Phonetic units in language and speech. Cheat sheet: Phonetic units of the language

THE SUBJECT OF PHONETICS.

BASIC PHONETIC UNITS

PHONETICS- a branch of the science of language that studies the sound side of the language. Phonetics is certain system included in common system language. This is the sublevel of the general language system, inextricably linked with the entire system, since the basic units of the language are words, morphemes, phrases, sentences representing more high levels, - are signs. After all, in addition to the semantic side - denoted (values), they all have and material side accessible to the sense organs denoting(sounds and their combinations). There is a conditional (not natural, not natural) connection between the signifier and the signifier. Yes, the word dream has a material expression - this is a combination of five sounds that serves to express the meaning "something created by the imagination, mentally represented." The subject of phonetics is the material (sound) side of the language.

The task of phonetics - the study of the methods of formation (articulation) and the acoustic properties of sounds, their changes in speech stream. You can study phonetics with different purposes and different methods. Depending on this, general phonetics, descriptive phonetics, comparative phonetics, historical phonetics, and experimental phonetics are distinguished.

General phonetics on material various languages considers theoretical questions of the formation of speech sounds, the nature of stress, the structure of a syllable, the relationship sound system language to its grammatical system.

Descriptive phonetics explores the sound system specific language in synchronous plan, i.e. on the present stage language development.

Comparative phonetics explains phenomena in the field of sound structure, referring to the material related languages.

Historical phonetics traces the formation of phonetic phenomena over a more or less long period of time, studies the changes in the phonetic system that occurred at a certain stage of their development, i.e. studies phonetics in diachronic plan.

Experimental phonetics is a part general phonetics, studies the sound side of the language by instrumental methods.

In this way, phonetics of the modern Russian language- this is descriptive phonetics, since phonetic phenomena are considered at a certain stage in the development of the language, in this moment time.

All phonetic units of the language - phrases, measures, phonetic words, syllables, sounds - are interconnected quantitative relations.

Phrase – the largest phonetic unit, a statement that is complete in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other similar units by a pause. A phrase is not always the same as a sentence (a sentence can consist of several phrases, and a phrase can consist of several sentences). But even if the phrase coincides with the sentence, then the same phenomenon is still considered with different points vision. In phonetics, attention is paid to intonation, pauses, etc.

Intonation – set of means of the organization sounding speech, reflecting its semantic and emotional-volitional aspects, which are manifested in successive changes in pitch, speech rhythm (ratio of strong and weak, long and short syllables), speech rate (acceleration and deceleration in the course of speech), sound strength (speech intensity), intra-phrase pauses, the general timbre of the utterance. With the help of intonation, speech is divided into syntagmas.

Syntagma – a combination of two or more phonetic words from a phrase. For example: See you tomorrow I in the evening. See you I tomorrow night. In these sentences, syntagmas are separated by a pause. It should be noted that the term "syntagma" is understood by scientists in different ways. Academician V.V. Vinogradov, in particular, delimits the syntagma from speech tact as an intonation-shaped semantic-syntactic unit of speech, isolated from the composition of the sentence

speech beat – part of a phrase, united by one stress, limited by pauses and characterized by an intonation of incompleteness (with the exception of the last one). For example: In the hour of trial / bow to the fatherland / in Russian / at the feet. (D. Kedrin).

. Words that do not have an accent and are adjacent to other words are called clitics . Depending on what place they occupy in relation to the stressed word, proclitics and enclitics are distinguished. proclitics called unstressed words, standing in front of the shock, to which they adjoin:, enclitics - unstressed words after the stressed one to which they adjoin:,. Functional words usually act as proclitic and enclitic, but enclitic can also turn out to be significant word when the preposition or particle takes on the stress: on ´ water[according to].

Syllable - part of a bar or phonetic word, consisting of one or more sounds, the connection of the least sonorous sound with the most sonorous, which is syllabic (see the section "Syllable division. Types of syllables").

Sound - the smallest unit of speech delivered in one articulation. We can also define sound as the smallest phonetic unit that is distinguished by the successive division of speech.

Lesson Plan #3

Discipline: "Russian language and culture of speech"

Topic of the lesson: Topic 1.1. Phonetic units language (phonemes). Features of Russian stress. Phonetic means speech expressiveness.

Class type : lesson

Objectives of the lesson.

4.1. Educational: the formation of knowledge about phonetic units, features of Russian stress and means of speech expressiveness

4.2. Educational: promote education business qualities students.

4.3. Developing: development cognitive interest to the Russian language and culture of speech, cognitive abilities- speech, memory and attention, development of skills for mastering educational material using tutorials

Interdisciplinary connections.

5.1 Providing all disciplines

5.2.Provided: Russian language

Methodological support lessons.

6.1. Visual aids

6.2. Handout:

6.3. Technical means

6.4. Used Books:

Uch. 1. – Vvedenskaya L.A., Cherkasova M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: tutorial/ Vvedenskaya L.A., Cherkasova M.N. - Ed. 15th, sr. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2014. - 380, p. - (Secondary vocational education).

Uch. 2. – Kuznetsova, N.V. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: a textbook for students of secondary institutions vocational education. - 3rd ed. / N.V. Kuznetsova. - M. : FORUM - INFRA-M, 2009. - 368 p. - (Professional education).

Uch. 3. – Samsonov, N.B. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: textbook for students educational institutions secondary vocational education / N.B. Samsonov. - M.: Oniks, 2010. - 304 p.

