The system of translation shorthand. The basic techniques of cursive writing

The main shorthand methods are:

1) Semantic analysis

Semantic analysis is the selection of the main idea of ​​a given text, its "economical" formulation, which is composed of strong points of memory. There are three methods for creating memory anchors:

• 1) The choice of words with the greatest semantic load ( foreign names and surnames, geographical names and other proper names, as well as numerals)
• 2) Method of transformation (transformation of impersonal sentences into definitely personal ones, replacement compound words and constructions with simpler synonyms)
• 3) The choice of relief words (emphasis on words with a special emotional coloring or realities).
• 2) Abbreviated letter entry

The "economical" wording consists of words, which in turn can be abbreviated. Because of this, it seems that many words (especially long ones) have extra letters. Due to this, it is proposed not to write down all the letters in the word. At the same time, the specifics of the Russian language does not allow to do without the first letters, which are the starting points for obtaining information. For example, there are more than 2500 words starting with pr- in Russian. Instead, for example, vowels in the middle of a word can be abandoned, which allows you to reproduce the entire word when translating. You can also exclude double consonants, and replace the most common prefixes and suffixes with a single character (such as -tion and -tion, -logy and logic, philo- and phylo, psyho- and psycho-).

You can shorten entries using telescopic names. For example, page - page, maybe - m.b. other.

An abbreviation is another well-known way of shortening entries. For example, the USA, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and many others.

An important point of economical recording is the numbers. Skillfully writing down the numbers, you can shorten the record several times. For example:

1) numerals:

15" = 15 thousand

• 15" = 15 million
• 15""" = 15 billion

2) ordinal:

1) = first

• A) 10/13/03 = October 13, 2003
• B) "03 = early 2003

0"3 = mid 2003

03" = late 2003

4) month names:

I - January, II - February, III - March, IV - April, etc.

• 5) names of the days of the week:
  • ? - Monday, ? - Tuesday, ? - Wednesday, etc.
• 3) The principle of vertical arrangement of records

Recordings are the visual support of memory. That is why it is important to find such a strong point that would catch the eye and not make it difficult visual perception. Vertical recording can be considered effective, since this type of recording saves time (no need to move your hand from left to right and back) and allows you to combine thoughts into groups in their lexical connection. Also, linguistic probability adds to the efficiency of vertical writing. Linguistic probability is the probability of occurrence in speech of a particular phenomenon, a particular language unit. In this case, the word order, which performs key syntactic functions, is most important for the translator. The direct word order suggests that in most cases the subject group will come first, followed by the predicate group. The analysis and processing of the sentence is carried out not only from the consideration of its grammatical basis, but also in order to find a more concise formulation. This is especially useful for long sentences, as this method allows you to highlight the main idea and describe the chain of events in a sentence step by step. R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev proposes to put the subject group in the first place, and the predicate group in the second place (line below and slightly to the right). As for the minor members of the sentence, they are located to the right of the word to which they refer (unless this is an agreed definition). If several words belong to the same word, they are written one under the other, regardless of whether they are homogeneous or not. Separate members of the sentence are proposed to be indicated in brackets.

Compound sentences can be considered as two or more simple sentences. Accordingly, each of these simple sentences is written one under the other from the beginning of the line.

The greatest difficulty is the recording of complex sentences. R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev draws attention to the following features of writing a complex sentence:

• 1) Colon functions. The colon in the sentence is the link between the parts of the sentence (the introductory part and the continuation that reveals it). The colon allows you to refuse to record allied and some significant words.
• 2) Causal relationship. They express a sequence of actions and are usually denoted by unions (because, as a result of this, etc.). In translation records, they are expressed by a slash.
• 3) Relative submissions. In speech, sometimes there are two different sentences, while one of them sums up the second. Such sentences are called relatively dependent. They easily turn into a complex sentence with the help of subordinating conjunctions. In translation notes, it is recommended to separate them from each other with a horizontal line. If the second sentence contains compound predicate, an equal sign is placed under the line.
• 4) Comparison. In broad terms, this is the idea of ​​comparing and comparing statistical data, as well as a means of expression. They are fixed on paper with two vertical lines.
• 5) Target indicator. It is believed that progress towards the goal is accompanied by movement. That is why in the records it is proposed to designate this movement as “arrows”.
• 6) Conditional constructions. In speech, such constructions are usually indicated by the union “if” or turns “if”, “subject to”, etc., which are replaced on paper by the English union if or the French si to save space.
• 7) Compliance. Grammar emphasizes the relationship between action and special condition, i.e. a condition which, being an obstacle, does not interfere. This "concession" gave rise to the term "concession". The idea of ​​concession is opposed to the idea of ​​causality, thus it annuls causal relationships. Thus, a special designation appeared - a double-crossed slash.
• 8) Interrogative sentences. To write an interrogative sentence, it is recommended to use an inverted question mark (Spanish question mark), which is placed at the beginning of the sentence. This contributes to the achievement of two goals at once. First, at the initial stage of the analysis of the proposal, it becomes clear that the proposal contains a question. Secondly, this will allow you to refuse to record the interrogative members of the sentence (interrogative words and expressions: What? Where? How? Unless? For what purpose? Etc.)
• 9) Incentive Offers. By analogy with interrogative sentences, in order to detect an exclamation in advance, an inverted exclamation mark is placed at the beginning of the sentence. Also, in exclamatory sentences, it is proposed to use “arrows”, replacing target words. "Arrows" are divided into two groups: positive and negative. Positive "arrows" stand in front of the target word ("long live", "forward", etc.), and negative ones cross out these words ("down", "against", etc.).
• 10) Negative sentences. A negative sentence expresses a lack of connection between statements. And the absence has its own symbol - the crossing out of that member of the sentence, in front of which there is a particle "not".
• 11) Footnote lines. With a vertical arrangement of records, a word that is used several times can be placed with special footnote lines to avoid repetition of the word and save time.

Chapter 3 Conclusions

The main methods of translation recording are semantic analysis, abbreviated letter notation, and a vertical notation system. Semantic analysis allows you to highlight key points in the record and saves time by allowing you to ignore the "empty" words. As for the abbreviated alphabetic notation, its merit lies in the fact that it excludes "extra" and repetitive letters, the absence of which does not interfere with understanding the meaning of the word. The vertical notation system preserves syntactic and logical links in the text without taking up much space.

Translation shorthand - a useful tool for consecutive translation or an unnecessary whim?

Translation cursive- this is a system for the accelerated recording of the speaker's speech with the help of various abbreviations, conventional icons, etc. developed in advance by the translator. to make it easier for the translator to reproduce it all later in the target language.

Translating cursive within certain limits is useful for regular consecutive translation of large passages of the text, when there is no way to stop the speaker.

My personal attitude towards translation cursive quite skeptical.

Translation cursive is in demand except for diplomatic translation and for any other protocol translation "to the public". But it's so narrow niche: from the strength of several dozen translators from a detachment of many thousands of those who have to deal with oral consecutive translation. Therefore, you should not artificially "stuff your own price" and learn what is unlikely to come in handy when in real translation activities.

Of course, if you are young and just learning to translate, you have a good physical shape and an excellent memory, then you can try to master cursive translation purely out of sports interest. When you finish your studies and start working as a translator, you will no longer be up to these exercises.

