Do sound letter analysis. How phonetic parsing of a word is done: an example of sound analysis

What is sound-letter analysis of a word? How to do it right? At the Russian language lessons in primary school often give a similar task, but not all students have time to understand during the lesson how to properly analyze. Let's examine this question carefully.

What is it for

Unlike many European languages, where "as it is heard, so it is written", in Russian the rules of writing can be quite complicated. Why, for example, do we say "car" and write "cow"? Let's remember everyone's favorite New Year's tree: why the "Christmas tree" and not the "Yolka"?

It would seem that the combination of letters will give the same result. So, student knowing the rules spelling of words and not understanding the meaning of transcription, which we write in the sound-letter analysis, will write down many concepts incorrectly.

Moreover, the ability to write and read transcriptions is very useful when learning a foreign language, in particular English. The rules for writing words there are very complicated - even more complicated than in our native language - which means that without learning to parse the contents of square brackets, you will not be able to speak freely!

First thing

The first thing that is required of the student is to write a transcription. It is drawn up in How else does it differ from the usual notation of a word? First, it lacks a soft sign. Instead of the usual "b", softness is indicated by a comma to the right of the top of the consonant. Do you remember that vowels do not have such a parameter?

Some letters do not occur at all in transcription: these are “I”, “yu”, “e” and “ё”. Instead of them, either designations from two phonemes will be used: “й” + vowel, or only their “paired” vowel. Have you noticed that these letters are easy to replace? "E" is the same as "ye", and "yu" can be represented as "yu". This is exactly what transcription requires.

Example

Let's look at the sound-letter analysis of the word "sailor". Here we see several characteristic details at once. Firstly, this is the presence of an unstressed vowel "o", which will turn into "a". What else do you notice? That's right, the consonant "r" is soft. We denote this by a comma above the letter in the appropriate place. Finally, “I” itself will turn into “a” - you don’t hear the sound “y” when you pronounce this word, do you?

So, let's write "sailor". Sound-letter analysis represent in square brackets right: [mar'ak]. That's it, we completed the first part of the task!

Looking ahead, we point out one more detail: the number of letters and sounds in a word can vary. For example, the word "steel" will have 5 letters, but only 4 sounds. But the "box" will show exactly the opposite results - four against five.

Characteristics of phonemes

Each of the sounds presented in the transcription is a phoneme. All of them have parameters that you must learn to highlight.

Consonants can be hard or soft, depending on their position in the word. For example, in the "sailor" we have analyzed, "p '" is soft. But in the word "ditch" the same letter will be presented as a solid "r".

Another indicator will be a voiced-deaf pair. Remember, "B-p", "v-f", "g-k" and so on. One of them is voiced, and the second is deaf. Some phonemes can only be voiced: these are “r”, “n”, “m”, “l”. Such sounds are called sonorants - the nasal cavity is involved in their formation.

Please note that when performing a sound-letter analysis, the signs denoting voiced phonemes are subjected to deafening at the end of a word. For example, "mushroom" will appear in the form of transcription as [g'ip]. Do you recognize a homonym - a similar-sounding word? The seasonal illness, the flu, is pronounced the same way.

Registration

So that the teacher does not find fault with the design of the assignment, let's see how to do it in accordance with the rules.

Write down the word you want to parse with capital letter. Now put a dash, and to the right of it - an open square bracket. When you make a transcription, you will enter it here. Don't forget to close it with a symmetrical square bracket.

Below, under source word you need to write all its phonemes vertically - these are the signs that make up the transcription. Please note that in sound-letter analysis, the consonant, together with the indicator of softness, constitutes a single entity! For example, in the word "river" - [r'eka] - the first phoneme will not be "r", but "r'". Be sure to remember this.

Opposite each received phoneme - where we wrote them "in a column" - indicate all their possible parameters. This includes softness-hardness, and the opposition "voiced-deaf". Opposite each sign, write, respectively, a vowel or a consonant.

The word "class"

Let's take another example. Let's choose the word "class" for sound-letter analysis. Our task is quite simple. In the transcription, only the ending will differ from the original recording ... But we don’t know how to represent double consonants! The answer is simple - instead of two letters, we will write one.

So, the "class" will appear before us as [class]. Here "K" is a hard deaf consonant, "L" is a hard and voiced one. Following the vowel "A" we indicate "C" - hard and deaf.

Don't forget to include the number of letters and the number of sounds. For example, in the last word we analyzed, there are 5 letters, but only 4 sounds. In general, this is all that the teacher needs in this task! Now choose any other example and do the sound-letter analysis of the word yourself.

