is a kitchen, in the right rig, a cowshed, a shed. One window of the kitchen overlooks the river, but you can’t see the river , the old hard raspberry tree props up the outbuilding ... "(K. Fedin. Shepherd).

In the content of descriptive texts, the main thing is objects, properties, qualities, and not actions. Therefore, the main semantic load is borne by nouns and adjectives. Nouns refer to specific vocabulary (river, village, house, gate, outbuilding, window, etc.). Words with a spatial meaning are widely used - the circumstances of the place (on the river, against the village, etc.). The verbal predicates are either weakened in meaning, erased (the estate stands on the river; the window overlooks the river), or have a qualitatively pictorial meaning (a hard raspberry tree props up the outbuilding). The verb form of the present tense is often used, expressing the long-term state of the object or the "timeless" state (standing, connecting, propping up).

Imperfect past tense verbs indicate the state of the described phenomena at the time of observing them (whitened, bloomed). Even perfective verbs in descriptive contexts convey a property, a characteristic of an object, and not an active action (a barely noticeable path branched off from it, winded between the pines and died in a clearing).

The description is characterized by the uniformity of the forms of the predicate, which is an indicator of the static character of the depicted. The most frequent descriptions are with a single plan of the present tense or with a single plan of the past tense. The degree of staticness in descriptions with a past tense plan is lower than in descriptions with a present tense plan.

The description may include a sequence of nominative and elliptical constructions, which creates a kind of nominative style, most clearly represented in the remarks of dramatic works, film scripts, and diary entries. For example:

"A large room, a corner of the house; Vassa has lived here for ten years and spends most of the day. A large desk, in front of it is a light armchair with a hard seat, a fireproof wardrobe, on the wall is an extensive, brightly colored map of the upper and middle reaches of the Volga - from Rybinsk to Kazan ; under the map - a wide ottoman covered with a carpet, on it a pile of pillows; in the middle of the room there is a small oval table, chairs with high backs; double glass doors to the terrace to the garden, two windows - also to the garden. A large leather armchair, on the windowsills - geraniums, in on the wall between the windows on the floor in a tub - a laurel tree. A small shelf, on it - a silver jug, the same gilded ladles. Near the ottoman there is a door to the bedroom, in front of the table - a door to other rooms "(M. Gorky. Vassa Zheleznova).

In such descriptions, objects seem to be captured by a video camera. The proposals are equal in relation to each other. They can be grouped in other ways, it all depends on the "reference point".

The enumerative meaning of descriptive text is often conveyed by a parallel connection of sentences.

This is clearly demonstrated by the texts of the descriptive sciences (biology, geology, etc.), which include logical units in the form of whole paragraphs, which consist of sentences expressing parallel connected judgments with a single subject and different predicates.

For example:

"The common one is already well distinguishable by its dark, almost black color ... Distributed in the European part of the country, in Siberia east to Transbaikalia and in some places in Central Asia. It keeps along the banks of swamps, rivers, ponds. It feeds on frogs, lizards, rodents, less often insects. Fish rarely eats" (S.P. Naumov. Vertebrate Zoology).

A literary text is characterized by a contamination of description with narration. Elements of descriptiveness are present in almost any narrative text.

Sometimes the semantic load in the description falls on the action, in this case they speak of a "dynamic description" - a type of transitional speech bordering on the narrative. The dynamic description conveys the flow of actions with small time intervals in a limited space. The structural content of the description is reduced to the temporal relation of simple following. Due to the fact that all attention is focused on fixing the dynamics, on a number of moments of action, their "step-by-step" nature, such content determines the selection of proposals that have an independent character. Dynamic description is often used to show external events, being a means of naturalistic reflection of reality (there is a special term for the naturalistic method of a very detailed description of an action with great accuracy in rendering details - "second style").

All texts are divided into three semantic types: description, narration, reasoning.

Description- the semantic type of the text, which describes the signs of objects, phenomena, animals, humans:

Autumn has come. The small foliage has almost completely flown from the coastal vines, and the branches show through in the turquoise sky. The water under the vines became clear, icy and as if heavy. And the black sky is drawn with fiery stripes by shooting stars (I. Bunin).

Purpose of description- show the reader or listener the subject of the description so that he visually represents it in his mind.

Description composition elements: general idea of ​​the subject, individual features of the subject, author's assessment, conclusion, conclusion.

A description of nature is called a landscape, a description of a person is called a portrait.

Descriptive tex t can be in the form of any style.

Narration– a semantic type of text that describes events in a certain sequence:

But then the shooting began to subside and then completely stopped. Black shadows rushed to the side, ran into our fire and disappeared behind the trees. The enemy has left! This most difficult and terrible night fight in the forest is over. (M. Fortus)

Narrative text comes in the form of artistic and colloquial styles.

The literary narrative text has a certain structure - composition(from lat. compposito - composition, compilation, connection). It is customary to single out: exposure(situation prior to the start of the action), eyeballs(what the action begins with), the development of the action, climax(the highest point in the development of the action), interchange(end of event).

Events can develop in chronological order and in reverse, when we first learn about the denouement, and then about the development of the action.

The narration can be in the third person, this is the author's narration, or in the first person.

reasoning- the semantic type of the text, which affirms or denies any phenomenon, fact, concept.

The reasoning is built as follows: thesis, arguments proving it, conclusion. The thesis must be clearly formulated and provable, the arguments must be convincing. It is important that a logical, semantic and grammatical connection be established between the thesis and arguments (introductory words are often used: first, so, therefore):

Russian language is one of the greatest languages ​​in the world.

Firstly, it is distinguished by the richness of vocabulary, secondly, by the extraordinary flexibility and plasticity of linguistic forms, and thirdly, by the variety of stylistic means.

So, A.S. was right. Pushkin, arguing that our language is not only not inferior to European languages, but has superiority over them.

(A. Dudnikov)

Reasoning differs from description and narration by a more complex construction of sentences (with participial and adverbial phrases, various types of allied and allied connection), vocabulary (words denoting abstract concepts: good, true).

Reasoning can appear in different genre forms: letters, articles, reports, political speeches.