Of course, cursive is not such "darkness" as shorthand: transcribing a transcript, even the most experienced stenographer, as you know, requires a lot of time and mental effort. An interpreter in combat conditions does not have this time. In this sense various systems translation notation is a cross between the accelerated verbal recording of the sounding text and shorthand.

But cons and pitfalls there is so much in translation cursive writing that it is effective to take advantage of the advantages that it promises interpreter, not so easy.

Let's start with the fact that the well-known systems of cursive translation give the translator only a certain initial set of abbreviations and icons. And then, having understood the principle, translator must already develop your own cursive system based on your individual needs and preferences. Moreover, not only to develop, but also constantly maintain and improve.

However, even mastering this entry-level gentleman's set takes time and strenuous effort. Some sources say that, subject to daily intensive studies, the system of cursive writing can be mastered in just 10-12 days. But in the same way, in all kinds of courses, we are promised that thanks to another unique technique, everyone will be able to learn any foreign language in a few weeks or a month. And as a result, even after graduating from Inyaz, we learn this same language for the rest of our lives.

In any activity, it is important to clearly define priorities. And it must be said that mastering translation cursive can in no way be attributed to priority tasks and skills in the preparation of future translators.

If you translate in warehouses and have difficulty understanding the meaning of a foreign text, then it is too early for you to think about cursive translation. Translating cursive writing can be done when you have already mastered all the other elements of the translation process, the translation itself flows out of you as if written, and you have the courage to show off something else.

Existing systems of cursive writing in terms of vocabulary are mainly focused on general socio-political or military texts. They were developed at a time when the subject of translated international meetings and negotiations was not as diverse and saturated with terms and semantic nuances as in recent years. "Delegation", "visit". "orator", "said", "greeted", "thanked", "condemned", "party", "struggle for peace". "disarmament", "missiles", etc.

Today, not only has the thematic complexity and terminological richness of events going through translation but also grew the intensity of the translation process itself and the requirements for its quality.

Accordingly, the more the subject of a real translation differs from the one for which you have developed your own conventional symbols and abbreviations, the lower will be the effectiveness of using shorthand translation techniques - even if you own them. If today you are translating construction, tomorrow medicine, and the day after tomorrow banking or exchange topics, then here you can only be saved by a deep knowledge of the subject and terminology, good physical shape, maximum concentration and RAM.

Yes, and you should not "spoil" the speakers with the fact that the interpreter is ready to translate their half-hour passages from memory. With or without cursive, this is always a colossal burden on the translator. The translation of such extra-large chunks of text should be the exception rather than the rule, and should generally be limited to those cases where the translator has pre-translated speech or at least original text on paper. Then the translator can translate at sight. And most importantly, the accuracy and efficiency of such sight translation will in almost all cases be an order of magnitude higher than translation accuracy using shorthand. And accordingly, the probability of translation errors, blunders and omissions will be lower.

Cursive writing, like shorthand, was widely used at a time when there were not yet so many different technical means and gadgets. And in our multimedia age, this is already a kind of anachronism: it’s the same as continuing to use pagers when there are cell phones and text messages.

Take care to be the microphones are correctly positioned and canalized sound- and no cursive writing is required! No need to complicate things! After all, what more start translation time is different from the moment of pronunciation of the original text, the higher the risk of translation marriage.

Not to mention that in the conditions of a real translation, it is far from always possible, while listening to the speaker, to do in the course of recording. It is most convenient for an interpreter to make notes for himself when he is sitting at the table and at the same time hears the speaker well. But in any case, then he still needs to quickly sort out his scribbles in conditions of stress, a lot of external interference and not always ideal lighting.

How and who translates presidents and prime ministers today and whether he uses cursive writing or some other methods is a topic that goes beyond my competence.

© Yuri Novikov, 2009

transcript

1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE" DEPARTMENT OF GERMAN AND SCANDINAVIAN YAZKODE. SACHAVA TRANSLATION SHORT: THEORY AND PRACTICE TEACHING AID PUBLISHING HOUSE OF ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 2011

2 2 LBC 81 S 22 S 22 Sachava O.S. Translating shorthand: theory and practice: textbook. allowance / O.S. Sachava. SPb. : Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, p. Tutorial is the result of the author's analysis of various theoretical concepts in the field of psycholinguistics and methods of teaching translation, as well as the result of a generalization of practical experience in teaching consecutive interpretation at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages ​​and Translation of the Faculty of the Humanities of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics. The textbook reveals the concept of translation cursive writing, describes the basic principles of its maintenance, provides options for the signs most often used in the implementation of consecutive translation, and also offers a number of exercises aimed at developing the skill of translation cursive writing at the initial stage of training. The textbook is addressed to students of 3-5 courses of the Faculty of Humanities of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, studying German as a first or second foreign language. The textbook may also be of interest to graduate students, teachers of linguistic faculties of higher educational institutions and translators who wish to independently master translation shorthand. Reviewers: Cand. philol. Sciences, Associate Professor German language Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen A.V. Golodnov Cand. philol. Sciences, Associate Professor Romance languages ​​and translation of St. Petersburg State University of Economics G.P. Skvortsov BBK 81 SPbGUEF, 2011

3 3 Contents Introduction... 4 The concept of translation cursive writing... 5 The history of the emergence and main stages in the development of translation cursive writing... 5 The place of teaching translation cursive writing in the system of translator training, or why is it needed?... 8 Choosing the type of translation record Methodology development of an individual system of symbols for translation cursive writing Translation notes on paper Translation difficulties that cannot be removed by non-linguistic fixation of information, and ways to overcome them Bibliographic list... 39

4 4 Introduction In the textbook offered to the reader's attention, cursive translation is considered by the author as one of the most important components of the translator's professional competence. The purpose of the textbook is to give students basic theoretical information and practical advice necessary for mastering the technique of translation cursive writing at the initial stage of learning to interpret, as well as to offer exercises that make it possible to make the process of mastering translation cursive writing more systematic and efficient. The textbook is the result of the author's analysis of various theoretical concepts in the field of psycholinguistics and methods of teaching translation, as well as the result of a generalization of practical experience in teaching consecutive interpretation of the first foreign language at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages ​​and Translation of the Faculty of Humanities of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance. The textbook reveals the very concept of translation cursive writing, determines its place in the system of training translators in higher education. educational institution. Further, the main principles of translation shorthand are described and variants of the signs most often used in the implementation of consecutive translation, including in the field of economic communication, are given, recommendations are given for the development of an individual system of signs used in translation shorthand. Along with the above, a system of exercises aimed at developing the skill of translation cursive writing is proposed, and general recommendations organization of the exercises. Particular attention is paid to the typical mistakes associated with the maintenance of cursive translation, which, according to our observations, are most often made by students both in the learning process and directly in translation practice. The textbook is addressed, first of all, to students of 3-5 courses of the Faculty of Humanities of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, studying in the specialty "Translation and Translation Studies". In addition, it may be of interest to graduate students, teachers of linguistic faculties of higher educational institutions and translators who wish to independently master translation shorthand.

