Polish instrumental verbs. Instrumental case in Polish (masculine and neuter)

AT singularnouns masculine (everything ending in a hard consonant and the lion's share of those ending in a soft one) and neuter (ending in -o, -e, -ę) have endings - em.

student-( kim?) studentsem

długopis - ( czym?) długopisem

dziennikarz-( kim?) dziennikarzem

Uwaga! Neutral nouns in –um in the singular do not change at all in cases, respectively:

muzeum-( czym?) muzeum

audytorium-( czym?) auditorium

In addition, it is worth paying attention to the fact that after the so-called back-language letters g and k before the end - em will always appear i. This rule is not limited to the Instrumental. Never in Polish g and k do not meet with e» – there will always be a letter between them i.

As for adjectives, they, like in Russian, will have endings - ym.

(z kim?) z nowym studentem –Withnewstudent

(z kim?) z świetnym dziennikarzem –With excellent journalist

mędzy zielonym a czarnym domem –between green and black home

And only after the rear-lingual g and k our end - ym, will become -i m. And again - this is by no means a whim narzę dnika, a a general rule in Polish where always "y" will change to "i" after g and k.

The situation with the plural in the instrumental case, as we already know, does not depend on the gender and is the same for the feminine, masculine and neuter. Recall that the plural endings are the same as in Russian. But ... watch the stress! Due to its transfer to the penultimate syllable, some words can sometimes sound very unusual.

good them student ami– dobr ymi student a mi

modern nn s car l yami– nowoczesn y mi aut a mi

interest sn s busy yami– interesując y mi zajęci a mi

Note that the words on - um in the plural they change like all the others:

but in s auditorium yami– now y mi auditory a mi

Narzę dnik.

To begin with, let's remember that Narzę dnik (in Russian - Instrumental case) answers the question by whom? how? – kym? czym? and is very similar to the prepositional, which, however, is worth discussing separately.

Feminine

Let's start with singular. Everything is quite simple here. All we need to do is:

a) is to change the ending -a, on the –ą if the feminine noun ends in -a.

pewna piękna kobieta - Dziś wieczorem idziemy do kina z pewną piękną kobietą.

nowa książka - Jestem bardzo zachwycony nową książką tego polskiego piszarza.

b) if the original word has the ending –і (not so common), then our task is simply to add - ą.

gospodyni domowa – Spotkałem w centrum handlowym z gospodynią domową, ktorą poznałem w zeszłym tygodniu.

c) if our feminine word ends in a consonant, e.g. noc - just add –ą.

ciemna noc – Ciemną nocą źle widać czarnego kota.

nasza młodzież - Z naszą młodzieżą czasem jest bardzo ciężko.

practical advice: In practice, you need to remember one thing - the instrumental case of the feminine singular is formed by adding the ending to the word – ą. In fact, you may not even understand points a), b) and c). Practice shows that it is wrong to do this - you have practically no chance. The kinship of Russian (Ukrainian, Belarusian) and Polish practically eliminates errors if you remember that the ending should be - ą .

2. Regarding plural, then it’s a trifling matter at all, because it absolutely repeats the Russian language. Compare:

młoda studentka – young student młod ymi studetk ami- young s student ami

However, there is still a difference and it is in stress (I remind you that in Polish the stress almost always falls on the penultimate syllable). That is why often the same Polish and Russian feminine words in the plural of the instrumental case can sound so unusual that it is difficult to recognize them:

mlod ymi studetk ami- young s stud e ntc ami bial ymi noc ami- b e l s night ami

case	Masculine and neuter		Feminine
Them.	zdrowy "healthy" zdrowe	drogi drogie	zdrowa	droga
Genus.	zdrowego	drogiego	zdrowej	drogiej
Date	zdrowemu	drogiemu	zdrowej	drogiej
Vin.	zdrowy zdrowego zdrowe	drogi drogiego drogie	zdrowa	drogą
TV	zdrowym	drogim	zdrowa	drogą
Etc.	about zdrowym	about drogim	about zdrowej	about drogiej

Plural

Them.	zdrowi zdrowe	drozy drogie
Genus.	zdrowych	drogich
Date	zdrowym	drogim
Vin.	zdrowych zdrowe	drogich drogie
TV	zdrowymi	drogimi
Etc.	about zdrowych	about drogich

Singular endings

Masculine and neuter

Nominative case

endings -y, -i, -e .

The ending -y acquire masculine adjectives with a base on a hard, hardened consonant and ch (dobr y "good, kind" obc y "stranger", gluch y "deaf").