8. Course of the lesson

8.1 Structure of the lesson

Time

Elements

lessons

Used-

NP, TSO

8.2. Lesson content.

item number

Lesson elements

Organization of students for class.

Motivation cognitive activity students:

Reporting the topic of the lesson;

Defining the goals and objectives of the lesson;

short information about the sequence of students' work in class, etc.

Examination homework, establishing the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of students. Forms and methods of control. Frontal poll for following questions:

What do you understand by the concept of "culture of speech"?

What are the aspects of the "culture of speech".

What are the basic requirements for speech?

What does the culture of speech study?

What are the criteria for a good speech? Provide examples of your own to illustrate each criterion.

Explain why it is important to be able to speak correctly and appropriately.

How can you develop good speaking skills?

A lesson in learning new material. Forms and methods of teaching: verbal, explanatory and illustrative (conversation, analysis), partial-search method (choice of examples, quotes by students, transfer of features of objects to a new one - the principle of comparison, analogy), reproductive and problem methods learning; interactive lecture, students' reports, independent work of students with cards and a table, analytical conversation. Methodological techniques Key words: conversation, analysis, work in groups, student reports.

Explanation of new material. Interactive lecture teacher using information technologies(presentation), during which students complete the task: make a summary (fill in the table).

Organizing time. opening speech teacher.

Lesson plan:

Question 2. Russian accent and its main features.

Question 1. Phonetic units of the language (phonemes).

Vowels and consonants

Phonetics is the study of the sound side of a language. This is a science that studies sounds and their regular alternations, features of stress, intonation, division of the sound stream into syllables and larger segments.

Phonetics deals with the material side of the language, with sound means devoid of independent value, for example, the union a is a word that has an opposite meaning, but [a] does not have this meaning.

A phoneme is the shortest linearly distinguishable linguistic unit, represented by the whole range of alternating sounds, serving to distinguish and identify words and morphemes.

Phonetics (rp. phonetike) studies the sounds of speech, and graphics (gr. graphikos - drawn) studies their representation in writing, i.e. letters.

Distinguish between the terms "sound" and "letter", we pronounce and hear sounds, and we write letters.

Speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants.

Vowels are sounds that are formed in the organs of speech under the pressure of exhaled air, which does not encounter obstacles in the oral cavity. Therefore, only the voice is involved in the formation of vowel sounds.

Consonants are sounds that consist either of one noise formed by various barriers in the oral cavity on the path of air exhaled from the lungs, or of noise and voice. In the first case, deaf consonants are formed, in the second - voiced. The sonorous consonants l, m, n, r are also distinguished, in the formation of which the voice prevails over the noise, they are, as it were, louder than voiced ones.

Most voiceless and voiced consonants form pairs, however, some consonants are only voiceless, others are only voiced. In the table below, the ["] sign above the consonant on the right indicates the softness of its pronunciation; latin letter[j] denotes a medial voiced consonant, a dash above the consonant indicates a long sound, for example [w "].

Sounds Paired Unpaired

Voiced bb "c c" d "d d" f f "z z" l l "m m" n n "r p" j

Deaf n p "f f" k k "t t" w w "s s" x c h "

There are also hard consonants and soft consonants. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs, however, some consonants are only hard, others are only soft, as shown in the table below.

Sounds Paired Unpaired

Solid

Soft b "v" z "l" m "n" n "r" s "t" f "g" k "x" w "w" h

When characterizing speech sounds, these features should be indicated. This should be borne in mind when phonetic analysis words. In this case, the given word should be written in transcription. For example, let's do a phonetic analysis of the word "graphics" - [graphic].

Let's characterize the sounds in this word. Let's name the vowels first. The vowel a is stressed, the vowel i is unstressed, the vowel a is [b] unstressed (sounds are indicated by the corresponding letters). Consonants: g - noisy, sonorous, paired, solid; p - sonorous, solid; f - noisy; deaf, double, soft; k - noisy, deaf, steamy, hard. The consonants in this word are also indicated by the corresponding letters. The word has seven sounds and seven letters.

At phonetic analysis words need to take into account the peculiarities of Russian graphics system because the same letter can represent different sounds. For example, the letter v - sounds differently in the words sound and call in the second word, it means a deaf consonant [f].

Should be considered double value letters e, e, u, i. At the beginning of a word, after vowels, after separating hard and soft signs, they denote two sounds: d + e, d + o, d + y, d + a (pit, yula, mine, family, congress). After consonants, these letters denote one sound (e, o, u, a) and the softness of the preceding consonant (crumpled, chalk, sang, love).

The letters b, c, d, d, z, k, l, m, n, p, p, s, t, f, x denote both hard and soft consonants. The softness of consonants (except for hissing) in the letter is indicated by the letters e, e, u, i, and, b, and the hardness is indicated by the letters e, o, y, a, s, for example: measure - mayor, pen - peer, mashed potatoes - blizzard.

Syllable

A syllable is one vowel sound or a combination of a consonant with a vowel, which are pronounced with one push of exhaled air. A syllable ending in a vowel is called an open syllable, for example: go-lo-va, stra-to-sphere. A syllable ending in a consonant sound is called closed, for example: koi-ka, mountain-dy, pal-ka.

Word hyphenation rules:

1. Words are transferred by syllables, for example: hundred-ro-on, without-water-ny.

2. When transferring, you can neither leave at the end of the line, nor transfer to another line a part of the word that does not make up a syllable.

That's right: skip, move.

Incorrect: skip-sk, sd-vinut.

