Demonstrative pronouns - examples. Pronoun: examples

A pronoun is a special class of significant words that point to a subject without naming it. To avoid tautology in speech, the speaker may use a pronoun. Examples: I, yours, who, this, everyone, the most, the whole, myself, mine, another, another, that, somehow, someone, something, etc.

As can be seen from the examples, pronouns are most often used instead of a noun, and also instead of an adjective, numeral or adverb.

Pronouns tend to be divided into categories according to their meaning. This part of speech focuses on names. In other words, pronouns replace nouns, adjectives, numerals. However, the peculiarity of pronouns is that, replacing names, they do not acquire their meaning. According to the established tradition, only inflected words belong to pronouns. All invariable words are treated as pronominal adverbs.

This article will present the meaning and grammatical features, as well as examples of sentences in which certain pronouns are used.

Table of pronouns by category

Personal pronouns	I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they
reflexive pronoun
Possessive pronouns	mine, yours, ours, yours
Demonstrative pronouns	this, that, such, so many
Definitive pronouns	himself, the most, all, everyone, each, any, other, other
Interrogative pronouns	who, what, which, which, whose, how much, which
Relative pronouns	who, what, how, which, which, whose, how much, which
Negative pronouns	no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing
Indefinite pronouns	someone, something, some, some, a few

Pronouns are divided into three categories:

Pronominal nouns.
Pronoun adjectives.
Pronominal numerals.

Personal pronouns

Words that indicate persons and objects that are participants in a speech act are called "personal pronouns". Examples: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they. I, you, we, you denote participants in speech communication. The pronouns he, she, they do not participate in the speech act, they are reported by the speaker as non-participants in the speech act.

I know what you want to tell me. (Participant in a speech act, object.)
You must read all the fiction on the list. (The subject to which the action is directed.)
We have had a wonderful holiday this year! (Participants of the speech act, subjects.)
You played your part perfectly! (The addressee, the object to which the appeal is directed in the speech act.)
He prefers a quiet pastime. (Non-participant in the speech act.)
Is she definitely going to America this summer? (Non-participant in the speech act.)
They jumped with a parachute for the first time in their lives and were very pleased. (Non-participant in the speech act.)

Attention! The pronouns his, her, their, depending on the context, can be used both in the category of possessive and in the category of personal pronouns.

Compare:

He was not at school today, neither at the first nor at the last lesson. - His performance at school depends on how often he attends classes. (In the first sentence, his is a personal pronoun in the genitive; in the second sentence, his is a possessive pronoun.)
I asked her to keep this conversation between us. She ran, her hair flowing in the wind, and the silhouette was lost and lost with every second, moving away and dissolving in the light of day.
They should always be asked to turn the music down. - Their dog very often howls at night, as if yearning for some unbearable grief of his.

reflexive pronoun

This category includes the pronoun itself - indicates the person of the object or addressee, which are identified with the actor. This function is performed by reflexive pronouns. Suggestion examples:

I have always considered myself the happiest person in the whole wide world.
She constantly admires herself.
He does not like to make mistakes and trusts only himself.

May I keep this kitten?

Possessive pronouns

A word that indicates the belonging of a person or object to another person or object is called a "possessive pronoun". Example: mine, yours, ours, yours, yours. Possessive pronouns indicate belonging to the speaker, interlocutor or non-participant in the act of speech.

My The decision is always the correct one.
Your wishes will surely come true.
Our the dog behaves very aggressively towards passers-by.
Your the choice will be yours.
Finally I got mine gift!
Their keep your thoughts to yourself.
My the city misses me and I feel like I miss it.

Words like her, him, them can act as a personal pronoun in or as possessive pronoun. Suggestion examples:

Them the car is at the entrance. - They haven't been in the city for 20 years.
His the bag is on the chair. - He was asked to bring tea.
Her the house is located in the city center. - They made her the queen of the evening.

The belonging of a person (object) to a group of objects also indicates a possessive pronoun. Example:

Our Joint trips will be remembered to me for a long time!

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative is the second name of the demonstrative pronoun. Examples: this, that, such, so much. These words distinguish one or another object (person) from a number of other similar objects, persons or signs. This function is performed by the demonstrative pronoun. Examples:

This the novel is much more interesting and informative than all those that I have read before. (Pronoun this distinguishes one object from a number of similar ones, indicates the peculiarity of this object.)

