Pronunciation styles in Russian. Characteristics of pronunciation styles in Russian
Since its inception, the Russian language has been represented by many dialects, or dialects. Moscow became the basis of Russian literary pronunciation. It was the Moscow pronunciation that became a role model. With the development and strengthening national language Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms.
In this work, we will consider 3 pronunciation styles: high: neutral and colloquial. The distinction between these pronunciation styles is based on three criteria: the conditions of communication, the clarity and completeness of the pronunciation of all sounds in words, the pace of speech.
1. Orthoepy
1) The concept of orthoepy
Orthoepy (Greek orthos - direct, correct and epos - speech) is a set of rules oral speech establishing a uniform literary pronunciation.
Orthoepic norms cover phonetic system language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes pronunciation individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system, for example, the pronunciation [shn] at the place of the combination of h (ku [sh] but) or [c] at the place of r at the end - th - it (that - that [c] o, his - e [in] o).
In normal colloquial pronunciation there are a number of departures from orthoepic norms. The sources of such deviations are often native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, literal pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okane, and for southerners, the pronunciation of [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of the letter g at the end of the genus. pad. adjectives sound [r], and in place of h (in words, of course, what) the sound [h] is explained by the "letter" pronunciation, which in this case does not match the sound structure of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.
2) Russian literary pronunciation in its historical development
Orthoepy of modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, to a large extent preserves the old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traveled by the literary language. Historical basis Russian literary pronunciation are the most important features spoken language the city of Moscow, which took shape in the first half of the 17th century. By the indicated time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, the Moscow pronunciation was an expression of a national one.
Since its inception, the Russian language has been represented by many dialects, or dialects. These dialects are based on a whole complex common features united into two main dialects: North Great Russian and South Great Russian. The group of northern dialects was characterized by such features of oral speech as “okanye”, i.e. pronunciation of the sound [o] in an unstressed position,] and [g] explosive: [milk], [talking "yauґ], [gr" and ґp]. The southern dialect was characterized “Akanem” and fricative sound [X]: [mlLkoґ], [KhvLr "yauґ], [Xr" ip].
By the 11th century, a Middle Great Russian dialect was formed, which absorbed the features of the northern and southern dialects: unstressed [o] is combined with [g] explosive: [mlLkoґ], [gvLr "yaug", [gr" ip].
By the 11th century, Moscow became the center of Russia. It is in Moscow that the foundations of Russian literary pronunciation are laid. It is the Moscow pronunciation that becomes a role model; it becomes prestigious to speak like in Moscow, since it is in Moscow that many prominent statesmen, representatives of science and art of that time, it is Moscow that becomes cultural, scientific and political center. In addition, as noted by M.V. Lomonosov, “The Moscow dialect is not only for the sake of importance capital city, but for its excellent beauty it is rightly preferred by others, and especially by the pronunciation of the letter O without stress as A, much more pleasant ... ”.
Moscow pronunciation norms finally took shape by the end of the 19th century. But already from the middle of the 19th century, the Moscow pronunciation had a competitor - the St. Petersburg pronunciation, which gradually began to strengthen its claims to the role of a general literary model. The main difference between the St. Petersburg orthoepic norms is the strengthening letter pronunciation: of course - [kLn "eґchn], what - [what]. And although in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the St. Petersburg pronunciation did not become a generally accepted norm, it subsequently had a significant impact on the formation of new orthoepic norms.
In the 20s-30s of the 20th century, Moscow pronunciation norms were significantly shaken as a result of a sharp expansion of the social palette of literary language speakers. The sources of the violation of the old Moscow pronunciation were dialect speech and written speech.
With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.
Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. This name indicates the importance of realistic theater in the development of pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.
In the formation of literary pronunciation, an exceptional role belongs to radio broadcasting, television and sound films, which serve as a powerful means of spreading literary pronunciation and maintaining its unity.
The pronunciation system of the modern literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between the first and second are of a private nature. Emerged in modern literary pronunciation changes and fluctuations concern mainly the pronunciation of individual words and their groups, as well as individual grammatical forms. For example, the pronunciation soft sound[s] in the affix - s - sya (my [s "], washed [s "b]) with the old norm (my [s"] - washed [s "b]) does not make any changes to the system of consonant phonemes modern Russian language. The strengthening of the new pronunciation variant of the affix - s - sya (combat [s "]) as a modern orthoepic norm brings the pronunciation closer to the spelling, which was not the case with the old pronunciation variant (combat [s]), and therefore it is quite expedient.