3. You can not separate the consonant from the vowel following it.

That's right: hero, bu-stya, va-tyak.

Wrong: ger-oh, empty-yak.

4. If there is a letter y after the prefix, then you cannot transfer the part of the word that begins with it.

That's right: to play, to play, to find, to find.

Wrong: un-play, sub-search.

1. You can not tear off the letters ъ and ь from the previous consonant.

That's right: junction, less.

Wrong: one-way, less.

2. You can not tear off the letter y from the previous vowel.

That's right: district-he, build-ka, flock-ka.

Incorrect: ra-yon, construction, hundred.

7. You can not leave one letter at the end of a line or transfer one letter to another line.

That's right: ana-to-miya.

Incorrect: a-anatomy, anatomy-z.

Therefore, some words cannot be transferred, for example: Asia, shoes, beehive, anchor.

With a confluence of consonants, transfer options are possible, for example: se-stra, ses-tra, sister-ra.

Such transfers are preferred in which significant parts of the word (morphemes) are not broken, for example: beat (and not beat), call (and not call), throw (and not throw).

Sound laws in Russian

The sound law in the field of vowels consists in their reduction and - weakening of vowels in an unstressed position. So, in the word head in the first prestressed syllable, in place of the letter o, the sound [a] is pronounced (square brackets indicate the sound, not the letter), and in the second prestressed syllable, in place of the letter o, the sound is pronounced short sound, middle between [s] and [a]: it is conventionally denoted by the sign [b]. It turns out such a phonetic transmission [chapter].

After soft consonants in place of the letters e and i in the first pre-stressed syllable, a sound close to [and] is pronounced, for example: spring [in "isna], spot [n" itno]; in the rest of the pre-stressed syllables and in the stressed syllables, a sound is pronounced that resembles a very short [and], which is conventionally denoted by the sign [b], for example: giant [v "ylikan], piglet [n" ptachok].

Sound laws in the field of consonant sounds are manifested primarily in the deafening of voiced consonants and in the voicing of deaf ones. Only before vowels ( strong position) consonants do not change their sound: day [d "en"], tone [tone]. In weak positions (the position at the absolute end of a word, the position of a voiced noisy consonant before a deaf noisy consonant and a voiceless noisy before a voiced noisy) positional exchanges are observed.

1. At the absolute end of the word, voiced consonants change to deaf ones: mushroom - gri [p], cottage cheese - cottage cheese [k], lunch - both (t), garage - gara [w], order - zaka [s].

2. Voiced consonants in front of the deaf change to deaf: boat - lo [tk] a, spoon - lo [shk] a, sheep - o [fc] a, fairy tale - ska [sk] a, teeth - zu [pk] and, exhibition - exhibition [fk] a. Thus, consonants, paired in deafness-voicedness, in weak position sound the same.

Positional changes consonants are also associated with the softening of hard consonants before soft ones. Sounds [h], [s], [t], [n] before some soft consonants and before [h "], [w"] soften in the roots of words: [h "] here, [s"] tep, ne [ n] -this, bird [n "] chik, ba [n"] schik; at the junction of the prefix and the root: without [z "] children, in [z"] to put, and [z "] division, ra [s"] cut.

Sometimes, before soft consonants, some consonants can be softened both in the roots of words and at the junction of the prefix and the root: [d]ve, and [z]myat.

The sound system of the Russian language is characterized by the simplification of consonant combinations and the reduction of groups of identical consonants. In combinations of letters zdn, stn, ntsk, stsk, stl, rdts, ndsh, d, t are not pronounced: according to [zn] o, not [sn] y, giga [nsk] y, slav [ssk] y, lucky [sl] ivey, se [rc] e, la [nsh] aft. The consonant is not pronounced in in combination vstv: chu [st] o, hello [st] uy - and l in combination lnts: so [nts] e.

When three identical consonants collide, they are reduced to two: ras + quarrel - ra [ss] yell, Odessa + sky - Ode [ss] cue.

Operating in modern language sound laws sometimes lead to the complete assimilation of some consonants to the consonants that follow them. Knowledge of the sound laws of the Russian language is necessary in order to master the norms literary pronunciation, which is given special importance in assessing the culture of speech.

Question 2. Russian stress and its main features

The science of literary pronunciation and stress is called o r f o e p and e y (gr. orthos - direct, correct and eros - speech). The most important feature of this science is its soft, compliant character: it not only indicates the rules of literary pronunciation, but also sets the permissible limits for their violation (depending on the conditions of communication). For the speech of speakers, speakers speaking to a large audience, there are some rules, for a friendly conversation - others.

stress

Features of Russian stress

A word can consist of one or more syllables, one syllable in a word is stressed, the rest are unstressed.

There are verbal and phrasal (logical) stress (belongs to intonation, being part of it).

Word stress is the selection of one of the syllables of a non-single word. With the help of stress, part of the sound chain is combined into a single whole - a phonetic word.

Russian verbal stress is free, that is, not assigned to a syllable determined by location: children, sit, carnation, general, etc.

Russian stress is diverse: in various forms words or in words of the same root, it can be on different syllables, different morphemes: fur - fur - fur.

At the same time, in many cases, the stress in the forms of the word does not change its place (single place): bed, bed - beds.

All significant words are stressed. Service words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) usually do not have stress. In the flow of speech, service words merge with the significant words to which they refer, forming a phonetic word with it: at the station, by the road. Unstressed adjoining functional words are called proclitics if they come before stress word(at the station) and enclitics if they are standing behind him (is it far).