Pronoun this is also performs this function.

it sea, these the mountains, this is the sun will forever remain in my memory the brightest memory.

However, you should be careful with the definition of the part of speech and not confuse the demonstrative pronoun with the particle!

Compare examples of demonstrative pronouns:

it it was excellent! - Did you play the part of the fox in the school play? (In the first case, this is is a pronoun and fulfills the predicate. In the second case this is- the particle has no syntactic role in the sentence.)
That the house is much older and more beautiful than this one. (Pronoun that selects an object, points to it.)
Neither such, no other option suited him. (Pronoun such helps to focus on one of the many subjects.)
So many once he stepped on the same rake, and again he repeats everything anew. (Pronoun so many emphasizes repetition.

Definitive pronouns

Examples of pronouns: himself, the most, all, everyone, each, any, other, other. This category is divided into sub-categories, each of which includes the following pronouns:

1.Himself, the most- pronouns that have a distinguishing function. They elevate the object in question, individualize it.

Myself director - Alexander Yaroslavovich - was present at the party.
He was offered most a highly paid and prestigious job in our city.
Most The greatest happiness in life is to love and be loved.
Samo Her Majesty condescended to praise me.

2.Whole- a pronoun that has the meaning of the breadth of coverage of a characteristic of a person, object or feature.

Whole the city came to watch him perform.
All the road passed in remorse and the desire to return home.
Everything The sky was covered with clouds, and not a single gap was visible.

3. Anyone, everyone, anyone- pronouns denoting the freedom to choose from several objects, persons or features (provided that they exist at all).

Semen Semenovich Laptev - a master of his craft - this is for you any will say.
Any a person is able to achieve what he wants, the main thing is to make an effort and not be lazy.
Each blade of grass, each petal breathed life, and this desire for happiness was transmitted to me more and more.
Anything the word he said turned against him, but he did not seek to correct it.

4.Other, different- pronouns that have the meaning of non-identity with what was said earlier.

I chose different a path that was more accessible to me.
Imagine another Would you have done the same in my place?
AT different once he comes home, silently, eats and goes to bed, today everything was different ...
The medal has two sides - another I did not notice.

Interrogative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: who, what, which, which, whose, how much, which.

Interrogative pronouns include a question about persons, objects or phenomena, quantities. A sentence that contains an interrogative pronoun usually ends with a question mark.

Who Was that the man who came to us this morning?
What what will you do when the summer exams are over?
What there should be a portrait of an ideal person, and how do you imagine him?
Which the of these three people could know what really happened?
Whose is it a briefcase?
How much is the red dress which did you come to school yesterday?
Which your favorite time of the year?
whose I saw a child in the yard yesterday?
How Do you think I need to enter the Faculty of International Relations?

Relative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: who, what, how, which, which, whose, how much, which.

Attention! These pronouns can act as both relative and interrogative pronouns, depending on whether they are used in a particular context. In a complex sentence (CSP), only a relative pronoun is used. Examples:

How are you making a biscuit pie with cherry filling? - She told how she makes a cherry pie.

In the first case how - the pronoun has an interrogative function, i.e. the subject concludes a question about a certain object and about the method of obtaining it. In the second case, the pronoun how is used as a relative pronoun and acts as a connecting word between the first and second simple sentences.

Who knows in which the sea flows into the Volga river? - He did not know who this man was to him, and what could be expected from him.
What do you need to do to get a good job? - He knew what to do in order to get a well-paid job.

What- pronoun - is used both as a relative and as an interrogative pronoun, depending on the context.

What shall we do tonight? - You said that today we should visit grandma.

To accurately determine the category of pronouns, choosing between relative and interrogative, you need to remember that the interrogative pronoun in a sentence can be replaced by a verb, a noun, a numeral, depending on the context. The relative pronoun cannot be replaced.

What do you want to have dinner tonight? - I would like vermicelli for dinner.
Which do you like the color? - Do you like purple?
Whose is this a house? - Is this your mother's house?
Which the are you in line? Are you eleventh in line?
How do you have candy? - Do you have six sweets?

