Orthoepy(Greek orthopeia, from orthus - correct and йpos - speech). The term “orthoepy” has two main meanings: 1) “a set of norms literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences. Among these norms, there are pronunciation norms (the composition of phonemes, their implementation in different positions, the phonemic composition of individual phonemes) and norms supersegmental phonetics(stress and intonation)”; 2) a section of linguistics that studies the rules of oral speech.

The scope of the concept of “orthoepy” is not completely established: some linguists understand orthoepy narrowly - as a set of not only specific norms of oral speech (i.e. norms of pronunciation and stress), but also the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of a word: candles - candles, swaying - swaying, harder - harder. In our manual, in accordance with the definition given at the beginning of this paragraph, orthoepy is understood as a set of pronunciation and stress rules. The formation of grammatical forms is considered only if the form-distinguishing function is performed by stress.

Orthoepy is closely related to phonetics: the rules of pronunciation cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in a given language, their quality, changes in various phonetic conditions. The subject of orthoepy is the norms of pronunciation. Orthoepic norm is the only possible or preferred language variant, corresponding to the pronunciation system and the main patterns of language development.

Orthoepy includes the following sections.

1. Orthoepic norms in the field of vowels and consonants.

2. Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words.

3. Features of the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms.

4. The concept of pronunciation styles. Their features.

Orthoepic norms

Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. language spoken and written cultured people. The literary language unites all Russian speakers, it is needed to overcome the linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other language differences, interfere with people's communication, shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said.

Pronunciation norms are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws, according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian percussive sound[o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] ( in[about] du - in[a] Yes,t[about] chit - t[a] read); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to unstressed sound[and] ( m[I] co - m[and] sleep, in[yo] l - in[and] la, l[e] h - ow[and] zat); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to deaf (du [b] s - du[P], moro[h] s - moro[with]). The same change of voiced to deaf occurs before deaf consonants ( RU[b] it - RU[P] ka, how h it - how[with] to), and deaf consonants before voiced change to voiced ( to[with] it - to h bba, molo[t] it - molo[e] bba). Phonetics is the study of these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if phonetic system in this case allows for several possibilities. Yes, in words foreign origin basically a consonant before a letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires a hard pronunciation (for example, [de] kada, [te] mp), sometimes - soft (for example [d "e] declaration, [t "e] temperament, mu[h "e] th). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch "n], cf. bulo[h "n] and I and bulo[sn] and I, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to speak horse[sn] about, but not horse[h "n] about. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: pronounce correctly document, but not document,started, but not started,ringing, a not ringing, alphabet, but not alphabet).

At the heart of the Russian literary language, and hence literary pronunciation, lies the Moscow dialect. It happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of the Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okane” (i.e. we would now pronounce in[about] Yes, but not in[a] Yes), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakane” (i.e. we would say in[l "a] su, but not in[l "and] su).

Orthoepic rules prevent a mistake in pronunciation, cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation options that are recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of others. language systems- territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayut” and “ekayut”: they pronounce in[about] Yes, G[about] in[about] rit, n[e] su), in the south - “kakayut” and “yakayut” (they say in[a] Yes, n[I] su), there are other phonetic differences.

A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but who consciously masters literary pronunciation, may encounter pronunciation features characteristic of local dialect which he learned as a child. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce a voiced [x] in its place (a sound denoted by the sign [g] in transcription). It is important to understand that such pronunciation features are a violation of the norms only in the system of the literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects.

There are other sources of non-literary pronunciation. If a person first encountered a word in written language, in fiction or other literature, and before that he had never heard how it is pronounced, he may read it incorrectly, voice it: the literal appearance of the word may affect the pronunciation. It was under the influence of spelling that, for example, the pronunciation of the word appeared chu[f] stvo instead of correct chu[with] yours, [h] then instead of [w] then, pomo[sch] Nick instead of pomo[w] Nick.

