Methodological materials on the phonetics of the modern Russian language. Phonetic system of the Russian language

The proposed textbook is focused on the program of the section "phonetics" general course"Modern Russian language" of the philological faculties of universities and pedagogical institutes. It takes into account recent achievements phonetic science, different concepts and ways of describing the same object are objectively stated. For students of philological faculties of higher educational institutions.

LANGUAGE ASSIGNMENT.
Human society cannot exist without communication, without the exchange of information. The exchange of information, that is, its transmission and reception, is called communication. To ensure communication between people, to exchange thoughts, the human language is intended, its main function is communicative: the language should allow transmitting and receiving any information in the most rational way.

In any communication, it is customary to distinguish two plans - the content plan (what is transmitted) and the expression plan (how the content is transmitted). Initially, information of various kinds exists in the mind of a person in a figurative, not material form and cannot be directly transferred from one person to another. To ensure the transmission and reception of information, it must be transformed into a form in which it could be sent by one person and received by another - after all, thoughts themselves can be transmitted ordinary people are not capable. This form in human society is a sound signal, that is, pressure fluctuations during external environment, which can be produced and perceived by a person (although there are other, less common ways of communicating - for example, using gestures or touches).

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 3
INTRODUCTION 7
Language as a subject of linguistics 7
Language Assignment 7
Language device. Sign 9
Language and speech 10
Varieties language systems 13
Linguistics 14
Phonetics: subject, tasks and sections.
Types of phonetic descriptions 16
Sound means of language 18
PART I. SUBSTANTIAL PHONETICS 25
SEGMENTAL PHONETICS 27
Articulatory aspect of phonetic descriptions 27
The device of the speech apparatus 28
The sound of speech. Vowels and consonants 31
The main components of speech production 32
Initiation 32
Articulation 33
Phonation 41
Articulation classification of Russian sounds 48
Contextual changes in phonetic units 54
Transcription 58
Phonetic transcription 59
Transcription and experimental phonetics 60
Transcription and orthoepy 61
Russian phonetic transcription 62
Phonetic transcription signs 65
Designation of vowel sounds 66
Designation of consonants 72
The acoustic aspect of phonetic descriptions 75
Thing acoustic phonetics 75
The physical nature of sound 76
Types of vibrations. Periodic and non-periodic oscillations 77
Objective properties of sounds and their subjective correlates 78
Propagation of sound waves 79
Simple (pure) tone - harmonic oscillation 80
complex sounds. Spectral Fourier Decomposition 85
Resonance 89
Acoustic theory of speech production 91
Formant. F-picture 93
The main methods of studying the acoustic properties of speech 94
Vowel formation 96
The ratio of articulatory and acoustic characteristics vowels 99
Coarticulation changes in vowels 104
Acoustic properties of consonants 105
Converting an acoustic signal into digital form (digitization) 108
Spectrogram analysis algorithm 110
Perceptual aspect of phonetic descriptions 110
Stages of the perception process 110
Acoustic signal reception and conversion 111
Useful signs of a sound signal (acoustic keys) 117
Linguistic stage of perception 123
Methods for studying perception 127
SUPER SEGMENTAL PHONETICS 129
Segment and supersegment units 129
Syllable 131
Syllable structure 132
Syllable functions 133
Signs of syllable 133
Sonority scale 136
Universal principles of syllable organization 139
Basic theories of syllable division in Russian 140
Hierarchical ordering of universal principles of syllable structure 146
Algorithm for syllable division in Russian 149
Phonetic word (measure) 156
Accent 157
Accent functions 157
Phonetic correlates of stress 158
word stress in Russian 159
Collateral stress 163
Structural types accents 163
Syntagma 165
Intonation 166
Prosodic means and their implementation 166
The intonation system of E.A. Bryzgunova 171
Perceptual Intonology S. Ode 177
Combinatorial model of intonation 179
Strong and Weak Phrase Positions 184
Border signals 186
ARTICULATION BASE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 189
PART II. LINGUISTIC PHONETICS (PHONOLOGY) 191
The sound of speech. Sound type 193
Phoneme 197
Phonological ideas of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay 203
Leningrad (Petersburg) Phonological School 206
Phonological theory of Prague linguistic school 212
Moscow Phonological School 219
Composition of Russian phonemes 229
Strengths and weaknesses 231
Phonetic realization of consonant phonemes of the Russian language 235
Phonetic realization of vowel phonemes 243
Phonological theory of R.I. Avanesov (1956) 246
Phonemic transcription IMF 249
Morph phonemic transcription 250
Spovophonemic transcription 272
Dynamic patterns in phonology 277
Standard Model of Generative Phonology 278
Modern phonological patterns 284
Integral model of sound behavior 289
PART III. PHONETIC FEATURES OF TALKING SPEECH 295
Supersegment features colloquial speech 300
Segmental features of colloquial speech 303
Spoken status 308
PART IV. ORPHEPY 313
Pronunciation variants in the field of vocalism 322
Pronunciation variants in the field of consonantism 326
Pronunciation of individual grammatical forms 333
Chronological options orthoepic norm 337
Pronunciation and spelling 339
Accent 341
Territorial varieties of orthoepic norm 349
PART V. GRAPHICS AND SPELLING 355
GRAPHICS 361
The main provisions of the theory of graphics 361
Graphic system of the Russian language 365
From the history of Russian graphics 370
SPELLING 376
Basic concepts of the theory of spelling. Spelling principles 376
Spelling system of the Russian language 382
From the history of Russian spelling 386
INDEX OF TERMS 395
APPENDICES 401
Appendix A. Articulation profiles of some sounds of the Russian language 403
Appendix B. Acoustics 407
Appendix B. Dynamic Spectrograms 418
Appendix D. Intonograms 422
Appendix D. IPA 424 Transcription System.

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(1 Voted)

Avanesov R.I.

Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language

Avanesov R.I. Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language.- M.: Moscow University, 1956. - 240 p.Electronic book. Slavic languages. Russian Studies. Russian language

Annotation (description)

D This monograph was formed on the basis of the author's lectures on general and special courses phonetics of the modern Russian literary language, read at Moscow University, and characterizes not so much final results research, but one of its stages. The book contains a presentation on the material of the Russian language of the theory of phonemes, which differs from the concept previously stated in the author's works and represents the result of his further work and observations.
Avanesov continues his work and hopes to give a more complete exposition of the subject soon. He wants to present not the results further research theoretical problems, and supplement your presentation with data experimental studies which are currently being maintained by a number of individuals.

Content (table of contents)