5 5 The concept of translation shorthand Translation shorthand in the context of modern scientific ideas can be defined as a system of auxiliary records used by a translator in the implementation various kinds interpreting, primarily consecutive interpreting. AT scientific literature such a system of translation notation is designated by the terms “translation cursive” (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev), “universal translation cursive” (A.P. Chuzhakin), “translation notation” (I.S. Alekseeva) or “translation semantography” ( E.V. Alikina). These terms are often used as synonyms, because they mean, in fact, one and the same phenomenon in translation activity. However, according to its inner form the terms are different and, accordingly, place semantic accents in different ways. Namely, the term "cursive writing" highlights the high pace of the process of fixing information; the term "universal" emphasizes the systemic, supra-individual nature of the basic principles that guide the translator when taking notes; the term "semantography" emphasizes the orientation of the process of fixing information by the translator not on the linguistic form of the message, but on its semantic, content side. The term "translation notation", used, in particular, by I.S. Alekseeva, a specialist translating primarily from German and Russian, is a synonym for the term "cursive", going back to its German equivalent Notizentechnik. Recognizing the right to exist of each of the above terms, in the future we will operate with the most traditional and widely used term of translation shorthand. The history of the emergence and main stages of development of translation shorthand As a special system of high-speed fixation of information in the process of translation, shorthand translation has almost a century of history today, which is described in sufficient detail in the linguistic literature, in particular, in the works of I.S. Alekseeva, E.V. Alikina, A.P. Chuzhakina and others. In this

6 6 connections, we find it expedient to list here only the main milestones in the development of cursive translation systems, leaving their more detailed consideration and study for independent study. As the researchers note, at the beginning of the 20th century, the use or non-use of a record in translation was considered a personal matter for each translator. As a consciously and professionally used method of recording information in writing in the course of oral translation, cursive translation appeared in the 30s of the 20th century, which is associated with the work of the League of Nations. At the meetings of the League of Nations, speeches were provided in two languages: French and English, and the translation did not interrupt the speech, but was carried out immediately after it ended. As a result of such an organization of meetings, the requirements for the volume of translated texts, on the one hand, and for the accuracy of translation, on the other hand, have increased. In 1941, a professional school of translators was created at the University of Geneva, whose representatives developed the basic rules for maintaining translation records. The development of this school is associated in the history of translation with the names of J. Herbert and J.-F. Rosana, M. Lederer, D. Seleskovich. Teaching cursive writing in consecutive translation has remained the main focus of this school of translator training to this day. The most famous Russian version of the cursive translation system was proposed by R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev in 1969. In Germany, the development of the technique of cursive translation is associated primarily with the name of H. Matissek (Heidelberg University), who also proposed his own in the 70s of the 20th century. integrated system translation record. As a consistent study and comparison of these and some other translation record keeping systems shows, each subsequent one was a kind of improved version of the previous one. Each subsequent system, on the one hand, was based on the leading principles of the previous one, on the other hand, offered new methods and strategies for fixing information based on new scientific achievements in the field of linguistics, psychology and information theory. Thus, J. Erber suggested borrowing signs and symbols for keeping translation shorthand from other areas of science, and also formulated the following rules for keeping records: start fixing from the moment the speech begins;

7 7 to carry out a logical analysis of speech by highlighting the main thing, underlining, bracketing; use the target language in the recording; use abbreviations, abbreviate multi-digit numbers; cross out when negating. In 1956 J.-F. Rosan, a follower of J. Erber, illustrated these principles in his book with concrete examples, proposed his own symbols to denote individual grammatical categories, in particular, the tense and voice of the verb, the gender and number of the noun, and also formulated the principle of the vertical arrangement of the record on paper. R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, based on the systems of non-linguistic recording of information that already existed by that time, developed a functional classification of signs of translation cursive writing, namely, he singled out predicative, modal symbols, symbols of time, symbols of quality, etc. In the 80s in France, a scientist-translator D. Seleskovich described the mnemonic function of the translation record from the psycholinguistic point of view, i.e. the role of recording in the processes of memorization, actualization in the mind and subsequent reproduction of information during oral translation. A.P. Chuzhakin improved the principle of verticalism by proposing a stepped-diagonal arrangement of signs on paper. In accordance with his concept, the subject group should first be written down, under it the predicate group is to the right, under it the direct object is to the right, and under it the indirect object is to the right. Homogeneous members of the sentence should be fixed on paper in a column, one under the other in the order they appear in speech. E.N. Sladkovskaya put forward the idea of ​​improving the principle of verticalism, proposing to rely on the semantic, rather than the syntactic, side of the utterance in the step-diagonal arrangement of characters on paper, namely: first, the semantic subject is fixed, the action is to the right under it, and the semantic object is to the right below it [the main milestones in the history of cursive translation are given according to: Alikina, 2006: 12-18]. Thus, based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the entire history of translation cursive writing from the time of its emergence in the 30s of the 20th century to the present is characterized by a gradual transition from the use of linguistic means to non-linguistic fixation of information, a gradual shift

8 8 accents from the language form to the level of content and semantic analysis of information. The place of teaching translation cursive writing in the system of translator training, or why is it needed? Why do you need translation cursive? First of all, the written fixation of information reduces the load on memory and helps to cope with stress caused by high mental and intellectual stress in the process of consecutive interpretation. The use of translation cursive ensures minimal information loss in full-text translation of a large message presented to the translator orally. In addition, a translation record is a kind of “draft”, on the basis of which the translator can restore all the texts he translates and prepare for further work within the framework of this event or at other events on this topic with the same or another speaker. Along with the above, cursive translation is also the answer to the traditional question of students: “Where to keep your hands in the process of translating?” Keeping translation cursive does not allow you to hide your hands in your pockets, gesticulate too actively or cross your arms on your chest (the pose is considered by psychologists as a signal of isolation, unwillingness to communicate). The translator who notates looks more “professional” and feels more confident. The latter is due to the nature of the person himself and the basic principles of his perception of information: since ancient times, a person, being part of the material world, drew information from it, and fixed it, in turn, on “material” media: in rock art, sculpture, books, etc. .d. This is the most natural and familiar way for us to store and perceive information. That is why it is psychologically more comfortable and easier for us to read the book that we hold in our hands than the text from the screen. Tactile perception always helps us to focus and, therefore, relieve stress. This regularity is actively used in preschool and correctional pedagogy and psychology, we can recall in this connection the rosary, etc. It should also be noted that the translator who fixes the speech of the speaker in writing is limited to the maintenance of translation

9 9 cursive writing from extraneous, external, primarily visual, information that is not related to translation, and it is easier for him to concentrate on the content of the text with which he works directly in this moment. From the foregoing, it follows logically that training in translation recording today occupies a significant place in the system of professional training of a translator in a higher educational institution. In each particular university, the time devoted to teaching translation notation is determined by the curricula for one or more translation disciplines, and cursive learning itself fits seamlessly into the overall system of training bachelors / specialists / masters. However, when choosing the time devoted to mastering the skill of translation cursive writing, it is necessary to take into account the following two fundamentally important points: 1. The main prerequisite for successfully mastering the skill of translation cursive writing in the process of translation is a developed operational and associative memory. Therefore, the training of translation cursive writing should be preceded by exercises on mnemonics, i.e. on the development of memory and mastery of various strategies and techniques of memorization. A system of such exercises is proposed, in particular, in the textbooks on interpreting by I.S. Alekseeva. 2. Systematic training in cursive translation should precede training in consecutive translation as a type of translation using recording, on the one hand, and translation practice, where such skill may be required from the student, on the other hand. In other words, the translator's training system should be built in such a way that the student not by himself, accidentally, due to external circumstances, but consciously, under the clear guidance and control of the teacher, first picks up a pen for translating notation. Because in this case, you don't have to spend time and effort on relearning to overcome the spontaneously formed "wrong" skill. Thus, the skill of conducting translation cursive writing occupies a significant place in the structure of the professional competence of a translator. Training in translation cursive writing should be based on developed memory and thinking of the student and to precede in the system of training of an interpreter the teaching of direct consecutive interpreting. However, the improvement of the skill of conducting translation cursive writing continues throughout the entire learning process, as well as in further professional translation activities.