An example of a new pronunciation variant that introduces a change in the phonetic system of the language is the pronunciation of a long hard in place of a long soft ["]: along with [in" and], [dro" and] they pronounce in s, dro s. Strengthening the new pronunciation variant introduces a change in the phonetic system of the language, frees it from a separate element ["], organically unrelated to the system of consonants as a whole. Such a replacement makes the phonetic system of the modern Russian language more consistent and complete and serves as an example of its improvement.
The above examples show that the new pronunciation options unequal. If they improve the pronunciation system, give it more consistency, then they turn out to be viable and have a basis for fixing as an orthoepic norm. Otherwise, the pronunciation variant will gradually die out.
“ Dictionary Russian language" in four volumes by D.N. Ushakov.
In our time, a lot of dictionaries and reference books have appeared that help clarify the phonetic appearance of a word or word form.
Two main trends should be noted modern stage development of orthoepic norms:
the desire to simplify difficult orthoepic rules;
convergence of pronunciation with spelling (of course, this does not apply to the basic pronunciation norms, but only applies to some cases).
2. Styles of pronunciation
Pronunciation styles are associated with stylistic relationships in vocabulary; in a certain respect they are derived from lexical styles. The entire vocabulary of the modern literary Russian language (SLRL) is distributed among separate stylistically matched categories. Style in vocabulary is an evaluative category: some additional evaluations are superimposed on the lexical meanings of a word. Words that are stylistically correlated are characterized by the fact that their lexical meaning absolutely identical; in this sense they are genuinely synonymous. For functional words, the stylistic opposition is clearly not associated with a different assessment of what is called. Obviously, the meaning of stylistic oppositions is not different estimates called. The assessment given by stylistic oppositions in the vocabulary refers not to what is contained in the word, but to the word itself, to speech itself.
There are three groups of words:
a) words of rare speech situations: they form a solemn style;
b) words of frequent speech situations: they create a "reduced" style, the style of everyday speech (this is not at all negative evaluation: in certain speech situations only this style is appropriate and only it is the most desirable);
c) words that are not associated with a certain way qualified situations: these are words of any situations; they are stylistically neutral and form a neutral language style.
So, all words are divided into:
A) words that are not assigned to situations of a certain frequency;
B) words assigned to situations of a certain frequency; the latter are divided into: B 1 - words of frequent situations and B 2 - words of rare situations.
In the language system, these can be depicted as follows:
0 - high style - neutral - conversational style
Depending on the content of speech and the conditions of its pronunciation, it is customary to distinguish 3 pronunciation styles: high: neutral and colloquial. Outside the literary language, there remains a colloquial pronunciation style, which educated person usually not used.
The distinction between these pronunciation styles is based on three criteria: the conditions of communication, the clarity and completeness of the pronunciation of all sounds in words, the pace of speech.
High pronunciation style used when public speaking, at official communication important information, while reading poetry. High style is otherwise called complete due to the fact that all the necessary sounds in words with this manner of speech are pronounced very clearly: Hello Alexander Alexandrovich! - [hello "b | Ll" and e ksangdr al "and e ksangdrv" ich "||]. This style is usually characterized by a slightly slower pace of speech. A peculiar exception is the speech of radio and television announcers, in which the fullness of the pronunciation of sounds is combined with a very fast pace of speech. For a high pronunciation style, unstressed [o] in words may be characteristic foreign origin: [poet], [noct "ugrn], [sonegt].
Neutral orthoepic style - this is our style everyday speech, not distinguished by emotions. He is equally well acceptable both in an official setting and in a circle of acquaintances. The pace of speech is average, fairly even. A slight loss of sounds is characteristic: Hello Alexander Alexandrovich! - [hello "t" b | Ll "and e xander Ll" and e ksangdrach "||].
