Popular borrowed words in Russian. Borrowing words in modern English

One of the ways to develop a modern language is the borrowing of foreign words. The development of language is always closely connected with the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in Russian are the result of contacts, relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with words and expressions that came to us from other languages, anglicisms are very common in our speech. We'll talk about them today.

Invasion of Anglicisms

Specific words and expressions that came into the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. Over the past 20-30 years, they have been rapidly penetrating the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists have started talking about a phenomenon called Anglo-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion was caused primarily by the fact that modern society open to international contacts, as well as the international status of the English language. Here are the main reasons for the massive entry of borrowings into the Russian language (in particular, from American English).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of foreign vocabulary occurs due to the lack of a corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. So, for example, English borrowings appeared in Russian such as computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, the need to express polysemantic Russian concepts with the help of a borrowed word is singled out. Examples: caravan hotel - motel, summit meeting - summit, figure skiing - freestyle, marksman - sniper, brief press conference - briefing, assassin - hitman, parking lot - parking / parking, running on short distances- sprint, decline in production - recession, retail - retail and many others.

Foreign words in Russian make it possible to increase its expressive means. Especially noticeable in last years the emergence of foreign stylistic synonyms such as service - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - girl friend, dancing - dancing, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, reception - receptionist, others

English borrowings in Russian are also due to the need for specialization of objects and concepts, therefore, many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. A significant number of foreign words from the formal / book vocabulary have Russian synonyms corresponding to them. Here is a list of such words:

emphasize - highlight;
similar - similar;
vary - change;
vulgar - rude, vulgar;
to misinform - to give false information;
to decorate - decorate;
ideal - perfect;
infectious - contagious;
memoirs - memories;
permanent - constant, continuous;
reconstruction - restoration;
elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words in Russian appeared due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the 19th century, the words gentleman, policeman came into the Russian language from English; already at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, an athlete, a champion, a yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that has the meaning of a person and a common element - "men". Gradually, the group began to replenish with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular anglicisms

In almost any field of activity, you can find words that have come to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, shops: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Roev Creek); Second hand; call center; Real comfort; Sweet Mom.

Below is a list of areas and anglicisms that are recent times are most frequently used.

Politics/economics/positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food/Clothes/Trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA-salon, supermarket, VIP-room, catering, second-hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skating rink, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step class, overtime , contest.

Art / radio / TV:

western, video clip, thriller, clipmaker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop-Art, (had)rock, rock-n-roll (l), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit parade, skinhead, weathertime, superman.

Home / life / office:

air conditioning, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roll - curtains, boulet magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, adhesive tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and Communication Technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, website, blog, emoticon.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in the languages of African peoples and peoples of other continents that were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). So, for example, in Japanese the word "cassette" sounds like tepu-rekoda from the English tape-recorder. The presence of anglicisms was also noted in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American merchants: the word "sopy" means "soap" (in English language"soap"), "manet" - "money" (in English "money").

There are adopted words in absolutely every language of the world. They come with any interaction of countries. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

In contact with

Loanword Dictionary

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries, nationalities, in a similar way, speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages significantly complements the speech, where they enter, make people closer to each other, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains borrowed words that came to Russian in different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the necessary word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, enter into speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, a sandwich), while others do not change, they are used in their original state (a vivid example of the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Borrowed words in the majority are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms are so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as alien. For example, words "school", "sugar", "activist", "banya", "artel" and others were originally brought into Russian from other dialects, only now they are taken for Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change drastically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservative, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that catches the eye even at first glance - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And in their turn came one term from Latin, meaning "preserve."

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was introduced from.

If there is no certainty whether an expression came from other languages or is native Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, which explains not only the meaning, but also the occurrence.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Borrowing language	adopted word	Semantics
	Business	Occupation, business
	Price list	price list
	Gameplay	Game process
	Diving	Swimming underwater
	Penalty	Punishment
	Blogger	Man posting online diary on internet
	parking	Parking
	Cake	Cake
Arab	Admiral	sea lord
	Score	Stock
	Robe	Honorary Outfit
ancient greek	Aristocracy	The power of the chosen
	Atheism	godlessness
	Comedy	Joyful songs
	Optics	See
	Skeleton	withered
	Telephone	far audible
	Tragedy	goat song
	Photo	light recording
	Bank	Bench
Italian	Vermicelli	Worms
	Paparazzi	Annoying mosquitoes
	Tomato	Golden Apple
Latin	gravity	severity
	Oval	Egg
	Rail	straight stick
	Soldier	Coin for military service, salary
	Stimulus	animal stick
	Pot	round cauldron
Deutsch	Mug	Bowl
	Camp	storage
	Mouthpiece	Mouth product
	Leggings	Pants for riders
	Market	Circle, square
	Prison	Tower
	Apron	front handkerchief
	Barrier	felled tree
	State	State
	Chess	Shah passed away
Persian	Shashlik	six slices
	Suitcase	Warehouse of things
	redneck	livestock
Polish	begging	Kneel
	Bouillon	Decoction
	Conductor	drive
French	Corset	Body
	Marauder	Robber
	Still life	dead nature
	Dude	Pigeon
	Masterpiece	business professional
	Floor	platform

foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words what are they?