10 10 Selecting the type of translation record methodological developments and scientific works devoted to the technique of translation cursive writing, several fundamentally different types of writing coexist in parallel to this day. If we take the language in which the recording is being made as a criterion, then, following I.S. Alekseeva, the following three main types of translation cursive writing can be distinguished: 1) a record based on the original language; 2) a record based on the target language; 3) fixing information is not linguistic signs. Each of the above methods has both its advantages and disadvantages. Let's consider them in more detail. 1. When oriented to the original language, the heard text is abbreviated in the same language in which it was presented by the speaker. The advantages of such fixation: speed (if you have the appropriate skill) and the absence of intellectual tension in the process of recording. The main disadvantages of this method are: the possible loss or distortion of information due to the many abbreviations and the large time spent on deciphering the text, because in the process of deciphering, it is necessary to read a large text, written quickly and often, in this regard, illegible. In addition, when fixing the text in the original language, the translator actually spends twice as much time perceiving the text. It is paradoxical, but true: in this case, the translator perceives the text as if twice. For the first time, the text is perceived in oral form as a set of linguistic signs and is predominantly mechanically recoded into written form. The second time, after the end of the sound and immediately before the start of the translation of the text / its fragments, the same text already in writing is perceived by the translator as encrypted information to be decoded, comprehended and recoded into another language. It goes without saying that such a “double” transcoding of a text (from oral to written, and from written to oral in the target language) is irrational given the lack of time in the implementation of consecutive translation. 2. In the case of targeting the target language when maintaining a translation record, the advantage is to reduce the time to reproduce the text in the target language, because restoring the text

11 11 the translator no longer wastes time looking for a foreign language equivalent. The main drawback is that such a notation binds the translator to an almost verbatim translation of the text into another language and often does not allow him to reformulate the phrase in accordance with the syntactic norms and usage of the target language. In addition, without having listened to the end of the sentence and without comprehending it, the translator cannot always find an equivalent individual words required to convey meaning in a given context. As a result, when information is recorded in writing in the target language, the translated text often represents, to a greater or lesser extent, a “set of words” with a violation of their semantic or syntactic compatibility. Thus, the two methods of linguistic fixation of information indicated above are bad in that the translator, fixing information with words, becomes dependent on the linguistic form of the text offered to him. The purpose of translation is, on the contrary, the transfer of information in a different form, in the form of a different text, formulated in accordance with the norms and usage of a different language of the target language. And any “tracing” or approximation to the language form of the original (even without violating the norm and usage of the target language!) often makes it impossible for a native speaker of a different language and culture, who thinks within a different categorical system, to correctly decode information. Vivid examples phraseological units that are not equivalent to this, words-realities that require explanation, intertextual references that are not understandable to the bearer of a different culture, etc. In the cases mentioned above, the task of the translator is not a literal translation, but, on the contrary, the maximum possible abstraction from the form of the original and the transfer of content by other linguistic (and, possibly, non-linguistic) means. 3. It follows logically from the above that the process of translation in its form and structure should be oriented, first of all, to the content side of the message. This problem can be solved by fixing information by means of non-linguistic signs or symbols. The main advantage of this type of information fixation is that this recording, unlike recording by linguistic means, does not establish a rigid connection between the content of the text and its linguistic form. In addition, fixing information with symbols involuntarily forces the translator to focus on the content of the original text already at the stage of perception, which significantly saves time decoding the meaning at the stage of recoding the message into another language. First action

12 12 of the translator, when fixing symbols, semantic analysis becomes, which ensures minimal information loss. It should also be noted that symbols, on the one hand, are more economical, i. they are much faster to fix, on the other hand, they are more visual, because actualize the encoded information in the mind already at one glance at them. Along with the above, this method of fixing information is an effective means of overcoming interlingual interference in the process of translation. Teaching experience practical course translation of the 1st foreign language at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages ​​and Translation of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics allowed the author to identify the following pattern: as soon as students master translation shorthand, their oral translations using cursive writing become significantly less errors caused by interference between the interaction of two different language systems. For example, these are cases when the translation erroneously preserves the word order of the original, which is not typical for the target language, the same grammatical form is chosen as in the original, which is not typical for the target language: gender, case, etc. However, in written and oral translations without recording, the number of such errors does not decrease. These observations were also confirmed by the results of a fairly long pedagogical experiment, during which the same texts were given for translation to different groups of students. One of the groups was asked to translate the text using translation cursive, the other consecutively without writing, from a sheet or in writing. The results were recorded. Through the analysis of the received translations, it turned out that in the case of using cursive writing, students had fewer errors caused by interference, not only in grammatical, but also in lexical level, primarily in the compatibility of words, as well as in pronunciation. This gives us reason to assume that when translating without cursive, the linguistic form of the original text remaining in the RAM, to which the translator constantly mentally returns, provokes interference, preventing thinking from completely “switching” to the target language. In the case of using translation cursive, the process of speech generation occurs in a fundamentally different way. Answering the question: “What to say?”, the translator does not mentally return to the language form of the original, because information is recorded by means of non-linguistic signs, symbols, drawings of ancient forms of encoding information that were used in rock art. The task of the translator

13 13 in this case, only verbalize this information. Consequently, thinking completely "switches" to the target language. The number of errors caused by interference is significantly reduced. All of the above indicates that it is advisable to teach cursive translation with a focus on the system of fixing information with non-linguistic symbols. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the choice of a non-linguistic notation system by both the teacher and students must be conscious. For this, it seems logical to get a practical acquaintance with other options for maintaining notation, including the described methods of fixing information in the original language and the target language. It is recommended to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different types of fixing information in pairs or groups, put forward your own hypotheses and justify them. As an impulse for further reflection and visual evidence in favor of non-linguistic fixation of information, the following experiment can be carried out. Students are asked to translate several texts sequentially using different ways fixing information, recording their oral translations on tape or electronic media. Then the recording is listened to in a group, the mistakes made are analyzed collectively and the time spent on translation is compared. Methodology for developing an individual system of symbols for translation cursive In practice, translation cursive is a system of conventional notation, which is gradually developed and improved by the translator himself, both in the learning process and in real translation activities. It should be emphasized that even at the initial stages of training, the signs of translation notation are not imposed on the translator, because each person has his own characteristics of associative memory, his own logic of thinking, his own figurative ideas about certain phenomena. Translation notation characters can be, at first glance, even strange. For example, one of the students denoted oil with the sign O (the image of a frying pan), because she associated oil with oil spreading over a frying pan (German: Rohöl). And the image of a spring (Fig. 1) denoted two fundamentally different concepts for two students. For one of the students, the symbol meant “telephone” (according to the type of telephone wire), for the other “cattle breeding” (the tail of a pig).