Foreword
Introduction
§ 1. The subject of phonetics.
§ 2. The meaning of phonetics.
§ 3. The concept of a phoneme.
§ 4. Two tasks of descriptive phonetics.
§ 5. General and experimental phonetics.
§ 6. Phonetic and phonological transcription.
The shortest sound unit in the composition of a word and morphemes.
§ 7. On the place of the phonetic system in the structure of the language.
§ 8. Phonetics and phonology.
§ 9. The concept of the shortest sound unit.
§ 10. The shortest sound unit and stress.
§ 11. Two types positional alternation and the nature of the phonetic system conditioned by them.
§ 12. The concept of a strong and weak phoneme.
§ 13. The concept of a phonemic series.
§ 14. Identity and difference of word forms and morphemes in their relation to their sound shells.
§ fifteen, Phonetic system in its relation to the structure of the language as a whole.
§ 16. On the question of causes different points phonemic vision.
About the syllable division and the structure of the syllable in the Russian language.
§ 17. Statement of the problem.
§ 18. The basic law of the syllable division in the Russian language.
§ 19. Closed terminal syllables.
§ 20. Open non-finite syllables.
§ 21. A few remarks on the theory of the syllabic division by Acad. L. V. Shcherby.
§ 22. Features of the syllable section associated with the lexical and grammatical articulation of speech.
§ 23. Features of the syllable section at the junction of the preposition and the next word and prefix and root.
§ 24. A syllable division at the junction of a root and a suffix.
§ 25. Features of the initial and final syllables of the word.
§ 26. Some results.
stress
§ 27. Sound articulation of speech.
§ 28. Stress of a word, speech tact, phrase.
§ 29. Stress as a sign of a word. § 30. Stress of a word and its properties.
§ 31. Longitude and shortness of vowels.
§ 32. The musical side of stress.
§ 33. Diversity of stress.
§ 34. Stress is movable and fixed.
§ 35. Stress and sound design of the word.
§ 36. Unstressed and weakly stressed words.
§ 37. Words with secondary stress
Vocalism
stressed vowels.
§ 38. Composition of vowel phonemes.
§ 39. Classification of vowels.
§ 40. The formation of individual vowels.
§ 41. Strong vowel phonemes in different phonetic conditions.
§ 42. The main form and positional variants of strong vowel phonemes.
Unstressed vowels.
§ 43. Reduction.
§ 44. Weak vowel phonemes.
§ 45. Weak vowel phonemes of the 1st prestressed syllable.
§ 46. The formation of separate vowels in the 1st prev stressed syllable.
§ 47. Weak vowel phonemes of the 2nd prestressed syllable.
§ 48. Vowels of stressed syllables.
§ 49. Phonemic rows of vowels
Consonantism. Composition of consonant phonemes
Classification of consonants.
§ 50. Principles of classification.
§ 51. Participation of voice and noise.
§ 52. Place of noise generation.
§ 53. Ways of generating noise.
§ 54. Absence or presence of palatalization (hardness-softness).
The formation of individual consonant phonemes.
§ 55. Labial.
§ 56, Frontlingual. Dental. Palatotooth.
§ 57. Middle-lingual.
§ 58. Back-lingual. System of consonant phonemes
§ 59. General information about the consonant system. Correlative, a series of voiceless and voiced consonant phonemes.
§ 60. The composition of strong consonant phonemes in relation to deafness-voicedness.
§ 61. Strong in deafness-voiced paired consonant phonemes.
§ 62. Paired consonant phonemes weak in deafness-voicedness.
§ 63, On variants of some paired consonant phonemes that are weak in deafness-voicedness.
§ 64, On variants of certain voiceless consonant phonemes.
§ 65. About variants of sonorous consonant phonemes. Correlative series of hard and soft consonant phonemes.
§ 66. The composition of strong consonant phonemes in relation to hardness-softness.
Section 67. Strong positions consonant phonemes by hardness-softness.
§ 68. Weak consonant police in hardness-softness.
§ 69. On the nature of the opposition in terms of hardness-softness and deafness-voicedness in connection with the history of Russian consonantism.
§ 70. On variants of consonants according to the hardness-softness of consonants.
§ 71. Phoneme [j].
§ 72. The system of consonant phonemes, taking into account all the correlative series in their relationship.
§ 73. Phonemic rows of consonants.
Types of scientific-linguistic transcription.
§ 74. Sound system and sound writing.
§ 75. About three types of scientific-linguistic transcription. phonetic transcription.
§ 76. Word phonemic transcription.
§ 77. Morphophonemic transcription.
§ 78. Combinations of consonants in word-phonemic and morpho-phonemic transcriptions.
§ 79. Zero members of phonemic series in morphophoiematic transcription.
§ 80. An example of three types of transcription.
§ 81. Morphological transcription and orthographic writing.

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Question #1: Modern Russian literary language. Phonetics as a scientific discipline. The concept of phonetic systems and subsystems. Basic units of phonetics

The Russian language is the modern (from Pushkin to the present day) Russian literary (language of culture, one of the forms of the national language) language, the national language of the Russian people. Represents dialects and adverbs, social jargons. It is a normalized language, a thin language. literature, science, radio, television, newspapers, schools. Lit language serves those areas where native speakers are interested in a quick and accurate understanding of each other. Literal language is the key to understanding the culture of a given people. Without mastering the norms of the Russian language, it is impossible to master the Russian type of linguistic thinking.

Phonetics is a scientific discipline that studies sounds, this is the sound shell of a language. This level of the language is characterized by maximum abstraction, because one-sided units live at this level. It has 2 sections: general (general patterns of sound shell) and private (sound shell of individual languages).

There are modern phonetics (from Pushkin to the present day) and historical (the history of the formation of the sound shell).

Phonetics is a system, i.e. within the framework of this system, all units are found in rigid opposition in some respects. There are certain laws in the speech flow, but they are sometimes violated and their violations are described through the information of phonetic subsystems: commonly used words (the most extensive); uncommon words - professionalisms, borrowed words; function words and interjections.

There are 2 types of units in the phonetic system: segmental and supersegmental.

Segmental - these are units that are materially expressed (we perceive through hearing, i.e. we perceive sound waves), extended in time (the smallest, short sound sounds in time, i.e. has its own length). Example: sound, syllable, measure, phrase.

Super-segment - they are built on top of segment units and cannot exist without them: stress, intonation and dierema - a boundary signal representing a minimum break in the speech flow, allowing the previous sound to be pronounced without the influence of the next one (buy something Kira and come to Ira).

Question number 2: Aspects of the study of sounds. Three phases of articulation of sounds. Articulation classification of vowels in Russian

Phonetics (as a sound shell) is studied in 3 aspects:

1) Acoustic - studied from the position of the listener. The physical properties of sound are investigated: pitch, vibration frequency, timbre, sound strength, etc.

2) Articulatory - studied from the position of the speaker, because the organs of speech of the speaker work to produce a particular sound.

3) Phonological (communicative) - considers the phoneme, i.e. How do we convert audio information into meaningful information?

This is the youngest section of Russian. language, because back in the early 19th century, scientists did not distinguish between sound and letter. And only in the 19th century, scientists paid attention to the sound shell of the language. The first methods of study were observation and introspection. Now there are 3 learning methods that correspond to different aspects:

1) acoustic methods: oscillography (fixes the duration of the sound, its height and intensity), pictography (gives a wide acoustic picture of the sound)

2) articulation methods: palatography (allows you to establish how the tongue interacts with the palate) and (cine) radiography (allows you to see the position of the speech organs at different stages of articulation)

3) psychophonological methods: methods for analyzing the linguistic shell of a language from the point of view of psycholinguistics, i.e. is fixed when the rate of speech is faster, and when it is slower.

Three phases of articulation of sounds: excursion (preparation of the organs of speech for the pronunciation of sound), exposure (the pronunciation of the sound itself) and recursion (return of the organs of speech to their original position).

Articulatory classification reflects the work of the organs of speech in the production of sounds.

A little about the work of the speech apparatus. The air jet sends an impulse to the movement of the muscles of the diaphragm; gets into the larynx, where there are vocal cords, which can have 3 positions: close and tense (vowels and sonorants); not close and not tense (noisy deaf consonants); close, but not tense (whisper). The air jet then enters the oral cavity. She is met by the uvula (veil of the palate). When the entrance to the nasal cavity is closed, then the sound is not nasal, and when it is open, then the sound is nasal. When air. falls into the mouth. cavity, then in the production of vowels it does not encounter obstacles. A resonator tube is created, its shape is created due to the position of the tongue and lips.

The body of the tongue can be horizontally located in the upper, middle and lower positions, and vertically in the front, middle and rear positions. Lips can also participate in the articulation of vowel sounds.

lift/row	front

Question number 3: Classification of consonant sounds according to the degree of participation of voice and noise and according to the place of noise formation

A little about the work of the speech apparatus. The air jet sends an impulse to the movement of the muscles of the diaphragm; gets into the larynx, where there are vocal cords, which can have 3 positions: close and tense (vowels and sonorants); not close and not tense (noisy deaf consonants); close, but not tense (whisper). When producing consonant sounds, air. the jet meets an obstacle, which is described through the designation of active and passive organs of speech. Active - tongue and lower lip, sometimes referred to as uvula, passive - upper lip, teeth, palate.

Question number 4: Classification of consonant sounds according to the method of noise formation and hardness / softness. Additional articulation (palatalization, velarization, bifocality).

According to the method of formation, consonants are divided into slotted, stop-explosive, stop-passing, stop-slit, stop-trembling.

Slotted (fricative) - when they are formed, the active organs of speech approach the passive ones and the air rubs against the edges of the formed gap.

Stops - when they are formed, the active organs of speech are pressed against the passive organs of speech.

1. explosive (affricates) - an air stream abruptly overcomes an obstacle.

2. through passage - the air goes around the barrier without breaking it.

3. slotted (c \u003d t ^ s, h \u003d t "w")

4. trembling - the tip of the tongue consistently hits the front of the palate.