Foreign words are adopted terms from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process in the interaction of two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions with the letter a begin extremely rarely. They start with a only interjections, imitate sounds and their derivatives.
Native Russian words do not have the letter e at the root, this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions - , interjections and formed from adopted words.
Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
Several vowels at the root of a word indicate loanwords in Russian.
Consonant combinations"kg", "kd", "gb" and "kz" in the roots of words.
Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" in the root. Originally Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-end combination.
Combinations of "vu", "mu", "kyu" and "byu" in the root.
Doubled consonants in the root.
A solid consonant sound before the vowel e, read as e.
The words, starting with the letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

Nouns that are not inflected.
Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third sign is derivational:

Prefixes of foreign origin.
Suffixes of foreign origin.
Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

Summing up, it should be noted that original Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What is borrowed, really? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages due to external (political, commercial, general cultural ties, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (the law of savings verbal means, language enrichment, popular term) reasons.

Consider examples of loanwords and their meaning.

Examples of English words

Russian term	English term	Meaning
Bodysuit	Body - body	body-hugging outfit
Jeans	Jeans - denim	This type of trousers is in the wardrobe of almost everyone.
clutch	To clutch - squeeze, grab	Small women's bag, carried in the hand
Leggings	Leggings - gaiters, leggings Leg - leg	Tight gaiters of various textures and colors have been extremely popular among fashionistas for more than one year.
Sweater	To sweat - sweat	The sweater is very warm and the origin of the name is obvious
Stretch	To stretch - stretch	Highly stretchy fabrics. The Russians transformed it into a "stretch"
Hoodie	Hood - hood	Hoodie
Shorts	Short - short	Cropped trousers
Jam	To jam - crush, squeeze	Jelly density jam
Roast beef	Roast - fried Beef - beef	Most often a piece of meat, grilled
Chips	Chips - crispy fried potatoes	One of the favorite treats of children and adults
Brand	Brand - name, brand	Popular Brand
Investor	Investor - contributor	A company or individual who invests money in projects in order to multiply the invested funds
know-how	To know - to know	A unique technology that allows you to make an exceptional product or service
Release	Release - release	Production of products such as a music disc, a book, etc.
Browser	Browse - browse	Utility for viewing sites on the Internet
A laptop	Notebook - notebook	laptop computer
Best-seller	Best - the best Seller - sold	The product that serves the best
Loser	To lose - lose, fall behind	Jonah
puzzle	puzzle	Puzzle with an impressive number of pieces
Rating	To rate - evaluate	Product awareness level
Soundtrack	sound - sound Track - track	Most often music written for a film
Thriller	Thrill - nervous trembling	A movie that can make you chill with fear

List of foreign words in Russian can be continued indefinitely. Finding out from which language the word came into speech, one can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed according to their origin.

There are many glossaries explaining what foreign language terms are. They explain, from what language some expression came. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all ages. Many expressions after a long time began to be perceived as primordially Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is " School vocabulary foreign words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes what language the word came from, what it means, and examples of usage. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out what language some word came, quite simply, having understood its original meaning. The dictionary gives a whole list of expressions, while it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, one has only to look for a word in a glossary.

English is considered one of the richest languages in the world. It contains about 200 thousand words of active vocabulary. Few languages can match it in wealth vocabulary. The reason for this is the word-formation abilities of the English language, as well as its ability to borrow words from other languages. Everyone knows that vocabulary The English language has absorbed a really huge number of words from different languages of the world, in this regard, we would really like to know from which languages the vocabulary was borrowed and, finally, from which language of the world the most words were borrowed.

When a word is borrowed from one language to another, it is very difficult to predict what fate awaits it. A word can develop a new system of meanings for it and enter into new relationships in combination with other words in the vocabulary of the borrowing language, move away from its original state and therefore cease to be felt as an alien element in the language. So, for example, it happened with the noun stomach, which, while continuing to be an anatomical term, became widely used and entered phraseological turns like to have no stomach for something (to have no taste or desire for something), haughty stomach (arrogance), etc. This process is observed in other languages as well. The influence of one language on another does not go unnoticed. This process is observed in all languages of the world, so this topic is relevant for all nations and nationalities. Of course, the language continues to expand through borrowing and borrowing contributes to the enrichment of the vocabulary of the language.