Usually the words of the Russian language have one stress. However, a large number of two and three-syllable words, quite long, have 2 or 3 stresses. The last of them is the main and full-fledged, the rest are additional ( collateral stress): railway, mechanical engineering, aerial photography.

If the speech tact consists of several phonetic words, then one of the words carries a stronger stress. Such a selection of one of the words of the speech tact is called tact stress. One of the measures of the phrase also stands out more strong accent which is called phrasal stress. Typically, the time stress is on last word speech tact, and phrasal stress highlights the last measure of a phrase. For example: Elizaveta Ivanovna / was sitting in her room, still in her ball gown, / immersed in deep thoughts.

The function of bar and phrasal stress is to phonetically combine several words into a speech beat and several beats into a phrase.

Highlighting in a speech tact with a stronger stress of a word to emphasize it special significance called logical (phrasal) stress. Any word in a speech can carry a logical stress.

Stress is the selection of one of the syllables in a word by amplifying the voice. Depending on which element is highlighted, a distinction is made between logical and verbal stress.

logical stress- this is the selection of a word or group of words that are important in terms of meaning in a given phrase.

Word stress is the emphasis of a syllable in a word.

Stress in Russian is characterized by the following main features:

1. The stressed syllable is pronounced with greater force; stress is characterized by a greater volume of the stressed syllable.

2. The stressed syllable is distinguished by a longer duration.

3. A stressed syllable, unlike an unstressed one, is characterized by a significant tension of the pronunciation apparatus, as well as an increase in exhalation.

In Russian, the stress is different, i.e. can stand on any syllable (first, second, third, etc.), for example: room, road, threshing. Russian stress is mobile: it can move from one syllable to another when the form of the word changes, for example: head - head (Vin. pad.), City - cities (plural).

In compound words, in addition to the main one, there may also be a secondary, or side, stress, for example: radio transmission, car building.

Emphasis can play a semantic role, for example: perfume (perfume) - perfume (plural from the word "spirit").

Since Russian stress is diverse and mobile, and because of this, its setting cannot be regulated by the same rules for all words, the placement of stress in words and word forms is also regulated by the rules of orthoepy. " Pronouncing dictionary Russian language, ed. R. I. Avanesova describes the pronunciation and stress of more than 60 thousand words, moreover, due to the mobility of Russian stress in dictionary entry often all forms of the word are included. So, for example, the word call in the forms of the present tense has an accent on the ending: call, call. Some words have variable accents in all their forms, such as cottage cheese and cottage cheese. Other words may have variant stresses in some of their forms, for example: weaving and weaving, scythe and scythe.

Differences in pronunciation can be caused by a change in the orthoepic norm. So, in linguistics it is customary to distinguish between "older" and "younger" orthoepic norm: the new pronunciation gradually replaces the old one, but at some stage they coexist, though mainly in speech different people. It is with the coexistence of the "senior" and "junior" norms that the variability of the positional softening of consonants is associated.

Variation in pronunciation can be associated not only with the dynamic process of changing pronunciation norms but also socially significant factors. Thus, pronunciation can distinguish between literary and professional use words (compass and compass), neutral style and colloquial speech(a thousand [thousand"ich"a] and [thousand"a]), neutral and high style (poet [paet] and [poet]).

Stress is the pronunciation of one of the syllables in a word (or rather, a vowel in it) with greater force and duration. Other features Russian stress - its heterogeneity and mobility.

The diversity of Russian stress lies in the fact that it can fall on any syllable in a word, as opposed to languages with a fixed place of stress (for example, French or Polish): tree, road, milk.

The mobility of stress lies in the fact that in the forms of one word, the stress can move from the stem to the ending: legs - legs.

In compound words (that is, words with several roots) there may be several stresses: instrument and aircraft construction, however, many Difficult words do not have collateral stress: steamboat [parakhot].

Stress in Russian can perform following features:

1) organizing - a group of syllables with a single stress makes up a phonetic word, the boundaries of which do not always coincide with the boundaries of a lexical word and can combine independent words together with auxiliary ones: in the fields [fpal "aʹ], he-that [onta];

2) semantic - stress can distinguish

a) different words, which is connected with the diversity of Russian stress: flour - flour, castle - castle,

b) the form of one word, which is associated with the diversity and mobility of Russian stress: earth - earth.

Question 3. Phonetic means of speech expressiveness.

The use of various methods of sound organization of speech to enhance its expressiveness is called sound recording. It consists in a special selection of words that, by their sound, contribute to the figurative transmission of thought. Sound recording is possible only in artistic speech and above all in poetry.

In order for the sound of speech to become noticeable, it is necessary to clearly distinguish words during reading and strengthen expressive consonances. This requires a special intonation, possible only in poetry and lyrical prose. Here the words are convex, weighty, they are pronounced slowly; emotional speech rich in breaks. And in poetry, thanks to rhythm, rhyme, words are voiced more than in a simple conversation.

Masters artistic word use a variety of amplification techniques phonetic expressiveness speech. The most important of them is sound instrumentation, which consists in the selection of words of close sounding. For example, in Pushkin: Peter is feasting. And proud and clear, / And his eyes are full of glory. // And his royal feast is beautiful ("Poltava"). The richness of sound repetitions of vowels [o, a] and consonants [n, p, t] reflects the breadth of the glorified victorious triumph; the roll call of sounds strengthens the first phrase - Peter feasts.