Additional articulation:

1. palatalization - the middle part of the tongue rises to the middle part of the palate. The result is a soft sound. For the sound Y, this is the main articulation, so the add. This sound has no articulation. All sounds are called palatalized, and Y - palatal.

2. velarization - the tip of the tongue approaches the front of the palate, and the back of the tongue rises. Velarized sounds include [l], [g], [w]. In another way, these sounds are called bifocal (focus is where the muscles tense up).

Question number 5: Acoustic characteristics of sounds

Sound is presented as a physical phenomenon.

Spectrograph - physical properties of sounds are fixed. A spectrogram is a graphic representation of sound analysis.

Acoustic characteristics (fixation of wave behavior, sound behavior):

These characteristics allow you to influence the parameters:

1. vocal - formants nah-sya in multiple ratio (vowels and sonorant consonants) non-vocal (noisy consonants)

2. consonant - pronounced stronger (more black space) - non-consonant vowels (consonants)

3. high (vowels front row; consonants: dental, anteropalate, midpalatal, except L) low (all others)

4. Sharp-non-sharp - all formants are at the bottom, and one jumped up (vowels between soft consonants, soft consonants)

5. flat-non-flat - "reduced" (rounded vowels and consonants, i.e. before rounded vowels O and Y)

6. diffuse-compact (compact - formants are clustered, close to each other and to the center of the speech spectrum)

Diffuse - high vowels, dental and labial consonants.

7. Interrupted-uninterrupted. Interrupted ones - at the beginning there is a large energy consumption, and then does not increase (occlusive consonants except L, L "and nasals), and for uninterrupted ones - at the beginning a small energy consumption, but then gradually increases (vowels and fricative consonants).

8. sharp-unsharp. Sharp - C, H, R, R".

9. Voiced - deaf.

Voiced - vowels, sonorous consonants, voiced noisy consonants.

Deaf - deaf noisy consonants.

Question number 6: Sound laws in the field of vowels

phoneme syllable sound stress orthoepy

1. reduction - a change in a vowel sound in an unstressed position.

Partial (only part of the sound changes: b) and full (b).

Quantitative (a - b - b) and qualitative (o - b - b)

2. accommodation - the adaptation of a vowel to an adjacent soft consonant.

On the tour

In recursion

In excursion and recursion

Question number 7: Onetic laws in the field of consonants. Sounding and deafening. Strong and weak positions.

1. assimilation by voicedness / deafness (for paired consonants)

Strong positions:

A. before any vowel

B. before sonorant

V. before in, in"

Weak positions:

A. before noisy

B. at the end of a word

2. Stunning voiced noisy at the end of a word

Question number 8: Phonetic laws in the field of consonants. Assimilation in hardness/softness. Strong and weak positions.

1. assimilation by hardness/softness

C, Ch, Y are not subjected to assimilation.

Strong positions:

A. before any non-front vowel

B. before a heteroorganic consonant

B. at the end of a word

Weak positions:

A. before a front vowel

B. before a homoorganic consonant

V. dental before soft dental (classmate)

G. Labial before soft labial

D. dental before soft palatine

E. dental before soft labial (diamond)

J before Y

Z. before H (hardens)

2. palatalization - softening consonants before front vowels.

Question number 9: Assimilation of consonant sounds in place and in the way of formation. Consonant alternation with zero sound

Assimilation of consonants according to MO and SO occurs in significatively weak positions, because in this situation, each sound hides several phonemes.

Assimilation by MO:

1. dental consonants in front of the anterior palatine are replaced by anterior palatine (a gap or a bow in such sounds is formed in the alviols. Example: liar - liar)

2. labio-labial before labio-dental pass into labio-dental (Ex: symbol)

3. in labial-labial explosive consonants (Ex: B, P), the articulation changes in such a way that the lower lip closes not only with the upper, but also simultaneously with the upper teeth (Ex: love - love)

4. dental H, H "before back-lingual consonants are replaced by back-lingual (funk - function)

Assimilation by CO:

1. dental consonants C, Z before the anterior Sh, Zh, Ch are replaced by anterior palatal hissing (without a father - bezheny)

2. explosive consonants before fricatives of the same MO are replaced by affricates

3. plosive-labial and dental consonants of the same MO change oral explosion to pharyngeal (circle - exchange)

Interleaves with zero sound:

1. T and D are not pronounced after consonants and before C and H (cross - sacrums, heart - heart); not pronounced L before NC (sunny - sun)

2. phonemes С, З before Ш are realized by zero sound (to push - to split)

3. after vowels and ie th is realized by zero sound (my - mine)

Question number 10: Historical sound alternations

Alternations - sounds that change each other in the same phonetic conditions. The same conditions are morphemes, i.e. alternations are revealed within the framework of one morpheme, among sounds that occupy the same place in the morpheme.

Historical alternations - traces phonetic laws operating in different periods, idle now. East alternations are more common in the roots of words (light - a candle), less often in suffixes (roar - fish - fishing) - such forms are the result of a transitional softening, a phonetic process before J. Alternation of vowels with zero sound in the words forehead, sleep, sleep is the result of the loss of supershort ones that once existed in the language. Among the historical alternations, there are alternations of one consonant with a group of consonants (to reproach - I feed). Cases of history are reflected in orthography.

Stages of formation of historical alternations:

1. first millennium BC - 7th century BC - common Indo-European period: Ber-bir, lag-lodge, etc.

2. 7th century BC - 5th century AD - Common Slavic (Proto-Slavic period). G (c) / F (friend - friend), X / W (dry-dry)

3. from the 5th century AD - Eastern Slavic period

4. from the 14th century AD - Old Russian period. T "/H (twist - twist)

Question #11: Slogan and syllable. The syllable is the real smallest unit of speech. Acoustic theories of the syllable (vocal theory, theory of sonority). Views on the types of syllables M.V. Lomonosov

1. by articulation

2. according to acoustic parameters

Acoustic theory of syllable division. A syllable is a component of the sound stream, perceived by the listeners in unity. Within the framework of acoustic theory, there are 2 theories: vocal and sonoristic.

Vocal - the most ancient. Born in antiquity. The number of vowels determines the number of syllables in a word. Her main advantage is that she drew attention to the syllable, but the question of the boundaries of the syllable was not considered. The very formulation of the question of the principles of syllable division is important - a significant step in understanding the specifics of the syllable. Difficulties in the syllable division are primarily associated with the flow of consonants, and secondly with the convergence of vowels.

Sonorities - put forward by G. Suit, developed by Otto Jespersen. In Russian, Avanesov considered. A syllable is a wave of sonority. The structure of a syllable is determined by the combination of a more sonorous unit of the speech flow with a less sonorous one. The acoustic structure of a syllable is represented through a system of sonority coefficients. Otto divided sonority into 11 steps, and Avanesov into 4 steps:

1. deaf noisy consonants

2. noisy voiced

3. sonorous

4. vowels

The syllable section occurs where the sonority declines, from maximum to minimum. Vowels are more often syllable-forming, also m / b and sonorous, because their sonority is close to maximum.

Cases of syllable-forming sonorants:

1. in the absence of a subsequent vowel

2. in the presence of previous noisy.

Types of syllables according to the theory of sonority:

1. ascending (open)

2. ascending-descending (closed). They arise when there is a combination of consonants in the word, the first of which is more sonorous and the second at the end of the word

3. descending-ascending. Occurs only at the beginning of a word.

According to the theory of Lomonosov-Trediakovsky, all Russian syllables - the beginning, the end, the middle are the same in structure, so the group of consonants in the middle of the word will become part of one syllable if the same group of consonants m / b the beginning of another word. But if for the position of the beginning of a word such a combination of consonants is unnatural, then the syllable division will pass between these consonants. Conclusion - the determining factors of Russian syllable division are acoustic and articulatory indicators. But these factors are contextually dependent. The semantic side of the syllable section manifests itself mainly at the border of words and morphemes.