We believe that the topic of this research work is relevant for our time, because borrowing is an integral part of our modern life.

From our point of view, the main centers of attraction for new borrowings are

1. Everyday life in its domestic and cultural aspects:

Sushi, geisha, tenaki-sushi - Japanese;

Machine - French

Harem - Arabic;

Hamburger - German;

Pizza, spaghetti, macaroni - Italian.

2. Social and political life:

Glasnost, perestroika, nomenclatura - Russian;

Viking - Scandinavian;

Hara-kiri, samurai - Japanese;

Bank, balcony, umbrella - Italian.

3. Sphere of culture (literature, cinema, theater, music, painting, etc.):

Ballet - French;

Karaoke, ikebana - Japanese;

Piano, opera, sonata - Italian.

4. Scientific and technical sphere:

Mechatronics - French;

Tenaki is Japanese.

5. World of sports:

Kimono, aiki-jitsu, aikido - Japanese.

Summing up the above, it must be emphasized that without this layer it is impossible to imagine the entire body new vocabulary in English. And, of course, foreign borrowings played an important role in the development of the English language.

3. Research methods

The collection, processing, interpretation of the material, as well as the analysis of international words and the questioning of students in the knowledge of the meaning of international words, allowed us to study this topic in depth and solve the research problem.

4. Goals and objectives of the study

The goal is to explore the process of interpenetration of words in the English language in its interaction with other languages. To identify sources, motivation, scope of borrowing, expand horizons and vocabulary.

The tasks are to:

1) identify where and why the borrowed word came into English;

2) to determine what changes were caused by its appearance in the vocabulary of the English language;

3) identify international words in English and point out some discrepancies in Russian and English;

4) establish the main methods of borrowing;

5) Find out why English has a greater ability to borrow foreign words than any other language.

General characteristics of English borrowings

2. 1. The role and conditions of borrowing in vocabulary

The role of borrowings (borrowings) in different languages is not the same and depends on the specific historical conditions for the development of each language. In English, the percentage of borrowings is much higher than in many other languages, because, for historical reasons, it turned out, in contrast to many languages, to be very permeable. English, more than any other language, has the ability to borrow foreign words in conditions of direct direct contact with other languages: first in the Middle Ages from foreign invaders who succeeded each other in the British Isles, and later in the conditions of trade expansion and colonial activity of the British themselves.

Borrowings are one of the important ways of enriching the vocabulary, but not the only and not even the most important.

We are interested in where and why the borrowed word came from and how it took root in the language, how it changed its meaning and what changes its appearance in the vocabulary of the language that adopted it caused.

The largest Russian linguist of the 19th century, A. A. Potrebnya, drew attention to the creative element in the process of borrowing. “To borrow,” he said, “means to take in order, perhaps, to contribute more to the treasury of human culture than you receive.”

A borrowed word usually takes on one or more meanings of words closest to it, already existing in the language. In this case, some secondary value can become central or vice versa. It can also happen, and often happens, the displacement from the language of words that closely coincide in meaning with the new word. This happens because the continued existence in the language of absolute or almost absolute synonyms is always eliminated either by delimiting their meanings or by ousting unnecessary words from the language.

It should be emphasized that the fixation of a borrowed word in the language does not necessarily lead to the displacement of the corresponding original one. The changes in vocabulary caused by it can be expressed in stylistic grouping or in demarcation of meanings. So, for example, a borrowed word from the French language people pushed aside the original word folk. The word folk at the same time received an additional meaning. It is used when talking about their own: about family, fellow villagers, countrymen, compatriots. This word is common in folk colloquial speech and in folk art and not without reason is part of the term folklore.

This or that influence of one language on another is always explained by historical reasons: wars, conquests, travel, trade, etc., which lead to more or less close cooperation various languages. The intensity of the influx of new borrowed words in different periods is very different. Depending on specific historical conditions, it either increases or decreases.

Borrowing vocabulary can occur orally and in writing. In the case of oral borrowing, words take root faster in the language. Words borrowed in writing retain their phonetic, spelling and grammatical features longer.

2. 2. Main methods of borrowing

The main ways of borrowing vocabulary are the phonetic method, transliteration and tracing.

The phonetic method is such a borrowing of words in which its sound form is preserved. In this way, the words football (football), trailer (trailer), jeans (Jeans) and others are borrowed from English. Borrowed into English, for example, from the French regime, ballet, bouquet and others.

Transliteration is another way of borrowing, in which the spelling of a foreign word is borrowed: the letters of the foreign word are replaced by the letters of the native language. By this method, the words cruise (eng. cruise), motel (eng. motel), club (eng. club) are borrowed from English into Russian. Many proper names are also transliterated when borrowing from English: Washington (eng. Washington), Texas (eng. Texas ["teksəs]), London (eng. london). In English, there are many words of Greek, Latin and French origin that have been preserved their graphic features, although they are read according to the rules of the English language.