Depending on the quality of the repeated sounds, two types of sound instrumentation are distinguished: alliteration and assonance. Alliteration is the repetition of consonants: Snow is still whitening in the fields, // And the waters are already rustling in spring - // They run and wake up the sleepy shore, // They run and shine and say (Tyutch.). With the greatest certainty, our hearing captures the repetition of sounds that are at the beginning of a word and in a pre-stressed position. Is it possible not to notice the alliteration, for example, at the beginning of S. Yesenin's poem “With Good morning!? The golden stars dozed off, // The mirror of the backwater trembled... We notice the sound similarity not only nearby standing words, but also separated by other words of the text. For example, the repetition of [p] and [s-s] in S. Yesenin's quatrain:

Goy you, Russia, my dear,

Huts - in the robes of the image ...

See no end and edge -

Only blue sucks eyes.

Poetic speech can be instrumented by the repetition of several sounds at once. And the more they are involved in such a roll call, the more clearly their repetition is heard, the more aesthetic pleasure the sound of the text brings us. Such is the sound instrumentation of Pushkin's wonderful lines: Look: under a distant vault // The free moon is walking; Cherished, in eastern bliss, // On the northern, sad snow // You left no traces [about legs]; She liked novels early on; Whose benevolent hand will pat the old man's laurels!

Another type of instrumentation is assonance - the repetition of vowels: It's time, it's time! Horns blow... (A. Pushkin) Assonance is usually based on only percussion sounds, since in the unstressed position the vowels change significantly. And we must also take into account that the sound [a] can be denoted by the letter o in an unstressed position, the sound [o] - the letter ё. So, in an excerpt from Pushkin's Poltava, assonances to [a] and to [o] are created only by the vowels we have highlighted:

Quiet Ukrainian night.

The sky is transparent. The stars are shining.

Overcome your slumber

Doesn't want air...

Shorter and reduced sounds, conveyed by the same letters - o and a, are not relevant for sound writing, they are hardly noticeable. But if the vowels are not subject to changes in unstressed position, they participate in the creation of assonance. For example, Nekrasov with assonance on [y] conveys "music" railway: All is well under the moonlight, / Everywhere I recognize my dear Russia ... / I quickly fly along cast-iron rails. // I think my own thought...

Russian poets were fascinated not only by the "sweet-voiced" music of speech, but also by other sounds. Great artists did not refuse to use any harmonies for the purpose of sound recording, finding application for them in poetry. Remember the "unaesthetic" hissing in Nekrasov's poems: From the jubilant, idly chattering, // Enveloping their hands in blood... They are emotionally justified, like Lermontov's, when he wrote: Perhaps, behind the wall of the Caucasus // I'll hide from your pashas, // From their all-seeing eye, // From their all-hearing ears.

Consolidation of the studied material. Problematic, partially exploratory teaching methods.

1. What is the object of study of phonetics?

2. With what sections of the language is phonetics closely related? Give examples.

3. What principles underlie the division of sounds into vowels and consonants?

4.What phonetic laws in the field of consonant sounds do you know? Describe them.

5. Name the techniques for enhancing the phonetic expressiveness of speech.

6. Define the terms alliteration, assonance. Give examples.

7. What is the purpose of alliteration and assonance in poetic speech?

8. Point out the differences between anaphora and epiphora.

Exercises

1. Highlight the words that contain th:

Fragrant bird cherry

Bloomed with spring

And golden branches

What curls curled.

Honey dew all around

Slips down the bark

Spicy greens underneath

Shines in silver.

2. In what words do two letters represent one sound?

Alley, drive up, rainy, sharp, doubt, seamless, military, copper, incident, family, contained, take, cabman, skimmed.

3. Indicate in the text consonant sounds that do not have a pair of deafness-voicedness and hardness-softness.

And finally I'll be happy

Quietly leave this world

And in my gratitude

I will forget your slap.

(P.)

4. Determine the strong and weak positions of the vowels.

Jam, urban, kindness, ground, close, try on, reconcile.

5. Read an excerpt from A.E. Fersman's lecture "Stone in the culture of the future." Find repetitions in the text and explain why the author uses them.

Is it yourself gems are not the emblem of firmness, constancy and eternity? Is there anything harder than diamond that can match the strength and indestructibility of this form of carbon?

Aren't corundum in its many variations, topaz and garnet, the main grinding materials, and only new artificial products of human genius can be compared with them? Are not quartz, zircon, diamond and corundum one of the most stable chemical groupings of nature, and are not the fire resistance and immutability of many of them under high temperatures do not far exceed the fire resistance of the vast majority of other bodies?

6. A. Blok

May is cruel with white nights!

Eternal knock on the gate: come out!

Blue haze behind

Uncertainty, doom ahead!

Pay attention to the repetition of sounds at the beginning and at the end of words. This technique is called a mixture of anaphora and epiphora. - What is the purpose of the author using this technique in this poem?

7. Read an excerpt from F. Tyutchev's poem. Name the repeated identical or similar consonants.

Snow is still whitening in the fields,

And the waters are already rustling in the spring -

They run and wake up the sleepy shore,

They run and shine and say...

What is the name of such an approach? Find examples of this technique in other poems of the poet.

Homework:

Task for independent work:

Lecturer: Matveeva M.V.