Question #12: Slogan and syllable. Articulatory theory of the syllable (expiratory, the theory of muscular tension, the theory of explosion-implosion, the theory of L.V. Bondarko)

Trediakovsky raised the question of syllable division. The syllable is distinguished as a unit of the speech flow, but has a certain specificity; for the RL, the syllable is not a carrier of meaning, and consequently there is variation in syllable division. The limits of variation are determined by acoustic-articulation conditions:

1. by articulation

2. according to acoustic parameters

Traces of the theory of cases on acoustic. and article numbers. For all theories, the syllable division occurs after the vowels. The minimum pronunciation unit is a syllable (not a sound). Within the framework of a syllable, sounds are rigidly connected with each other - the phenomenon of "coarticulation". Neither the speaker nor the listener needs to isolate each sound in the speech stream. Trace-but the minimum pronunciation unit is a syllable. But a syllable can be represented by one sound, but it is still a syllable.

articulation theory. A syllable is a unit of active work of the speech apparatus. There are 3 theories:

1. expiratory theory

2. muscle tension theory

3. theory of explosion-implosion

The expiratory theory appeared in the 12th century, before the others. A syllable is a series of sounds uttered by one expiratory push. Exhalation is regulated by the work of the muscles of the speech apparatus. This theory is characterized by an experimental approach. But in Russian language there are words in which the number of exhalations does not match the number of syllables. Failure of breathing is necessary when moving from slotted to interlocked or when changing the location of the interlock.

Muscular tension theory - developed by Maurice Grammont. The Russian language was reviewed by Lev Vladimir Shcherba. The transfer of theory to Russian soil has given rise to many shortcomings. The speech flow is a sequence of waves of muscular tension. A syllable is a part of the speech flow, starting with amplification and ending with relaxation of the muscles of the speech apparatus. The boundary between syllables corresponds to the moment of the decline in muscle tension. Only vowels are syllable-forming. The production of vowels requires a greater strain on the speech apparatus than consonants, because. to create desired shape resonator tube, the speaker needs to strain the entire speech apparatus. The syllable section depends on the stress and the type of consonant sound. Consonant types:

1. strong initial - the speech apparatus first tenses and then relaxes (closed syllable)

2. strong-final - the vowel comes after the consonant (open)

3. two-vertex - long consonants, which, with their two vertices, gravitate towards different vowels. There are no such consonants in Russian.

Stressed vowels are more tense than unstressed ones. A syllable formed by a stressed vowel includes one consonant from the group following the stressed one and the entire group of consonants preceding the stressed ones (kar-ta, ka-rton). The combination noisy + sonorous, noisy + v, v is not subject to the syllable division.

Explosion-implosion theory. Explosion - opening of the organs of the speech apparatus. Implosion - closing. The theory was developed by Ferdinand de Saussure. A syllable is a wave of opening and closing. Within the framework of the speech flow, an articulatory process of constant smooth closing-opening of the active and passive organs of speech takes place. The moment of maximum closure is the syllable boundary. Types of sounds: implosive and explosive.

Theory L.V. Bondarko. All Russian syllables are open and the syllable division always comes after the vowels. Pauses between words are not always decisive for the manifestation of a syllable boundary. Only vowels are syllable-forming. The m/b syllable section is determined by the semantic structure of the word, to conflict with the natural phonetic syllable section.

Conclusion - the determining factors of Russian syllable division are acoustic and articulatory indicators. But these factors are contextually dependent. The semantic side of the syllable section manifests itself mainly at the border of words and morphemes.

Question #13: Structural types of syllables. Difficult cases syllable division. Why are variants of the syllable division possible in Russian?

1. by articulation

2. according to acoustic parameters

A syllable is the smallest pronunciation unit. It is into syllables, and not into individual sounds, that the sound chain is distributed. One sound in a syllable is syllable-forming (vowels, sonorous, sometimes noisy - ks, ksh), the rest are non-syllabic. A syllable that begins with a syllabic sound is naked (at). A syllable that begins with a non-syllabic sound is covered (ta). A syllable ending in syllabic is open (ta,a). A syllable ending in a non-syllabic one is closed (at, tat). In Russian, there is a tendency towards open syllables.

Complex cases of syllable division are consonant clusters and vowel clusters. Different theories solve these questions in their own way in connection with their t.sp. on a syllable For example, the theory of muscle tension developed by Shcherba solves this problem as follows: A syllable formed by a stressed vowel includes one consonant from the group following the stressed one and the entire group of consonants preceding the stressed ones (kar-ta, carton). The combination noisy + sonorous, noisy + v, v is not subject to the syllable division.

Confluence of consonants is solved by the theory of sonority: an additional coefficient is set and if the coefficients of adjacent vowels are the same, then the confluence of vowels is taken as a diphthong.

Question #14: Phonetic articulation of speech (phrase, tact, phonetic word, syllable) and means of its organization. Enclise and proclise

Our speech is a stream of sounds, a sequence of acoustic signals. To learn how to divide the flow of speech into segments, you need to be able to distinguish units that are important in the process of communication. Such a minimal unit is a statement containing a complete thought. In any phonetic system, a special shape for such a unit, which is called a phrase. A phrase with a phonetic form is a segment of speech, highlighted with the help of intonation and phrasal stress and concluded between long pauses. The phrase is also connected in a certain way with syntactic representations, so the division into phrases usually coincides with punctuation marks. Phrases break up into smaller units - measures (syntagms). The measure has an independent phonetic design and meaning. Shcherba understood the term syntagma as a group of words or a single word representing a single semantic whole for a given context or situation and arising in the process of speech-thought. Syntagma has phonetic units. The division of the speech stream into syntagmas is determined by the meaning that the speaker puts into the utterance. Potebnya, Panov considered, tact = phonetic word. In the syntagma, more fractional units can be distinguished - a phonetic word is a segment of the speech flow, united by one verbal stress. A phonetic word consists of one or more lexical items. The phenomena of enclise and proclise exist - when 2 lexical units are combined by verbal stress into one phonetic word. Enclitics - elements of the speech flow, grammatically independent, but without stress, included in the phonetic word after the stress (whether they were). Proclitics - included before the stress (in the north).

Question #15: stress. The specifics of Russian stress. Stress functions and types (phonetic stress and logical stress)

stress - selection phonetic unit of lower order as part of a unit of higher order. Word stress for Russian language is the main one, all other types of stress are built on its basis.

The specifics of Russian stress. There are 3 phonetic components due to which the stressed syllable differs from the unstressed:

1. Intensity - strength - loudness

2. Duration

3. sound quality

1. Each vowel has its own loudness defect (“a” is the loudest)

2. the stressed vowel is 1.5 times longer than the first pre-stressed one.

3. The stressed vowel is pronounced especially clearly and clearly:

a) no reduction

b) with a special timbre

In a stressed syllable, the boundary between a vowel and a consonant is clearer than in an unstressed one.

Rus stress is a consphonetic type of stress; intensity and duration constitute quantitativeness. Hence the emphasis in Russian language is quantitative and qualitative.

Types of stress according to the type of isolation of units:

1. verbal - a syllable in a word

2. clock - a syllable as part of a bar

3. phrasal - a syllable composed of a phrase.

Stress is phonetic and semantic. Structural types of stress:

1. according to the type of phonological structure

2. according to the type of morphological structure.

According to the phonological structure, this is a free stress (allows you to perform a significative function; an additional means of expressing LZ is a lock; an additional means of expressing stylistic options is a compass).

Morphologically, this is a mobile stress. Helps to participate in the expression of grammatical meanings.

Functions of word stresses:

1. significative

2. Culminative - ensures the integrity, separateness of the word by prosodic centralization of the sound structure of its word.

Question #16: intonation. Types of intonation constructions rus yaz

1) Intonation - melody, timbre, tempo, pausing.

2) intonation and stress constitute prosodic.

Functions of intonation: language and speech.

Language:

1. distinguish communicative types statements.

2. distinguish parts of statements in accordance with their semantic importance.

1. to formulate the statement as a whole, i.e. complete and unfinished intonation.

2. express emotions

3.hide subtext

4. characterize the speaker and the communication situation

Intonation is a multi-element phenomenon:

1. melodic is a change in the pitch of the fundamental tone of the sound.

2. pausing - pause system

3. tempo - the number of sound information per unit of time.

4. timbre - a set of individual and pronunciation-conditioned properties of sound that make up its color.

intonation structures.

On the basis of speech, Bryzgunova created a system of intonational structures; 7 types that describe 7 types of content transmitted from the point of view of intonation. The intonational unit is associated with a certain meaning, the types of melodics formed the basis for the formation of intonational structures. IC structure: center - precentral part - postcentral part.