A similar situation with the pronoun than. Compare examples of relative pronouns:

What would you like to do for the weekend? He completely forgot what wanted to do it for the weekend. (As we can see, in the second version the pronoun how enters the category of relative and performs a connecting function between the two parts of a complex sentence.)
How did you get into my house yesterday? - Anna Sergeevna looked at the boy inquiringly and did not understand how he got into her house.
How does it feel to know that you are in trouble? - I know for myself what it's like to realize that your plans are collapsing rapidly and irrevocably.
How many times do I ask you not to do this again? - She has already lost count, which time her son brought his class teacher to tears.
Whose car is parked at the gate of my house? - He was at a loss, so he could not figure out whose idea it was to provoke a fight.
How much is this Persian kitten worth? - He was told how much a red Persian kitten costs.
Who knows what year the Battle of Borodino took place? - Three students raised their hands: they knew in what year the Battle of Borodino took place.

Some scholars propose to combine relative and interrogative pronouns into one category and call them "interrogative-relative pronouns." Examples:

Who is there? He didn't see who was here.

However, at present, it has not yet been possible to reach a general agreement, and the categories of interrogative and relative pronouns continue to exist separately from each other.

Negative pronouns

Examples of pronouns: no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing. Negative pronouns have the meaning of the absence of persons, objects, and also to indicate their negative characteristics.

Nobody didn't know what to expect from him.
Nothing he was not so interested that he could devote his whole life to this cause.
No debt and none money could not keep him from running away.
A lonely dog ran along the road, and it seemed that she had never had a master, a home and tasty food in the morning; She was draw.
He tried to find excuses for himself, but it turned out that everything happened precisely on his initiative, and no one was to blame.
He was completely there is nothing to do, so he slowly walked through the rain past the glowing storefronts and watched the oncoming cars passing by.

Indefinite pronouns

From interrogative or relative pronouns, an indefinite pronoun is formed. Examples: someone, something, some, some, several Indefinite pronouns contain the meaning of an unknown, indefinite person or object. Also, indefinite pronouns have the meaning of deliberately concealed information that the speaker specifically does not want to communicate.

Such properties have Examples for comparison:

someone's the voice was heard in the darkness, and I did not quite understand to whom it belonged: a man or a beast. (Lack of information from the speaker.) - This letter was from my no one an acquaintance who had been absent from our city for a long time and was now about to come. (Intentionally withheld information from listeners.)
Something an incredible thing happened that night: the wind tore and threw leaves from the trees, lightning flashed and pierced the sky through and through. (Instead of something you can substitute indefinite pronouns similar in meaning: something, something.)
Some of my friends consider me a strange and wonderful person: I do not strive to earn a lot of money and live in a small old house on the edge of the village . (Pronoun some can be replaced by the following pronouns: someone, a few.)
Several a pair of shoes, a backpack and a tent were already packed and waiting for us to pack up and leave far, far from the city. (The subject does not specify the number of items, generalizes their number.)
someone informed me that you received a letter, but do not want to acknowledge in e volume.(The speaker deliberately hides any information about the face.)
If a anyone saw this person, please report it to the police!
anyone knows what Natasha Rostova and Andrei Bolkonsky were talking about at the ball?
When you see anything interesting, do not forget to write down your observations in a notebook.
some moments in learning English remained incomprehensible to me, then I returned to the last lesson and tried to go through it again. (Deliberate concealment by the speaker of information.)
how much I still had money in my purse, but I didn't remember how much. (Lack of information about the subject from the speaker.)

Grammar categories of pronouns

Grammatically, pronouns are divided into three categories:

Pronoun noun.
Pronoun adjective.
Pronominal numeral.

To pronominal noun include such categories of pronouns as: personal, reflexive, interrogative, negative, indefinite. All these digits are likened to nouns in their grammatical properties. However, pronominal nouns have certain features that a pronoun does not have. Examples:

I came to you . (In this case, this is the masculine gender, which we determined by the past tense verb with a zero ending). - You came to me. (The gender is determined by the end of the verb "came" - feminine,

As you can see from the example, some pronouns are devoid of the category of gender. In this case, the genus can be restored logically, based on the situation.

Other pronouns of the listed categories have the category of gender, but it does not reflect the real relationship between persons and objects. For example, the pronoun who always combined with a past tense masculine verb.

Who was the first woman in space?
Ready or not, here I come.
She knew who would be the next contender for her hand and heart.

The pronoun what is used with past tense neuter nouns.

What enabled you to do this?
He did not suspect that something similar to his story could be happening somewhere.