Phonetic means of the Russian language

To phonetic means Russian language with a delimiting function includes sounds, stress (verbal and phrasal) and intonation, often acting together or in combination.
Speech sounds have different qualities and therefore serve in the language as a means for distinguishing words. Often words differ in just one sound, the presence of an extra sound compared to another word, the order of the sounds (cf .: jackdaw - pebbles, fight - howl, mouth - mole, nose - sleep).
Word stress delimits words and word forms that are identical in sound composition (cf .: clubs - clubs, holes - holes, hands - hands).
Phrasal stress distinguishes sentences by meaning with the same composition and word order (cf .: Snowing and it's snowing).
Intonation distinguishes sentences with the same word composition (with the same place of phrasal stress) (cf .: Snow melts and Snow melts?).
Sounds and word stress as delimiters of significant elements of speech (words and their forms) are associated with vocabulary and morphology, while phrasal stress and intonation are associated with syntax.

Phonetic units of the Russian language

From the side of rhythmic-intonation, our speech represents a speech flow, or a chain of sounds. This chain is divided into links, or phonetic units of speech: phrases, measures, phonetic words, syllables and sounds.
A phrase is the largest phonetic unit, a statement that is complete in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other phrases by a pause.
A speech tact (or syntagma) most often consists of several words combined with one stress.
The speech beat is divided into phonetic words, i.e. independent words together with unstressed functional words and particles adjoining them.
Words are divided into proper phonetic units - syllables, and the latter - into sounds.
Syllabus, types of syllables in Russian. stress

The concept of a syllable

From the point of view of education, from the physiological side, a syllable is a sound or several sounds pronounced with one expiratory push.
From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound is distinguished by the greatest sonority in comparison with neighboring ones - the previous and subsequent ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (p, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them. An open syllable is a syllable ending in a syllable-forming sound: va-ta. A closed syllable is called a syllable ending in a non-syllable sound: there, barking. A syllable that begins with a vowel sound is called undisguised: a-orta. Covered is a syllable that begins with a consonant sound: ba-tone.

stress

In the speech flow, phrasal, clock and verbal stress is distinguished.
Word stress is the emphasis during the pronunciation of one of the syllables of a disyllabic or polysyllabic word. Word stress is one of the main external signs independent word. Service words and particles usually do not have stress and are adjacent to independent words, making up one phonetic word with them: [under-mountain], [on-side], [that's it].
The Russian language is characterized by power (dynamic) stress, in which stressed syllable stands out in comparison with non-stressed ones with greater tension of articulation, especially the vowel sound. The stressed vowel is always longer than the corresponding one. unstressed sound. Russian stress is different: it can fall on any syllable (exit, exit, exit). Variation of stress is used in Russian to distinguish between homographs and their grammatical forms(organ - organ) and individual forms different words (my - mine), and in some cases serves as a means of lexical differentiation of the word (chaos - chaos) or gives the word stylistic coloring(well done - well done). The mobility and immobility of the stress serves as an additional means in the formation of forms of the same word: the stress either remains in the same place of the word (garden, -a, -y, -om, -e, -s, -ov, etc. .), or moves from one part of the word to another (city, -a, -y, -om, -e; -a, -ov, etc.). The mobility of stress ensures the distinction of grammatical forms (buy - buy, legs - legs, etc.).
AT individual cases the difference in the place of verbal stress loses all meaning: cf .: cottage cheese and cottage cheese, differently and differently, butt and butt, etc.
Words can be unstressed or weakly stressed. Functional words and particles are usually devoid of stress, but they sometimes take on stress, so that the preposition with the independent word following it has one stress: [in winter], [out of town], [under-evening].
Weakly stressed can be disyllabic and trisyllabic prepositions and conjunctions, simple numerals in combination with nouns, connectives to be and become, some of introductory words.
Some categories of words have, in addition to the main one, an additional, secondary stress, which is usually in the first place, and the main one is in the second, for example: Old Russian. These words include:
1) polysyllabic, as well as complex in composition (aircraft building),
2) complex abbreviations (gostelecenter),
3) words with prefixes after-, over-, archi-, trans-, anti-, etc. (transatlantic, post-October),
4) some foreign words(postscript, post factum).
Bar stress is the emphasis in pronunciation of what is more important in semantic relation words within a speech tact. For example: Am I wandering | along noisy streets, | do I enter | to a crowded temple, | I'm sitting | between mad youths, | I surrender | my dreams (P.).
Phrasal stress is the allocation in the pronunciation of the most important word in the semantic sense within the utterance (phrase); such an accent is one of the clock. In the example above, the phrasal stress falls on the word dreams.
Clock and phrase stress is also called logical.
The sound composition of the Russian literary language

The concept of sound

The shortest, minimal, non-segmented sound unit that stands out during the successive sound division of a word is called the sound of speech. Traditional classification speech sounds is divided into vowels and consonants.