The orthoepic norm does not always affirm only one of the pronunciation options as the only correct one, rejecting the other as erroneous. In some cases, it allows for variations in pronunciation. Literary, correct is considered as a pronunciation e[w"w"] at, in and[w"w"] at with a soft long sound [zh "], and e[lj] at, in and[lj] at- with a solid long; right and before[w"w"] and, and before[wa] and, and ra[w"w"] istit and ra[w "h"] istit, and [d] believe and [d"] believe, and P[about] Asia and P[a] Asia. Thus, unlike orthographic norms that offer one option and forbid others, orthoepic norms allow options that are either evaluated as equal, or one option is considered desirable and the other acceptable. For example, Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language edited by R.I. Avanesov (M., 1997) the word swimming pool allows you to pronounce with both soft and hard [s], i.e. and ba[s "e] yin and ba[se] yin; this dictionary suggests pronouncing maneuvers, glider, but pronunciation is also allowed maneuvers, plener.

The appearance of many orthoepic variants associated with the development of literary language. The pronunciation is gradually changing. At the beginning of the 20th century spoke a[n"] gel, tse[R"] cow, ve[p "x], ne[R"] out. And even now in the speech of older people you can often find such a pronunciation. Very quickly leaves the literary language solid pronunciation consonant [s] in the particle - Xia (camping) (dared[with] a, met[with]). At the beginning of the 20th century this was the norm of the literary language, as well as solid sounds[g, k, x] in adjectives on - cue, -gyi, -hi and in verbs on - nod, -gyrate, -cheat. The words tall, strict, dilapidated, jump, bounce, shake off pronounced as if it were written strict, dilapidated, jump up, bounce. Then the norm began to allow both options - the old and the new: and dared[with] a and dared[with "] i, and strict[G] uy strict[G"] uy. As a result of changes in literary pronunciation, variants appear, some of which characterize the speech of the older generation, others - of the younger.

Orthoepic norms are established by scientists - specialists in the field of phonetics. On the basis of what do linguists decide which option should be rejected and which one should be approved? Orthoepy codifiers weigh all the pros and cons of each of the encountered options, while taking into account various factors: the prevalence of the pronunciation option, its compliance with the objective laws of language development (i.e., they look at which option is doomed and which has a future ). They establish the relative strength of each argument for pronunciation. For example, the prevalence of a variant is important, but this is not the strongest argument in its favor: there are common mistakes. In addition, orthoepy specialists are in no hurry to approve new version, adhering to reasonable conservatism: literary pronunciation should not change too quickly, it must be stable, because the literary language connects generations, unites people not only in space, but also in time. Therefore, it is necessary to recommend the traditional, but living norm, even if it was not the most common

In the pronunciation of adjectives genitive singular middle and male by tradition, the consonant [g] is replaced by [v]: at the black [h "yaoґrnjv] stone, without the blue [s" yґn "bv] scarf.

In adjectives on - hy, -ky, -hy and in verbs on - nod, nod, nod the consonants G, K, X are pronounced softly, in contrast to the old Moscow pronunciation, which in these cases required a firm consonant:

Unstressed personal endings of verbs 1 and 2 of conjugation - ut, -yut, -at, -yat and suffixes real participles present time -usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch- in the language of our days are pronounced differently, their pronunciation is guided by spelling. The old Moscow norms required the pronunciation of these endings and suffixes only according to option 1 of the conjugation. Similar Options the pronunciations are now obsolete, but they can still be heard in the speech of the old intellectuals.

4. Pronunciation of postfixes -sya and -s in reflexive verbs. The old Moscow pronunciation was characterized by the pronunciation of solid [s] in these morphemes: fight [s], wash [s]. The only exceptions were gerunds in which a solid consonant was pronounced: fight [s "], knocking [s"]. AT modern language it is recommended to pronounce [s"] in all cases, except for those when the postfix is ​​preceded by the sound [s]: carried [sb], shaking [sb], but: leave [s"b], washed [s"b].

The orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language regulate the correct pronunciation of sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms and standalone words. Distinctive feature pronunciation - uniformity. Orthoepic errors can adversely affect the perception of speech by listeners. They can distract the interlocutor's attention from the essence of the conversation, cause misunderstanding and irritation. Corresponding to orthoepic pronunciation facilitates the process of communication and makes it more effective.

Orthoepic norms determines the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its own phonetic laws that govern the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.

The basis of the Russian literary language is the Moscow dialect, however, in Russian orthoepy, the so-called "junior" and "senior" norms are distinguished. The first reflects the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to the old Moscow orthoepic norms.

Basic pronunciation rules

In Russian, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose definition and clarity. This is the law of reduction. So, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without stress or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced like “a”: from (a) rock, in (a) ron. In unstressed syllables, in place of the letter “o”, an obscure sound can be pronounced, for example, as the first syllable in the word “head”.

The vowel sound “and” is pronounced like “ы” after a preposition, a solid consonant, or when two words are pronounced together. For example, "pedagogical institute", "laughter and tears".

As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of stunning and assimilation. Voiced consonants facing a deaf sound are deafened, which is feature Russian speech. An example is the word "pillar", the last letter of which is stunned and pronounced like "p". There are many, many such words.

In many words, instead of the sound “h”, one should pronounce “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in the endings is read as “v” (the words “mine”, “no one” and others).

As mentioned above, orthoepic norms deal with the pronunciation of borrowed words. Usually such words obey the norms available in the language, and only sometimes they can have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is softening consonants before "e". This can be seen in such words as "faculty", "cream", "overcoat" and others. At the same time, in some words, the pronunciation may vary (“dean”, “terror”, “therapy”).

Orthoepic norms- these are also the norms for setting stress, which is not fixed in Russian. This means that in different grammatical forms of the word, the stress may differ (“hand” - “hand _

9. Norms of stress in modern Russian

stress is an obligatory feature of the word. This is the selection of a syllable in a word by various means: intensity, duration, movement of tone. Russian stress is non-fixed (various places) and mobile (it moves in different grammatical forms of one word). Stress serves to distinguish the grammatical forms of a word. Sometimes stress serves as a sign by which the meanings of a word (homographs) differ. In the accentological norm, there are such concepts as proclitic and enclitic. Proclitic is an unstressed word adjacent to stressed word front. An enclitic is an unstressed word adjoining a word at the back. In addition, there are words in the language with the so-called double stress, these are accentological variants. Sometimes they are equal, often one can be preferred.

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages ​​of the world have certain lexical norms, which are a model correct use words.

Science of orthoepy

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which considers the laws correct spelling words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "true", "correct", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "talk". Therefore, the question of what orthoepy is can be answered directly translated from Greek: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Adhering to the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. The correct pronunciation of a particular lexical item spelling will tell. The rules of this science allow you to determine how to pronounce a particular word, and the scope of its lexical application. After all, in a world where oral speech is a means of wide communication, it must be impeccable, in terms of the rules of orthoepy.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy developed already in the middle of the 17th century. Then the rules for the pronunciation of certain words were approved, the norms for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. On the basis of northern Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as a basis lexical norm. The science of how to pronounce this or that word correctly went from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the center of political and cultural life country has become new capital Russia - the city of St. Petersburg. Gradually, the norms of pronunciation changed, among the intelligentsia, a clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule. But among the general population, the Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, the norm of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of colloquial speech.

stress

About what orthoepy is, you can consider the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In french speech In most cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is mobile, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, change its location depending on the gender and case given word. For example, a city, but a city, a train, but a train, will be accepted, but accepted.

Sometimes the wrong pronunciation is so ingrained in colloquial speech that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of right contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, obituary, quarter instead of well-established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps to correct the stress. For example, in the mid-1950s, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. Helped to fix the error widely popular song"Hymn of Democratic Youth". The song was created by the composer Novikov to the verses of the poet Oshanin. In the chorus of the anthem were the words: "Young people sing this song." The widespread "youth" did not fit into either the rhythm or the text of this piece of music so the pronunciation is incorrect. popular word was supplanted by the faithful.