Tracing is a method of borrowing in which the associative meaning and structural model of a word or phrase are borrowed. When tracing, the components of a borrowed word or phrase are translated separately and combined according to the model of a foreign word or phrase. For example, the German noun Vaterland, translated in parts, gave the English tracing paper Fatherland; the Russian noun suicide is a tracing-paper of the Latin suicide (sui yourself, cide - murder); English noun self-service, borrowed into Russian, has the form of self-service. The following phrases were borrowed by this method: vicious circle - a vicious circle; masterpiece - a masterpiece; rep pate - pseudonym; blue stocking blue stocking, scientist woman and others.

2. 3. Sources of borrowing

1. French borrowings

The influence of the French language on English was especially strong during the period of French domination in the country (XI-XV centuries), when the national English language had not yet developed. The French invasion of England in 1066 marked the beginning of the so-called period of the Norman Conquest. French was the official language of England for a long time, and there was bilingualism in the country.

During this period, words associated with feudal relations (feudal, baron, vassal) were borrowed; almost all titles (peer, prince, count) and addresses sir and madam; words associated with the ruling government and the state in general (state, people, nation, government, power, authority, etc.); words associated with monetary relations (money, property); words denoting family relationships(parent, cousin, uncle, aunt, etc.); a large number of military terms (army, battle, victory, war, etc.); words denoting pleasure, entertainment (feast, pleasure, delight, comfort, etc.); legal terms (accuse, court, crime, etc.), etc.

The New English language takes shape during the Renaissance. Scientific writings of this period are already written in English, but since before that, in the Middle Ages, the language of science was Latin and since the Renaissance is characterized by interest in the monuments of ancient culture, the use of style, rhetorical techniques of building Greek and Roman authors, it is completely Naturally, both the replenishment of the dictionary and the creation of new scientific terminology went to a large extent due to borrowings from Latin, as well as from Greek. This is how, for example, the terminology of philosophy, law, medicine, etc. was created.

In addition to French, a number of European languages, to a greater or lesser extent, participated in the enrichment of the vocabulary of the English language, for example, Latin, Dutch, Italian, Spanish.

2. Latin borrowings

A considerable number of words were borrowed from Latin into English. Here are the most common of them: street - paved (road); port - port; wall - shaft; vacuum - vacuum; wine - wine; inertia - inertia; mile - a thousand steps.

All these words were borrowed orally and entered the main vocabulary of the English language.

The largest number of words borrowed by English from Latin are the so-called book borrowings. These are words that have entered the language not as a result of direct, live communication between peoples, but through written documents, books, and so on. Most of the Latin book borrowings that were not previously attested in English come from the Renaissance period in England. It is impossible to give a list of these words within the limits of this work; for this, it is necessary to compile a special dictionary.

3. Dutch borrowings

Even in the Middle Ages, there were quite close trade and industrial ties between England and the Netherlands. England attracted a fairly significant number of Dutch and Flemish craftsmen of various specialties, mainly shipbuilders and weavers, to work in guild enterprises. There are especially many words of Dutch origin in the terminology of shipbuilding and navigation. These are, for example: cruise - cruising, dock - dock, geef - reef (hole on the sail for the rope), skipper - skipper, yacht - yacht, etc. Weaving terms of Dutch origin that entered English in the Middle English and earlier New English period . Such as: to gloss - give shine to the fabric, rock - spinning wheel, spool - bobbin, stripe - a flap of fabric.

Also a special group Dutch loanwords in English are art history terms that have come into the vocabulary of the English language. For example, landscape is a landscape, maulstick is a maulstick, etc.

4. Italian and Spanish borrowings

The Italian language also made a significant contribution to the vocabulary of the English language, starting approximately from the 16th century. During the Renaissance, Italian culture, especially in the field of music, painting, architecture, literature, had a great influence on the culture of England; this was reflected, in particular, in the borrowing of many words related to the listed areas, already directly from the Italian language and in most cases with the preservation of their original form. Such are the musical terms allegro, aria, legato, libretto, opera, sonata, soprano, tempo, trio; terms from the field of fine arts, for example, fresco, studio, terra cotta, etc. Words such as grotto, granite, fiasco, incognito, soda, umbrella also came into wide use in England; including words that convey characteristic details in the perception of English tourists Italian life, for example, macaroni, spaghetti, etc. In connection with the development of trade relations between England and Italy, such Italian words as bank - bank, Lombard - Lombard (from the name of the Italian region of Lombardy, from where many usurers and money changers came out in the Middle Ages), traffic - trade and others.