Pronoun he has generic forms, but the gender here acts as a classification form, and not as a nominative.

To pronominal adjective demonstrative, definitive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite pronouns. They all answer the question which? and are likened to adjectives in their properties. They have dependent forms of number and case.

This tiger cub is the most playful in the zoo.

Pronouns are pronouns as many as, several. They are likened in their meaning in combination with nouns.

How many books did you read this summer?
So many opportunities now I had!
Grandma left a few hot pies for me.

Attention! However, in combination with pronoun verbs how many, how many, several are used as adverbs.

How much is this orange blouse?
So much can be spent on vacation.
I thought a little about how to live and what to do next.

For Beginners and Forgetters

(The full version of the book - "German Grammar with a Human Face" - see in bookstores)

Reading rules - Who and what - What to do - Say coherently - Count - Say emphatically - Soften your accent

Reading Rules

Consonants

W (ve) reads like Russian in : was? - what?

Z(tset) reads like c: Mozart.

S (es)reads like With: post- mail, but before (and between) vowels - like s:Saal- Hall,lesen- read.

ß (escet) reads like With (this letter contains two s).

F (ef),V (fau)are read as f: Frankfurt, Vater- father.in borrowed wordsvreads like in:vase.

J (yot) reads like th: Ja- Yes.

L (el) - medium between mild eh and solid email, but closer to soft: land- country.

H at the beginning of a word or root, it is read as an exhalation: house- house,dahinten- over there (da- hinten) , and in the middle or at the end of the root (after the vowel) is not read at all: gehen- go,Kuh- cow.

Consonant letter combinations

Ko ch (X) - cook,Fu chs (ks) - Fox,Sch iller (w), Sp ort (sp) andst ill (PCS) - at the beginning of a word or root,Deu tsch (solid h), ba ck en("ba to n") - oven,qu aken (sq.) - croak.

Suffix - tion (always stressed) read zion .

in the letter ß (escet) two s. However, it is sometimes written ß , and sometimes ss - sometimes even in different forms of the same word. In accordance with the new spelling reform, after a long vowel or double vowel is written ß , and after a short - ss:

Wissen - weiß , dass, gr o ß .

Vowels

Vowels ( Umlaut - two dots above) are read narrower (with a narrower mouth) than their corresponding regular vowels: schon(already)-schö n ("w yo n"- wonderful),Zug(train) -Zü ge ("c Yu ge"- trains).

"A Umlaut" reads like uh : Sä le- halls.

Y (yupsilon) is read as ü :L y rik.

Vowel combinations

W ei mar (ah), L ie be (and ) - love (a dash under the vowel - a sign of longitude),h eu te (oh) - today,Hä u ser (oh) - at home.

stress

The stress in German words most often falls on the first syllable. (flú gzeug- airplane) except for some exceptions (warú m- why), words with unstressed prefixes (versté hen - understand) and words that came into German from other languages (Compú ter).

Hammerless attachments:

ent-, emp-, miss-

Who and what

© German nouns are capitalized. A noun is usually preceded by an article, indicating its definiteness or indefiniteness, as well as its gender:der Mann- (the same) man;ein Mann- one (some) man / masculine gender,maskulinum, m /. Like this:die / eine Frau- woman/feminineFemininum, f /; das / ein kind- child / middle gender,Neutrum, n /.

die Frau des Bruders(brother's wife),der Mannder Schwester(sister's husband),die kinder der freunde(children of friends).

© A number of masculine nouns receive the ending in all cases - (e) n. They have the same ending in the plural. Because the ending (e) n characteristic of the feminine plural, these masculine nouns are called weak nouns. These include nouns in - e: der Junge- boy, several monosyllabic nouns: der Mensch- human,der Herr- mister, as well as "international" nouns with Greek and Latin suffixes denoting occupation: der student, der Fotograf. With the exception of the words -r (Politiker, Regisseur), -l (General), -n (Spion) - die Politiker, die Regisseure, die Generale or Generatorä le, die Spione.

So: Ich kenne den Jung en, den Mensch en, den Herr n, den Student en, den Fotografen. -I I know this …

© Weak masculine nouns are joined by several "mixed nouns" - also masculine, except for one neuter word - das Hertz(heart). Their peculiarity is that in Genitiv they combine, “mix” weak and strong endings: der Name(surname, surname and name) -des Name ns , das Hertz - des Herzens.

der Wintersport (Winter + Sport) - winter sports (winter + sports),

der Hauptbahnhof (Haupt + Bahn + hof) - the main railway station (head + railway + yard).