Transcription

The spoken word can be recorded using transcription. This is the name of the recording of audible words and sounds of the language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special ones are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found in the study of languages ​​of the Germanic branch.

Currently put correct stress special dictionaries will help in the word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

To explain what orthoepy is, you can use the example of the pronunciation of vowels in the words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in Russian is reduction - the weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word "box" only the third sound "o" is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly worn out in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words "cloud", "island", "very" are pronounced with a pronounced [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like paired deaf ones. For example, the word "oak" is pronounced as [dup], "eye" - [voice], "tooth" - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases "zzh" and "zhzh" are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I'm coming, we pronounce [I'm coming], rattling - [rattling], and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented a fairly serious work on orthoepy. The deeply elaborated editions of linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Orthoepic dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special sections of libraries.

These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over the centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Russia the entire population who spoke Russian was okalo, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (just as it happens today in dialect dialects North and Siberia: in [o] yes, dr[o] wa, p[o] go etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. accepted many immigrants from the southern provinces and absorbed the features of the southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a] yes, dr[a] wa, n[a] go. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid.

Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, it turned out that the Moscow pronunciation was taken as the basis for the literary pronunciation, on which some features of the St.

For successful mastering of orthoepic norms it is necessary:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word must master;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The complete style is characterized by:

1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic norms;

2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;

3) the correct arrangement of verbal and logical stress;

4) moderate pace;

5) correct speech pauses;

6) neutral intonation.

At incomplete style pronunciation observed:

1) excessive reduction of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: right now (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;

2) indistinct pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;

3) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.

If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Some difficult cases pronunciation of vowels and consonants

Pronunciation of vowels

In the pronunciation of a number of words such as scam, guardianship, grenadier, wool, faded etc. difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability in the printed text of the letters e / e, since only one is used to designate them graphic symbol- e . This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word, causes frequent pronunciation errors.

List of words with a stressed vowel [e]:

af e ra

breve started

being

head shka

holole ditsa

bittersweet

grenada

single, different, one, tribal (but: many, different tribes)

life

expired (year); but: bleed out

Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

perplexed

guardianship

axis long

produced

List of words with a stressed vowel [o]:

bl yo kly

lie; zhe lchny (additional [zhe])

same forehead

oblivion

manyo vr; maneuverability

I'm useless

of the same name

point

named

shadow that

alkali

1. In some words of foreign origin in place unstressed spelling "o" instead of a sound close in pronunciation to [a], the sound is pronounced [o]: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, advice note, oasis, reputation. The pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, etc.

Pronunciation of consonants

According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -ch- was pronounced like [shn] in the words bulo tea, purposely, penny, trifle, creamy, apple and others. At present, the pronunciation [shn] has been preserved only in some words: horse chno, boring, scrambled eggs, eyeglass, mustard, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. In the vast majority of other words, in place of the letter combination -ch- it is pronounced [h’n]: toy chny, creamy, apple, diner, wine glass etc. In addition, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, the combination of letters -ch- has always been pronounced and pronounced like [ch'n] in words of book origin, for example: al chny, eternity, careless, as well as in words that have recently appeared in Russian: otli black hat, camouflage and etc.

The [shn] pronunciation is preserved today in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikiti chn a, Ilyinich a etc.

The letter combination -th- in the word that and in its derivatives is pronounced like [pcs]: [pcs] oby, something [pcs] about, [pcs] about anything, none [pcs] about. In the word something sounds [h't].

Combinations of letters zhzh and zzh can be pronounced as a long soft sound[zh’zh’] in accordance with the old Moscow pronunciation: in [zh’zh ’] and, dro [zh’zh ’] and, later - after [zh’zh ’] e etc. However, at present, soft [zh’zh ’] in such words is being replaced by hard [lzh]: in [lj] and, dro [lj] and, later - after [lj] e and others. Soft long [zh’zh ’] is recommended for stage, as well as radio and television speech.