Consonant sounds and their classification

Consonants differ from vowels in the presence of noises that are formed in the oral cavity during pronunciation.
The consonants are different:
1) by the participation of noise and voice,
2) at the place of noise generation,
3) according to the method of noise generation,
4) by the absence or presence of softness.
Participation of noise and voice. According to the participation of noise and voice, consonants are divided into noisy and sonorous. Sonorants are called consonants formed with the help of voice and slight noise: [m], [m "], [n], [n"], [l], [l "], [p], [p"]. Noisy consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Noisy voiced consonants are [b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [d], [d "], [g], ["], [s ], [h "], [j], [?], [?"], , formed by noise with the participation of the voice. Noisy deaf consonants include: [n], [p "], [f], [f" ], [k], [k "], [t], [t"], [s], [s"], [w], ["], [x], [x"], [c], [h], formed only with the help of one noise, without the participation of voice (see § 62).
The location of the noise. Depending on which active organ of speech ( underlip or language) dominates in the formation of sound, consonants are divided into labial and lingual. If we take into account the passive organ in relation to which the lip or tongue articulates, the consonants can be labial [b], [n] [m] and labiodental [c], [f]. Lingual are divided into front-lingual, middle-lingual and back-lingual. Anterior-lingual can be dental [t], [d], [s], [h], [c], [n], [l] and palatine-tooth [h], [w], [g], [p] ; middle-lingual - mid-palatal [j]; posterior lingual - posterior palate [g], [k], [x].
Noise generation methods. Depending on the difference in the methods of noise formation, consonants are divided into occlusive [b], [n], [d], [t], [g], [k], fricative [c], [f], [s], [h ], [w], [g], [j], [x], affricates [c], [h], stop-pass: nasal [n], [m], lateral, or oral, [l] and trembling (vibrants) [p].
Hardness and softness of consonants. The absence or presence of softness (palatalization) determines the hardness and softness of consonants. Palatalization (lat. palatum - hard palate) is the result of the midpalatal articulation of the tongue, which complements the main articulation of the consonant sound. Sounds formed with such additional articulation are called soft, and those formed without it are called hard.
characteristic feature The system of consonants is the presence in it of pairs of sounds correlative in deafness-voicedness and in hardness-softness. The correlation of paired sounds lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions (before vowels) they differ as two different sound, and in other conditions (at the end of the word) they do not differ and coincide in their sound. Compare: rose - dew and rose - grew [grew - grew]. So the paired consonants [b] - [p], [c] - [f], [d] - [t], [h] - [s], [g] - [w], [g] - [k], which, therefore, form correlative pairs of consonants in deafness-voicedness.
The correlative series of deaf and voiced consonants is represented by 12 pairs of sounds. Paired consonants are distinguished by the presence of a voice (voiced) or its absence (deaf). Sounds [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [p], [p "] [j] - unpaired voiced, [x], [c] , [h "] - unpaired deaf.
The classification of Russian consonants is presented in the table:

The composition of consonant sounds, taking into account the deafness-voicedness correlation, is shown in the following table

W, W - long hissing, paired in deafness-sonority; cf. [trembling], ["Shi]).
The hardness and softness of consonants, like deafness-voicedness, differ in some positions, but do not differ in others, which leads to the presence in the system of consonants of a correlative series of hard and soft sounds. So, [l] - [l "] are distinguished before the vowel [o] (compare: lot - ice [lot - l "from], and before the sound [e] not only [l] - [l"], but also other couples hard-soft sounds(cf.: [l" eu], [c" eu], [b" eu], etc.).

PHONETIC (SOUND-LETTER) ANALYSIS OF THE WORD

Write down the word.

Put emphasis.

Divide the word into syllables. Count and write down their number.

Write all the letters of this word in a column one under the other. Count and write down their number.

Write to the right of each letter, in square brackets, the sound that this letter stands for.

Describe sounds:

Vowel, stressed or unstressed.

Consonant, deaf or voiced, paired or unpaired; hard or soft, paired or unpaired.

Count and write down the number of sounds.

L, M, N, R, Y - the most voiced consonants (sonor).

B-P, V-F, G-K, D-T, Zh-Sh, 3-S - paired consonants for voice-deafness.

X, C, Ch, Щ are always deaf consonants.

H, W, Y are always soft consonants.

Zh, Sh, Ts - always hard consonants

Note.

Letters i, e, u, e- iotized.

If these letters are after consonants, then they give
one sound:

I - [a], Yo - [o], Yu - [y], E - [e]. Lyon - [l "o n] - 3 letters, 3 sounds.

If these letters are at the beginning of a word, after vowels and dividing b and b signs, then they give 2 sounds:

I - [th "a], Yo - [th" o], Yu - [th" y], E - [th" e]: Tree - [th" o l k a] - 4 letters, 5 sounds. Sings [pay "o t] - 4 letters, 5 sounds.

The unstressed vowel O under stress gives the sound [o], and without stress [a]:

cat - [cat "and k], starlings - [from quartz];

unstressed vowel E, under stress gives the sound [e], and without stress [i]:

forest [l "e s], spring [in" isna];

in some words, before the vowel E, the consonant is pronounced firmly:

cafe [cafe];

the letter I after the consonants Zh, Sh, Ts gives the sound [s]:

clamp [clamp], tires [shins], circus [circus];

unstressed vowel Ya under stress gives the sound [a], and without stress [e], [i]:

ball - [m "a h"], mountain ash - [r "e b" and n a], spot - [ p "and t n o];

paired consonants in a weak position (at the end of a word, before a voiceless consonant) are pronounced dull:

mushroom - [gr "and p], shop - [l a f k a];

sometimes in place of the letter Gbefore a deaf consonant, sounds [k] [x] are pronounced:

claws - [k o k t "and], soft - [m "ah" k "and th"];

sometimes the letter C at the beginning of a word before a voiced consonant is voiced:

did - [z "d" e l a l].

between the root and the suffix, before soft consonants, consonants can sound soft:

umbrella - [z o n "t" and k];

sometimes the letter H denotes a soft consonant sound before the consonants H, W:

cup - [with t and k and n "h" and k], changer - [cm "e n" u" and k];

Remember that doubled consonants make a long sound:

group - [ group] .

Remember that the combinations TSYA, TSYA are pronounced as a long [c]:

shave - [br "itsa].

Remember that the combination STN is pronounced as [sn], ZDN- [zn]:

starry - [sv "ozn y"], stairs - [l" es "n" and tsa].