Scope of use colloquial, or incomplete, pronunciation style - lively, emotional, informal, relaxed speech. A change in tempo is characteristic, a “reduction” of words as a result of the loss of sounds: Hello Alexander Alexandrovich! - [hello "| saґn saґnych" ||]. This feature of oral speech cannot be considered its disadvantage. However, at the same time, one must remember two things: the appropriateness of using one or another manner of speech in this particular situation and the intelligibility of speech. When skipping sounds in a word, one should not allow the loss of meaning, likening the hero of a feuilleton, who answered a passenger who turned to the information desk: Obra sa se kno. Few of us understand what this means. Check out the next window.
Language proficiency consists in skillfully using all three orthoepic styles, each time choosing the most communicatively appropriate pronunciation.
The lofty style and the colloquial style are not directly related to each other in the SRL, but only through a connection with the neutral.
Colored style words should have a neutral style synonym; a neutral style word can have a synonym in colored style. The system of mutual restrictions of semantic "segments" in the neutral style and in the colored styles correlative with it can be different: individual units of the neutral style can correspond to token zeros in the colored style or, more rarely, two mutually limiting ones.
In grammar, this is impossible, due to the special nature of the grammatical system. It is impossible, for example, that the system of the singular-plural number (two-term) in a high style should be replaced by a one-term or three-term one.
style pronunciation Russian
There can be no natural text consisting only of words of high or words of colloquial style, but there can be a text entirely of words of neutral style. As a rule, the text is a combination of words of different styles. Texts colored by an admixture, for example, words of high style, are themselves perceived as colored, for example, as high. In the language of each era, there are more or less stable types of combinations of words of different styles within the same text: these types can be called speech genres. In modern Russian, there are, for example, such speech genres: the genre of feuilleton, friendly conversation, military report, sports report, speech at a meeting, diplomatic note, speech at a rally, scientific article, lyric song, fable, newspaper ad, exam answer, etc. Most of these genres linguistic literature not described.
Three language styles are contrasted; but within the high and within the colloquial styles there are gradations. Words can be stylistically colored with varying degrees brightness; the contrast with the neutral style can be less or more. Words in sharp contrast to the neutral style always have a synonym in the neutral style. But lightly colored lexical units may or may not have such a counterpart. Words that are marked "celestials" in dictionaries. and "high" are always associated with a neutral synonym; words with the mark "knizhn." (a little intense shade of a strict, high style) sometimes they don’t have such a neutral double.
Relations between language units have two plans: paradigmatic and syntagmatic. The same two planes exist in the field of stylistics. Eyes / eyes / peepers; because/because These are paradigmatic series. The field of stylistic oppositions has its own paradigm, consisting of several members defining each other: some unit of neutral style and units of high and colloquial style perceived against its background. Unlike grammar, the oppositions here are expressed not affixally, but suppletively (cf. eyes / eyes / peepers).
In addition to the paradigmatic series, the syntagmatic series is also important in stylistics, the connections of the words of a certain stylistic type in line combinations. High-style words are characterized not only by repulsion from certain synonyms , but also by constant proximity in speech segments with words of the same stylistic coloring.
For words with sharp stylistic coloring paramount importance have paradigmatic differences. It is they who create this high stylistic potential difference. For words that have weak stylistic shades, syntagmatic comparisons are most often important.
The stylistic characteristic of the text can be considered as an additional message that complicates what is contained in the lexical meanings of words and in their grammatical linkages. The dependence of the stylistic expressiveness of the statement on individual choice speaker has prompted many researchers to study the style in its speech aspects. However, the diverse possibilities of stylistic choice are fixed in the language system, and therefore it is necessary to study styles primarily from the point of view of language system.
Words that form a high style in vocabulary are such words in synonymous series, a) which have the lowest frequency and b) at which the occurrence in the same context of other words that meet condition a) is most likely.
The pronunciation side of the language has its own style. Pronunciation instructions for style coloring text can be of two kinds: or in different styles the positional variation of phonemes turns out to be different, or certain styles require phonemic alternations. Last case characterizes always high style.
Stylistic oppositions in the field of pronunciation are strictly systemic in one dimension - paradigmatic. However, in another row, the syntagmatic one, this system is not in all cases closed and does not represent homogeneous systemic relations.