The genus is determined by the last word - by the "engine":

das gasoline + der preis= der Benzinpreis (price on the petrol),

+ die Flash= die Bierflasche (pub bottle).

Some compound words use a special copula -(e) s or (less often) -(e) n:

der Liebling + die Speise = die Liebling s space (Darling + food = darling food),

der Bauer + das Haus = das Bauer n house (peasant house, house peasant).

© If the noun is used with a definite article or a pronoun that replaces it (having the same endings as the definite article, for example dieses r / dies e / dieses s - this / this / this), then the adjective before the noun ends in -e: der neu e Wagen- (this) new car,das groß e house- (this) big house,d ie hü bsch e Frau- (this) beautiful woman. Here the article indicates the gender, it “works”, and the adjective “rests”.

If the article is indefinite (or instead of it there is a possessive pronoun, for example mein- my), then the adjective “works”, attaching the endings of the definite article to itself and thus indicating the gender: ein/ mein neue r Wagen, ein/ mein groß e s house, eine/ myine hü bsch e Frau.

If you characterize something, then do not forget the indefinite article:

Das ist eine hubsche Frau.

You seem to be saying: this is one of the beautiful women, this woman belongs to the category of beautiful.

An adjective that is not in front of a noun, but is part of the predicate, is used in a short form, without an ending:

Das house ist neu. This house is new, new.

© If in any case the article (or the pronoun that replaces it) has somehow changed, then the adjective ends in - en: Ich kaufe einen neuen Wagen. - I will buy/buy this new car.Der Preis dieses neuen Wagens- the price of this new machine.

© Plural adjectives: if any specific things or persons are meant (and, most importantly, there is a word indicating their specificity, with the exception of the numeral, number), then the adjective ends in - en, if non-specific, then on - e: die / dieses / myine schö ne n Kleider- these / my beautiful dresses;viele schö n e Kleider- many beautiful dresses. Exception: after manches(some),keine(none),Welche(what kind) adjective ending in - en, although there is no idea of concreteness here.

der selbe film- same movie

Immer das selbe Theater! - All the time the same theater (that is: disgrace)!

die selbe Zeitung- the same newspaper.

You see here, as it were, an article and an adjective, they are simply written together. Therefore, all the same rules apply here as for adjectives:

Wir haben de n selben film gesehen. - We saw the same film;

in de m selben Theater - in the same theatre,

mit de r selben Zeitung - with the same newspaper (the article has changed),

die selbe n Bücher - the same books (specific plural),

in den selbe n Buchern- same books(both the article has changed, and the specific plural).

If you want to say (someone) another, then don't forget the indefinite article. It is necessary to say not just another, but one other, one other, one other: ein anderer Mann (man), eine andere Frau (woman), ein anderes Kind (child). That is: this word works as an adjective. That very other one (with the definite article) will be: der andere (die andere, das andere). Plural (non-specific and specific): andere / die anderen (Leute) - others (people).

Ich habe nicht dasselbe Hobby wie er. Ich habe ein anderes Hobby (als er). −At me other enthusiasm, how at him.

Sie hat nicht dieselben Hobbys wie ich. Sie hat andere Hobbys (als ich).-She has different hobbies than I do.

© Nouns that come from adjectives change according to the same rules as adjectives:der bekannt e (familiar) -mein bekannt er (my acquaintance) -mit myine m Bekannte n (with my friend);Ich habe viele bekannt e . - I have many friends.meine Bekannte n … - My friends …

© If the noun is used without an article (usually when referring to substances or feelings, or if the noun in combination with an adjective denotes something unique of its kind - that is, in cases where it is difficult to say one some or the same), then the adjective takes the ending of the definite article, “works” for the definite article: mit groß e r Liebe- with much lovedie Liebe); aus reine m Gold- pure golddas Gold), auf Deutsche m Boden− on German soil (der Boden).

The following happens in Genitiv:

eine menge reine n Golden s − mass (large amount) of pure gold.

There is no need for an adjective to work here, since on Genitive, for belonging shows a noun with its ending. The adjective behaves in the same way as if there is a (changed) article.

Not so in the feminine.

der Geruch warmer Milch- the smell of warm milk.