14 14 Fig. 1. Spring In this regard, we recommend that you let your imagination run wild. The main thing is that the symbolic notation should be clear to the translator himself. Besides him, no one needs these notes, and the translator himself refers to them, with rare exceptions, only twice: the first time in the process of fixing information, the second time in the process of deciphering it. Along with countless potential individual and unique signs of translation cursive writing, there are also a number of generally accepted rather successful symbols denoting the most frequent concepts. Thus, arrows are widely used as verb symbols (see Table 1). Table 1. Use of arrows in translation cursive to leave, fly away, send, transfer money, give, send, etc. come, receive, receive, attract, approach, go back, etc. improve, increase, build up, strengthen, develop, etc. gradually increase, slowly increase, go up gradually decrease, slowly fall rise, rise sharply, increase significantly fall, sharply decrease, suddenly decrease

15 15 Continuation of the table. 1 collide, approach, confront, influence, influence, control, supervise, test, exert pressure, win, lose, lag behind, overtake, get ahead of, replace, exchange, return, react mathematical signs and punctuation marks (see Table 2 and Table 3, respectively). Table 2. Use of mathematical symbols in translation cursive = to be, to be, to represent< меньше >more + more, in addition, in addition to the above, add, positive

16 16 Continuation of the table. 2 (start, open event, start) end, come to an end sum, total combine, in aggregate parallel, simultaneously approximately, approximately, approximately t time / temperature S V area volume consider your opinion, make a toast! to pay attention to, to focus on something? puzzle, cause difficulty, create a problem be the basis, be based on something Verbal signs, in particular, the signs presented in tables 1 and 3, can be substantiated by circling them. For example, a question mark in a circle will indicate a task, a question, a difficulty, a problem. Quotation marks circled speech, speech, toast, appeal, congratulations, report, lecture, newspaper, note, article, etc. depending on the context. Time in translation notation is also proposed to be fixed by symbols. The most frequent and successful, in our opinion, symbols of time offered in various manuals, as well as those invented by the students themselves, are presented in Table. 4. Table 4. Designation of time in translation cursive morning ( rising Sun) day (sun at zenith)

17 17 Continuation of the table. 4 evening (a ray of sun beyond the horizon) night (half moon) winter (snowflake) spring summer autumn (raindrop) now, today, in this moment in 3 hours 8 days ago It is recommended to write the days of the week with the corresponding numbers circled. So, Monday will be indicated by the number "1" in a circle, Thursday by the number "4" in a circle, etc. Dates are also written only in numbers, and the year is reduced if the date is not more than 50 years from the moment of speech. For example, January 15, 2008; March 26, 1994, etc., May 20, but April 14 The most frequent symbols used in translation in the economic and political spheres are presented in Table. 5. Table 5. The most frequent symbols used in translation in the field of economics and politics planet, world, on a global scale ( Earth with axle)

18 18 Continuation of the table. 5 country, city, federal land, republic, state, mainland, village (any territory, area) Motherland, Fatherland district, federal land, district, region (part of the territory) ; 2. mail export, export from the country, entry into the foreign market, import, import, purchase, etc. developing countries energy, electricity, power plant, power supply, stress employer (from English work to work) contractor negotiations, meeting (round table) official negotiations, meeting at highest level(table and flag on it) loan, capital raising (bag of money)

19 19 Continuation of the table. 5 paying debts, paying taxes income, profits, profit growth losses, expenses, waste, stressful time, deficit, financial crisis alliance, fusion, business combination, cooperation, conclusion of an agreement (two rings as a symbol of marriage) head of state, president, mayor, chief, chief physician, head, deputy, chief, teacher, manager, mentor, scientific supervisor, tour guide, conductor, etc. (head, i.e. head, head of an organization) Supervisory Board, members of the administration, Pedagogical Council etc. (“top”, consisting of several people) war, quarrel, dispute, conflict, disagreement (crossed swords) law, document, code, normative act female

20 20 child 5 work (hammer) aviation, aircraft water transport, boat, ship railway transport(rails and sleepers) Agriculture environmental protection (flower under a cap) chemical industry (flask) research, high technology (magnifying glass) terrorism, threat (man with a belt) cemetery, death, mourning (cross) victim (lying person)

21 21 In addition to lexical meanings, various cursive translation systems offer to fix conventional signs a range of grammatical meanings. See Table 1 for examples. 6. Table 6. Ways of fixing grammatical meanings in translation cursive writing, subjunctive and other modal meanings (possibility, probability, doubt, etc.)? interrogative sentence _ negation (affirmative category) (strikethrough) Big 2 Big 3 comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs, as well as the plural of nouns superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs future tense past tense However, as practice shows, symbols fixing grammatical meanings are quite rare usable. This is explained by the phenomenon of linguistic redundancy. For example, if the date of the event is indicated in the text, then information about the tense form of each individual verb turns out to be redundant. Moreover, tense forms of the verb do not always reflect real time the course of the events described. The grammatical form of the present tense in many languages ​​can be used to express both the future and the past tense, for example: “The train leaves in 15 minutes”, “She was walking, walking, suddenly she sees: there is a tower on the edge of the forest”, etc. It should also be noted that the systems of tenses in the grammar of different languages ​​often fundamentally do not coincide. In this regard, the same meaning is expressed, for example, in one language by grammatical means, and in another lexical. Suffice it to recall the so-called "prepast" tenses in German and English Plusquamperfekt and Past Perfect, respectively. Due to the presence of these temporary forms, the meaning of precedence

22 22 one action to another in German and English will be expressed at the grammatical level. And in Russian, the explication of this meaning is often carried out by introducing additional lexical units into the text (“before”, “before this”, “earlier”, etc.) or through a complete syntactic transformation of the sentence, first of all, by introducing participial and adverbial phrases . Therefore, speaking about the so-called "grammatical" signs of translation shorthand, it should be noted that it is not so much the grammatical form itself that is important here, but the content side, the meaning, which must be fixed. Otherwise, cursive translation can become a kind of "encryption" grammatical forms and relations in the text, which will begin to “bind” the translator to the language form of the original, making it difficult to express the information received in the target language in accordance with its other grammatical norms. It can be seen from the above examples that non-linguistic signs of cursive translation represent a kind of metalanguage. Moreover, the signs of this metalanguage, on the one hand, allow one to abstract from the linguistic form of the text, to fix only the content side of the message. On the other hand, signs of translation cursive have much in common with linguistic signs. In particular, this is polysemy, synonymy, motivation, as well as the possibility of their transformation and combination to express new meanings. In this regard, let us recall the use of the image of a square (“area”, “country”, “territory”, etc.) and examples of the possible transformation of this image to denote other concepts (see Table 5). At the same time, we emphasize that the ambiguity and synonymy of the signs of cursive translation are not its drawback, because interpretation is always carried out within a certain thematic area, and it will not be difficult for the translator to remember from the situation who the president of the country, the head of the company, the chief doctor is designated as the “head” hospital or school principal. It should also be noted that the individual system of symbols of translation cursive is always potentially open, it is replenished in the process of translation practice. Therefore, from a methodological point of view, the most important thing in the learning process is not to master the maximum number of ready-made signs, but to master mental strategies that allow you to quickly come up with signs for new concepts, including transforming and combining already known ones.