The ending -i have masculine adjectives with a stem in a soft consonant and g, k (ostatn i "last", mickk i "soft"); in the future, all forms of the masculine and neuter gender will be formed from the base to soft g, k , which in writing is indicated by a vowel -i- .

All neuter adjectives end in -e .

Genitive

The ending -ego (now ego , micki ego ).

Dative

The ending -emu (obc emu , drogi emu ).

Accusative

For animate masculine adjectives, it coincides with the genitive case, for inanimate adjectives, with the nominative case. For adjectives of the middle gender, it always coincides with the nominative case.

Instrumental and prepositional case

endings -im (ostatn im ) in the case of a soft base and -ym (dobr ym ) in the case of a solid base.

Feminine

Nominative case

The ending -a (now a ).

Genitive, dative, prepositional cases

The ending -ej (obc ej ). Adjectives in g, k form these forms from a soft base ( ostatni ej ).

Accusative and instrumental case

The declension of feminine nouns has the most monotonous endings. The accusative and instrumental cases also have the same ending -ą (drag ą ). Adjectives in g, k form these forms from a solid base.

Plural endings

Nominative case

In this case, personal-masculine and impersonal-masculine forms are distinguished. Adjectives can have endings -i, -y, -e .

The ending -i occurs in personal-masculine forms with a base on a solid consonant, while the following alternations occur:

b/b"	slaby"weak" - slabi
m/m"	knowmy"familiar" - know
n/n"	modest"modest" - modest
t/c	rich"rich" - bogaci
s/ś	bossy"barefoot" - bosi
sz/ś	mlodszy"Jr" - mlodsi
st/sc	prosty"simple" - prosci
sl/sl	dorosly"adult" - dorosli
p/p"	Slepy"blind" - Slepi
w/w"	latwy"light" - Latwi
ł/l	maly"small" - mali
d/dź	chudy"thin" - Chudzi
ch/ś	gluchy"deaf" - glusi
ż/ź	duzy"big" - duzi
sn/śń	radosny"joyful" - radośni
zł/źl	niezly"not bad" - nieuli

The ending -i they also acquire personal-masculine forms with a base on a soft consonant, while there are no alternations ( ostatni gość - ostatn i goscie).

The ending -y have personal-masculine forms with a base on g, k, r , the following changes take place:

The ending -y also acquire personal-masculine forms with a base on a hardened consonant (except z, sz, rz ), while there are no alternations ( obcy człowiek"stranger" - obc y Ludzie).

The ending -e occurs in impersonal-masculine forms, while alternations do not occur, g, k - soft. Formally, these forms coincide with the nominative singular neuter form ( wolne miejsca"vacancies", wolne miejsce"free place").

Genitive and prepositional cases

-ych (now ych , stanowcz ych "positive" g, k - -ich (glup ich "stupid" wysok ich "high").

Dative

For adjectives with a basis for a hard and hardened consonant - ending -ym (now ym , stanowcz ym ), with a base on the soft and posterior lingual g, k - -im (glup im , wysok im ).

Accusative

The personal masculine form of the adjective coincides with the genitive case, the impersonal masculine form coincides with the impersonal masculine form of the nominative case.

Instrumental case

For adjectives with a basis for a hard and hardened consonant - ending -ymi (now ymi , stanowcz ymi ), with a base on the soft and posterior lingual g, k - -imi (glup imi , wysok imi ).

Following the pattern of adjective declension, they decline:

1) forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives;

2) pronouns that change by gender;

3) ordinals;

4) some nouns. They belong to:

• male and female surnames with suffixes -sk- and -ck- (Kowalski - Kowalskiego; Kovalska - Kowalskiej, Konwicki - Konwickiego; Konwicka - Konwickiej);
• female surnames and common nouns with a suffix -ow- (Orzeszkowa - Orzeszkowej; bratowa - bratowej);
• surnames of foreign origin and given names -e, -i, -y (Linde - Lindego, Anthony - Antoniego, Batory - Batorego);
• adjectives that have become nouns ( mySliwy"hunter" - myśliwego, slużący"servant" służącego);
• geographical names that are adjectives in origin ( Sucha - Suchej, Biala - Bialej, Zakopane - Zakopanego).

Having become acquainted with the basis of the Polish declension, we proceed to a detailed analysis of cases. Each lesson will be devoted to a separate case. The first on our list will be creative. So, you will learn questions, endings and functions of the instrumental case, as well as the most common prepositions and verbs that are used with this case.