The feminine noun does not take endings, the adjective has to work.

© Degrees of comparison of adjectives:Main Wagen ist Schnell. - My car is fast.Sein Wagen ist schnell er als mein Wagen/meiner. -His car faster, how my. Ich brauche einen schnell er en Wagen. -to me need more fast car. Ihr Wagen ist der schnell ste/am Schnell sten. - Her car the most fast/ faster all, Total.

At the same time, most monosyllabic adjectives change the vowel (Umlaut): Es ist warm in Deutschland. - It is warm in Germany: “it is warm”.Es ist w ä rm er in Frankreich als in Deutschland. -In France warmer, how in Germany. In Africa ist es am w ä rm sten. - AT Africa warmer Total.

Adjectives in - t, - d, - sch, - s, -ß, - z in superlatives before - st insert - e- (which you don’t need to specifically remember - otherwise you won’t pronounce):

der kä lt e ste Januar seit zehn Jahren.− The coldest January in the last 10 years;

Der kü rz e ste Weg ist nicht immer der beste.− The shortest path is not always the best one.

Adjectives in - el, - er lose, cut it - e- both in position before the noun and in the comparative degree. The superlative degree remains unchanged:

dunk e l(dark),der dunkle Keller(dark cellar)es wild dunkler(getting darker)es ist am dunk e lsten(darkest of all);

teu e r(expensive), der teure Mantel (expensive coat), er ist teurer (he expensive),

er ist am teu e rsten (he expensive Total, all).

Adjectives are also atypical:

hoch − hoher − am hochsten(high - above - above all),

nah − naher − am nachsten(close - closest - closest, of all).

Der Berg ist hoch. This mountain is high. But:

der hohe Berg-high mountain.

In addition, there are several adjectives whose degrees of comparison are completely different words. For example:

gut − besser − am besten(good − better − best of all, of all),

Viel − mehr − am meisten(many - more - most of all, of all).

© In order not to repeat the noun once again, it can be replaced by a pronoun. In this case, the pronouns will end in the same way as the definite article:East das ein Bahnhof? - Is this the station? -Ja, das ist eine r (= ein Bahnhof) - Yes, this is the station (der Bahnhof). - Nein, das ist keine r (= kein Bahnhof). - No, this is not a train station.

East das ein Hotel? - Ja, das ist ein s(=ein Hotel). - Nein, das ist kein s(=kein Hotel).(das Hotel)

You can't use it in the plural, of course. ein, instead the word is used Welche(which):

Haben Sie Zigaretten? -At You there is cigarettes? - Ja, ich habe Welche. - Yes, there is cigarettes. - Nein, ich habe keine.

© Negation: if a word with an indefinite article or without an article is negated, then negation is used kein(no), in other cases, that is, with a definite article, with a demonstrative or possessive pronoun - negation nothing(not):

Haben Sie ein Haus? - Ich habe kein Haus/keins. -At You there is house? - At me No at home, no. Haben Sie Kinder? - Ich habe keine kinder/keine. -At You there is children? - Not.

Ich kaufe das Haus nothing. - I not buy this house. Das sind nicht meine Kinder. -it not my children.

With verbs of course always used nothing, which is placed after the verb: Er raucht nothing. - He does not smoke.

What to do

© Indefinite and plural verbs end in - en: drink en - drink;wir / sie drink en We drink/they drink. The exception is the form ihr drink t - you are drinking. It is used to address those with whom the speaker speaks “you” - relatives, friends, children, colleagues ... The polite form is not taken from the form “you” (as, for example, in Russian or English), but from the form "they": was trinken Sie? - What will you drink?

Compare:

Herr Schmidt, kennen Sie meine Frau?− Mr. Schmidt, do you know my wife (do you know my wife)?

Freunde, kennt ihr diese Kneipe?− Friends, do you know this pub?

Kinder, kennt ihr dieses Spiel?− Children, do you know this game?

Other personal forms:Ich drink e - I drink.Du drink st - you you drink. Er (sie, es) treat t - he (she is, it) drinks.

Trink (mal)! - Drink (-ka)!

Es regnet den ganzen Tag.- It has been raining all day (literally: it rains).

Es ist warm. − Heat (it is heat).

Sometimes it is an impersonal pronoun es inserted into a personal sentence to make it possible to reverse the word order in it:

Es fahren viele Autos. −rides a lot of machines.