23 23 Arrangement of the translation record on paper The most convenient in the modern method of teaching translation is the step-diagonal arrangement of the record on paper. Each semantic structure is recorded in the direction from top to bottom from left to right. As a rule, the semantic subject is fixed first, the action is lower to the right, the semantic object is even more right below it, and all the circumstances are even lower, again with a shift to the right (see Fig. 2). Subject Action Object Circumstances Fig. Fig. 2. Step-diagonal arrangement of writing on paper Such a fixation scheme is offered in most modern textbooks on translation cursive writing. However, it should be noted that not every proposal can and should be presented on paper in the proposed form. For example, it is more logical to fix the sentence “It was snowing” with a snowflake, and the sentence “Everyone was very happy” with a squared emoticon: versatile, but has its advantages. The advantages of such a stepped-diagonal arrangement of writing on paper are that each separate semantic unit (often coinciding with the sentence) begins “on a new line” and is divided into several semantic parts. The proposed spatial composition of the record makes the representation of a complex semantic unit more visual and logical. In addition, in the case of step-diagonal recording, when moving to a new line, the time for transferring the hand is more rationally and evenly distributed, namely, there is no need to transfer the hand from one edge of the paper to the other after each line. The trajectory of the movement of the hand in the case of traditional recording and step-diagonal fixation of information is shown in fig. 3 and fig. 4, respectively.

24 24 Fig. Fig. 3. The trajectory of the movement of the hand when keeping records in the traditional way. Fig. 4. The trajectory of the movement of the hand during step-diagonal fixation of information Separately, it is necessary to say about translators who write with their left hand. In this case, the slope of the letters and the text itself is naturally obtained in opposite side, and the time to transfer the hand from one edge of the sheet to another with a step-diagonal

25 25 the location of the record does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. The trajectory of the movement of the hand in the case of recording with the left hand is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. Fig. 5. The trajectory of the movement of the hand in the case of writing with the left hand In this situation, it is logical to try to keep the sheet horizontal and write in narrower columns. The sheet can be divided in advance into 3 equal parts by vertical lines (see Fig. 6). Rice. 6. Optimal positioning of characters when taking notes with the left hand

26 26 Traditional paper format for cursive translation at negotiations and official meetings when working at the A4 table. When working while standing, for example, when translating reports at conferences, a notepad is used. It is most convenient to use lined notebooks with a hard cover and a vertical layout of the sheet, because. they can be held both on the knees and in the hand. Notebook on a spiral is preferable to a paper clip or hot-melt adhesive, because. it does not close "by itself" and does not fall apart into leaves when turning over repeatedly, allowing you to easily and quickly turn pages. Both in a notebook and on A4 sheets, the entry is made only on one side of the sheet. It is not recommended to turn over the notebook/sheets while writing. The written sheet is simply turned over / put aside with the text down and the record is made on the next sheet. The completed notebook/ream of paper is turned over and the writing is done on the reverse side of the sheets in accordance with the same logic. For convenience and confidence, sheets / pages can be pre-numbered. Another significant point: at the initial stage of learning cursive, each translator needs to find the optimal character size for him. On the one hand, the notes should not be very small, so that they are easy to see at arm's length and in a poorly lit room. On the other hand, signs of cursive translation should not be too large, because the greater the total length of the line drawn by the pen, the more time it takes for such information to be recorded. In addition, the larger the entry, the more often you will have to turn the pages of the notebook or shift the sheets, which also requires additional time and attention. It is expedient to teach translation cursive in conditions as close as possible to real ones. Namely, you need to learn how to record both sitting at the table and standing. A student-translator should always have a well-written, comfortable and presentable pen at the ready, as well as a spare pen, because, as practice shows, a student-translator's pen stops writing or starts to leak at the most inopportune moment. It is necessary to learn how to start the notation at the same time as the beginning of the sound of the text and end it immediately after the end of the sound of the speaker's speech. It is not recommended to notate with a pencil or felt-tip pen, because. in this case, the friction force of the stylus/felt rod on the paper is significantly greater, and, consequently, the recording takes longer, and the hand gets tired faster.

27 27 Translation difficulties that cannot be removed by non-linguistic fixation of information, and ways to overcome them Despite all the above-mentioned advantages of the system of fixing information with signs-symbols in the implementation of consecutive translation, such a record cannot be absolutized. Experience shows that in real translation practice it is often expedient and even necessary to combine linguistic and non-linguistic signs. So, it is recommended to fix all proper names in words (surnames, names of organizations, countries, cities, rivers, etc.). Moreover, proper names are written without any abbreviations, since it is very difficult to remember them by initial letters in conditions of stress and lack of time. For example, Iv. Ivanov, Ivanovsky, Ivashin or Ivanchenko; Al. Alexander or Alexey, etc. And the translator's distortion of proper names is unacceptable. It seems logical to fix the letters with generally accepted abbreviations (USA, UK, Ministry of Internal Affairs, etc.). It is worth paying attention to the fact that in the text to be translated, there are often concepts that, for one reason or another, in a situation of lack of time, it is difficult to designate with a symbol, for example, terms. In this case, their abbreviated fixation with letters is also acceptable. The most well-known and frequently used ways of abbreviated spelling of words in letters when maintaining a translation record are as follows: fixing initial letters words (for example, abbreviated abbr.; maybe m.b.); fixing the initial and final letters (which to-ry); write the word only in consonants. The latter method is considered today in many tutorials as one of the most productive. From a theoretical standpoint, this is really justified, because, as you know, consonants in the language primarily carry a semantic, semantic load, and vowels carry a grammatical one (it is enough to compare the words of different languages: Russian cat, English cat, German Katze). In this regard, let us also recall internal inflection in German and English: mouse mice, foot feet; ablaut in German gehen ging, sehen sah, etc. However, practice shows that at the stage of deciphering information in the case of fixing words with consonant letters, difficulties often arise, the pace of reading the text slows down. This is due to the fact that the basis of reading (with the exception of children who only

28 28 learn to read) lies not in the formation of a word from letters, but in the general “recognition” of the image of a word when looking at it. That is why we often do not notice the letters mixed up in the process of typing in the middle of a word, the so-called "slips". Consequently, the text, fixed only by consonants, cannot be read in the usual way. It can be transcribed by "selecting" suitable vowels, which often becomes a laborious and time-consuming process. This is especially pronounced if the vowel was in a strong position of the word at the beginning, for example, in the words pchtk a typo, nfrmts information, etc. Thus, the method of shortening words by fixing only consonants on paper is not perfect in conditions of time pressure when performing consecutive interpretation. The next difficulty that cannot be overcome by means of non-linguistic fixation of information is the frequent mismatch in the original language and the target language of individual concepts denoted by non-linguistic symbols. For example, in Russian and German, concepts denoting times of day or seasons do not coincide. Yes, hearing german word"Winter", we designate it with a snowflake, associating with December, January and February. In Germany, winter begins lunar calendar between December 21 and 23 and ends between March 21 and 23 (and there may not be snow at all). In other words, it is necessary to clearly understand that the signs of translation notation are signs developed mainly on the basis of our own picture of the world and allowing us to abstract from the linguistic form of the message, but not from the specifics of the conceptual systems and pictures of the world of different cultural and linguistic communities. Another difficulty in maintaining translation cursive is numerals, which is especially important for translators in the field of economics. At first glance, it seems that fixing numerals is more than simple. In fact, “large numbers” are of particular difficulty for the translator, because the linguist, not being a mathematician or economist, often perceives the numeral not as a concept, but rather as a kind of linguistic form. And the system of linguistic designations of numbers in different languages ​​often fundamentally does not coincide. As an example, let's compare the notation systems in Russian and German for "large numbers", or numbers of large orders, as they are scientifically called (see Table 7). Upon careful study of this table, the logic is obvious.