You may have a feeling of doubt about the correctness of the name of this lesson in its Russian translation, namely: how is its first part “who are you” connected with the second - “active case”. Your doubt is justified - there is no way in Russian! In this case, this connection is explained in Polish. The question “kim jesteś” literally translates as “who are you”, and “who are you” is its Russian equivalent, since in Polish this question is associated with the instrumental case. Below we consider this case with examples.

The instrumental case is the fifth Polish case. Answers the questions (z) kim?/ by whom? and (z)zym?/ how?

Instrumental case of nouns

It has the following singular noun endings:

rodzaj / genus	końcówka/ending	przykład/example
r.m./m.r.	-em/-ą	student em, Polak iem, brother em/tat ą , mężczyzn ą
r.n./c.r.	-em	slońc em, window em, dzieck iem
r.ż./zh.r.	-ą	matk ą , Polk ą , książk ą

There is only one ending in the plural -ami (-mi). Example : koleg ami, Polak ami, dziec mi, bracmi.

It should also be noted that if the stem of a word ends in -k or -g, then these sounds always need to be softened, you need to add -i before the end > -ki and -gi ( Polak iem ).

Let's analyze some features of the instrumental case.

As we have seen, the masculine gender has an ending -em if the word ends in a consonant. But here it is worth paying attention to some pitfalls.

Runaway vowel -ie

If the word has a combination -ie before the ending, then it, as a rule, drops out in the instrumental case.

• pies - psem
• chlopiec - chlopcem
• ojciec-ojcem
• ogień - ogniem

Transition ó to o

If there is a vowel before the ending ó , then in the instrumental case it turns into about.

• Krakow-Krakowem
• stoł - stołem
• samochod - samochodem
• wybor - wyborem

Preservation of soft consonants -ś, -ć, -ń, -ź

If the word ends in the nominative case with -ś, -ć, -ń, -ź, then the softness of these sounds is preserved by adding after the letter -i. We get:

• ogień - ogniem
• liść - liściem
• koń - koniem
• pień-pniem
• niedźwiedź - niedźwiedziem

The same remark applies to feminine words that end in -ś, -ć, -ź. Consonants retain softness, add an ending -ą .

• kość — kością
• gęś — gęsą
• radość - radością

Instrumental case of adjectives

The adjectives in the instrumental case have the following endings:

rodzaj / genus	końcówka/ending
	liczba pojed./unit	liczba mn./pl.
r.m./m.r.	-ym (-im)	-ymi (-imi)
r.n./cf.
r.ż./zh.r.	-ą

To consolidate this information, we will give some examples with a noun and an adjective.

• Jacek jest dobrym studentem. - Jacek is a good student.
• Wczoraj spotkałem się z piękną dziewczyną. I met a beautiful girl yesterday.
• Zawsze jadę nad morze zielonym samochodem. — I always go to the sea in a green car.

Instrumental Functions

After the linking verb być

Sentences that say "kto jest kim" / "who is who" or "co jest czym" / "what is what". Here we are talking about what we noticed at the beginning. As a rule, such a construction is translated into Russian in the nominative case, but it can also be translated using the verb “to be” - it depends on the context.

• Jestem actor. - I'm an actor.
• Ból głowy jest chorobą. “Headache is a disease.

In these sentences, the case will change if you add the demonstrative pronoun "to" - "this". For example:

• Żywiec jest polskim piwem.
• Żywiec to jest polskie piwo.

Both of these sentences are translated into Russian in the same way: Zywiec is a Polish beer.

As an addition (method or instrument of action)

Often the instrumental case is used to denote a mode of action, time or place.

• Bardzo lubię jechać pociągiem. - I really like to ride the train (train).
• W książce możesz pisać tylko ołówkiem. You can only write in a book with a pencil.

Instrumental prepositions

The instrumental case has the following prepositions:

• z — Marek jedzie samochodem z tatą.
• za - Spotkalam się z nim za rogiem.
• above - Nad moim mieszkaniem jest strych.
• pod - Pod moim mieszkaniem jest sklep.
• miedzy — Między tymi ulicami jest moj dom.
• przed - Przed egzaminem trzeba dobrze spać.

The key to success in mastering cases, and the language in general, is regular exercise. And finally, you have a picture with the instrumental case 🙂

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The instrumental case is often studied first, because without knowing the correct endings, we cannot describe ourselves in Polish. If in Russian it is enough for us to use a construction with a nominative case (for example, I am a student), then in Polish one cannot do without instrumental case. We have to say : jestem studentsem/ studentką .

Instrumental case of nouns (Narzędnik rzeczowników)

Nouns in the instrumental case answer the questions: By whom? How?

All words in plural have the same ending as in Russian, ami:kolegami(colleagues) , có rkami(daughters) , jabł kami(apples). The difference is only in the stress: in Russian it falls on the root of the word, and in Polish - on the ending (on the letter a).

However, some words have a special form in the instrumental plural. They need to be remembered:

Brat-braćmi(brother-brothers);

Dziecko-dziecmi(child-children);

Ludzie-ludzumi(people-people);

Koń-końmi(horse-horses);

Przyjaciel-przyjaciólmi(friend-friends);

Liść-liśćmi(leaf-leaves);

Kość- kość mi(bone-bones);

Ksią dz-księż mi(priests-priests);

Pieniędzy-pieniędzmi(money-money).

in the singular There are some differences in noun endings that you should pay attention to.

The ending -em we write in neuter nouns, as well as in masculine words, except for those that in the nominative case end in - a. For example:

Student-studentsem(student-student);

matematyk-matematyki em(mathematician-mathematician);

Pole-polem(field-field);

Filolog-filologi em(philologist-philologist);

Dziecko-dziecki em(child-child).

Remember! Middle gender words on - um (muzeum) in the singular do not change.

If the root word ends in k or g, then before the end you need to add a letter i to soften these consonants.

The ending - ą we write in all feminine words, as well as in masculine nouns that end in a vowel in the nominative case - a:

matka-matką (mother-mother);

Pani-panią (woman-woman);

Mapa-mapą (card-by-card);

Kierowca-kierowcą (driver-driver);

Mysz-myszą (mouse-mouse).

Alternations and fluent vowels

In the formation of forms of the instrumental case, some changes may occur in the root of the word. So, if in masculine words ending in a consonant, in the nominative case there is a combination - ie, then in the instrumental case it often falls out: pie s-psem, ogień- fire.

If the last closed syllable has a vowel ó , then in the instrumental case it changes to about, since this syllable becomes open: stó ł- stoł em, wybó r-wybo rem.

If a word of any of the three genders in the nominative case ends in soft - ś, -ć, -ń, -ź , then the softness of these sounds must be preserved by adding a letter - i before ending: koń- koni em, gwóź dź- gwoź dzi em, radość- radoś cią .

For neuter words that end in - ę when forming the form of the instrumental case before the ending - em the so-called increment is added (- ci- or - ni-). At the same time, in some words, the final nasal is preserved, and in others, a vowel appears in its place. e. For example:

cielę- cielę ciem(calf-calf);

Plemię- Plemie niem(tribe-tribe).

Instrumental case of adjectives (Narzędnik przymiotników)

Adjectives (as well as numerals and pronouns) in the instrumental case answer the questions: What? Which? Whose? Whose?

In the plural, the endings are exactly the same as in Russian: - ymi– if the stem of the word ends in a hard and hardened sound and – imi- if the base ends with a soft (+ k, g). For example:

Dobry-dobrymi(good-good);

Gorzki-gorzkimi(bitter-bitter).

There are two variants of endings in the singular:- ą or - ym(-im).

The ending - ą have feminine adjectives:

Gorzka-Gorzką (bitter-bitter);

Biał a-białą (white-white).

The ending -ym we write in masculine and neuter adjectives, the stem of which ends in a hard or hardened consonant (in the masculine nominative they have an ending - y), a - im - if it ends in soft, k or g(in I.p. m.r. these words end in - i):

Zielony-zielonym(green-green);

Niski-niskim(low-low);

Dł ugie-dł ugim(long-long);

Prawdziwe-prawdziwym(real-real).

Peculiarities of using instrumental case in Polish

Pay attention to the following suggestions:

1. Piotr Adamczyk jest przystojnym męż czyzną – Piotr Adamczyk is a handsome man. In Polish, the adjective and noun are in instrumental.

1. Piotr Adamczyk jest przystojny– Piotr Adamczyk is handsome. adjective used in nominative case.

1. Piotr Adamczyk to jest przystojny mężczyzna– Piotr Adamczyk is a handsome man. The adjective and noun are in nominative case.

How to figure out: when to use the instrumental, and when the nominative case? Everything is pretty simple.

If after the verb to be(in our example, this is the form jest) is a noun together with an adjective, then both of these words must be in the instrumental case. If after the verb to be If there is only an adjective, then it must be used in the nominative case (as in the second sentence). And if after the verb to be is both an adjective and a noun, but before the form jest worth the word to(this), then the adjective and noun are used in the nominative case.