Es here - a formal subject, like a stand (so that the verb stands in its "legitimate" second position).

arbei t en (to work): sie arbeit e t, du arbeitest, ihr arbeitet;

fin d en (find): er find e t, du findest, ihr findet;

a tm en (breathe): er atm e t, du atmest, ihr atmet;

Since it is impossible to pronounce otherwise, it is unnecessary to memorize this rule. Another such “unnecessary” rule (at least for speech): if the root ends in - s and related sounds (ß, x, z) , then from the personal ending of the 2nd person (you) -st there will be one - t:

reisen (travel): du reist; sitzen (sit): du sitt.

© Row So called strong (t. e. irregular) verbs changes root vowel in forms you and he (she is, it): fahren(drive) - du f ä hrst, er (sie, es) f ä hrt; sprechen (talk), du spr i chst, er spr i cht, Spr i ch! -speak!; stoß en(push) - du, er st ö ß t.That is:a ® ä, e ® i, o ® ö (vowel narrowing occurs).

Everyone loves speed. Someone more, someone less. And everyone at least once dreamed of a ride with the breeze in a luxury car along an empty road.

The greatest impression is made by driving the best car. Most of these can not afford, so you just have to study the properties, characteristics and photos of unsurpassed iron horses. Which car is faster than the others? Consider the top 10 coolest and fastest sports cars.

10. Noble M600 - top speed 362 km/h

The Noble M600 is made in the UK. This supercar has been produced since 2010. The machine is capable of speeds up to 362 km / h. Among other advantages - a spectacular appearance. The body of the car is made of stainless steel and carbon fiber. The car was tested on the Top Gear show, and Jeremy Clarkson praised it highly. In the US version of the show, however, the driver at 346 km/h felt heavy g-forces. The disadvantages of the car include its price: 330 thousand dollars.

Noble M600

9. Pagani Huayra - 370 km / h

Italian beauty Pagani Huayra is an exclusive car. It has a top speed of 370 km/h and costs $1.27 million. This car has been produced since 2011, and it has already managed to “light up” in the cinema: in the film “Transformers: the era of extermination”, Pagani Huayra, so to speak, played the Decepticon Stinger. The editors of the site notes that the name Huayra, translated from the Quechua language, means "wind", and it is not surprising.

Pagani Huayra on the road

8. Zenvo ST1 - 375 km / h

The Pagani Huayra is not far ahead of the Danish-made Zenvo ST1. This unique sports hypercar is stuffed with electronics and costs accordingly: $1.22 million. It is important that for a truly good speed Zenvo ST1 needs an ideal track (for Russia, we note that this is hardly achievable).

Zenvo ST1 Video Review

7. McLaren F1 - 386 km / h

This McLaren model costs just under a million dollars and until 2005 held the title of the fastest car in the world. However, competitors are not asleep, and now this model takes only seventh place in terms of speed. A total of 106 cars of this model were produced. One of the owners of the luxury toy is British comedian Rowan Atkinson, known to viewers for his role as Mr. Bean.

Bugatti Veyron vs McLaren F1

6. Koenigsegg CCX - 405 km / h

The Swedish “horse” Koenigsegg CCX is recognized by the most demanding experts, and it is not surprising: discontinued in 2010, this model was relatively inexpensive (for a supercar) and very fast. Its cost is about half a million dollars. Even before the start of sales, the car was submitted for testing to Top Gear, and the show team praised it a lot, while noting some shortcomings like the lack of a rear spoiler. Interestingly, the manufacturers took into account the comments and soon provided a new, improved version.

Koenigsegg CCX Video Review

5. 9ffGT9-R - 414 km/h

The German sports car 9ffGT9-R develops good speed, is relatively inexpensive (695 thousand dollars) and rightfully occupies the fifth place in the ranking of the fastest cars in the world. However, not all potential buyers and couch experts liked the appearance of the car: the car was scolded for its too elongated body and exorbitantly large, as if “surprised” headlights.

9ffGT9-R: video review

4. SSC Ultimate Aero - 430 km / h

The authentic American supercar SSC Ultimate Aero was produced from 2006 to 2013, and until 2010 was considered the fastest in the world. Buyers were ready to pay 655 thousand dollars for it - the car was even listed as the speed record holder in the Guinness Book of Records. Of the obvious disadvantages - the lack of electronic control promises an inexperienced driver certain death.