Spanish has contributed a number of its own words to the English vocabulary and has also served as a transmitter for many words from the various indigenous languages of the Americas.

In the English vocabulary, you can count several dozen Spanish words borrowed directly from the Spanish language. For example, words such as: armada - navy, banana - banana, barbecue - lattice, bonanza - accumulation of rich ore, booby - fool, bravado - boasting, canyon - gorge, canoe - kayak, chilli - red pepper, chocolate - chocolate, cigar - cigar, negro - negro, potato - potato, tobacco - tobacco, tomato - tomato, tornado - whirlwind, vanilla - vanilla.

5. German borrowings

There are also a number of borrowed German words in modern English vocabulary. Most often, the influence of the German language is manifested in the form of a phrase, such as: bolt from the blue - thunder from a clear sky, chain-smoker - a chain smoker, homesickness - homesickness, masterpiece - a masterpiece, place in the sun - a place in the sun, song without words - songs without words, storm and stress - storm and onslaught, swan song - swan song, one-sided - one-sided, time-spirit - spirit of the time, superman - superman, world-famous - world famous. Especially a lot of words and expressions came from the terminology of classical German philosophy, for example, world-outlook-worldview.

6. Russian borrowings

The history of Russian borrowings in English reflects the history of trade and political relations between Russia and England. The Russian language began to influence English much later than other European languages, such as Latin, French, German, Italian, and Spanish.

Historical borrowings include a group of words from the pre-revolutionary, revolutionary and Soviet periods: arsheen (arshin), tzar (king), desyatin (tithe), kulak (fist), okhrana (security), bolshevik (bolshevik), politbureau (politburo), sovnarhoz (sovnarkhoz), etc.

Everyday vocabulary demonstrates the originality of the way of Russian life: babushka (grandmother), blin (pancake), kovsh (ladle), zakuska (snack), kasha (porridge), samovar (samovar), vodka (vodka), etc. The words of this group found in the description of Russian life.

Biogeographic vocabulary is made up of words denoting plants, animals, natural phenomena and zones: badiaga (badyaga), zubr (bison), tur (tour), sable (sable), suslik (ground squirrel), beluga (beluga), buran (blizzard), purga (blizzard), steppe (steppe), etc. d.

Socio-political vocabulary is represented by words denoting the socio-political structure of Russia on present stage: perestroika (perestroika), glasnost (glasnost), intelligentsia (intelligentsia), Russianness (Russian spirit), Duma (Duma), apparat (apparatus), chinovnik (official), starosta (headman), etc.

Vocabulary associated with art includes words of native Russian meaning: balalaika (balalaika), bylina (epic), gusli (harp), prisiadka (squat).

Army vocabulary - represented by such famous words as Kalashnikov (Kalashnikov), Katyusha (Katyusha), stavka (headquarters), feldsher (paramedic).

In conclusion, it should be noted that Russian borrowings also played a big role in improving the modern philosophical and political terminology of all languages, including English.

After examining all sources of borrowing in English and analyzing statistical data from the Internet (see appendices on page 19), we can confidently state that the percentage of borrowings from other languages is very high.

2. 4. International words

A special group is made up of international words. It often happens that denoting an important new concept, a word is borrowed not into any one language, but into many languages. Thus, an international fund of vocabulary is created, which includes international terminology of various fields. human activity: politics, philosophy, science, technology, art, as well as many abstract words.

International, or international words, borrowed from one source, have a graphic and sound similarity and, coinciding to some extent in meaning, constitute, as it were, the common property of a number of languages at the expense of the vocabulary of the ancients, that is, Latin and Greek (democracy, proletarian, philosophy , atom, modern, program, system).

Another part of them comes from modern languages: soviet, kolkhoz, sputnik - from Russian revolution, bourgeois, telegraph - from French football, telephone, cruise, motel, club, analysis, army, communism, culture, nation, function, instruction, international, geometry, geography, mathematics, physics, philosophy. It also includes a large number of terms of physics, chemistry, biology, physiology, etc.

From the above examples, we see that many terms belong to the international vocabulary, that is, they are the property of not only English, but also a number of other languages.

Practical part

As a result of borrowing, the English language was replenished with international words, which are understood as words that occur in many languages of the world, but have minor phonetic differences associated with the peculiarities of pronunciation of each language. For example: address, telegraph, socialism.

We conducted a survey among the students of our lyceum in order to show the discrepancies in some meanings in Russian and English.

40 students had to write what this or that word means in Russian and what meaning it has in English.

We have chosen several such international words: control, family, general, magazine, original, atom.

Here are the results we got after analyzing the answers to the tasks.

The first word was - control

All 40 students (100%) know the original meaning of this word ‘control’. 10 students (25%) know that this word has many meanings and can take on the meanings - 'management', 'leadership', 'power'.