In the pronunciation of the word rain, the variant predominates [PCS'] while remaining, but obsolete to [sh’sh’]. In other forms of this word in modern Russian, the sound combination [zhd '] was fixed: before [wait '] I, until [wait '] and.

Pronunciation of loanwords

In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words, for example: detective - [dete] active, academy - aka [d'e] miya.

The lack of softness is more often characteristic of dental consonants d, t, z, s, n and consonant r, for example: fo [ne] tika, [re] quiem. However, in borrowed words fully mastered by the Russian language, these consonants are pronounced softly in accordance with the tradition of the Russian letter e to denote the softness of the preceding consonant sound: mu ze y, te rmin, tire l and etc.

Remember the pronunciation of the following words!

List of words with softly pronounced consonants before E (aka [d'e] miya, [b'er'e] t and etc.):

ag re ssia

academy

disinfection

de prescia

de can [d "e] and [de]

de fis

competence

congre ss

museum

Ode ssa

patent nt

press

pre ssing

progress ss

se yf

service

session [s "e] and [se]

those rmin

federal

tire

express ss

jurisprudence

List of words with strongly pronounced consonants before E (a [de] pt, [dete] rminism and etc.):

a inadequate

antise ptik

atheism

business with, business change

a sandwich

degradation

de qualification

decollete

de cor

de mping

childism

dispensary

indexing

a computer

conse nsus

manager (add. [m "ene])

nonce ns

parte p

pretentious

producer

protection

rating

requiem

str ss

those sis

those mbr

those mp

trend

thermos

extras ns

energy

P.S. In borrowed words beginning with prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of compound words beginning with neo-, with a general tendency to soften, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d and n:

devaluation [d "e and de]

misinformation [d "e and de]

neo-colonialism [neo and add. n "eo]

AT foreign names own recommended solid pronunciation consonants before e: Descartes, Flaubert, De Cameron, Rembrandt and etc.

Solid [sh] is pronounced in words parachute [shu], brochure [shu]. The word of the jury is pronounced soft sizzling [zh"]. The names Julien, Jules are also softly pronounced.

1. When pronouncing some foreign words sometimes erroneous extra consonants or vowels appear. Should be pronounced:

   incident (not incident[n] dent)

   precedent (not precedent)

   dermatin (not dermat[n] tin)

   to compromise (not to compromise)

   competitive (not competitive [n] able)

   extraordinary (not h[e] extraordinary)

   institution (non-educational)

   future (not future)

   thirsty (not thirsty)

Phonetic laws- the laws of functioning and development of the sound matter of a language, which govern both the stable preservation and the regular change of its sound units, their alternations and combinations.

Phonetic laws:

1. Phonetic law of the end of a word. Noisy voiced consonant at the end of a word stunned, i.e. pronounced as the corresponding double deaf. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: the threshold is a vice, young is a hammer, goats is a braid, etc. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are stunned: breast - sadness, entrance - drive up [pldjest], etc.
Stunning of the final voiced occurs under the following conditions:
1) before a pause: [pr "ishol post] (the train came); 2) before the next word (without a pause) with the initial not only deaf, but also a vowel, sonorant, as well as [j] and [c]: [praf he ], [our sat], [slap ja], [your mouth] (he is right, our garden, I am weak, your kind). Sonorant consonants are not stunned: rubbish, they say, com, he.

2. Assimilation of consonants by voiced and deafness. Combinations of consonants, of which one is deaf and the other is voiced, are not characteristic of the Russian language. Therefore, if two consonants of different voicing appear side by side in a word, the first consonant is likened to the second. This change in consonants is called regressive assimilation.

By virtue of this law, voiced consonants before the deaf turn into paired deaf, and deaf in the same position into voiced. The voicing of voiceless consonants is less common than the stunning of voiced ones; the transition of voiced to deaf creates homophones: [dushk - dushk] (shackle - darling), [in "yes" ti - in "yes" t "and] (carry - lead), [fp" yr "em" yeshka - fp " r "eem" yeschka] (interspersed - interspersed).