Complications

When you grow up, you will learn that all the vowels of every language that exists on the planet, like all the consonants, are reduced to one single tablet. They have two parameters: rise and near. For example, the vowels "i", "ы" and "y" refer to the same rise and differ side by side - respectively, front, middle and back. And vice versa: “ы” and “а” are vowels of the same series - middle, but they differ in rise. In the first case, it is upper, and in the second, it is lower.

If you want to connect your life with language learning - become a translator, researcher mother tongue, a teacher of relevant subjects, then you will definitely need to learn these subtleties. However, it seems complicated only at first glance.

Conclusion

Proper execution given task will help to further understand foreign languages. First, you will write better. And besides this, you will be able to clearly distinguish between sounds, which is very important at the first stage of mastering a new language for you.

Complete tasks on time, and then studying will bring more pleasure and take less time!

Sound-letter analysis called phonetic . It consists in dividing the given word into syllables, placing the correct stress, writing out the sounds corresponding to the letters of the word as they are heard during pronunciation, and then characterizing each of them separately according to the established scheme. Moreover, there can be more sounds than letters, and maybe less. At the same time, in different regions of the country, the results of parsing the same word will be different, since the pronunciation of the inhabitants different regions sometimes significantly different.

Necessary:

- notebook;
- pencil and pen.

Instruction:

• Before we figure out how to do sound-letter analysis, let's remember parsing rules . So, firstly, it is produced spelling of a word . Then it is divided into syllables, stress is placed. The third point is the placement of transfers. Next, write out the phonetic transcription of the word in a column, characterize each sound. After that, we summarize the number of sounds and letters and note the moments when they do not match.
• Since sound-letter analysis is based on analysis of the characteristics of sounds Let's remember some important points. First, there are vowels and consonants. There are 10 vowels in Russian: " a», « about», « at», « s», « uh», « I», « yo», « Yu», « and», « e». vowels are the sounds: a», « about», « at», « s», « uh», « and". They are shock and unstressed. Letters " I», « yo», « Yu" and " e" have a double sound if they are in front of the word, after a soft or hard sign and after a vowel sound. That is why the rest of the letters and sounds are consonants. Consonants There are voiced and deaf, hard and soft. So, " th», « l», « m», « n», « R" - always voiced, a " X», « c», « h», « sch" - always deaf. Sounds " well», « w», « c» are always solid, and « th», « h», « sch» are always soft. In addition, consonants form six pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants: b-p», « v-f», « Mr.», « dt», « f-w», « s-s».
• As an example, let's take sound-letter parsing the words " buddies”, which will clearly show when the quantity more sounds than the number of letters:

  Division by syllables: pri-i-te-whether(the word has four syllables, the stress falls on the second syllable)

  Transfer: with-I-there-whether

  n [n]
  p[r]
  and [and]- vowel, unstressed.
  i [th]- consonant, voiced, soft, unpaired.
  -[a]- vowel, percussion.
  t [t]
  her]- vowel, unstressed.
  l [l]- consonant, voiced, soft, unpaired.
  and [and]- vowel, unstressed.

  In the word 8 letters and 9 sounds. Mismatches: the letter " I” is indicated by two phonemes: “ th" and " a».

• Parsing the word "fraction" is a prime example cases when, on the contrary, the number fewer sounds than the number of letters:

  Fraction (the word has one vowel, and therefore it has one syllable, and the word cannot be transferred) d [d]- consonant, voiced, solid, paired.
  p[r]- consonant, voiced, solid, unpaired.
  oh [oh]- vowel, percussion.
  b [n]- consonant, deaf, soft, paired.
  b- not a sound. In a word 5 letters and 4 sounds. Mismatches: the letter " b" sounds like " P", and the letter " b' has no sound.

• And finally phonetic parsing the words " soup will prove that there is also a complete Quantity matching letters and sounds:

  Soup. Division by syllables: soup(the word has three syllables, the stress falls on the second syllable) Transfer: soupn [n]- consonant, deaf, solid, double.
  o[a]- vowel, unstressed.
  x [x]- consonant, deaf, hard, unpaired.
  l [l]- consonant, voiced, soft, unpaired.
  yo [o]- vowel, percussion.
  b [n]- consonant, deaf, solid, double.
  to [k]- consonant, deaf, solid, double.
  a [a]- vowel, unstressed. In the word 8 letters and 8 sounds. Mismatches: the letter " about" stands for the sound " a", letter " yo"has a sound" about", and the letter " b» — « P».