The second was the word - family

All 40 students (100%) know that in English family means only ‘family’ or ‘genus’, and ‘surname’ never has any meaning in English.

We took the third word - general

All 40 students (100%) answered that general is the same as the Russian word ‘general’. 30 people (75%) answered that more often this word general acts as an adjective meaning 'main', 'general', 'ordinary'.

The fourth word we took was magazine

All students (40 people - 100%) answered that the word magazine does not correspond to the Russian 'shop', but has the meaning 'magazine'. And two (5%) also translated the word as ‘military supply depot’.

The fifth word was - original

All students (40 people - 100%) answered that the noun in Russian and English coincides with its meaning, but 35 students (87.5%) know as an adjective in the meaning of 'original', 'genuine'.

And the last word was - atom

An international word has been proposed that matches in direct meaning, but differs in the possibilities of figurative use.

All 40 people (100%) translated this word as ‘atom’ but, not a single student knows figurative meaning of this word is ‘baby’, ‘baby’, as is sometimes the case in English. Speaking of little Paul Dombe, Dickens calls him ‘the atom’, this metaphor can be translated into Russian in one word – ‘baby’.

Based on the above, we can conclude:

1. Many international words differ not only in their external form, but also in their meaning.

About 19% of students do not know the main meaning of international words in English.

2. Questioning and subsequent conversation with students made it possible to replenish their vocabulary, deepen students' knowledge about the origin and meaning of many international words.

Therefore, this research work is of practical importance and is of great interest to students.

Conclusion

Having familiarized ourselves with the works of scientists available to us in the field of the history of the English language, dealing with the problems of language contacts and borrowings, we have revealed such an interesting fact that borrowings in English are striking not only in their quantity, but also in the variety of languages from which they are borrowed.

During historical development English has borrowed a huge amount of vocabulary from other languages. The most active donor languages are French (mechatronics, prince, people, money, parent, army, comfort, coach, etc.); Japanese (hara-kiri, sushi, karaoke, ikebana, samurai, geisha, kimono), currently Japanese language is one of the leading donor languages; Latin (street, port, wine, mile, etc.); Dutch (dock, reef, yacht, rock, spool, landscape, etc.); Italian (sonata, umbrella, balcony, bank, macaroni, spaghetti, etc.); Spanish (banana, barbecue, bravado, canyon, chili, chocolate, potato, tomato, etc.); German (superman, homesickness, hamburger, delicatessen etc.); Russian (tzar, spetsnaz, limitchiki, glasnost, perestroika, etc.).

The vocabulary of the English language will also be replenished from other languages: happy, low, ill, ugly, weak, Viking (Scand.); haiduk, hussar (Hungarian); polka, mazurka (Polish); algebra, harem (arab.); psychology, alphabet, sympathy (Greek).

After conducting a thorough analysis of borrowed words in the English language, we can draw the following conclusions.

Firstly, foreign borrowings are one of the types of enrichment of the vocabulary of the English language.

Secondly, the vocabulary of the English language has absorbed a really huge number of words from the most diverse languages of the world, and the reason for such a huge number of borrowings and the variety of languages from which they are borrowed lies in the specifics of the historical development of England. This specificity lies in the fact that the English people were constantly in direct contact with many foreign-speaking peoples, first as a defeated people, later due to the transformation of England into a colonial power as a colonial people. In addition, in a certain historical period in England, Latin and French acted as functional languages of various spheres of social activity. Although the English language emerged victorious from the struggle with the languages of the conquerors, although it was forcibly implanted in the colonial countries, nevertheless, it could not help absorbing into its vocabulary many words from the languages \u200b\u200bwith which it came into contact. It is these historical circumstances that explain such an abundance of borrowings in the language.

Thirdly, under the influence of borrowing, many source words have fallen into disuse or have changed their meaning. For example, the noun bar in French has the meaning of ‘bar’, ‘bolt’, and in English this word is translated as ‘bar’, ‘restaurant’, which has not acquired any meanings in French.

Borrowings are also interesting because they are able to reflect changes in the cultural and historical life of the country.

We live in a very unstable time, a time of change. These changes affect primarily the socio-political sphere of life. therefore, it can be assumed that more words will be borrowed from this group. It remains to be hoped that these words will be with a positive connotation.

In conclusion, I would like to note that in our time, the leading position among European donor languages is retained by the French language.