The change of phonemes forms stylistic forms of the same word (does not lead to lexical disintegration of these forms) only in those cases when it is produced "mechanically", i.e. possible in any token that becomes a high-style component. As a result of such a change of phonemes in a high style, two phonemic units can coincide: t "ot t" et (neutral) t "et (high). This is a phonetic analogy to those cases when there are fewer units for a given semantic type in high vocabulary than in neutral. But there is also a significant difference. In the vocabulary, there remains the correlation of a high-style unit with one neutral unit. In other words, there is no neutralization of two units, there is no replacement for one. Phonetics is another matter: here the change of phonemes in a high style of pronunciation leads to neutralizations (in a certain position) of two neutral-style phonemes.It is convenient to call these stylistic substitutes, which occur in high style instead of neutral ones, stylistic variants.It is rare that one phoneme in a neutral style corresponds to two in a high one.
Stylistics studies linguistic phenomena"from the point of view of functional differentiation, correlation and interaction of close, correlative, parallel or synonymous means of expression ..." (VV Vinogradov. Results of the discussion of stylistics, p. 66). Phonetic stylistics is a discipline that studies phonetic synonyms certain type. Those phonetic synonyms that simultaneously act as homonyms (i.e. coincide with a different phonemic paradigm) can be called stylistic variants in phonetics.
In addition to the change of phonemes, stylistic indicators can be features in phonetically determined positional alternations variations and variations of phonemes.
The stylistic characteristic of one or another pronunciation feature can be based not only on paradigmatic connections; stylistic qualification is also supported by syntagmatic connections.
To characterize the high style, the timbre of the voice can also be used.
The pronunciation conversational style has some features that are very similar to those of the lexical conversational style.
The high pronunciation style is not only quite clearly divided into "sub-styles", but is also sharply separated from the neutral style. This is determined primarily by the fact that the high style, as a rule, is built either on the alternation of phonemes, or on the replacement of one phoneme variant with another. On the contrary, the boundary between neutral and conversational style is very fuzzy. Features of the high style are perceived by the speakers, but the features of the colloquial style are not. In the language system, obviously, not these or those specific features of the colloquial style are fixed, but only its general trend and its limits. the same word in colloquial style may take on a different form. The general tendency is: in this style, the opposition of phonemes is significantly reduced. In the language, the limit is systematically fixed, to which the smoothing of phonemic oppositions can reach; beyond this line, non-literary vernacular begins.
A high pronunciation coloring of a text can be created by introducing into it words with a special "solemn" phonetic appearance. High-style pronunciation norms are addressed to words; these norms may not cover the entire flow of speech. Features of the colloquial pronunciation style are addressed not so much to individual words as to the entire text in general; what matters is the general tendency that manifests itself in all pronunciation features given text.
Neutral lexical style words can have 3 pronunciations (neutral, high and colloquial). To do this, such words: a) must have in their composition such phonemes and combinations of phonemes (moreover, in certain positions), which have their deputies (in the same positions) in a high style; b) must have such sound combinations, on the material of which trends of conversational style can be implemented. The coincidence of both of these conditions is very rare, which is why it is so difficult to give indisputable examples of the variation of words in three styles.
Words of high style can have only two phonetic appearances: in high and neutral style. Colloquial words are presented in a neutral pronunciation and in an undivided series of colloquial pronunciations (and here are two stylistic pronunciation types).
In some cases, a word in SLL has only a stylistically colored pronunciation, due to its attachment to a high or low style.
Most researchers, speaking about the style of pronunciation, distinguishes two correlative styles. In the language, the rule is to fluctuate the pronunciation of each word within two styles: neutral/high or neutral/colloquial.
AT XVIII in. lexical and phonetic signals of language style had to accompany each other; lexical evidence was confirmed by phonetic ones: a word found only in one of the colored styles could have only that phonetic form that corresponded to the norms of this style.
In SLL there is no such forced connection between lexical and phonetic indicators. The text, saturated with solemn vocabulary, can be pronounced in neutral phonetic norms.
During the XIX-XX centuries. the differentiation of styles in the paradigmatic and syntagmatic terms is increasing. This process characterizes the history of styles not only in vocabulary, but also in the field of pronunciation.
The issue of artistic and expressive varieties and their relation to pronunciation styles deserves special consideration. The subtlest sound shades can be used for artistic and expressive purposes. But in order for these shades to be perceived, a strict, even background is needed, therefore, the basis with which any artistic text, is a strictly normalized neutral pronunciation style. Language fiction and theater more conservative language information.
Conclusion
You can pronounce the text for a long time. You can mint words by syllables. Finally, there is the usual pronunciation. These varieties could be called modes of pronunciation.
The style of Russian pronunciation has been studied completely insufficiently; few facts have been collected. But their further collection is hindered precisely by the lack of development of the theory.
List of used literature
1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1984. S.12 - 31, 31 - 36.
2. Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1981. S.11-131.
3. Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. M., 1967. S.294 - 350.
4. Popov R.N., Valkova D.P. etc. Modern Russian language. M., 1978.
5. #"#">http://syrrik. narod.ru/panov. htm
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Kazan Cooperative Institute (branch)
WORKBOOK
in the Russian language and culture of speech
1st year student(s)
specialty ___________________________________________________
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AUTONOMOUS NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION
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Discipline: Russian language and culture of speech
WORKBOOK
NORMAL PRONUNCIATION AND STRESS
For independent work students
specialties 080502.65 "Economics and management at the enterprise
(trade and public catering)", 080109 "Accounting, analysis and audit", 100101 "Service", 080401 "Commodity research and examination of goods", 260501 "Technology of public catering", 080105 "Finance and credit", directions 100200 "Tourism »
Workbook on the Russian language and culture of speech / Compiled by I.A. Vinogradova .- Kazan: Kazan Cooperative Institute, 2011.- 14 p.
The workbook includes a system of tasks that contribute to the successful mastering of the topic "Norms of Pronunciation and Stress" by students. Exercises and assignments are developed in accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard of the Higher Professional Education and the curriculum of the institute.
The workbook on the Russian language and culture of speech is intended for students of all specialties of full-time and part-time education.
Reviewer: Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor A.I. Mazilov
Norms of the modern Russian literary language Topic: Normative pronunciation and stress
Target– learn to control the degree of compliance of their speech with the requirements of the norm of the modern Russian literary language, gain the skill of working with dictionaries and reference books.
Orthoepy. Pronunciation styles.
Orthoepy. This is the name of the science of literary pronunciation and stress, it got its name from the Greek words orphos- "straight, correct" and it with- "speech".
Orthoepy is a set of rules that establish a uniform pronunciation.
Orthoepy indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words, or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.
Language, being the most important means of human communication, needs the uniformity of its written and oral design. Incorrect pronunciation (as well as spelling errors) is a hindrance to language communication. Orthoepy makes language a means of the widest possible communication. Being one of the sides of the culture of speech, orthoepy aims to contribute to the improvement of the culture of the Russian language.
The main sources of deviations from literary pronunciation are spelling, local dialects and the desire to save speech efforts. Deviations from literary pronunciation under the influence of writing are explained by the fact that there is not always a correspondence between the literal and sound form of the word .. For example, the words of course that are written with the letter h, and in pronunciation the sound [w] corresponds to it: horse [sh] oh, [sh] then etc. A more frequent source of deviation from the literary pronunciation is the native dialect of the speaker. So, a very stable dialectal feature in the north is okanye. In the south, a stable dialectal feature is the pronunciation of [r] as close to [x]: [sneh], [pyroh].
The concept of norm is one of the basic concepts of the culture of speech. The norm is stable, stable, which is the basis of its functioning. However, the norm is changing. This is due to the social nature of the language. The mobility of the norm leads to the appearance options(two equal ways of expressing the same meaning) within literary speech.
Variants are formal modifications of the same unit, found at different levels of the language - phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic.
From the variance associated with fluctuations in the norm, it is necessary to distinguish violations of the norm, that is, speech errors . The norm gets its fixation in dictionaries and reference books.
Each pronunciation has its own purpose and scope, that is, it belongs to a certain style. Styles are formed depending on a number of factors: the content of speech, its genre, the situation of communication, the nature of the audience addressed by the speaker.
Usually isolated three styles literary pronunciation and stress.
High style - we resort to it in public speaking, when transmitting important messages, when reading poetic works. It is characterized by thoroughness of pronunciation, accurate reproduction of the sound image of the word, it is appropriate in speech that is emotionally colored and has the purpose of aesthetic impact.
neutral style - this is our everyday speech, not very emotional. It is not stylistically colored, it has a communicative purpose.
Conversational style is stylistically reduced speech. So, in the colloquial style, the loss of vowels and consonants is often observed.
Colloquial pronunciation, penetrating into a neutral style, gives it a reduced connotation, which is unacceptable in public speech and indicates a speaker's low speech culture.
Outside the literary norm of pronunciation is spacious style.
Pronunciation styles do not exist in isolation, they are closely related.
The most important feature of orthoepy is its soft, “compliant” nature: it not only indicates the rules of literary pronunciation, but also sets the permissible limits for their violation (depending on the conditions of communication). For the speech of speakers, speakers speaking to a large audience, there are some rules, for a friendly conversation - others. If at a solemn meeting you read out an order to award your employee Alexander Alexandrovich Nechaev with a prize, his name and patronymic must be spoken in full. And after the meeting, in a close circle over a cup of tea, you will call him San Sanych. All this will be quite correct.
Complete and incomplete styles pronunciations depend on the rate of speech: if we speak slowly, then we pronounce the sounds clearly, distinctly. In this case, the articulation of sounds is very clear. We observe this pronunciation every day, listening to radio and television announcers. At fast pace speech, a less distinct pronunciation of sounds is observed, a strong reduction (that is, reduction) is a feature of an incomplete pronunciation style.
DURING THE CLASSES Organizational stage
Actualization of basic knowledge 1. Conversation
What is the relationship between phonetics and orthoepy? Name the basic units sounding speech, give examples. What are the main orthoepic norms in the field of vowels and consonants. How does the pronunciation of a sound change depending on its position in a word?
The speaker does not set himself any additional tasks in this case: to express his feelings, to emphasize something. In relation to the neutral, two more styles stand out: lowered and high. The reduced style (it is also called incomplete) refers to careless speech, with the pace of speaking accelerated due to excitement or for other reasons.
2. familiarization with theoretical material textbook on the topic of the lesson
V. generalization, systematization and control of knowledge and skills of students
1. observation of language material (writing on the board)
Š What deviations from the normative pronunciation would you note in the following words? Tranway; to please; addiction; sisters; bows. Š What typical mistakes are possible in the pronunciation of the following words (“asterisks” indicate “error-prone” places). slipped; mock; incident; compromise; leatherette; precedent; fluorography; brothers; scarves.
The high (full) style is used on ceremonial occasions; it is characterized by a slow pace, careful pronunciation. The speaker in this case usually sets himself some special, additional tasks, for example, seeks to emphasize the importance of what is being reported, to attract the attention of listeners, etc.
For example, in the word hello, with a reduced pronunciation style, not only the consonant [v] is reduced (in any case, it falls out as unpronounceable), but also the group of sounds [tvui], which makes it sound [hello]. Word Now Can be pronounced as [syas]. Abbreviated names of patronymics of the type Ivanych, Glebych Instead of Ivanovich, Glebovich We are surrounded with colloquial speech everyday. You have become familiar with some features of the reduced (incomplete) pronunciation style. Compare with these features the most distinctive features high style of pronunciation.
2. Practical work in pairs with language material (rm one per desk)
Card number 1
distribution work Determine how the consonant combinations in the following words are pronounced. Show this with transcription [ch] or [shn]. Bakery, recruiting, bottle, Christmas tree, yellow card, maid, brick, training, racing, dairy, creamy, petty, toy, apple, triplet, hearty, decent, on purpose, egg. Card number 2
Fill in the missing letters in the following words and pronounce them correctly. Irresistibly.. but, lovely.. ny, teaching..
y Instead of two adjacent stressed syllable vowels can be pronounced one vowel [a] or even more abbreviated [b]. For example, the word In general, in[a] More Pronounced like AT[a] More, Together- With[a] bshcha- as With[a] bshcha. Y Consonant sounds can also be completely reduced if they are between consonants. Yes, they pronounce Families- Families[st], Dating- familiar[st], Amenities- Udo[pst]; beautiful- paint[y] Mu. y A group of sounds can be reduced at once - vowels and consonants.
Each deviation from the normative pronunciation distracts the listener from the content of the statement, causes bewilderment, and often irritation, that is, undesirable for the speaker. psychological effect. What pronunciation is considered exemplary? This pronunciation corresponds to the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language. Answers to concrete questions about correct pronunciation individual words and grammatical forms will give you today's lesson and special dictionaries of the Russian language. IV
.
Work on the topic of the lesson
1. teacher's explanation (lecture)
(Students write abstracts.) Correct pronunciation- a set of orthoepic norms inherent in a particular variety of language. The word can be pronounced in different ways different people or in the environment of various social, territorial, professional, age, etc.
Let's take a closer look at each of these styles. For a reduced (incomplete) style of pronunciation, presented in careless, accelerated speech, such features are characteristic. y If an unstressed vowel is next to sonorants [l, p], it is pronounced so briefly that it is almost inaudible. Yes, the word Pillowcase Pronounced like On the[vl] Chka, Wire- as Pro[vl] Ka, scratch out- how are you [tsr] Pat, Embankment- as On the[b'r'] Zhnaya, Spasm- as Court[bp] Ha. y The same contraction of vowels, although less common, can also occur when they are adjacent to other, non-sonorous consonants. For example, the word Button Pronounced like Pu[G] Vitsa, Roll- as Swier[t] Vatsya, Grasp- as skhva[t] wat. The omission of such vowels in speech - typical mistake speaking from the podium or from the stage, and not only amateur, but also professional, theatrical.
Since its inception, the Russian language has been represented by many dialects, or dialects. Moscow became the basis of Russian literary pronunciation. It was the Moscow pronunciation that became a role model. With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms.
In this work, we will consider 3 pronunciation styles: high: neutral and colloquial. The distinction between these pronunciation styles is based on three criteria: the conditions of communication, the clarity and completeness of the pronunciation of all sounds in words, the pace of speech.
1. Orthoepy
1) The concept of orthoepy
Orthoepy (Greek orthos - direct, correct and epos - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation.
Orthoepic norms cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system, for example, the pronunciation of [shn] at the place of the combination of h (sku [sh] but) or [v ] in place of g at the end - th - his (that - that [in] o, his - e [in] o).
In the usual colloquial pronunciation, there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such deviations are often native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, literal pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okane, and for southerners, the pronunciation of [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of the letter g at the end of the genus. pad. adjectives sound [r], and in place of h (in words, of course, what) the sound [h] is explained by the "letter" pronunciation, which in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.
2) Russian literary pronunciation in its historical development
The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, to a large extent preserves the old, traditional features that reflect the historical path traveled by the literary language. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation is the most important features of the spoken language of the city of Moscow, which developed in the first half of the 17th century. By the indicated time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrow dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, the Moscow pronunciation was an expression of a national one.
Since its inception, the Russian language has been represented by many dialects, or dialects. These dialects, on the basis of a whole complex of common features, united into two main dialects: North Great Russian and South Great Russian. The group of northern dialects was characterized by such features of oral speech as “okanye”, i.e. pronunciation of the sound [o] in an unstressed position,] and [g] explosive: [milk], [talking "yauґ], [gr" and ґp]. The southern dialect was characterized by “akan” and a fricative sound [Х]: [mlLkoґ], [KhvLr "yauґ], [Xr" ip].
By the 11th century, a Middle Great Russian dialect was formed, which absorbed the features of the northern and southern dialects: unstressed [o] is combined with [g] explosive: [mlLkoґ], [gvLr "yaug", [gr" ip].
By the 11th century, Moscow became the center of Russia. It is in Moscow that the foundations of Russian literary pronunciation are laid. It is the Moscow pronunciation that becomes a role model; speaking like in Moscow becomes prestigious, since it is in Moscow that many prominent statesmen, representatives of science and art of that time live, and it is Moscow that becomes a cultural, scientific and political center. In addition, as noted by M.V. Lomonosov, “The Moscow dialect is not only for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty it is rightly preferred by others, and especially by the pronunciation of the letter O without an accent like A, it is much more pleasant ...”.
Moscow pronunciation norms finally took shape by the end of the 19th century. But already from the middle of the 19th century, the Moscow pronunciation had a competitor - the St. Petersburg pronunciation, which gradually began to strengthen its claims to the role of a general literary model. The main difference between the St. Petersburg orthoepic norms is the strengthening of the literal pronunciation: of course - [kLn "eґchn], what - [what]. And although in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the St. Petersburg pronunciation did not become a generally accepted norm, it subsequently had a significant impact on the formation of new orthoepic norms.
In the 20s-30s of the 20th century, Moscow pronunciation norms were significantly shaken as a result of a sharp expansion of the social palette of literary language speakers. The sources of the violation of the old Moscow pronunciation were dialect speech and written speech.
With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.
Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. This name indicates the importance of realistic theater in the development of pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.
In the formation of literary pronunciation, an exceptional role belongs to radio broadcasting, television and sound films, which serve as a powerful means of spreading literary pronunciation and maintaining its unity.
The pronunciation system of the modern literary language in its basic and defining features does not differ from the pronunciation system of the pre-October era. The differences between the first and second are of a private nature. The changes and fluctuations that have arisen in modern literary pronunciation concern mainly the pronunciation of individual words and their groups, as well as individual grammatical forms. So, for example, the pronunciation of a soft sound [s] in the affix - s - sya (my [s "], washed [s "b]) with the old norm (my [s"] - washed [s "b]) does not contribute any -or changes in the system of consonant phonemes of the modern Russian language. The strengthening of the new pronunciation variant of the affix - s - sya (combat [s "]) as a modern orthoepic norm brings the pronunciation closer to the spelling, which was not the case with the old pronunciation variant (combat [s]), and therefore it is quite expedient.
An example of a new pronunciation variant that introduces a change in the phonetic system of the language is the pronunciation of a long hard in place of a long soft ["]: along with [in" and], [dro" and] they pronounce in s, dro s. Strengthening the new pronunciation variant introduces a change in the phonetic system of the language, frees it from a separate element ["], organically unrelated to the system of consonants as a whole. Such a replacement makes the phonetic system of the modern Russian language more consistent and complete and serves as an example of its improvement.
The given examples show that the new pronunciation options are unequal. If they improve the pronunciation system, give it more consistency, then they turn out to be viable and have a basis for fixing as an orthoepic norm. Otherwise, the pronunciation variant will gradually die out.
D.N. Ushakov’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” in four volumes played a great normalizing role in streamlining Russian pronunciation (and writing, and the formation of grammatical forms, and interpretation of the semantics of the word).
In our time, a lot of dictionaries and reference books have appeared that help clarify the phonetic appearance of a word or word form.
Two main trends in the current stage of development of orthoepic norms should be noted:
the desire to simplify difficult orthoepic rules;
convergence of pronunciation with spelling (of course, this does not apply to the basic pronunciation norms, but only applies to some cases).
2.Styles of pronunciation
Pronunciation styles are associated with stylistic relationships in vocabulary; in a certain respect they are derived from lexical styles. The entire vocabulary of the modern literary Russian language (SLRL) is distributed among separate stylistically matched categories. Style in vocabulary is an evaluative category: some additional evaluations are superimposed on the lexical meanings of a word. Words that are stylistically correlated are characterized by the fact that their lexical meaning is completely identical; in this sense they are genuinely synonymous. For functional words, the stylistic opposition is clearly not associated with a different assessment of what is called. Obviously, the meaning of stylistic oppositions is not in different assessments of what is called. The assessment given by stylistic oppositions in the vocabulary refers not to what is contained in the word, but to the word itself, to speech itself.
There are three groups of words:
a) words of rare speech situations: they form a solemn style;
b) words of frequent speech situations: they create a "reduced" style, the style of everyday speech (this is not a negative assessment at all: in certain speech situations, only such a style is appropriate and only it is the most desirable);
c) words that are not associated with a certain way qualified situations: these are words of any situations; they are stylistically neutral and form a neutral language style.
So, all words are divided into:
A) words that are not assigned to situations of a certain frequency;
B) words assigned to situations of a certain frequency; the latter are divided into: B 1 - words of frequent situations and B 2 - words of rare situations.
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