Before sonorants, as well as before [j] and [c], the deaf remain unchanged: tinder, rogue, [Ltjest] (departure), yours, yours.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are assimilated in the presence of following conditions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [plhotk] (gait), [collection] (collection); 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: [where "elu] (to business), [zd" elm] (with business); 3) at the junction of a word with a particle: [got-th] (a year), [dod`zh`by] (daughter would); 4) at the junction significant words pronounced without a pause: [rock-klzy] (goat horn), [ras-n "at"] (five times).

3. Assimilation of consonants by softness. Hard and soft consonants are represented by 12 pairs of sounds. By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists in additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).

Assimilation by softness has a regressive character: the consonant softens, becoming like the subsequent soft consonant. In this position, not all consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften and not all soft consonants cause a softening of the previous sound.

All consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften in the following weak positions: 1) before the vowel sound [e]; [b" ate], [c" eu], [m" ate], [s" ate] (white, weight, chalk, villages), etc .; 2) before [and]: [m "silt], [n" silt "and] (mil, drank).

Before unpaired [g], [w], [c], soft consonants are impossible, with the exception of [l], [l "] (compare the end - the ring).

Dental [h], [s], [n], [p], [e], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f] are most susceptible to softening. They do not soften before soft consonants [g], [k], [x], and also [l]: glucose, key, bread, fill, keep quiet, etc. Softening occurs within the word, but is absent before the soft consonant of the next word ([here - l "eu]; compare [L thor]) and before the particle ([grew-l" and]; compare [rLsli]) (here is the forest , otter, whether it grew, grew).

Consonants [h] and [s] soften before soft [t "], [d"], [s"], [n"], [l"]: [m "ks" t "], [v" iez " d "e], [f-ka with "b], [punishment"] (revenge, everywhere, at the box office, execution). Mitigation [s], [s] also occurs at the end of prefixes and prepositions consonant with them before soft lips : [rz "d" iel "it"], [r's" t "ienut"], [b" ez "-n" ievo), [b "yes" -s "il] (split, stretch, without it, no power). Before soft labial softening [h], [s], [d], [t] is possible inside the root and at the end of prefixes on -z, as well as in the prefix s- and in a preposition consonant with it: [s "m" ex] , [s "in" kr], [d" in "kr |, [t" in "kr], [s" p "kt"], [s "-n" im], [is "-pkch"] , [rLz "d" kt "] (laughter, beast, door, Tver, sing, with him, bake, undress).

The labials do not soften before soft teeth: [pt "kn" h "bk], [n" eft "], [vz" at "] (chick, oil, take).

4. Assimilation of consonants by hardness. Assimilation of consonants by hardness is carried out at the junction of root and suffix, beginning with a solid consonant: locksmith - locksmith, secretary - secretarial, etc. Before the labial [b], assimilation in hardness does not occur: [prLs "it"] - [proz "b", [mllt "it"] - [mlLd" ba] (ask - request, threshing - threshing), etc. [l "] is not subjected to assimilation: [floor" b] - [zLpol "nyj] (field, outdoor).

5. Assimilation of teeth before sizzling. This type of assimilation extends to dental[h], [s] in position in front of the hissing(anteropalatine) [w], [g], [h], [w] and consists in the complete assimilation of dental [h], [s] to the subsequent hissing.

Complete assimilation [h], [s] occurs:

1) at the junction of morphemes: [zh at "], [pL zh at"] (compress, unclench); [sh yt "], [rL sh yt"] (sew, embroider); [w "from], [rL w" from] (account, calculation); [rLzno sh "ik], [out of sh" ik] (peddler, cab driver);

2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [s-zh arm], [s-sh arm] (with heat, with a ball); [bies-zh ar], [bies-sh ar] (no heat, no ball).