RED ARMY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PARISH IN HONOR OF ARCHANGEL MICHAEL

District Cyril and Methodius Readings

Research:

"The use of English words in Russian"

Abstract prepared by:

Sunday school students

Kameristov Mikhail and
Yurtaev Kirill

Supervisor:

English teacher

Chizhkova Svetlana Vladimirovna

1.	Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….	3-5
2.	Main part…………………….………………………………………………….	5-11
	2.1. Ways of appearance of common words in Russian and English languages………………...	5-6
	2.2. Reasons for borrowing anglicisms in modern Russian……….	7-9
	2.3. Methods of formation of anglicisms………………………………………………..	10
3.	Research part……………………………………………………………..	11-12
4.	Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….	13-14
5.	Bibliography……………………………………………………………………	15
6.	Applications………………………………………………………………………………	16-17

Introduction

Purpose of the study: clarification of the causes and ways of the spread of English words in the Russian language.

Research tasks:

Explore dictionaries of foreign words, analyze material related to the research topic;

Identify the most used units of English origin in various areas of our daily life;

Determine the reasons for borrowing English words in Russian;

Consider ways of forming anglicisms

Object of study: lexical units of English origin.

Subject of study: English and Russian.

Relevance: 1) English is the language of world communication. English is rightly called “Latin of the 20th century”: about ¾ of all borrowings in Russian at the end of the 20th century are Anglo-Americanisms. Interest in this language is not only not weakening, but on the contrary, studying it is becoming an ever greater necessity.

2) The relevance of the study is that the problem of borrowings is especially significant in modern conditions, since today there are serious concerns about the powerful influx of anglicisms that can lead to the depreciation of the Russian word.

The study was based on the following hypothesis: It can be safely assumed that today there are already a huge number of English words in the Russian language and that every person uses a certain amount of them every day. Every day, television brings down on us a stream of information that necessarily contains incomprehensible foreign words, and many of them have already entered our vocabulary. This means that English should be studied not only in order to read texts in textbooks, but also in order to feel like a cultured person, able to fully communicate with contemporaries both in our country and abroad, to understand the inscriptions on the windows around us. stores, trade labels and labels, advertising, instructions.

Practical significance: of this work is that given material can be used in the process of teaching Russian and English in educational institutions. The material we have collected will help teachers to carry out work to educate students in the culture of dealing with foreign words, good language taste, and for students to use language means correctly and appropriately, both foreign and their own. The material collected in this work will be interesting and useful to everyone who studies English, who would like to better learn and understand the Russian language.

There are about 5-6 thousand languages on Earth. But 80% of the world's population speaks only 80 languages. English is considered one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It is spoken by residents of Great Britain, the United States of America, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, it is also studied in many other countries. It belongs to the Germanic languages of the Indo-European language family and is one of the six official and working languages of the UN. "Latin of the 20th century" is spoken by about 410 million speakers (for whom English is native language), and the number of those who know and speak English is more than 1 billion people. Today, if a person speaks English, he can be understood in any country.

Borrowing words from one language to another is an effective way to enrich the vocabulary of any language. In the vocabulary of the English language, about 70% of words are also borrowed.

I. MAIN PART

1.1. Ways of appearance of common words in Russian and English languages

Let's try to trace the main ways of the appearance of common words in Russian and English.

Both of these languages belong to the Indo-European family of languages. Therefore, in many words of both languages there are roots from their common ancient proto-language. We found words in Russian that are also found in English.

For example:

Be - to be

Nose - nose

Goose - goose

Eat - eat

Brow - eyebrow

Beat - to beat

Cheek - cheek

Talk - interpret

Three - three

As well as the names of the closest relatives: son - son, brother - brother, sister - sister, mother - mother, daughter - daughter.

The largest number of common Russian and English words are derived from Greek and Latin roots. English writing based on the Latin alphabet has existed since the 7th century. In the Middle Ages, Latin was the international language of scientists, through it a huge number of words passed into all European languages, which became international. Almost all terminology in medicine came from Latin.

Many common words got into Russian and English from other languages. The first place here is occupied by French, which in the last century was spoken by all the Russian nobility. From them, many French words passed into the Russian language. Many words came into international use from other languages, and they became common to Russian and English. Classical music was formed in Italy, whence the concepts of the main elements and expressive means of music, the names of its genres, tempos, etc. were accepted by all European languages: opera - opera, aria - aria, bass - bass, baritone - baritone, etc. The words bank - bank, gang - band, brigade - brigade, archipelago - archipelago, casino - casino, etc. also came from Italian.

Separate words passed into Russian and English from other languages: sofa - from Turkish, shawl and kiosk - from Persian, bard - from Celtic, goulash - from Hungarian, etc.

Another group consists of words of direct exchange between Russian and English. It can also be difficult to distinguish English words in Russian, since it is usually not known whether a word came to us from English or got into both languages from Latin or some other language. Therefore, we can only talk about words that came into the Russian language relatively recently (in the 20th century). Football came to us from England with all its terminology. All boys know such words as goal, goalkeeper, penalty, forward (forward), out, time-out (break), etc. The same can be said about boxing and hockey terminology. Later, commentators began to diligently replace all sports terms with Russian equivalents: goalkeeper, free kick, striker, etc. Relatively recently, the following words from the field of sports appeared in Russian: windsurfing (surf - surf, wind - wind), volleyball (volley - volley, ball - ball), arm wrestling (arm - hand, wrestle - fight), basketball (basket - basket , ball - ball), handball handball (hand - hand, ball - ball), sprinter (sprinter - sprinter), finish - finish, final - end, final, freestyle, skateboard.

Changes in the political, economic, cultural life our society led to a change in names in power structures, for example:

Supreme Council - parliament; Council of Ministers - Cabinet of Ministers;

chairman - prime minister; deputy - vice-premier.

Mayors and vice-mayors appeared in cities; The Soviets gave way to administrations.

The heads of administrations have their own press secretaries who regularly speak at press conferences, send out press releases, organize briefings and exclusive interviews with their bosses. Everyone is familiar with numerous economic and financial terms, such as: barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment, futures loans, etc.

1.2. Reasons for borrowing anglicisms in modern Russian

At the turn of the century, time rushes at such a speed that you do not have time to comprehend everything new that has appeared in literally words yesterday and this morning. The language is changing just as rapidly, or rather, its vocabulary, that is, its vocabulary. In the process of historical development, human languages have constantly entered into and continue to enter into certain contacts with each other. Language contact is the interaction of two or more languages that have some effect on the structure and vocabulary of one or more of them. Currently, the interest of linguists is focused on Russian-English language contact. The appearance of a large number of foreign words of English origin, their rapid consolidation in the Russian language is explained by the rapid changes in social and scientific life. Strengthening information flows, the emergence of the global computer system of the Internet, the expansion of interstate and international relations, development of the world market, economics, information technology, participation in olympiads, international festivals, fashion shows - all this could not but lead to the entry of new words into the Russian language.

In 1939, during World War II, a reporter used the word "blitz" to describe fast action. original value German word- "lightning" - reflected how quickly the word is becoming fashionable, symbolizing the constant attacks of Germany on Britain. A few years later, linguist Carl F. Koenig documented the entry of words into English in 1943 in the Modern Language Journal.

Soya(English Soy)
Origin language: Japanese

You may already know that karaoke and ramen noodles came to English from Japanese, but soy might seem more European at its core. From a technical point of view, this is true: in English, this word came from the Dutch “saio” in the 1670s, and meant soy-based fish sauce. The presence of the Dutch in Japan was conditioned by lengthy trade agreements. The Dutch word “saio” is derived from the Japanese word “shoyu,” which meant exclusively soy, and was derived from the Chinese word “shi-yu”, fermented bean oil.

Alcohol(eng. Alcohol)
Origin language: Arabic

Al-kuhul (English Al-kuhul) means a type of cosmetic product, powder for blackening the eyelids. Arab scholars enriched the English language with many mathematical and technological terms through interactions with the Romans and Greeks during the early world cramps and later through conflict with the British during the Crusades.

In the 1540s, the word "alcohol" in Latin meant freeze-dried powder, and English speakers used it to mean "powdered cosmetic." In the 1670s, this word already meant any sublimated, pure substance, even in a liquid state. In 1753, the alcohol of wine was reduced to "alcohol". When the chemical formula of this "pure substance" was deduced, organic chemists in the 1850s began to call all chemically similar substances in the same way.

Shampoo(English Shampoo)
Origin language: Hindi

During the period of British imperialism over India, Anglo-Indian was spoken by both cultures. The Anglo-Indian word "shampoo" meaning "to massage" originally came from the Indian "champna" - "press, knead", but stumbled over the shape imperative mood meaning "You! Stretch!" - “champo”. Perhaps the word “champna” comes from the Sanskrit “capayati”, that is, “beats, kneads”.

In the 1860s, an English speaker recorded a new meaning for the word "shampoo" as "to wash hair" as the English kneaded and pressed soap into the scalp. nominal form the phrase "hair-soap" appeared shortly after five English words borrowed from other languages.

Chauffeur(English Chauffeur)
Origin language: French
In French, the word “Chauffer” means “stoker” or “stoker”, since the driver of a French car in 1899 served a steam engine.

The word entered the English language around the same time as the steam-powered car, as the wealthy English-speaking elite often used French words for expensive cultural terms. By 1902, the word had expanded its meaning to "pay driver."

Sauna(English Sauna)
Origin language: Finnish

The Finnish Bath Society claims that the word "sauna" could originally mean a heated, partly underground winter dwelling. The dwelling evolved into a bathhouse, and when the English-speaking population took over the bathhouse, it was also decided to keep the name.