• The examples given show how to do the sound-letter analysis adopted in medium educational institutions. As you can see, there is nothing difficult in this process, the main thing is experience, knowledge of the rules and attentiveness. In any case, you can always ask for help Russian language guides . In particular, it can be reference Internet sources, for example,

Diana Ilinskaya

Goals and objectives: development sound-letter analysis and synthesis of words; learn to relate sound with letter and symbol.

Teaching children to read and write kindergarten carried out analytic- synthetic method. This means that children are first introduced to sounds mother tongue , and then with letters. modern school, according to the Federal State Educational Standard, requires from children entering the first grade, not so much any amount of knowledge and skills, but the ability to act mentally, which is formed in the process of assimilation of a knowledge system in a particular area of ​​reality.

Therefore, already in preschool age help children master certain system knowledge, which will become the basis for future study of the subject. Sound analysis is the definition, first, order sounds in a word, secondly, the selection of individual sounds, thirdly, the distinction sounds according to them quality characteristics. The Russian language is characterized by opposition of vowels and consonants sounds, hard and soft consonants.

The ability to hear and highlight everything sounds in order warns in the future when writing the omission of letters.

Children of five years after classes in middle group prepared to master sound analysis: they know how to distinguish intonation sound and determine the first sound in words.

But so that the child can parse word, his sound composition must be materialized. What has been said the word slips away, and it is very difficult for a child to single out some parts, elements in it by ear. It needs to be shown to preschoolers in the subject plan, presenting sound structure in the form of a model.

For this purpose, a diagram is used. sound composition of words. It depicts an object word- the name of which the child disassembles and puts a row of chips under the picture according to the number sounds in a word.

The drawing helps to see the object all the time, the name of which analyzed. The scheme makes it possible to determine the number sounds in a word and check the correctness of its filling with chips.

The main type of exercises that develop the phonetic abilities of students is phonetic analysis.

Acquaintance with the curriculum shows that phonetic analysis is understood as sound-letter parsing. However, in the methodology, the actual phonetic (or sound, and phonetic-graphic (or sound-letter) parsing. The purpose of the first is to characterize sound structure of the word without resorting to letters, the second includes the actual phonetic analysis only as its initial stage, since main task he has a clarification ratio sound structure of the word with its letter designation.

Actually sound parsing children perform in preparation period literacy training. With the transition to the study of letters sound analysis unfairly almost completely excluded from use.

However, noting the importance of phonetic analysis proper, one cannot but admit that it is natural that the main type of exercises from the moment children get acquainted with letters becomes sound-letter parsing in its two varieties.

If we want to ensure that the child actually operates sounds, that is, in order to develop his phonetic hearing, it is advisable to carry out sound analysis in this order.

1. Say and listen word

2. Find the stressed syllable

3. Say word by syllable

5. Designate selected sound icon

6. Go to the end the words

7. Say all the names in a row sounds. Listen, did it work word.

Let's comment on each point of this plan.

1. Say and listen word. This stage in the work on word essential for the development phonemic hearing a child who is presented with an object of the upcoming analysis. sounding word there is a moment. Then disappears. It is invisible, intangible. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that students pronounce the words in accordance with the norms of Russian literary pronunciation. Thus, the first stage of work with word in sound analysis It also becomes a means of educating students in the culture of oral speech.

2. Find the stressed syllable. Before isolating individual sounds in a word it is necessary to find the stressed syllable, since the lexical meaning sometimes depends on this the words. for example: [lock], [lock]. At the same time, children should know that the stressed syllable is only in full word.

3. Say word by syllable. The student must say twice word. The first time he pronounces it in its entirety with an interrogative or vocative intonation, which makes it easy to find the stressed syllable. Second time word pronounced in syllables.

4. Stretch (highlight in voice) first sound in full word name it and describe it. This is actually the beginning sound analysis the words. Children need to be taught sound stretch, artificially lengthen it, or designate it in some other way. For example, if explosive sound([k], [d], you can repeat it [kkot] or pronounce it with an effort to exhale. This will help you hear better sound. Singling out sound in full, the child controls whether the word, because between lexical meaning and sound the words there is an inseparable connection. Distortion of one of the elements of this integral connection destroys it.

5. Designate selected sound icon. At the stage sound analysis of the word, its recording with conventional icons of each sound should not be associated with alphabetic symbols. Over time these conditional icons kids, led by the teacher, will correlate with transcription icons and write down word so: [p'is'mo]. At first for sound analysis words are used that do not have spelling.

Sound-letter analysis- one of the most important types work that contributes to the formation of further spelling vigilance, the development of phonemic hearing; development of skills to isolate sounds in a word, correctly name and describe them; ability to correlate word with its sound diagram and much more.

work sound-letter word analysis I spend next way:

I. I distribute cards (picture, writing words in boxes, empty cells for writing sounds; sounds and color schemes(colored squares or colored pencils) appear during operation):

II. find out:

1. What is shown in the picture?

2. Divide word for syllables(we draw a line with a colored pencil, we emphasize (colored pencil).

3. Count the cells with letters?

4. Count the empty cells?

5. What cells are more (or less?

6. Let's find out why there are more empty cells (less, the same? The letter U- gives two sound [th] and [y], and in word trees - b - does not mean sound, but the letter i - will give two sound[th] and [a] rush - does not give sound).

7. We pronounce word, listen myself: we find out that the letter Yu - gives two sound.

8. Printing sounds in empty cells.

9. We find out if everything sounds are the same, as they are written (printed, that is, we verify, writing words with sounds. (For example, in the word lion - the letter v will give the sound [f]; in word trees - b - does not mean sound, but the letter i - will give two sound [th] and [a], the fruit - the letter d- will give sound [t]).

10. We give a description sounds(vowel - stressed, unstressed, consonant - hard. soft, voiced. deaf, coloring the squares with colored pencils (green, blue. red, or lay out colored squares (green, red, blue) according to specification sound.

Their work was based on research: A. M. Borodich, G. S. Shvaiko, A. I. Maksakova, A. N. Gvozdeva, E. V. Kolesnikova, G. G. Golubeva, G. A. Tumakova, V. V. Gerbova, T A. Tkachenko, A. K. Bondarenko, E. A. Strebeleva, T. B. Filicheva, N. V. Novotortseva, etc., I use tables.

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case pronounced like [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and syllabic structure phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• You write necessary word and say it out loud a few times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate them total. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. AT this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of the sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why is it different total number sounds and letters in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

home phonemic feature Russian speech - a clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. This position can only be percussive sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in weak position.

• The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only a few foreign words: cocoa [cocoa" o], patio [pa" thio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a"] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in a stressed position will also not present any difficulties.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change phonetic characteristic depending on position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable→ stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses have crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" represent two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: For St. Petersburg phonological school characteristic "screeching", and for the Moscow "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

Letter "I" after soft sign"b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkah], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after the soft sign "b" is transcribed as apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n, champignon n, shinho n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, minion n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [zhe´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agarics [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords they don’t tense up, only noise is emitted: a stack, a chip, a dress, a circus, a sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, phonetic law assimilation by deafness-voicedness. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: y ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, it changes common feature two standing nearby consonants: the combination of "GK" sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o'h'k'y], soft [m'a'h'k'y].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • "-tsya", "-tsya" → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile ts: a], wash [we ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms orthoepies are regulated by the publication: "Russian literary pronunciation and accent. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

SOUND-LETTER ANALYSIS

memo

Letters denoting vowel sounds: A O U Y E

I am Yeo Yu and Ye

Vowel sounds in a word are always indicated in red.

A O U Y E indicate that there is a solid consonant in front, which is indicated in blue.

I Yeo Yu and Ye indicate what is ahead soft sound, which is denoted in green.

Always hard consonants: [Ж], [Ш], [Ц]

Always soft consonants: [H]. [U], [Y],

Always voiced consonants: [M], [N], [L], [P], [Y].

Always deaf consonants: [X], [C], [H], [U].

Paired consonants: [B] - [P] [B] - [F] [Z] - [S] [F] - [W] [G] - [K] [D] - [T]

They have 2 sounds: I YO YU E (if: Stand in front of the word; stand after a soft or solid mark; after a vowel)

ANSWER OPTION ON THE BOARD:

BRIGHT

1. In the word bright, the stress falls on the vowel I

2. Divide the word into syllables: YAR-KIY

3. In the word BRIGHT there are two vowels I and I, therefore two syllables.

4. The letter I has two sounds (Y, A), because it stands in front of the word. (Y) - always soft, denoted in green; The sound (A) is a vowel, denoted in red.

5. The letter ER is the sound (P). We designate it in blue, because it is solid.

6. The letter KA-sound (Kb), is denoted in green, because the vowel I indicates the softness of the sound in front.

7. Letter I - sound (I). We denote it in red, because it is a vowel.

8. Letter Y-sound (Y). Denoted in green, because this sound is always soft.

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