SSC Ultimate Aero

3. Bugatti Veyron Super Sport - 431 km / h

It was this model of Bugatti that moved the SSC Ultimate Aero off the podium in 2010. This car is capable of speeds of 431 km / h, and its cost is almost two and a half million dollars. Despite the high cost, the car is in great demand - especially among celebrities. So, according to the information of the ubiquitous tabloid reporters, Jay Z and Beyoncé gave the son of Prince William and Kate Middleton a Bugatti Veyron.

Bugatti Veyron SuperSport

2. Hennessey Venom GT - 435 km / h

This is the second fastest car in the world, and it costs exactly one million dollars (the editors of find out.rf believe that this is not the best way to spend a million, but this is a matter of taste). These cars are made in Texas, tested at the Kennedy Space Center, and the quality is to match: the two-door sports car is packaged in a carbon fiber body and powered by a 7.0-liter, 1,244-horsepower turbocharged engine.

Difficult cases of using pronouns

The use of possessive pronouns mine, your connected primarily with the attitude towards the person performing the action. Variant forms are possible: in conclusion of my speech, I would like to say ... \ in conclusion of my speech, let me say ... Very often the wrong choice of one or another pronoun leads to ambiguity (we found the Chairman in his office). The pronoun own indicates that something belongs to the subject of the action and is used in the sense of “belonging to oneself, being in one’s own use” (lives in his own house, raised his children). The pronoun your can be used only when the person or object, to which the pronoun indicates, is an active producer of the action and takes the place of the subject in the sentence.

The use of definitive pronouns deserves special attention. each, anyone, anyone.Οʜᴎ are synonymous only in the sense of “one of a number of similar ones recognized as equivalent, both one and the other, and the third one, no matter which one”: everyone (anyone, anyone) can do this. For the pronoun everyone, the main meaning is “different, most, diverse, all possible.”: All kinds of tourists come here; for the pronoun each, the main meaning is “one of all in this series; any of their own kind, taken separately”: instructions must be given to each tourist; the pronoun any means “whatever to choose from”: choose any gift, transfer to any other day.

When using a personal pronoun he in indirect cases, in combination with prepositions, the initial H is usually added to it, which is absent during unprepositional use (I saw it - enter after it). Login after it- a gross grammatical error.

Pronoun myself in the accusative singular feminine form, it can have two forms: sama and samoyo. The first of them is (itself) stylistically neutral and commonly used, the second is the most (but not the most) bookish. For example: she has only herself to blame.

Speech errors are associated with the formation of non-normative pronouns ("theirs"), with a pile of pronouns (he had a hard time when he entered into a fight with him.), with such a construction of sentences when personal pronouns in oral speech duplicate the subject (This student, she always attends classes).

Exercise

Explain the errors in the use of pronouns:

The patient asked his sister to pour himself some water.

The hostess removed the suitcase from the table and pushed it aside.

The group passed all tests and asked to be examined first.

Behind him was a car loaded with things.

When the holidays came, the students went to their relatives; they were waiting for them with great impatience, hoping to have a good rest.

The first performance of the artist brought her great success, and you can expect a lot from her.

Having calculated my earnings, the foreman indicated the amount of taxes due from me in proportion to it.

I must congratulate Ekaterina Sergeevna on the successful defense of her doctoral dissertation.

Banks may be denied the opportunity to expand their operations.

For 10-15 thousand years of domestication by man, in comparison with the wolf - his distant ancestor - only the psyche and hormonal system have changed.

You will be tormented by thoughts about your external beauty.

The young mother admired the child playing by her feet.

- TOPIC 3.5. DIFFICULT CASES OF THE USE OF PRONOUNS. FEATURES OF THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS

No. 1. Use pronouns in the right cases. Indicate the cases of these pronouns. 1) Khor knew a lot, and I learned a lot from him. 2) Here the clouds humbly walk under me; through them, falling down, the waterfalls rustle; under them there are naked masses of cliffs ... 3) I went straight to Werner, caught him ... [read more]

- Difficult cases of using pronouns.

Difficult cases of the use of numerals. The assimilation of the forms of numerals is a rather complicated process, and mistakes are often encountered here. It is difficult to use: 1. Complex cardinal numbers. Compound numbers are words...