Remember that sometimes the combination of CHN, CHT is pronounced like [w]:

of course - [kan "eshna] that - [sh t about].

Remember that in the endings of adjectives OGO, ITS consonant Г is pronounced as [in]:

white - [b e la v a].

THE SUBJECT OF PHONETICS.

BASIC PHONETIC UNITS

PHONETICS- a branch of the science of language that studies the sound side of the language. Phonetics is a specific system included in the general system of the language. This is a sublevel of the general language system, inextricably linked with the entire system, since the basic units of the language - words, morphemes, phrases, sentences representing higher levels - are signs. After all, in addition to the semantic side - denoted (values), they all have a material side accessible to the senses - denoting(sounds and their combinations). There is a conditional (not natural, not natural) connection between the signifier and the signifier. Yes, the word dream has a material expression - this is a combination of five sounds that serves to express the meaning "something created by the imagination, mentally represented." The subject of phonetics is the material (sound) side of the language.

The task of phonetics - the study of the methods of formation (articulation) and acoustic properties of sounds, their changes in the speech stream. You can study phonetics with different goals and different methods. Depending on this, general phonetics, descriptive phonetics, comparative phonetics, historical phonetics, and experimental phonetics are distinguished.

General phonetics on the material of various languages, considers the theoretical issues of the formation of speech sounds, the nature of stress, the structure of the syllable, the relationship of the sound system of the language to its grammatical system.

Descriptive phonetics explores the sound structure of a particular language in synchronous plan, i.e. at the present stage of language development.

Comparative phonetics explains phenomena in the field of sound structure, referring to the material of related languages.

Experimental phonetics is part of general phonetics, studies the sound side of the language with instrumental methods.

All phonetic units of the language - phrases, measures, phonetic words, syllables, sounds - are interconnected by quantitative relationships.

Phrase – the largest phonetic unit, a statement that is complete in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other similar units by a pause. A phrase is not always the same as a sentence (a sentence can consist of several phrases, and a phrase can consist of several sentences). But even if the phrase coincides with the sentence, the same phenomenon is still considered from different points of view. In phonetics, attention is paid to intonation, pauses, etc.

Intonation – a set of means of organizing sounding speech, reflecting its semantic and emotional-volitional aspects, which are manifested in successive changes in pitch, speech rhythm (ratio of strong and weak, long and short syllables), speech rate (acceleration and deceleration in the flow of speech), sound strength (intensity of speech), intra-phrase pauses, the general timbre of the utterance. With the help of intonation, speech is divided into syntagmas.

Syntagma – a combination of two or more phonetic words from a phrase. For example: See you tomorrow I in the evening. See you I tomorrow night. In these sentences, syntagmas are separated by a pause. It should be noted that the term "syntagma" is understood by scientists in different ways. Academician V.V. Vinogradov, in particular, delimits the syntagma from the speech tact as an intonation-shaped semantic-syntactic unit of speech, isolated from the composition of the sentence

phonetic word - part of a speech measure (if the phrase is divided into measures) or a phrase united by one stress. A phonetic word can coincide with a word in the lexical and grammatical sense of this term. A phrase has as many phonetic words as there are stresses in it, i.e. most often significant words stand out in separate measures. Since some words do not carry stress, there are often fewer phonetic words than lexical ones. As a rule, service parts of speech are unstressed, but significant words can also be in an unstressed position: . Words that do not have an accent and are adjacent to other words are called clitics . Depending on what place they occupy in relation to the stressed word, proclitics and enclitics are distinguished. proclitics they call unstressed words that are in front of the stressed one to which they adjoin:, enclitics - unstressed words after the stressed one to which they adjoin:,. Functional words usually act as proclitics and enclitics, however, a significant word can also turn out to be an enclitic when a preposition or particle takes on stress: on ´ water[according to].

Syllable - part of a measure or a phonetic word, consisting of one or more sounds, a combination of the least sonorous sound with the most sonorous, which is syllabic (see the section "Symbol division. Types of syllables").

Sound - the smallest unit of speech delivered in one articulation. We can also define sound as the smallest phonetic unit that is distinguished by the successive division of speech.

THE SUBJECT OF PHONETICS.

BASIC PHONETIC UNITS

Descriptive phonetics explores the sound structure of a particular language in synchronous plan, i.e. at the present stage of language development.

Comparative phonetics explains phenomena in the field of sound structure, referring to the material of related languages.

Experimental phonetics is part of general phonetics, studies the sound side of the language with instrumental methods.

All phonetic units of the language - phrases, measures, phonetic words, syllables, sounds - are interconnected by quantitative relationships.

Phrase – the largest phonetic unit, a statement that is complete in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other similar units by a pause. A phrase is not always the same as a sentence (a sentence can consist of several phrases, and a phrase can consist of several sentences). But even if the phrase coincides with the sentence, the same phenomenon is still considered from different points of view. In phonetics, attention is paid to intonation, pauses, etc.

Syntagma – a combination of two or more phonetic words from a phrase. For example: See you tomorrow I in the evening. See you I tomorrow night. In these sentences, syntagmas are separated by a pause. It should be noted that the term "syntagma" is understood by scientists in different ways. Academician V.V. Vinogradov, in particular, delimits the syntagma from the speech tact as an intonation-shaped semantic-syntactic unit of speech, isolated from the composition of the sentence

Sound - the smallest unit of speech delivered in one articulation. We can also define sound as the smallest phonetic unit that is distinguished by the successive division of speech.