The combination of zzh inside the root, as well as the combination of zhzh (always inside the root) turn into a long soft [zh "]: [by zh"] (later), (I drive); [in w "and], [trembling" and] (reins, yeast). Optionally, in these cases, a long hard [g] can be pronounced.

A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] following them [h], [c], resulting in long [h], [c]: [L h "from] (report), (fkra q ] (briefly).

6. Simplifying consonant combinations. Consonants [d], [t]in combinations of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced. Such a simplification of consonant groups is consistently observed in combinations: stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lnts: [usny], [posn], [w" and iflivy], [g "igansk" and], [h " ustv], [heart], [sun] (oral, late, happy, gigantic, feeling, heart, sun).

7. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. When three identical consonants converge at the junction of a preposition or prefix with the next word, as well as at the junction of a root and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [pa sor "it"] (time + quarrel), [with ylk] (with a link), [kLlo n s] (column + n + th); [Lde with ki] (Odessa + sk + y).

8. Vowel reduction. Change (weakening) of vowel sounds in an unstressed position is called reduction, and unstressed vowels - reduced vowels. Distinguish between the position of unstressed vowels in the first prestressed syllable (weak position of the first degree) and the position of unstressed vowels in other unstressed syllables (weak position of the second degree). Vowels in weak position of the second degree are subject to greater reduction than vowels in the weak position of the first degree.

Vowels in a weak position of the first degree: [vLly] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [bieda] (trouble), etc.

Vowels in a weak position of the second degree: [par? Vos] (locomotive); [kyargLnda] (Karaganda); [kulkLla] (bells); [p "l" ie on] (shroud); [voice] (voice), [exclamation] (exclamation), etc.

To the main phonetic processes occurring in the word include: 1) reduction; 2) stunning; 3) voicing; 4) softening; 5) assimilation; 6) simplification.

Reduction- This weakening of the pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed position: [house] - [d ^ ma] - [d ^ voi].

Stun- a process in which voiced consonants before deaf and at the end of the word are pronounced as deaf; book - book [w] ka; oak - du [n].

voicing- a process in which deaf pregnant before voiced are pronounced as voiced: do - [z "] do; selection - o [d] boron.

Mitigation- a process in which hard consonants are soft under the influence of subsequent soft: depend [s "] t, ka [s"] n, le [s"] t.

assimilation is a process in which the combination several dissimilar consonants are pronounced as one long(for example, combinations of sch, zch, shch, zdch, stch are pronounced with a long sound [w "], and combinations of ts (i), ts (i) are pronounced as one long sound [c]): volume [sh] ik, spring [ sh]aty, mu[sh"]ina, [t"]astye, ichi[c]a.

Simplification consonant clusters - a process in which in combinations of consonants stn, zdn, eats, dts, persons and others, sound drops out, although the letter uses a letter denoting this sound: heart - [s "e" rts], sun - [sonts].

Orthoepy(from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) - a department of linguistics that studies the rules of exemplary pronunciation ( Dictionary Russian language D.N. Ushakov). Orthoepy- these are the historically established norms of Russian literary pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in the flow of oral speech.

1 . Pronunciation of vowels determined by position in prestressed syllables and based on phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o], [e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) In the first prestressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].

In place of [e] after the hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [s e] is pronounced: [tsy e pnoį], [zhy e ltok].

After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced:

[ch٬ e sy / sn٬ e la].

b ) In other unstressed syllables in place of sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:

par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch" ok / h" umÙdan].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) the norms of literary pronunciation require positional exchange paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / prozʹ b];

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some combinations of consonants:

a) in pronominal formations what, to– thu pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations like something, mail, almost the pronunciation [h "t] is preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of combinations sun, zdn, stn(hello, holiday, private trader) usually there is a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / with "in" and į] - under the influence of spelling arose - uh, - uh; after back-lingual g, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];

b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, it became the norm soft pronunciation: [n'ch "and e las" / n'ch "and e ls" aʹ];

c) pronunciation of verbs in - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivt "].