Adverbs. Dialect groups

Russian language and its dialects. Features of the South Russian dialect.

Southern, or Oryol, group of dialects. Middle Russian dialects.

"Peoples of the European part of the USSR".

vol 1. Moscow, Nauka-1964.

Dialects of the Russian language (clickable).

The modern Russian language is complex in its structure. in oral and writing in a highly developed normalized form (literary language), the language of science, the language fiction, business language etc. One of the types oral speech- colloquial speech - exists in the Russian language both in a literary processed form, and in less normalized forms characteristic of the nationwide colloquial speech. In the latter, in turn, there are various social varieties (professional languages, jargons, etc.) and territorial varieties - dialects, or folk dialects, which represent a very significant ethnographic feature of the population of various localities.

The territorial dialects of the Russian language are manifested mainly in the colloquial speech of the rural population and, to some extent, in the speech of the townspeople. Russian territorial dialects in our time are losing their specific features. This process, which began a long time ago, in connection with the movement of the population within the country. carriers traditional features folk dialects are now mainly older generations of the rural population. Most of the dialectal differences are usually associated with those eras when the integrity of this nationality, its territorial and social structure, did not yet exist or was violated. generality.

In the history of the East Slavic languages, these differences began to emerge in the early medieval period, under the conditions of the existence of separate East Slavic tribes. However, most of the dialectal differences emerged in Russian in the late Middle Ages. The oldest written monuments testify that the Novgorod dialect of the 11th-12th centuries. "clatter" was already characteristic, which was absent in Kyiv land, where the dialect was close to the Balkan group. To the same or earlier time, a difference in sound quality is erected -G-(plosive or fricative formation) and some other dialect differences.

In the Old Russian language, dialect zones are distinguished in the general picture: southwestern (Kyiv and Galician-Volyn dialects), western (Smolensk and Polotsk dialects), southeastern (Kursk-Chernigov-Oryol-Ryazan dialects), northwestern (Novgorod and Pskov dialects), northeastern (Rostov-Suzdal dialects) Sometimes the northern zone (Yaroslavl and Kostroma dialects) is distinguished, formed as a result of the "imposition" on the northwestern dialects of the northeastern, as well as southeastern and southwestern dialects.

Old Russian dialect differences do not always coincide with modern East Slavic ones. For example, in the Old Russian language there was no "akanya", which has been noted since the 14th century ( although the question of its possible occurrence in an earlier historical period not finally resolved).

"Clicking", on the contrary, has existed since very ancient times - an example is the Old Novgorod and Old Pskov dialects. Very ancient is the opposition between stop [g][g] in northern dialects and fricative [h] in southern ones. Nasal vowels (õ, ẽ) in Old Russian were lost in the pre-literate period. In the XII-XIII centuries Old Russian language underwent a radical restructuring due to the fall of the reduced vowels (ъ, ь). The adoption of writing also influenced the Russian language - Church Slavonic chronicles (from which Russian literature later developed back in the 16th-17th centuries) - there is a dialect of the South Bulgarian - Thessalonica language with separate elements of Greek borrowings.

The reasons for the formation of dialect differences could be of an internal order (new formations resulting from internal development dialects in the conditions of the Middle Ages), and external (for example, outside influence or assimilation of a foreign-speaking population). During the formation of the Russian centralized state, which united more and more Russian lands, the mutual influence of dialects increased.

Selection dialect groups is based mainly on dialectal differences in phonetics and morphology. The syntactic differences in the dialects of the modern Russian language lie in the fact that individual dialects are characterized by special patterns of phrases, sentences or special meanings any models that are understandable, but uncommon in others.

If you put the isoglosses of all dialect differences on one map, the entire territory of the distribution of the Russian language will be cut by isoglosses going in different directions. This does not mean that groupings of dialects representing dialectal units do not exist at all. A northerner can be easily recognized by the “reprimand on about”, a resident southern regions- by his special pronunciation of sound - G- (the so-called g fricative) or soft pronunciation -t- in verb endings. According to the totality of features, one can also distinguish the inhabitants of the Ryazan region. from a resident of Orlovskaya, Tulyak from Smolyanin, Novogorodets from Vologda, and so on.

The dialectal units of the Russian language do not, as a rule, have clearly defined boundaries, but are determined by zones of isogloss bundles. Only when any one phenomenon is recognized as an obligatory feature of an adverb, such as, for example, okanye for the Northern Russian dialect, can we draw a clear border of the adverb in accordance with the isogloss of okanye. Akanye is a sign of both Central Russian dialects, and partly of the South Russian dialect, and - G- explosive ( common feature Northern Russian dialects) is also characteristic of most Central Russian dialects.

In Russian, two main dialects are distinguished: North Russian and South Russian, and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them.

The Northern Russian dialect is typical for the northern and eastern regions of the European part of the country. southern border it runs from west to southeast along the line Pskovskoe lake - Porkhov-Demyansk; then it departs north from Vyshny Volochek, then turns south and east and passes through Tver - Klin - Zagorsk - Yegorievsk - Gus-Khrustalny, between Melenki and Kasimov, south of Murom, Ardatov and Arzamas, through Sergach and Kurmysh, turns sharply to the south a little east of Penza and goes to the Volga north of Samara.

The South Russian dialect borders in the southwest with Ukrainian, in the west - with Belarusian. The boundary of its distribution can be outlined along the northern limits of the Smolensk region; east of Sychevka, it turns southeast, passes west of Mozhaisk and Vereya, then goes through Borovsk, Podolsk and Kolomna northeast Ryazan, through Spassk-Ryazansky, north of Shatsk, between Kerensky (Vadinsky) and Nizhny Lomov, east of Chembar and Serdobsk, through Atkarsk, to Kamyshin along the Volga, and then south of Volgograd, entering the North Caucasus.

The South Russian dialect is distinguished by a complex of such features as akanye, fricative -G -(- h- ), soft -t - in 3rd person endings of verbs ( he sit,they listen), forms: me, you, yourself- in the genitive-accusative case. In the vast majority of South Russian dialects there is no clatter. South Russian dialects are also characterized by the ending -mi- in creativity. pad. pl. h. nouns ( plowed).

The dialects of the South Russian dialect are divided into four groups. The grouping is based on the most tricky trait South Russian dialects - typeyakanya. Its essence lies in the fact that in the first pre-stressed syllable, sounds in place of letters -e-(including the old b) and -I- do not differ, and in certain cases, in place of all these letters, a sound is pronounced -I-:syalo,spot,varsts,weasels.

The southern, or Oryol, group covers the dialects of the southwestern part of the Tula region, the Oryol region, the eastern half of the Bryansk, Belgorod, Kursk regions, the west of the Voronezh regions, as well as dialects along the lower reaches of the Don and in the North Caucasus.

It is characterized by the so-called dissimilative yak- a type of vocalism in which there is a replacement of vowels -e- or -I- in a pre-stressed syllable to a vowel opposite in rise to the vowel that is stressed in the syllable: sister,- but sister,simya, - but samyu,syami,cry, - but I dance,dance etc.

dissimilative yak is represented by many subtypes resulting from the fact that various substressed mid vowels, which are pronounced in place of letters -about- and -e-, act on pre-stressed vowels in some cases as high vowels, in others - as low vowels. This group is characterized -u- on the spot -in- before a consonant and at the end of a word: lauca,drow - instead of bench, firewood. Some dialects have sounds -o^- and -e^-(or diphthongs): will, cow, bread etc.

The Tula group is represented by the dialects of most of the Tula region, some areas of the Kaluga, Moscow and Ryazan regions. In Tula dialects, the so-called moderate yak. They say there: sistra,byada,syalo,piasok,varsts and so on, but family,trityak,plans are accepted, family,ribina, i.e. always pronounced before a hard consonant -a- in place of vowels -e- or -I-, and before soft in place of the same letters they pronounce -and-. In most dialects of the Tula group -in- always pronounced as in a literary language.

The Eastern, or Ryazan, group of dialects occupies the territory of the Ryazan region, south of the Oka, Tambov and Voronezh region(excluding western regions). The same group includes the South Russian dialects of the Penza, Saratov regions, as well as some areas of the Volgograd region.

The dialects of this group are characterized by the so-called assimilative-dissimilative type, which differs from dissimilative yakanya the fact that in all words with a substressed -a- vowels in place of letters -e- or -I- in a prestressed syllable are replaced by a vowel -a-. Thus, in the pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters -e- or -I- in the vast majority of cases they pronounce a vowel -a-, and only if there are letters -e- or -about- in a stressed syllable, a vowel can be pronounced in a pre-stressed syllable -and-:village,turquoise,by force etc. In some part of the Ryazan dialects, vowels are stressed -about- and -e^-, or -woo-,-ie-; in many Ryazan dialects they say: oats, flax, brought, -but not oats, flax, brought.

The Western group of dialects of the South Russian dialect occupies Smolensk region, the western half of the Bryansk and western regions Kaluga regions. It is typical for her dissimilative akanye and yak"zhizdrinsky", or Belarusian type, in which in a syllable before stress in place of letters -e- or -I- the sound is pronounced and- if the vowel is stressed - a-; in all other cases, the sound is pronounced -a- : sister,prila,rica,tilat,tweet,glancing, - but sister,sistroy,to the sister,at the sistry,spinning,at the Ryaki,calf, girl. On site -in- before a consonant and at the end of a word in these dialects, as well as in dialects southern group, pronounced -u-; the same sound is pronounced on the spot - l- in words like: long, wolf, and in past tense verbs male: dougo(for a long time), wok(wolf), dhow(giving or giving), etc.

This group is also characterized by some features that unite it with part of the western group of the Northern Russian dialect and with Pskov dialects: these are the form of names, pad. pl. h. personal pronouns of the 3rd person on -s-(ony, yen), verb forms: rinse,rinse- instead of: rinse,rinse and so on, form: to the sister instead of: to the sister.

The South Russian dialect is characterized by some other features that are not related to individual groups, and available in different parts dialects of this adverb: mitigation -to- after soft consonants ( Vanka,hostess), which is also characteristic of the dialects of the Vologda-Kirov group; replacement -f- on the -X- or -hv-:sarakhvan,kokhta, the ending -oho- in genitive case adjectives and pronouns (a feature also found in some dialects of the Northern Russian dialect); agreement of neuter nouns with adjectives in feminine: my dress,big bucket.

Central Russian dialects, occupying the territory between the North Russian and South Russian dialects, are characterized by a combination of akanya with North Russian features. By origin, these are mainly northern Russian dialects that have lost their okan and have adopted some features of the southern dialects.

The penetration of some South Russian phenomena to the north and North Russian to the south also occurs outside the boundaries of the Central Russian dialects proper. In particular, in the Vladimir-Volga group, a significant number of South Russian forms penetrate. On the other hand, dialectal units identified by one phenomenon are often violated by others. which characterize only part of the dialects of a given dialect and at the same time can combine these dialects with dialects of any other dialects.

For example, the western and partly Olonets groups of dialects of the Northern Russian dialect according to the forms of 3rd person pronouns - th he-,- th ena- and -th eno- are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of other Central Russian dialects, and simultaneously with the dialects of the western and southern, or Oryol, groups of the South Russian dialect.

The Oryol and Western groups of the South Russian dialect on the basis of hard labial consonants at the end of a word in accordance with soft labials in other dialects and in the literary language ( sam, dove instead of seven, dove), are combined with the Pskov subgroup and part of the western subgroup of the Central Russian dialects and with almost the entire Northern Russian dialect (excluding the Vladimir-Volga dialects, and some dialects of the Vologda-Vyatka group).

At the junction of the western, Tula, and southern groups of the South Russian dialect, a peculiar and very heterogeneous territory stands out. Within its boundaries are the dialects of the Kaluga Polissya with a closed -o^- and -e^- or diphthongs in place of vowels -about- and -e-(voila-will,myera-measure), and strong stretching of various unstressed vowels.

To the northeast and east of the Kaluga Polissya there are dialects in which they pronounce: shai- instead of tea,Kurisa- instead of hen, as in a large part of the dialects of the southern group. In all these dialects they will say: I walk, - but not I go,love, - but not I love, which is also observed in the dialects of the southern group.

Consideration of the features of the dialect difference in the Russian language is directly related to the subject of individual differences that exist within the historical and cultural groups of the Russian people.

Historical and cultural groups of the Russian people.

Features in material culture The populations of the southern and northern regions are noted by archaeologists as early as the ancient East Slavic tribes. Differences arose as a result of assimilation Eastern Slavs foreign-speaking non-Slavic population of Eastern Europe in the X-XIII centuries. and in the process of resettlement of Russians and the entry into their composition of representatives of other nationalities in more late time(XVI-XVII centuries and later). Peculiar historical and cultural groups arose as a result of various migrations from one region to another, the formation of a military population on the borders of the state (Cossacks, single palaces, etc.).

According to ethnographic and dialectological features, the most noticeable difference is Russian population northern and southern regions. Between them there is a wide transition zone.

The characteristic northern Russian features of culture and life and the northern “surrounding” dialect can be traced in the territory approximately from the Volkhov river basin in the west to the river. Mezen and upper reaches of the Kama and Vyatka in the east (i.e. Novgorod region, Karelia, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, part of Tver, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod and other regions).

South Russian features in the culture, life of the population and the southern "akaya" dialect prevail in the territory from the basin of the river. Gums in the west to the Penza region. in the east and approximately from the Oka in the north to the Khopra basin and the middle Don in the south ( most of Ryazan, Penza, Kaluga regions, Tula, Tambov, Lipetsk, Oryol, Kursk, etc.). There are also ethnographic differences between north and south in the types of rural settlements and buildings.

The Central Russian group is, as it were, a link between the northern and southern Russian populations. Its material and spiritual culture combines northern and southern features. On the other hand, many local characteristics(in clothes, buildings, customs) became widespread in the north and south.

In the southern Russian regions. into a single ethnographicpopulation array interspersed with small groups of relatively latealiens from the central and western regions. Some of them are descendantsformer military population lower class(shooters,gunners, Cossacks, etc.) - settled along the line of guard fortifications in the XVI-XVII centuries. to protect the state border from nomad raids(subsequently, the bulk of this population became part of the odnodvortsy, "peasants of the quarter right").

Among the later settlers were peasants who went to the "steppe" after its "pacification", as well as peasants resettled by landowners from other regions. All these groups in the recent past were clearly distinguished from each other by ethnographic features, especially by clothing. Women from the local indigenous population wore a pony and horned kitchka, odnodvorki - a striped skirt or a sundress and a kokoshnik, etc.

In the west of the South Russian territory (in the basin of the Desna and the Seim) lives a population called polehi in its culture, in addition to the main South Russian features, there is a significant commonality with the Belarusians, and partly with the Lithuanians. Apparently, a group adjoins the fields Goryunov living in Ukraine (according to the old administrative division in the former Putivl district of the Kursk province.). In the Kursk region there is a group of the population called Sayans, which differs in some features in language and life.

In the east of the South Russian territory in the basin of the middle Oka, in the culture of the population (especially in embroidery, ornamentation, clothing, types of construction, etc.), ties with the peoples of the Volga region are strongly traced. In the Zaokskaya part (north of the Ryazan and Tambov regions), the population is known by the subname miner. It has some ethnographic features in clothing, housing and clattering dialect. Russian meshchera, apparently, developed as a result of assimilation Slavic population local - Finnish.

The population of the southeast (from the Khopra basin to the Kuban and Terek basins - mainly the former region of the Don Cossacks, East End Novorossia, Kuban, Terek regions, etc.) is territorially and historically connected with the population of the South Russian regions, but at the same time it often differs markedly from it in language, folklore, and features in housing (in the past there were differences in clothing). In general, the material and spiritual culture of the population there was not uniform due to the great diversity of the ethnic composition.

Russian dialects were of interest to many prominent Russian philologists: V. K. Trediakovsky, M. V. Lomonosov, V. I. Dahl and others. mid-nineteenth in. Academician I. I. Sreznevsky is developing a whole program for the study of the Russian language, where Special attention given to dialects. The scientist puts forward the idea of ​​linguistic mapping: "The first belonging ... of linguistic geography should be ... a map of languages, dialects and dialects, a map on which the boundaries of the linguistic diversity of peoples take the place of political, religious and all other boundaries."

It was at this time that a special branch of Russian dialectology began to stand out - linguistic geography, the essence of which is to show linguistic features on a map. And intensive linguo-geographic study of Russian dialects began later, in the 20th century.

In 1903, with the support of Academician A. A. Shakhmatov, the Moscow Dialectological Commission (MDK) was organized under Russian Academy Sciences. Its goal is to collect dialect material throughout the Russian state. Members of the IBC saw their main task in compiling a dialectological map of the Russian language. The solution of this problem was entrusted to linguists: N. N. Durnovo, N. N. Sokolov, D. N. Ushakov, who in 1915 published the “Experience of the dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe” with the appendix “Essay on Russian dialectology”.

This outstanding work provided guidance for further research dialects of the Russian language and for a long time remained the only one in domestic science experience of division of language space. Its authors revealed the borders of dialects, divided into groups of dialects, and Central Russian dialects with their subdivisions.

Fifty years later, in 1964, there appeared new map dialect articulation. It was compiled by well-known dialectologists K. F. Zakharova and V. G. Orlova as a result of a thorough analysis of the materials and maps of the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language. As already mentioned, the "Dialectological Atlas" includes only the territory of the oldest Russian settlements, where the language of the Russian nation was formed.

The new map also shows the main territorial units of the Russian language: adverbs, Central Russian dialects, groups of dialects, dialect zones. These are the basic concepts of Russian linguogeography.

Adverbs are the largest and most important dialect associations. The borders of dialects divide the entire territory into two large parts - northern and southern. The division into dialects is based on dialectal differences, which are pairwise opposed.

The following main features are inherent in the northern dialect: okane, pronunciation [r] - explosive, [t] - solid in the endings of the 3rd person singular and plural verbs.

The southern dialect characterizes akanye, the pronunciation [?] - fricative, [t '] - soft in the endings of the 3rd person singular and plural of verbs.

Central Russian dialects are located between the northern and southern dialects. They combine northern and southern features. Central Russian dialects are divided into western and eastern, okaya and okaya. Language Features Central Russian dialects are as follows: the pronunciation of [g] is explosive, [t] is solid in the endings of the 3rd person of the singular and plural verbs, in part of dialects - okane, and in part of dialects - akanye.
As already mentioned, the basis of the Russian literary language was the central Central Russian dialects, the dialects that surrounded Moscow.

Speaking about division - the division of dialects into certain divisions - it should be remembered that the division can be based on different principles, so the results are different. That is why the new map of modern dialectologists differs from the map of scientists at the beginning of the century.

Adverbs and dialect zones of the Russian language

On the Adverbs and dialect zones of the Russian language map, you can see the northern dialect (green shading), the southern dialect (pink shading) and Central Russian dialects (yellow shading).

Other areas are also marked on the map. These dialect zones are also important units of modern dialect articulation. They are shown with different shading in black. The zones may include dialects belonging to different dialects. Dialectologists suggest that the linguistic features that unite dialects into zones are the most ancient.

This map shows five of the eight identified zones, as the Atlas maps show linguistic phenomena covering precisely these zones: western, northwestern, southwestern, northeastern and southeastern.

Below we give examples in which the dialectal features typical of these zones are given.

Western zone. That ba ba is tired of barking - dchi will come from talaqi. The distribution of pronouns is characteristic that i, that e, you(in other territory - that, that, those), the words cleanup in the meaning of "collective assistance in work" (as opposed to the word help), the use of gerunds as a predicate (see cards , , ).

Northeast zone. They lay rye - they knock it with a threshing machine. Painfully good. As we clean the living, then we walk.

In this zone, the already mentioned name of the flail is used - threshed, the meaning of "very" is expressed by the adverb hurt, word zhito common in the meaning of "cereals", in contrast to other meanings of this word "rye", "oats" (see maps,,,).
Southwest zone. All the days you have come, you were big, so I’m bad, dear?.

When studying dialects, not only the features by which they differ or, on the contrary, by which they are similar, are important, but also those territories within whose boundaries a certain set of distinctive features is presented especially clearly.

There can be several principles for classifying dialects, depending on the tasks that are set.

Towards literary language all dialects are distributed according to the “center-periphery” principle: dialects “remove” from the “center” depending on how much they differ in their characteristics from the literary norm.

Depending on their origin, North Russian and South Russian dialects are distinguished with transitional Middle Russian dialects between them. If, at the same time, we take into account the opposition “East-West”, which is equally important in a historical sense, then this principle of classification will coincide with the previous one, because in the “center” there will again be dialects especially close to the literary language that formed its basis.

Historically, according to the nature of distribution, Russian dialects are divided into indigenous (“mother”) dialects, which are common in the central regions of Eastern Europe, and “new” dialects, i.e. dialects of new territories of settlement. “New” dialects in some of their features may be more archaic than maternal ones; their study does a lot to recreate the past stages in the development of Russian dialects, however, in the classification of dialects by territory, such dialects are usually not taken into account. For example, the Pomor group of dialects, the northernmost in the North Russian dialect, sometimes does not stand out as an independent one, although the settlement of the coasts by the Slavs northern seas began in the 11th century, i.e., even before the formation in the 15th century of stable dialect regions that have survived to this day.

According to the distinctive features of the language, groups of dialects are united regardless of the territory of settlement - this is the basic principle of classifying dialects adopted in dialectology. Its advantage is that, depending on the features underlying the classification, the dialect can be represented both as the dialect of a separate village, and as a group of neighboring dialects, and as an independent dialect. The disadvantage of this principle is that on the map the isoglosses of each separate phenomenon turn out to be bizarrely intertwined and form a chain of random and historically mobile boundaries, seemingly irreducible into a system. In this case, all other principles of classification "help" and, above all, the historical one.

The sequence in the construction of the classification is determined by the known sum of features selected for this.

A dialect is the smallest unit of a dialect that is homogeneous in terms of speech features. common territory distribution in the same ethnic sphere. "Talk" is at the same time the most vague term in meaning: depending on the quantity and quality of distinctive features, one can describe the dialect of one person, the dialect of one village, and in general the "dialect" of all Russians. Therefore, we very conditionally recognize the specific dialect system “local speech” as “dialect” in all its features, both distinctive and common to the Russian language. A speech is the most real unit of dialect articulation.

A group of dialects is a larger unit, and the larger such a group is over the territory of distribution of dialects, the less signs distinguish it from all the others. At each separate stage in the development of dialects, it is the groups of dialects that have the property of representing real-life dialect complexes defined by total amount features and at the same time reflecting the language system.

The adverb is the largest unit of dialect articulation; it is determined by linguistic cultural and historical features delimitation of dialects and in the narrow sense of the word actually means “dialect” (in the broad sense, the dialect is opposed to the literary norm).

In the Russian language, two main dialects are distinguished - North Russian and South Russian and a strip of Central Russian dialects between them. Central Russian dialects are characterized by a combination of akanya with northern Russian features. By origin, these are mainly northern Russian dialects that have lost their edge and have adopted some features of the southern dialects. Central Russian dialects developed as a result of intensive inter-dialect contacts on the territory of the historical central regions of the Russian state. It was these dialects that formed the basis of the national Russian language. Within these three main groups (two dialects and Central Russian dialects), groups and subgroups of dialects are distinguished: northern dialect: Ladoga-Tikhvin Vologda Kostroma; Central Russian dialects: Pskov Vladimir-Volga; southern dialect: Kursk-Oryol Ryazan.

The northern and southern dialects differ in a complex of linguistic differences (phonetic morphological lexical) that form two-term oppositions. The main ones are:

Northern dialect: distinguishing non-upper vowels after hard consonants in unstressed syllables (okanye); Southern dialect: indistinguishability of non-high vowels after hard consonants in unstressed syllables.

Akanye - indistinguishability of o and a, okanie - distinction of o and a.

• (no) catfish (I) myself) [herself]
• (no) catfish (I) sama > [soma]> [sama]

water (flowers) shoot (from a cannon)) [fell "lit"]

water (flowers) > [floor "it"] burn > [fell "it"]

Northern dialect: stop formation of the phoneme r and its pronunciation as k at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant; Southern dialect: fricative formation of the phoneme r and its pronunciation as 1 a at the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant as [x]. Northern adverb: absence of j in intervocalic2 position (del[ae]t de[aa]t or del[a]t); Southern dialect: Preservation of the intervocalic j (does). Northern dialect: forms of the genus. and wine. cases of personal and reflexive pronouns me you yourself; Southern dialect: forms of the genus. and wine. cases of personal and reflexive pronouns me to you; Northern dialect: solid t in the forms of 3 l. units hours and more hours of verbs (wear wear); Southern dialect: soft tone in the forms of 3 liters. units and many others. h. verbs (he wear they wear); Northern dialect: the presence of consistent postpositive particles -ot -ta -tu -te -ty -ti (hut-ta); Southern dialect: no consistent postpositive particles.

ADVERBS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The Northern and Southern dialects are distinguished by a complex of dialectal phenomena, the isoglosses of which end in different ways in Central Russian dialects. The territories of dialects are delimited from the territory of Central Russian dialects by the complete combination of the complex of dialect phenomena inherent in each of the dialects.

NORTHERN DIRECTION OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Dialectal features of the Northern dialect. Northern dialect covers following groups dialects: Ladoga-Tikhvinskaya, Vologda, Kostroma, Arkhangelsk (Pomorskaya), and also includes interzonal dialects with the Onega group that stands out on their territory.

On the basis of two-term corresponding phenomena, the Northern dialect is characterized by the following dialect features.

1. Phonetic phenomena:

Distinguishing non-overhead vowels in all unstressed syllables, i.e. full okanye - the basic principle of the structure of unstressed vocalism.

Lack of sound in place /j/ in intervocalic position in a number of forms of verbs and adjectives; assimilation and contraction in the resulting combinations of vowels: a) in verb forms with a combination of aje: del [ae] t, del [aa] t, del [a] t; zn[ae]t, zn[aa]t, zn[a]t; b) in the forms of adjectives with combinations of o / a, y / y, s / e, and / e: new [aa \, ndv [a], young [aa], young [a); job [yy], ndv [y], young [yy], young [y]; ndv[s], young[s], son[s];

2. Grammar phenomena:

Unstressed ending-a for neuter nouns with a solid stem in them. n. pl. hours: spots, windows;

Forms to them. n. pl. h. nouns such as wolf, thief, walnut with an accent based on: wolves, thieves, nuts;

General form for dates. and creativity. n. pl. hours of nouns and adjectives in most dialects: to empty buckets- with empty buckets, to clean hands- with clean hands;

Distinguishing vowels in personal unstressed endings of verbs of the 3rd l. pl. parts I and II ref.: iish [ut], col ["ut] - breathe [at], iosrat].

On the basis of polynomial and non-opposite corresponding phenomena, the Northern dialect is characterized by the following dialect features.

1. Phonetic phenomena:

The possibility of pronouncing the vowel [and] before soft consonants in accordance with the phoneme /yat/ both under stress and in the pre-stressed syllable: in l[y]se, b[y] lazy; sound [and] rye, b[and] fly;

The possibility of pronouncing [o] in accordance with /o/ after soft consonants before hard ones in the first pre-stressed syllable is yokane; at the same time, [o] is absent in the personal forms of verbs such as carry and bake: [s"o]stra and [s"e]stra, s[v"o]blood and s[v"e]krdv, but [n"e ] su, [in "e] dut, [n "e] ku, etc.;

Striking yokan: take out ["o] s, bud ["o] t, 6z ["o] ro, pdl ["o].

2. Grammar phenomena:

Plural forms. h. nouns husband. r., denoting the degree of kinship, with the suffix ~ ov) -1-ev) -\ brothers, sons-in-law, uncles;

The presence of a grammatically consistent postpositive particle: -from, -ta, -tu, -te (or -you, -ti): ddm-ot, wife-ta, ddch-tu, izby-te or izby-you, izby-ty.

SOUTHERN DIRECTION OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Dialectal features of the Southern dialect. In the Southern dialect, the following groups of dialects are distinguished: Western, Upper Dnieper, Upper Desninskaya, Kursk-Orlovskaya, Eastern (Ryazanskaya), Donskaya, as well as interzonal dialects of type A and type B. Within the latter, the following are distinguished: Tula group, Yelets dialects and Oskol dialects.

On the basis of two-term corresponding phenomena, the Southern dialect is characterized by the following dialectal features.

1. Phonetic phenomena:

Various types indistinguishability of non-upper vowels after hard and soft consonants in all unstressed syllables;

The slotted sound [y] in accordance with the voiced back-lingual phoneme and its alternation with [x] at the end of the word and before the deaf consonant: but [\) a - but [x], take [y] us - take [x] sya;

2. Grammar phenomena:

The ending -e in the form genus. p. units h. nouns wives. R. 1st cl. with a solid foundation: from his wife, from work (more often with the preposition y);

Unstressed ending -i (s) in them. n. pl. h. nouns cf. R.: spots, dkny;

Form them. n. pl. h. nouns such as wolf, walnut with an accent on the ending: wolves, thieves, nuts;

The coincidence of endings in -e for personal and reflexive pronouns in the forms of gender. - wine and dates. - suggestion p. units h. when distinguishing their foundations: genus. - wine n. for me, for you, for yourself; dates - suggestion p. me or me, tobe, sobe;

The final phoneme /t "/, if it is present at the end of the 3rd l. unit and plural: carry [t \, carry [t], hddi [t"], walking [t"];

On the basis of polynomial and non-opposite corresponding phenomena, the Southern dialect is characterized by the following dialectal features.

Phonetic phenomena: different types yakanya.

Grammar phenomena:

1) the declension of the word path, referring to the husband. r., by product type
dative declension of nouns of this kind: way, way, way;

word form gate - them. P.;

the formation of personal forms of the verb to lie down from the stem lie-: lie-zhu, lie down, lie down. The form imperative mood- lie down;

infinitives like carry, weave, it or go according to carry, weave, go.

DIALECT ZONES

The complexes of phenomena characteristic of each dialect zone are different in the number of phenomena and in their connection with different aspects of the language.

Eight dialect zones have been identified: Western, Northern, Northwestern, Northeastern, Southern, Southwestern, Southeastern, and Central.

§ 172. Western dialect zone. The isoglosses of this zone cross from north to south the territory of the Northern dialect (covering the Ladoga-Tikhvin and Onega groups), the Western Central Russian dialects and the territory of the Southern dialect (its Western, Upper Dnieper and Upper Desnin groups).

The dialect complex of the Western zone includes the following phenomena.

Forms of the pronoun 3rd l. with the initial phoneme /j/: /"he, less often: yen, yens.

An exceptional distribution of constructions with the preposition s or z like climbed out of the pit, came from Moscow in accordance with the constructions with the preposition from.

§ 173. Northern dialect zone. It covers almost the entire Northern dialect, except for its southeastern part (i.e., except for the Kostroma group), and a significant part of the Western Central Russian dialects. It is characterized by the following phenomena.

impersonal proposals with the main member - a passive participle and an addition in the form of wines. p .: all the potatoes are eaten.

The combination of the preposition past with wine. n. noun: drive past the forest.

§ 174. The North-Western dialect zone covers the Ladoga-Tikhvin and Onega groups of dialects of the Northern dialect, as well as Western Central Russian dialects. It is characterized by the following phenomena.

Double consonant [nn], [n "n"] in accordance with the days: la [nn] o (okay), ro [n "n"] I (relatives). (Absent in Onega dialects.)

Forms of the verb to be: yeste, ye.

§ 175. The North-Eastern dialect zone covers the Vologda and Kostroma groups of the Northern dialect, as well as partially Eastern Central Russian dialects. It is characterized by the following phenomena.

Form them. n. pl. h. pronouns of the 3rd l. one.

The use of the preposition po s vin. n. inanimate and animate nouns in constructions with target value I went for nuts, I went for an ax, I went for my grandmother.

§ 176. The southern dialect zone covers the dialects of the Southern dialect, except for the Tula group, its individual phenomena are also absent in the Oryol and Kursk dialects and even more southern ones. It is characterized by the following phenomena.

Various types of dissimilative, moderately dissimilative and assimilative-dissimilative yakanya.

Ending -th with the sound [y] for adjectives and pronouns in gender. p. units h. husband and cf. p .: nbvo [y] oh, my [y] b.

§ 177. Southwestern dialect zone. Some phenomena from its complex cover the Western, Upper Desninskaya and Upper Dnieper groups of the Southern dialect (the bunch of isoglosses of these phenomena coincides in the territory of the Southern dialect with the bunch of isoglosses of the Western dialect zone); other phenomena also cover the Kursk-Oryol group.

The phenomena of a narrower territory (of the first type) of the dialect zone include the following.

Replacing the preposition y, as well as the initial vowel y with the consonant in: in us, in the sisters, vcheitel (with us, with the sister, teacher).

Stress on the basis in the past tense forms of verbs for women. R.: took, called, weaved, lied, slept, and also died.

For phenomena more widespread(of the second type) characteristic.

Suggestion forms. p. units hours of nouns with the ending -y type on a bull, with a landowner, on a table.

Wine forms. p. units h. with an accent on the ending of nouns for women. R. such as arm, leg, mountain, water, harrow, side.

§ 178. The South-Eastern dialect zone covers the Kursk-Orlovskaya, Eastern and Don groups of the Southern dialect. It is characterized by the following phenomena.

Wine forms. p. units hours of the words mother, daughter with the suffix -er "- and the ending -y: mother, daughter.

The stressed vowel [o] in the present tense forms of the verb to drag: thin, tdshit, etc.

The stressed vowel [a] in the present tense forms of the verb to catch: you love, love, etc.

GROUPS OF SPEAK

Dialect groups are specific territorial varieties of the Russian language. They combine the dialectal features of adverbs, dialectal zones and their own, often representing a kind of phenomenon of a wider distribution. It is in groups of dialects that these dialectal phenomena are structurally connected with other aspects of the language into a single system.

The boundaries between groups of dialects are always represented by bundles of isoglosses. On the map, they are conditionally given by lines indicating the limits of the distribution of features that are significant for the dialect system, of which the systems of pre-percussive vocalism have the greatest weight.

GROUPS OF PLANTS OF THE NORTHERN DIRECTION

§ 179. Ladoga-Tikhvin group.

pronunciation in individual words[and] in place ~ё under stress not only before soft consonants, but also before hard ones: bread, white, beast, white.

The system for distinguishing non-upper vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants with [and] in place of b type: [v "os] on, in [l" is] z>, [n" at] a "k - [v" is "] not, [l "is"] nshs, [n "at"] s or type [v" eu] "a, in [l" is] y, [n" at] a7s - [v "eu"] I

Pronunciation of [and] in accordance with b in inflections and at the end of a word: y

§ 180. Vologda group.

Alternating [v] before vowels with [w] at the end of a word and before a consonant: tra [v] a - tra \ w], tra [w] ka.

8. Postfixes -s "e, -s" o in the forms of reflexive verbs: washed-
[s"e] or washed [s"o], you will die [s"e] or you will wash [s"o].

§ 181. Kostroma group.

Pronunciation [pl] in accordance with vn in a lexically unlimited circle of words: damnd, deremnya, mnuk.

Infinitives of back language verbs such as pekchy, guard-chy, tekchy.

§ 182. The Arkhangelsk (Pomorskaya) group of dialects is located outside the territory mapped in the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language. It is highlighted on the dialectological map of the Russian language in Europe in 1914 and is not shown on the dialectological map of the Russian language in 1964. It is characterized by the following features.

The ending is after ts in nouns of the 2nd cl. genus. n. pl. hours: cucumber, father, hare, saucer.

The vowel [e] in the postfix of reflexive verbs: boyalse, took it, baby.

§ 183. Interzonal dialects of the Northern dialect. Onega group. Interzonal dialects of the Northern dialect are divided into the Onega group, Lach and Belozersko-Bezhetsky dialects.

In interzonal dialects, all the features characteristic of the Northern dialect zone are noted. Most interzonal dialects are characterized by forms of the 2nd l. units h. yesb, yesb from the verbs give, eat. In the northern part of these dialects, the ending genus is common. p. units h. husband and cf. R. adjectives and pronouns with [y] and with the loss of a consonant: new [ouo], sin ["ouo], k [ouj]; ndv [oo], syn [" oo], k [oo].

For the Onega group are characteristic.

Forms on -it without softening the previous consonant of nouns of the 1st cl. creative p. units h - with sisters; adjectives and pronouns have husband. R. them. p. units hours: young (less often young), takei; in indirect cases singular. h. wives. R. adjectives and pronouns: to young, to tey, from one.

Creative form. n. pl. h. names with the ending -ama for nouns and -ima for adjectives: with thin hands.

SOUTHERN TALENT GROUPS

§ 184. Western group.

Word form them. p. units h. husband R. demonstrative pronoun tey.

The combination of numerals two, three, four with the forms of them. n. pl. h. nouns husband. R.: two men, three tables.

Interrogative particle ty.

§ 185. Upper Dnieper group. A distinctive feature of this group is a dissimilative-moderate yak, in which [a] is pronounced before groups of consonants with the first hard and final soft: k s ["a] stryo, p[" a \ kly.

§ 186. Upper Desna group.

The pronunciation of [and] in accordance with /o/ at the beginning of the word: itets, ibedat, ina, ipyat, itopry or the absence of the initial vowel: tets, bedat.

Generalization of consonants in the basis of the present tense of verbs II ref.: vi [zh "] y, prd [s"] y, lyu.

§ 187. Kursk-Oryol group.

Pronunciation [w "] in place n: [w "] oh, ho [w "] _y, io [w "], do-[w"] ka.

Progressive softening [k] after paired soft consonants and /) /, but not after h - [w "]: bath [k"] I, tea [k"] yu, but before [w "k] o, dd [h "k/a.

§ 188. Eastern (Ryazan) group.

The absence of the transition [e] to [o] before solid consonants in separate words: sv [e] kor, s [s] str, kot [e] nok and in personal endings of verbs: nest.

Pronunciation of the word brother-in-law with the vowel [and]: d[y] believe.

§ 189. The Don group is not highlighted on the Dialectological Map of 1964, almost all of it is outside the territory mapped in the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language, and is located along the Don and its tributaries Khopra, Medveditsa, etc. in the Volgograd and Rostov regions.

The phoneme /o/ in the roots of the words you speak, dory, cat, sit down, get off.

Features in the phonemic composition of some words: soft consonants in the word dirya (hole), /r "/ in words like coma[r"], nut[r"6], /l"/ in the word dup[l"6], / in "/ in the word [in"] isdky, / in / in the word [in] the height.

Preposition with instead of from: unloaded from a barge, arrived from Volgograd, they are from Moscow.

§ 190. Interzonal dialects of the Southern dialect. There are two types of interzonal dialects: type A and type B.

Interzonal dialects of type A. The specificity of these dialects is that they are located at the junction of the isoglosses of the South-Western, Western and South-Eastern dialect zones, as well as the Verkhne-Desninskaya and Kursk-Oryol groups of dialects, the isoglosses of which either completely cover them, or exclude them from their complex, then pass through the middle of them.

Among the phenomena that are characteristic only for these dialects are:

Replacement cases cf. R. on husband. R.: such milk, big box.

Lack of mitigation of back-lingual consonants in adjective stems before inflection starting with a front vowel: in oblique cases of women. R. - at plo[\e]th; in many h. - bad [hy] e, thin [ky] e; bad[hy]x, bad[hy]m, etc.

In the interzonal dialects of type B, the following are distinguished: the Tula group, the Yelets and Oskol dialects. All of them share most of the features of the South-Eastern dialect zone. In addition, bundles of isoglosses of the widest phenomena of the Southwestern zone, phenomena of the Kursk-Oryol and Eastern groups of dialects pass through their territory in different ways.

Interzonal dialects of type B also have specific features. These include the following.

The presence of verb forms of the 3rd l. without the final -t, among which the most common in this territory are the forms of units. hours of verbs I ref.: he carried ["6], as well as singular forms of verbs of general conjugation with stress on the basis: he did [ia], he loves ["a]. In some dialects without a final -t, there are plural forms. part of verbs II ref.: they are sitting.

Personal forms with an accented vowel [o] in the verbs to bring down and cook: vjlysh, vjrish.

The Tula group is characterized by a moderate yak.

The Yelets dialects are characterized by the Shchigrovsky type of dissimilative yakanya.

The Oskol dialects are characterized by the Oboyan type of dissimilative yakanya and the distinction between open/close

MIDDLE RUSSIAN TALICS

A wide band of dialects located between the Northern and Southern dialects is called Central Russian dialects. They are called dialects, not dialects, because they do not have their own set of dialectal features common to all of them.

All Central Russian dialects are characterized by only some dialectal phenomena that are common with the Northern or Southern dialects. These include the following.

The coincidence of vowels /a/ and /o/ after solid consonants in one sound like [e] in the second pre-stressed and non-final stressed syllables: g[z]lova, s[e] sick; in city [e] de, vyd [e] whether and in sounds like [e] or [a] in stressed final syllables: city [e] d, vyd [s] l, over [s], ddm [e \\ or gdr [a] d, vyd [a] l, over [a], ddm [a] (feature of the Southern dialect).

Central Russian dialects are not homogeneous in their dialect characteristics. They are divided into western and eastern, into ok and ak, depending on what features of adverbs and dialect zones are characteristic of them. Western Central Russian dialects have a number of dialectal features of the Northern dialect and dialect zones of the North-Western, Western and Northern. Eastern Central Russian dialects as a whole are characterized by certain features of the Northern dialect, North-Eastern, South-Eastern and Central dialect zones.

In the presence of a complex of proper local dialectal phenomena within one or another division of Central Russian dialects, groups of dialects are distinguished: Gdovskaya, Pskovskaya and Vladimir-Volga. Central Russian dialects that do not have sufficiently peculiar dialect complexes are called dialects; such are the Novgorod dialects, the Seliger-Torzhkov dialects and the eastern Central Russian aka dialects, which are divided into sections A, B, C.

WESTERN MIDDLE RUSSIAN OKO DICATS

§ 191. Gdov group. It has the following phenomena.

Noun forms plural. h. wives. R. with the suffix -j "-: yamya - yam /] a /, birches, baskets, poles.

Word forms of the 2nd sheet. units including verbs to give and eat - give, eat.

§ 192. Novgorod dialects are ok. This distinguishes them from the neighboring akaya Central Russian dialects, but the Novgorod dialects do not have specific dialectal features in their composition, which does not allow them to be considered a separate group. Features of the Northern dialect are noted in them with great inconsistency.

WESTERN MIDDLE RUSSIAN AKA TALENTS

§ 193. Pskov group. Such phenomena are typical for her.

Comparative forms with the suffix -oshe: sweet.

Bases with a vowel [e] in the present tense forms of the verbs to dig and wash: reyu, meiu.

§ 194. Seligero-Torzhkov dialects do not have a single language complex. In different parts of the distribution area of ​​these dialects, there are small areas of various phenomena: strong yak (on the border with the Pskov group), hiccups on the border with dialects of the Ladoga-Tikhvin group), assimilation-moderate yak (in the southeastern part); word forms of the demonstrative pronoun. p. units h. husband R. that, them. n. pl. h. tyoi.

EASTERN MIDDLE RUSSIAN OKA DICATS

§ 195. Vladimir-Volga group

Pronunciation [sn] ([s "n"]) in place of ch in the word wheat - wheat (throughout the group) and in the words milk, scrambled eggs - mold, scrambled eggs (in the northern part of the group).

The names of berries with the basis on -ig-: earthling, brusnyga.

When characterizing the Vladimir-Volga group, it is important to note the heterogeneity of the dialects included in it.

EASTERN CENTRAL RUSSIAN AKA TALENTS

§ 196. Departments A, B, C. These dialects do not have specific dialect features, although they are not homogeneous, therefore they are divided into departments A, B, C. The features of the Southern dialect and the South-Eastern dialect zone are characteristic of these dialects to varying degrees in different departments.

Section A is characterized by moderate yak and hiccup.

For department B - squealing and hiccupping; unstressed ending -у/ in female nouns. R. creative p. units h .: stick, babui, village; the ending -e / "in the genus. p. soft. for nouns with a base on -ts: cucumber, merchant; zekanye: [d" z "]en and lisp: [s" \ eat, [z "] green.

Department B is characterized by a moderate yak; ending -oh in the genus. n. pl. hours for nouns husband. r.: domokh, kuptsdkh; contracted forms in the personal endings of verbs: umt (can), m[o]t (washes), torg[u]t (trades).

§ 197. "Chukhloma Island". On the territory of the Kostroma group of the Northern dialect, there is an area of ​​​​aking dialects, called the "Chukhloma Island". The dialects around the city of Chukhloma contain most of the dialectal features characteristic of the Northern dialect, the North-Eastern dialect zone and the Kostroma group of dialects, and some features of the Southern dialect, of which the main one is Akanye. After soft consonants, they are characterized by a dissimilative-moderate yak of a special variety, not noted in the dialects of the Southern dialect.

The Vladimir-Volga group covers all the surrounding Eastern Central Russian dialects. In addition to a number of features of the Northern and Southern dialects, the dialects of this group are characterized by most of the phenomena of the North-Eastern zone, a number of phenomena of the South-Eastern zone and all the phenomena that coincide with the literary norm, characteristic of the dialects of the Central dialect zone.

The following features are specific to this group.

1. Distinguishing vowels [o] - [e] - [a] in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants before hard ones: [n'os] y, [r'ek] I, I [r'ad] y; [e] - [a] are distinguished before soft consonants: [n’es’] th, to [r’ek’] e, p[r’ad’] “.

In the outlying parts of the territory of the Vladimir-Volga region, variants are possible in the system of pronunciation of the vowels of the first pre-stressed syllable. So, in the eastern dialects of the group (Nizhny Novgorod dialects), in a position before hard consonants, [o] is pronounced not only in accordance with /o/: [n'os].y, but also in accordance with /e/ in place i, but not in all categories of words, cf.: s [l'op] oy, d [v'on] eleven, but [l'es] a, [m'es] that, etc. In the Western dialects of the group (Tver dialects) in position before soft consonants are pronounced [and] in accordance with /o/ and /e/: [n'is']", [r'ik']th, if [and] between soft consonants in the same correspondence is known under stress : [d'in5], d[v'ir'].

2. The pronunciation of the stressed [e] in the words of the star [e] zdy, nest, in [e] dra.

3. Pronunciation [y] in accordance with /o/ in the second pre-stressed syllable at the absolute beginning of a word: drowned, drowned, cucumbers, etc.; in Tver dialects, the pronunciation [y] is also noted in the words urzhanoi, ulnyanoi, which originally did not have an initial vowel.

4. Indistinguishability of vowels /o/, /a/ and /y/ in the second pre-stressed syllable after solid consonants and their coincidence in [e]: g[z]lova, gardener, /s[e]lyad; “(Tver dialects) .

5. Pronunciation [sn] ([s’n’]) in place in the word wheaten - wheaten (throughout the group) and in the words milky, - moldy, egg (in the northern part of the group).

6. Vowel /and/ in the forms of creation. and suggestion. p. units hours and in oblique cases pl. h. adjectives and possessive pronouns: with hu [ly \ m, in hu [tsy] m, hu [ly] x; with l / o [y] l *, in my [th] m, my [th] x, but / e / in them. n. pl. hours: hu[le\i (along with thin), mo[)6].

In Nizhny Novgorod dialects, only /e/ appears in these forms: with hu[le]m, in hu[le]m, hu[le]i, hu[le]x, smo[)€\m, in mo[)6 ]m, mo, mine]x.

7. Names of berries with the basis on -ig-: earthling, brusnyga.

8. The suffix -e- after a soft hissing in the basis of the past tense in verbs of the II question: scream, scream; in Nizhny Novgorod dialects, also for verbs with a root for a hard hissing: breathe, drawl.

9. The absence of intervocalic j and the results of vowel contraction in the -aje- combination: zn[a]t, del\b\t (everywhere); in combination -ajy-: del[u]t, del[u] (not present in Nizhny Novgorod dialects); in combination -eje-: umt (marked only in Nizhny Novgorod dialects).

When characterizing the Vladimir-Volga group, it is important to note the heterogeneity of the dialects included in it. On the territory of the northern half of the group, the marginal parts of the ranges of a number of phenomena of the Northern Dialect, as well as its Kostroma group, unknown in the southern half, are widespread. Its separate parts are isolated around the cities of Tver and Nizhny Novgorod, which explains the separation of the Tver and Nizhny Novgorod subgroups of dialects within the Vladimir-Volga group.

Russian dialectology / Ed. Kasatkina L.L. - M., 2005