1. middle - down - below average (declarative sentence)

2. middle - up - below average ( interrogative sentence without question word: Anya got an A?)

3. average - up - above average (exclamatory sentence)

Question #17: The system of vowel phonemes of SRLYA (vocalism). Discussions about the number of phonemes. Main development trends

In SRRL, in the system of commonly used words, there are vowel phonemes (a, o, y) - there are no disputes over these phonemes. The phoneme e, for which the position after the soft one is systematically determined to be the leading one (although the main position is considered to be hard). With regard to the phonemes I and Y, there are disputes. Representatives of the IDF believe that the implementation of I and N is also built into the relationship “after hard” and “after soft” (tyk, tick), i.e. they are variations of the same phoneme. Likewise, I and Y do not occur in the same positions, and phonemes are different when they occur in the same positions. Both and Y perform the same function. And - the main option, because has greater independence in speech, is easier to isolate than Y. Representatives of LFSH believe that Y is an independent phoneme. Y and Y sound different. The identification of sound variants is based on acoustic-articulatory unity, Ы and И sound differently, consequently independent phonemes.

From the "older" to the "younger" norm, the number of vowel phonemes is gradually reduced. In the "younger" norm, I is partially reduced.

Question #18: The system of consonant phonemes of NRY (consonantism). Discussions about the number of phonemes. Main development trends.

The number of consonant phonemes is determined by the strong position - before the non-front vowel. In SRY there are 32 consonant phonemes, in the definition of which there is no dispute, but there are phonemes (r", k", x"), which are considered either independent phonemes or its positional alternations. The IPF considers that r", k ", x" non-independent phonemes, because occur only before front vowels, also have a distributive identity. Implementation conditions are limited, functional identity, i.e. create one morpheme, and then it is one phoneme. The spheres of functioning of the majority of the reduced LFS units are limited (uncommon words). The IPF recognizes that these are nascent phonemes, in line with the general trend of vowel unification and consonant differentiation. LFSH considers that g", k", x" are independent phonemes, because they sound differently, besides, the word "weaves" exists in Russian, there are borrowings (ditch), colloquialisms (teket). Used grammatical criterion hand - hand.

Question #19: "Older" and "younger" norms. The main trends in the development of the phonological system of the Russian language (“ekanye” / “hiccup”,<а>after hissing, dental before soft lips, etc.)

Pronunciation according to the "younger" norm is typical for persons of the middle and younger generations, for ordinary speech, everyday, official, but not stage (this is the "older" norm). In Moscow, the "younger" norm was established by the end of the 19th century.

1. The “Star” norm requires a distinction between the phonemes A, O, E, which are realized in the sound ei and the phoneme I. The “younger” norm implements all phonemes with the sound I. The pronunciation corresponding to the “old” norm is called “ekanie”. When "ekaniya" distinguish phonemes And on the one hand and phonemes A, O, E on the other hand. It's about about the difference in the first pre-stressed syllable, i.e. second position after soft. The pronunciation corresponding to the "young" norm is called "hiccups". When "hiccuping" the phonemes A, O, E, I in an unstressed position do not differ.

2. In the "Star" norm, the phoneme A is realized by the sound ee; in the "young" norm, the phoneme A is realized by the sound A.

3. a number of phonemes after Sh, Zh are realized by the sound ye according to the laws of the "young" norm, ey according to the "old" norm.

4. The dental before the soft labial softens according to the “old” norm (d "v" er), there is also a pronunciation in which the phonemes A, O are neutralized in all unstressed positions. This pronunciation is called "akony". It is characteristic of Russian lit.yaz-u and many dialects. Different phonemes O, A - “okane”, is not typical for the phonetics of common words of the RL.

Question #20: Phonology as a science. The concept of the phoneme, its functions. Sound in perceptual and significative aspects. The concept of position and its type.

Phonology is the sociolinguistic aspect of the study of phonetics.

Signs of speech sound:

1. produced by human speech organs

2. are involved in creating the sound of the shell of the word.

The difference in sounds depends on distributive conditions, but native speakers do not notice this difference. Each language has a set of differentiating sound features that are important for the content of speech.

A phoneme is a mechanism of our consciousness that allows us to transform sound into meaning. Transcription and sound different levels sound generalization: the first level is a phoneme, the second is a transcription icon, the third is a real sound. One of important functions phonemes - differentiating and building. If the sound differs under the same conditions, then this is the work of the differentiating function (forest - fox).

Phoneme and sound are opposed in terms of language and speech. A phoneme is a unit of language that is in our minds, a language is a “warehouse”. Sound is the unit of speech. The phoneme in speech is represented through a specific sound. Sound is material. A phoneme is an abstract unit, materially realized in sound. Phoneme - linguistic unit, represented by the entire range of positional-alternating sounds and serving to distinguish and identify the meanings of language units. The phoneme name is a contract, an abstraction, it is given by a strong position.

Phonological position - the conditions for the use, implementation of the phoneme in speech. Strong position - the phoneme performs its functions in the best possible way. Weak position - the ability to perform a function is limited.

Significative and perceptual positions. Significative - concept, perceptual - perception. The signif position describes how we relate the sound to the phoneme, whether we recognize the phoneme through the sound. Rep position - whether it is easy to perceive the sound by ear.

Question #21: The origins of phonological theory. Phonological views of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay

I.A. Baudouin (1845 - 1929). The distinction between synchrony and diachrony, the actualization of their close connection, a systematic approach to language. Discovery of the essence of living speech (study of living languages and dialects). Actualization of field research (study of Indo-European languages, especially Slavic languages and dialects), creation of the foundations of experimental phonetics. Application material models in linguistics.

Distinguish between phoneme and sound. The concept of a phoneme was born in the work of BDK. He defined the phoneme as general idea about pronunciation and perception of sound. He divided phonetics into 2 disciplines: anthropophonetics - studies the acoustics and phonology of sounds, psychophonetics - studies the idea of sound in the human psyche, i.e. phonemes - psychic entity sound, the mobile component of the morpheme.

Stages of phoneme formation:

1. feeling

2. perception

3. performance

The main provisions of the theory:

1. phoneme - the mental essence of sound (LPS)

2. f - idea of sound (LFSH)

3. f - mobile component of the morpheme (MFSH)

A phoneme is an ideological unit by its nature, which is embodied in a number of regularly alternating sounds that interact with the linguistic intuition of native speakers. Due to the fact that the general principles of understanding the phoneme in BdK did not change, and the specific idea of the phoneme underwent a change, his teaching served as the basis for the creation of 2 phonological schools: LFSH and MFSH. Historically, the LFS was the first to emerge. Its founder was Shcherba, a student of the BdK. In his concept, L.V. Shcherba continued to develop the ideas of the BDK - late period(phoneme - the idea of sound, the mental essence of sound). Subsequently, the ideas of L.V. Shcherbs were developed by his students L.R. Zinder, Maria Ivanovna Matusevich, L.V. Bondarko et al. Its founders were a group of Moscow scientists: Avanesov, Reformatsky, Kuznetsov, Panov, Vinogradov. The IPF largely developed the morphological views of the BdK on the phoneme (dependence of the phoneme on a particular morpheme).

Question #22: Phonological theory of the Prague Linguistic Circle. The specifics of phoneme understanding. Concept of opposition and neutralization

PLC (since the mid-20s of the 20th century) is one of the leading centers of the structuralism of language as a system, structure. Founder Ferdinand de Saussure. Representatives: N.S. Trubetskoy, Willem Mathesius, Roman Osipovich Yakobson, Semyon Osipovich Kartsevsky, Skalichka.

For PLC Har-na detailed development of the theory of opposition (opposition) of phonemes and the theory of differentiating features. At the heart of the teachings of the PLC is the significative function of the phoneme. According to the PLC, a phoneme is a bundle, the sum of differentiating features, an archiphoneme consists of differentiating features common to neutralized phonemes.

1. issues of delimitation of language and speech

2. problems of units (function - purpose of use)

3. reject both psychicity in the study of the sound shell of a language, and abstraction that separates from sound reality.

The concept of the PLC phoneme. A phoneme is a sound unit that has a set of differentiating features (deafness, sonority, hardness, softness) that serve the purposes of semantic differentiation.

Opposition - the opposition of units according to each of their signs, the opposition disappears in one position and disappears in another. Neutralization - the conditions for the implementation of phonemes. A phoneme consists of differential features common to several phonemes, i.e. differential signs partially neutralized.

Question #23:

Variation in sound type - perceptual variation. A small variation does not lead to going beyond the phoneme, there is a significative identity, perceptual variants. Basics view + options - great variation (weld - sew - conspiracy). The IPF actively developed the level structure of the language. Tasks:

1. find connections between levels

2. relations between units (language and speech)

Question #24: IDF before the reform of R.I. Avanesov: main contradictions

The IPF is guided by a theory that arose around the 20s of the 20th century. A.A. Reformed leader of the early IDF (introduced the concept of strong and weak position). Pyotr Savelyevich Kuznetsov, Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov (author of the IDF reform), Mikh Viktor Panov (phonetics of the SRLS). Phoneme - functional type sound, structural element morphemes. Phoneme - semantic unit, bilateral, we raise the sound to the phoneme, the phoneme to the morpheme, i.e. the phoneme functions in the morpheme. According to the IPF, a phoneme has 2 functions: perceptual and significative. Perceptual - perception (urban - cities). Significative - to distinguish shells of words (cat-code). The sound is not important (home-home-brownie). These rows are called rows of positional alternations. The MFS emphasizes sounds in strong positions without perceptual burdens. The main manifestation of a phoneme is the main type of phoneme. The phoneme is understood in two ways:

1. main view + variations (parallel alternations a - a.)

2. main view + options (non-parallel turns a - b - b)

Disadvantages of MFS:

1. a phoneme refers to different entities (sleep - dream book)

2. options also have a functional load (home-home)

3. the problem with dictionary words is not solved, i.e. the problem of the phonological status of units in a weak position (if they cannot be put in a strong position)

Question #25: The IDF reform proposed by R.I. Avanesov: basic provisions

Strong and Weak Positions

Types of phonemes in rows:

1. full (home-home-brownie)

The hyperphoneme is realized in incomplete phonetic series.

Question #26: The IDF reform proposed by R.I. Avanesov: the concept of a strong and weak phoneme

Due to the fact that the early IPF had shortcomings (double understanding of the phoneme, the unresolved status of phonological units that cannot be put in a strong position), Avanesov proposed his own reform. To solve the phonological properties of variants, he considered the strong and weak positions of phonemes. Introduced the concept of phonemic series, the concept of hyperphoneme and hyperphonemic situations.

Parallel/non-parallel interleaves:

1. the goal is to distinguish between the sound and functional content of sounds as a manifestation of the phoneme.

2. parallel turns - sound type. Distinguishes equal numbers of sound units.

3. non-parallel line - functional type. Nepar cher in some positions distinguishes more sound units, in others (weak) less.

Strong and Weak Positions

Not only in a strong, but also in a weak position, the sound has a functional load (water - a / o, but not a / w). The differentiating function of the variants weakens, but is not lost. In a strong position, a strong phoneme is realized, in a weak one, a weak one. A weak phoneme is also the result of sound generalization. The functional content of a weak phoneme is different in volume: strong phonemes have an equal functional content.

Question #27: The IDF reform proposed by R.I. Avanesov: the concept of the phonemic series.

The IDF reform proposed by R.I. Avanesov: basic provisions.

Parallel/non-parallel interleaves:

1. the goal is to distinguish between the sound and functional content of sounds as a manifestation of the phoneme.

2. parallel turns - sound type. Distinguishes equal numbers of sound units.

3. non-parallel line - functional type. Nepar cher in some positions distinguishes more sound units, in others (weak) less.

Phonemic row - a set of strong and weak phonemes, manifested in one morpheme (house-house-house). The phoneme series allows you to build a weak phoneme to a strong one. The number of phonemes is calculated according to the number of strong phonemes, and the number of phonemes serves to identify the morpheme.

Types of phonemes in rows:

1. full (home-home-brownie)

2. incomplete - without a strong phoneme (cow - cow)

Question #28 Parallel sequence acc.

Parallel turn-i- in which the defferencing function is preserved.

1. partial stunning according to [tam`ich] - [tomsk]; [karma] - [feed]

2. voicing affricate [to * d`zh-by] - [at` edz-by]

3. turn l / l` [prick] - [uko * l`t] l / l` differ in the presence and absence of the 2nd focus. [l`]-1-focal, palatal, [l]-veryalized, bifocality remains as a distinguishing feature, even if palatalization is neutralized.

Question #29 non-parallel turn-I acc.

Non-parallel turn-i- differentiating function weakens, there is a neutralization of any sign in a weak position.

1.Ringer/Mute:

A) at the end, before a pause, a ringing sound (oaks-doo [n], firewood-draw [f]).

B) in front of a deaf call, a deaf one (ska [s] point-ska [s] ka, koldo [in] at-koldo [f] soy). Before voiced deaf to voiced (to the sea-[r] house, ta [k] oh-ta [g] the same)

C) in front of [c] deaf to voiced, if [c] + ringing.

D) stunning sonorants at the end and in front of the deaf (Tomich-tomsk, home-home)

2.turn-e tv/soft:

A) dental in front of soft dental (leaf-li [s`t`] ik, riding-e [s`d`]it)

B) dental before soft palatine (racer)

B) labial before soft labial (ob'm'en)

D) dental before soft palatine (older norm) (d`v`er)

E) hardening (con`-con: th)

E) mitigation before j (svat-svat`jь t / t`)

3. turn according to the place of education

Question:#30 Parallel and non-parallel vowel alternations in Russian

Alternations - sounds that change each other in the same phonetic conditions. Alternations are revealed within one morpheme among sounds occupying the same position in the morpheme. Alternations are positional (phonetic) and historical. Positional - regular changes that are realized under certain conditions in all, without exception, the words of a given phonetic system. Historical - traces of phonetic laws that were in force in different historical periods, but are not working now.

Positional alternations are either parallel or non-parallel. Parallel - in which the differentiating function is preserved: garden-kindergarten, cat-cat. Non-parallel - the differentiating function weakens, there is a neutralization of any sign in a weak position: cat-code [cat], oxen-shafts.

Positional vowel alternations:

1. Significant strong position - under stress.

2. Perceptually strong: a)<а,о, у,е>- after a pause and after firm acc. (arch / cooking, us / university) b)<и>-after a pause and after soft consonants (Ira/list).<ы>-perceptually weak<и>.

Phonetic laws:

1. Reduction - a change in a vowel in a bezud position (Partial [alpha], full [b] quantitative (longitude) [l`isa]-qualitative (article) [l`isa]-forest-<а,о,е>- not over the top).

2. Accommodation - the adaptation of a vowel to a neighboring soft acc. (in the excursion - [r`*of], in the recursion-[kro*f`], in the excursion and recursion about [r`*o*v`b]).

Question #31: The concept of hyperphoneme. Specific Features Russian phonetic systems that led to the formation of the concept of hyperphoneme

A hyperphoneme is a functional unit represented by a number of positionally alternating sounds common to several phonemes, in the absence of a representative of this unit in a strong position (ka/opus/zta). Hyperphoneme m / b correlative not only with two, but also with many phonemes (under / d "/t / t" / h / clinnik) .

Types of hyperphonemic situations:

1. for vowels - in a weak position in conditions when this vowel cannot be stressed (including in borrowed words)

2. for consonants - not before the boundary of morphemes (in conditions of zero combinatorics).

Features of the phonetic Russian system that led to the concept of hyperphoneme:

1. the presence of stressed and unstressed vowels. The presence of hard and soft consonants. The presence of a weak and strong position.

2. The ability to establish a correspondence between weak and strong positions and the absence of such an opportunity for some weak phonemes.

Question #32: Laws R.I. Avanesov on the identity and difference of word forms and morphemes in their relation to sound shells

An analysis of the correspondence between phonemes and phonemic series, on the one hand, and word forms and morphemes, on the other hand, allows us to formulate 2 laws on the identity and differences of word forms and morphemes in their relationship to their sound shells.

1. The identity of word forms corresponds to the identity of phonemes. This means that each of the word forms (house-smoke-sleeve) is equal to itself until the phonemic composition of their sound envelope is changed. The word forms smoke-house-dam are different, differing from each other by phonemes of the same rank, in this case, strong vowel phonemes A, O, Y. Damok-smoky - weak vowel phonemes of the first pre-stressed syllable. In all the above cases, phonemes of the same rank distinguish the sound of the shell of word forms that include different phonemes in their composition. It is necessary to make a remark, because weak phonemes are equivalent to two or more strong phonemes, following the identity of sound shells in the presence of such weak phonemes, different morphemes may correspond. That. differences in a weak phoneme always indicate different word forms that include different morphemes, but the identity of the shell sound in the presence of a weak phoneme cannot necessarily indicate the identity of word forms and their constituent morphemes.

2. The identity of morphemes corresponds to the identity of phonemic series. This means that the same morpheme always has a sound shell, consisting of phonemes that are part of the same phonemic series. Water - water - water carrier - the root morpheme of word-formers is everywhere equal to itself, despite the differences in the sound of the shell, because these differences do not go beyond the same phonetic series. Different morphemes differ from each other by the occurrence of at least one of the shortest units of their shell sound in different phonetic rows (house - smoke - different, because b and s are included in different phonetic rows).

Question #33: LFS: origins, initial units. Phoneme as a sound type. Why the term sound type could not have arisen within the framework of the IPF?

In 1900, BdK, working at the St. Petersburg University, created the St. Petersburg Linguistic School. The founder was his student Lev Vladimir Shcherba. Shcherba continued to develop the ideas of the BdK of the late period (i.e., the phoneme is the idea of sound, the mental essence of sound). Subsequently, Shcherba's ideas were developed by his students Matusevich, Lvov, Boulogne and others.

The outgoing unit of the LFS is the word form. Because according to LFS, a phoneme is a type of sound for which the identity of the word form is mandatory, and the functional identity of morphemes is not significant. That. phonemes are differentiated not only in significatively strong, but also in weak positions. LFS typifies sound units according to the quality of real sound. Units are combined that are equally perceived by native speakers by ear. The next phoneme is an acoustic-articulatory type, i.e. sound type The term sound type could not have arisen within the framework of the IPF, since they have a functional approach. A phoneme is a functional type, the main thing is what function it performs (builds one morpheme), and not the perceptual side.

Question #34: The teachings of L.V. Shcherby about the shades of the phoneme. Correlation between the concept of phoneme shades and the corresponding concepts of IMF and Avanesov.

Types of realization of phonemes in the speech stream.

The question of the representation of phonemes in the speech flow is decided by the LPS and IPF in accordance with their definition of the nature of the phoneme. The implementation of the phoneme in speech is carried out through sounds - materially expressed elements, and only the study of sounds m / b is the basis for the study of the phoneme, i.e. methodologically from language to speech, how language manifests itself in speech. The implementation of phonemes in a speech stream was described by Shcherba earlier than by the IMF. LFS - all the results of the implementation of the phoneme in the flow of speech - "shades of the phoneme" - sound approximately the same (garden-gardens). Shcherba: "actually pronounced sounds are particular, in which the general is realized."

The typicality of sounds is determined by their perceptual similarity. One of the shades is the most typical for this phoneme - it is easily pronounced in an isolated position and is recognized as a speech element. The rest are not realized and special training is needed to hear them.

MFS - sounds are combined into phonemes based on the unity of the function in the composition of the morpheme. There are 2 types of realization of the phoneme in speech:

1. variations - parallel alternations

2. options - non-parallel alternations

Variations - MFS approaches LFS. Variants - with the identity of the function as variants of one phoneme, the IPF recognizes sounds that are cardinally different in their sound, related to different types sound, but the same in function (house-house - brownie). The unity of functions lies in belonging to the root morpheme (house).

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From the publisher. The proposed book was formed on the basis of the author's lectures on general and special courses in the phonetics of the modern Russian literary language, read for several years at Moscow University, and characterizes not so much the final results of the study as one of its stages. It contains a presentation on the material of the Russian language of the theory of phonemes, which differs significantly from the concept previously stated in the author's works and represents the result of his further work and observations. The author continues his work and hopes to soon give a more complete and thorough presentation of the subject. He hopes to present not only the results of further research into theoretical problems, but also to supplement his presentation with data from experimental studies, which are currently being carried out by a number of people. The main materials of the book: PrefaceIntroduction§ 1. The subject of phonetics. § 2. The meaning of phonetics. § 3. The concept of a phoneme. § 4. Two tasks of descriptive phonetics. § 5. General and experimental phonetics. § 6. Phonetic and phonological transcription. The shortest sound unit in the composition of the word and morphemes. § 7. On the place of the phonetic system in the structure of the language. § 8. Phonetics and phonology. § 9. The concept of the shortest sound unit. § 10. The shortest sound unit and stress. § 11. Two types of positional alternations and the nature of the phonetic system determined by them. § 12. The concept of a strong and weak phoneme. § 13. The concept of a phonemic series. § 14. Identity and difference of word forms and morphemes in their relation to their sound shells. § 15, The phonetic system in its relation to the structure of the language as a whole. § 16. On the question of the causes of different points of view on the phoneme. On the syllable division and the structure of the syllable in the Russian language. § 17. Statement of the problem. § 18. The basic law of the syllable division in the Russian language. § 19. Closed terminal syllables. § 20. Open non-finite syllables. § 21. A few remarks on the theory of the syllabic division by Acad. L. V. Shcherby. § 22. Features of the syllable section associated with the lexical and grammatical articulation of speech. § 23. Features of the syllable section at the junction of the preposition and the next word and prefix and root. § 24. A syllable division at the junction of a root and a suffix. § 25. Features of the initial and final syllables of the word. § 26. Some results. Stress § 27. Sound articulation of speech. § 28. Stress of a word, speech tact, phrase. § 29. Stress as a sign of a word. § 30. Stress of a word and its properties. § 31. Longitude and shortness of vowels. § 32. The musical side of stress. § 33. Diversity of stress. § 34. Stress is movable and fixed. § 35. Stress and sound design of the word. § 36. Unstressed and weakly stressed words. § 37. Words with secondary stressVocalismStressed vowels. § 38. Composition of vowel phonemes. § 39. Classification of vowels. § 40. The formation of individual vowels. § 41. Strong vowel phonemes in different phonetic conditions. § 42. The main form and positional variants of strong vowel phonemes. Unstressed vowels. § 43. Reduction. § 44. Weak vowel phonemes. § 45. Weak vowel phonemes of the 1st prestressed syllable. § 46. The formation of individual vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable. § 47. Weak vowel phonemes of the 2nd prestressed syllable. § 48. Vowels of stressed syllables. § 49. Phonemic rows of vowels Consonantism. Composition of consonant phonemes Classification of consonants. § 50. Principles of classification. § 51. Participation of voice and noise. § 52. Place of noise generation. § 53. Ways of generating noise. § 54. The absence or presence of palatalization (hardness-softness). The formation of individual consonant phonemes. § 55. Labial. § 56, Frontlingual. Dental. Palatotooth. § 57. Middle-lingual. § 58. Back-lingual. The system of consonant phonemes § 59. General information about the system of consonants. Correlative, a number of deaf and voiced consonant phonemes. § 60. The composition of strong consonant phonemes in relation to deafness-voicedness. § 61. Strong in deafness-voiced paired consonant phonemes. § 62. Paired consonant phonemes weak in deafness-voicedness. § 63, On variants of some paired consonant phonemes that are weak in deafness-voicedness. § 64, On variants of certain voiceless consonant phonemes. § 65. On variants of sonorant consonant phonemes. A correlative series of hard and soft consonant phonemes. § 66. The composition of strong consonant phonemes in relation to hardness-softness. § 67. Strong positions of consonant phonemes in hardness-softness. § 68. Weak consonant police in hardness-softness. § 69. On the nature of the opposition in terms of hardness-softness and deafness-voicedness in connection with the history of Russian consonantism. § 70. On variants of consonants according to the hardness-softness of consonants. § 71. Phoneme [j]. § 72. The system of consonant phonemes, taking into account all the correlative series in their relationship. § 73. Phonemic rows of consonants. Types of scientific and linguistic transcription. § 74. Sound system and sound writing. § 75. About three types of scientific-linguistic transcription. Phonetic transcription. § 76. Word-phonemic transcription. § 77. Morphophonemic transcription. § 78. Combinations of consonants in word-phonemic and morpho-phonemic transcriptions. § 79. Zero members of phonemic series in morphophoiematic transcription. § 80. An example of three types of transcription. § 81. Morphological transcription and spelling

Essay on the Russian language

"Phonetic system of the Russian language"

Phonetics- the science of the sound side of human speech. The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek. phonetikos "sound, voice" (phone sound).

Without the pronunciation and perception by ear of the sounds that make up the sound shell of words, verbal communication is impossible. On the other hand, for speech communication it is extremely important to distinguish the spoken word from others similar in sound.

Therefore, in the phonetic system of the language, means are needed that serve to convey and distinguish between significant units of speech - words, their forms, phrases and sentences.

1. Phonetic means of the Russian language

The phonetic means of the Russian language include:

Stress (verbal and phrasal)

2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [arm], [arm] (with heat, with a ball); [b "and e ar], [bi e ar] (without heat, without a ball).

The combination of zzh inside the root, as well as the combination of zhzh (always inside the root) turn into a long soft [zh "]: [by" b] (later), (I drive); [in "and], [dro" and] (reins, yeast). Optionally, in these cases, a long hard [g] can be pronounced.

A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] following them [h], [c], resulting in long ["], : [Λ" from] (report), (fkra b] (in short) .

6. Simplifying consonant combinations. Consonants [d], [t] in combinations of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced. Such a simplification of consonant groups is consistently observed in combinations: stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lnts: [usny], [posn], [w "and e sl" willows], [g "igansk" and] , [h "ustv", [s" heart], [sonts] (oral, late, happy, giant, feeling, heart, sun).

7. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. When three identical consonants converge at the junction of a preposition or prefix with the next word, as well as at the junction of a root and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [ra op "it"] (time + quarrel), [ylk] (with a link), [clo s ] (column+n+th); [Λd "e ki] (Odessa + sk + y).

v Vowel sounds differ from consonants in the presence of a voice - musical tone and no noise.

Existing classification vowels following conditions vowel formation:

1) the degree of elevation of the tongue

2) the place of the rise of the tongue

3) participation or non-participation of the lips.

The most significant of these conditions is the position of the tongue, which changes the shape and volume of the oral cavity, on the state of which the quality of the vowel depends.

According to the degree of vertical rise of the language, vowels of three degrees of rise are distinguished: upper vowels [i], [s], [y]; vowels of the middle rise e [e], [o]; low vowel [a].

The movement of the tongue horizontally leads to the formation of three rows of vowels: front vowels [i], e [e]; middle vowels [s], [a] and back vowels [y], [o].

The participation or non-participation of lips in the formation of vowels is the basis for dividing vowels into labialized (rounded) [o], [y] and non-labialized (non-rounded) [a], e [e], [u], [s].

Table of vowel sounds of the modern Russian literary language

Sound law in the field of vowels.

Vowel reduction. The change (weakening) of vowels in an unstressed position is called reduction, and unstressed vowels are called reduced vowels. Distinguish between the position of unstressed vowels in the first prestressed syllable (weak position of the first degree) and the position of unstressed vowels in other unstressed syllables (weak position of the second degree). Vowels in a weak position of the second degree undergo more reduction than vowels in a weak position of the first degree.

Vowels in a weak position of the first degree: [vΛly] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [b "and e yes] (trouble), etc.

Vowels in a weak position of the second degree: [parlvos] (locomotive); [kargΛnda] (Karaganda); [kalkla] (bells); [p "l" and e on] (shroud); [voice] (voice), [exclamation] (exclamation), etc.

phrasal stress is the emphasis in pronunciation of the most important in semantic relation words within an utterance (phrase); such an accent is one of the clock. In the example above, the phrasal stress falls on the word dreams. Phrasal stress distinguishes sentences by meaning with the same composition and word order (cf .: It's snowing and it's snowing).

Clock and phrase stress is also called logical.

1.3 Intonation distinguishes sentences with the same word composition (with the same place phrasal stress) (cf .: Snow melts and Snow melts?). The intonations of a message, a question, an urge, etc., differ.

Intonation has an objective linguistic meaning: regardless of the functional load, intonation always combines words into phrases, and phrases do not exist without intonation. Subjective differences in the intonation of a phrase have no linguistic significance.

Intonation is closely related to other levels of the language, and, above all, to phonology and syntax.

Intonation is related to phonology by the fact that it belongs to the sound side of the language and that it is functional, but it differs from phonology in that intonation units have semantic significance in themselves: for example, rising intonation is mainly correlated with questioning or incompleteness of a statement. The relationship between intonation and sentence syntax is not always unambiguous. In some cases, the grammatical patterns on which the utterance is built may have a typical intonational design. So, sentences with a particle

[and e]
[l "and e juice]

[s e]
[shy stock]

[and]
[so]

[s]
[py l "it]

[u]
[p"ul"it"]

[s]
[zhyrok]

[y]
[lesson]

[y]
[there]

[y]
[with "oud]

[y]
[noise"et"]

Phoneme variants<а>, <о>, <е>of the first prestressed syllable after hard consonants coincide with the variants of these phonemes at the absolute beginning of the word. These are the sounds [Λ], [s e].

The phoneme is an exception.<и>, which at the absolute beginning of the word is realized by the sound [and]: [Ivan], and in the first pre-stressed syllable after solid consonants - by the sound [s]: [s-yvan'm].

Variants of vowel phonemes of the second prestressed syllable. In all pre-stressed syllables, except for the first, weak vowel phonemes are in a weak position of the second degree. This position has two varieties: I - after a double hard consonant and II - after a soft consonant. After a solid consonant, vowel phonemes are realized by the sounds [b], [s], [y]; after soft - sounds [b], [and], [y]. For example: [b] - [barΛban], [kulkΛla], [s] - [help out"], [y] - [murΛv "ê], [b] - [ptΛchok], [and] - [k "islΛta] , [y] - [l "deadly].

Variants of vowel phonemes of stressed syllables. Weak vowel phonemes of stressed syllables differ in the degree of reduction: the most weak reduction observed in the final open syllable. There are two positions of weak phonemes in stressed syllables: after hard consonants and after soft consonants.

The system of variants of vowel phonemes of stressed syllables is presented in the table.

After hard consonants		After soft consonants
In a non-final syllable	In final syllable	In a non-final syllable	In final syllable
[s] - [and] [survive] - (survived) [survive] - (squeezed out)	[s] - [b] [naked] - (naked) [holm] - (naked)	[and] - [b] [bud "ût" b] - (wake up) [be "bt" b] - (you will)	[and] - [b] [with "un" im] - (blue) [with "ûn" bm] - (blue)
		[b] - [b] [cl "äh" bm "and] - (nags) [cl "äh" bm "and] - (nags)	[b] - [b] [cl "äch" bm] - (nags) [cl "äch" bm] - (nags)
[y] [body] - (body)	[y] [frame] - (frame)	[y] [pΛpol" ear] - (on a field)	[y] [pop "y] - (on the field)

As the table shows, after solid consonants, vowels [s], [b], [y] are distinguished; moreover, the sounds [s] and [b] are weakly opposed. After soft consonants, vowels [i], [b], [b], [y] are distinguished; moreover, the sounds [i] - [b], [b] - [b] are distinguished by a weak distinction.

The change of phonemes, strong and weak, occupying the same position in the morpheme, forms phonemic series. So, vowel phonemes, identical in place in the morpheme cos-, form a phonemic series<о> - <Λ> - <ъ>: [braids] - [kΛsa] - [kasΛr "and], and the consonant phoneme<в>morphemes becoming - begins a phonemic series<в> - <в"> - <ф> - <ф">: [charters] - [charter "it"] - [ustaf] - [ustaf"].

The phonemic series is an essential element of the structure of the language, since the identity of the morpheme is based on it. The composition of phonemes of the same morpheme always corresponds to a certain phonemic series. Inflections instrumental in the words window-ohm and garden-ohm [Λknom] - [sadm], water-oh and mod-oh [vΛdo] - [mod] are pronounced differently. However, these inflections ([-om] - [-bm], [-o] - [b]) are the same morpheme, since phonemes change in their composition<о>and<ъ>belonging to the same phonemic series.

Conclusion

Thus, the phonetic system of the Russian language consists of significant units of speech:

§ word forms

§ phrases and sentences

for transmission and distinction, which are the phonetic means of the language:

Ø accent

Ø intonation.

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