29 29 Table 7. Comparison of the language designations of numbers of higher orders in Russian and German = = Sextillion Trilliarde Modern technique learning translation cursive offers various ways of fixing such numbers. So, the number "twenty-five million" can be written in full, while it is necessary to put dots after every three digits, otherwise there is a risk of getting confused in the zeros. The number can be fixed in the same way as or 25 (each apostrophe corresponds to three zeros). Accordingly, when mastering translation cursive, it is necessary to pay attention to such difficulties, to deal with the systems of linguistic designations for numbers of large orders in the native and foreign languages. Experience shows that translation errors associated with the translation of numerals are often associated precisely with ignorance of these systems. Fixation two-digit numbers It is also often difficult for students, because, for example, in German such numbers are read (and, if it seems convenient to you, written!) “in the reverse order” (83 = dreiundachtzig, i.e. “three and eighty”). The most reliable way to prevent errors in the translation of numerals is to perform exercises aimed at developing the corresponding skill. A system of exercises aimed at teaching translation cursive Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that translation cursive helps the translator and facilitates his work

30 30 only when it is brought to automatism. Otherwise, keeping translation cursive can only complicate the translation process. In other words, cursive translation should be considered not as an elementary, easy-to-use auxiliary tool used in consecutive interpreting, but as a special skill, the formation of which requires certain theoretical training and practical training. At the initial stage, such training, as in the formation of any other skill, is implemented in the system of exercises. The exercises proposed below are aimed at developing the skills of maintaining and decoding a translation record. The exercises are systematized according to their target orientation and arranged in accordance with the general didactic principle “from simple to complex”. The first group of exercises is aimed at developing the ability to use well-known and generally accepted contemporary culture signs and abbreviations in translation shorthand. The exercises also contribute to the expansion of general cultural horizons and form the ability to work independently with modern sources of information, a skill that is one of the basic components of the professional competence of a translator. At the discretion of the teacher, the exercises can be performed in the form of a frontal survey, in pairs, groups; You can restore the recorded information both in the original language and in the target language. Exercise 1.1. Learn for yourself the common symbols used to represent minerals. Fix and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of semantic units. Oil, natural gas, iron ores, salt, dolomite, gypsum, limestone, marble, quartz sand, clay, chromite ores, aluminum ores, copper ores, sulfur pyrite, table salt, agate. Exercise 1.2. Study on your own the generally accepted designations of the chemical elements of the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev. Fix and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of semantic units.

31 31 Hydrogen, carbon, sodium, magnesium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, oxygen, helium, chlorine, potassium, lithium, calcium, silver, tin, iodine, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, xenon, tungsten, platinum, gold, mercury, boron, arsenic, nitrogen, fluorine, copper, zinc, arsenic, lead, uranium. Exercise 1.3. Learn for yourself the common symbols used to represent basic terms from the field of astronomy and the twelve signs of the zodiac. Fix and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of semantic units. sun, moon, venus, mars, star, universe, planet, Milky Way, Aquarius, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn. Exercise 1.4. Study on your own the generally accepted designations of car brands. Fix and restore the proposed sequence at a natural pace. Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW, Bugatti, Cadillac, Chery, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Citroen, Dacia, Daewoo, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Hummer, Hyundai, Infiniti, Jaguar, Jeep, Kia, Lada, Lancia, Land Rover, Lexus, Mazda, McLaren, Mercury, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Opel, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Renault, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Skoda, Smart, Subaru, Suzuki, Tatra, Tianma, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo, VAZ, GAZ , ZAZ. Exercise 1.5. Learn for yourself the common abbreviations used to refer to the countries of the world. Fix and restore at a natural pace in the original/translated language the proposed sequence of countries. Japan, Israel, Australia, Vietnam, Denmark, Egypt, China, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Turkey, Switzerland, Thailand, Sweden, Ukraine, USA, Netherlands, Monaco, Iran, Iraq, Canada, Germany, UK, Albania. Exercise 1.6. Learn for yourself the common abbreviations used to refer to the languages ​​of the world. Fix and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of world languages. Swedish, Czech, Polish, Portuguese, German, Chinese, Hebrew, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Danish,

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1. 
   Introduction
2. 
   Types of abbreviations
3. 
   Possible use of types of abbreviations in the OPS
4. 
   The main objectives of the UPS
5. 
   UPS - history and application
6. 
   Registration of UPS
7. 
   UPS in practice
8. 
   UPS: practical section
9. 
   The use of OOS in various situations of interpretation
10. 
    How to practice on your own to develop the skills of the UPS
11. 
    Practical application:
    1. 
       Recommendation Method
    2. 
       A little about the development and history of UPS
    3. 
       Additional information on the use of the RTC and its signs/symbols
    4. 
       Language lapses
12. 
    Glossary

Introduction

"Input is absolute, output is relative"
These educational materials are intended for practical classes on the subject "Technique of cursive translation" when teaching students of linguistic universities, translation departments and faculties, as well as for independent work on mastering oral translation skills through the use of universal translation cursive writing in a situation of two-way communication and the use of various types of oral translation .

The cursive system proposed in the manual is based mainly on various types of abbreviations in combination with symbols and signs.

The task of cursive writing is not a verbatim record of speech, but rather, the transfer of its main content, main thoughts, the creation of strong points of memory.

Translation shorthand can be used not only by an interpreter, but also by a journalist, a student when recording speeches, statements of lectures, as well as in the office - an assistant to the head, a secretary for recording dictated letters, documents, memos (memo), other documentation.

Therefore, the system of translation cursive is called universal.

For better digestibility material after explaining and discussing the theoretical foundations on the topics, it seems more appropriate to translate additional materials in English from the sheet in the classroom (appendix), discuss the problems raised in them and / or ask students to compile a summary of the materials translated in the classroom with further verification and grading.

For creating own system Oops, the manual comes with a glossary of Anglo-American common words (which can be easily confused with each other).
^ 1. UNIVERSAL TRANSLATION SHORT.

Types of abbreviations and their possible use in translation shorthand.

The proposed system of cursive writing is based mainly on various types of abbreviations in combination with symbols and signs. The task of cursive writing is not a verbatim record of speech, but rather - the transfer of its main content, main thoughts, the creation of strong points of memory.

A selective analysis of the Russian press revealed the widespread use of abbreviations and abbreviations in titles political parties, public, economic, sports and international organizations and institutions (see examples).

In work I. Fadeeva (Military University) "The system of operationalnoah record(POPs) and its application in various fields human activity,(M., 1992) the most common method of processing information without the help of technical means is also recognized as "outline recording", and in relation to translation specifics, the recording system developed by R. Minyar-Beloruchev. I. Fadeev, based on the experience of observing the translation activities of professionals, proposes to single out the following components of POPs: 1) abbreviations; 2) signs; 3) combined components.

Types of abbreviations:

In the dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language, edited by prof. DI. Alekseev, the following types are distinguished:

a) letter (initial) abbreviations of all structural varieties
news. For example: USSR, university, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, IMF, Ministry of Emergency Situations, hydroelectric power station, thermal power plant;

b)compound syllabic words: Gazprom, Goskomstat,
Ministry of Trade, State Property Committee,

in)abbreviated words borrowed from other languages ​​and ini-

social abbreviations of various structures: NATO, BBC, radar, laser, PR:

G) conditional graphic abbreviations different structural varieties

stay: g., i.e., 6-ka, dezh \, deputy, head.

e) single-letter abbreviations regularly used in labeling
any class of machines, technical products, etc. For example:
D - road car, K - large, B - east.

e)compound words of mixed education: VNIIhydro- 1.
coal, sambo;

g") separate partially abbreviated words, consisting of a part of os-new and complete words that differ in some features in deciphering in the category of gender, declensions, etc., for example: pachce-" ha, head of staff, Moscow City Council, Vice-Rector, Pomrezh: Lenkom. It seems that the first five types of abbreviations are most suitable for the purposes of the OPS.

Among the thematic and semantic groups of abbreviations according to the frequency of use, three main types can be distinguished:

• 
  names of political parties, various international,
  military, public, economic, sports and other organizations
  nizations, associations, unions, etc.;
• 
  name of central and local government organizations jj
  zation and their departments, management committees;
• 
  geographical and administrative names of states,
  groups of countries, regions, districts, etc.

The frequency of the use of abbreviations in the language of the English-language press is much higher compared to Russian newspapers, which is partly due to the specifics of English-language journalism (its greater normativity, linguistic features, and tradition).

It is these types of abbreviations that are most often encountered interpreter. Knowledge of the most common abbreviations is a prerequisite for the implementation of his professional activities at the proper level. The use of abbreviations is necessary for consecutive interpreting, even without the use of the STS (or its partial use). Based on various ways of abbreviating words, the translator creates his own complex abbreviated words or single-letter abbreviations that are understandable only to him to denote certain concepts, phenomena, or symbols. An analysis of the journalistic style of the languages ​​from which and into which the translation is done quite freely allows you to more freely navigate in the field of socio-political, economic, banking and financial spheres, etc. and use them most effectively.

^ MAIN OBJECTIVES OF UPS.

A). Bringing the adequacy of the transmission of precision information to the UE (100% ideally or less, depending on the pragmatic setting of the translation situation). The UPS is worth learning and using, if only for the sake of recording precision information (see the section on transmitting PN) - the main component of business meetings, conversations and negotiations. C). The maximum possible transfer of the logical connections of the statement "cohesion" (from "cohesion") without violating the train of thought, the sequence of argumentation, the internal logic of the statement, and also stylistic devices while maintaining the structure of the statement, of course, as far as possible. If the speech is amorphous, illogical, the presentation of thoughts is inconsistent and inconsistent, then the translation, even in its oral version, can (and sometimes even should) improve, correct the original, while placing the parts of the statement in a more correct logical order, sometimes even omit part of non-relevant information, repetitions (the latter are not a stylistic device).

C). Transfer of all shades of the modality of the statement, both simple and especially complex modal relations.

P.S. Particular attention should be paid to constructions: must have been, could have done, might as well have said, would + infinitive, used to + infinitive, which are sometimes difficult to recognize in the flow of speech.

Main task OOPS- creation of strong points for instantaneous extraction from the memory of the translator of information that has already entered his brain through auditory receptors.

There is a theory that a person remembers everything, literally from the moment of birth - because in our brain all types of incoming information, both visual and auditory, are deposited.

The task is to return it when necessary. almost completely from the "black box" of our consciousness (or subconscious) in other words - "Input is absolute, output is relative"- one of the eternal mysteries of psycholinguistics in its application to the process of PM.

The special task of interpreting is to make this "output" as complete, fast, and most acceptable in form as possible.
To assist in this task as much as possible translation cursive.

Cursive writing can be used not only by an interpreter, but also by a journalist, a student when recording speeches, statements,

Lectures, as well as in the office - assistant manager, secretary for writing down dictated letters, documents, memos (memo), other documentation.

Therefore, our cursive system is called universal.

^ Universal translation shorthand - history and application.

Cursive translation appeared in the 30s, in the era of the heyday of consecutive translation, but the principles of the UPS were scientifically substantiated and developed in the late 50s in Switzerland, and were first set forth in the book by J.-F. Rosana. Cursive writing was further developed in the works of A. van Hoof, including "Theorie et pratique de l" interpretation ", Munich, 1962.

In our country, a system of translation cursive writing based on the Russian language was first described in the book by R. Minyar-Belo-ruchev "A guide to oral translation (records in consecutive translation)", which appeared in 1969. Our proposed SFS tries to reflect the changes and new developments in IT since then, using a slightly different approach based on the experience of practical application.

^ Translation cursive - a purely individual thing, although it has certain patterns. At the same time, it is specific, as your handwriting is specific, although the letters of the alphabet are understandable to everyone who is literate.

Cursive writing is not an end in itself, but a means. Nobody needs it except yourself, and "lives only twice": once when you recorded information and reproduced it, and again - if you used it to record a conversation or other material.

Cursive writing is not a panacea (cure-all), but a flexible tool, the use of which depends on you and your assessment of the situation. It is probably not always necessary to resort to it (sometimes it is enough to use it partially, to record key information). It's your decision.

However, the development and widespread use universal translation shorthand (UPS) by an order of magnitude increases the degree of adequacy of the translation, relieves the load on memory, reduces stress, increases the efficiency of the translator; it also allows, if necessary, |1MO _ sti to make a detailed record of the conversation and / or its summary (^ e _ summary), as well as to draw up a general report on the business trip, other Documents (final communiqués, press releases).

In some circumstances, such as holding the most important political negotiations or discussing complex economic or banking issues, when requirements are sharply increased; As a result of the improvement in the adequacy and competence of the translation, and it is also planned to record the conversations for discussion of its results and possible decision-making by the management, working with the OPS seems to be possible.

As a rule, it is the interpreter who falls on the difficult task of making a quick and high-quality recording of the conversation, often sacrificing rest in order to present it to interested parties in the morning, at least in a draft version.

Don't miss the point or UPS in action.

UPS is different from shorthand that which allows write w^ ino main ideas rather than words, helping to highlight the main information. In addition, it takes time to transcribe the transcript, which is simply not the case with PM.

However, UPS is not and theses because it conveys information more coherently, logically.

^ From abstract UPS differs in that when taking notes, ska. zhem, lectures have to omit what you think for with a power or unimportant. The translator cannot afford such a "luxury". In any case, the ability to separate informational "grains from the chaff" comes with experience, depends on general situation, > calls and requests of the recipient of information.

Formation of the UPS.

It is important to pay attention to the correct design of the STS, which improves the quality of the translation and allows you to! It is more efficient to use it to record a conversation.

5.
1. Paper format: A4 - for negotiations, official conversations, with
work at the table, etc.; notepad A8 - for standing work (at a press conference)
performances, speeches, lectures, or at less formal occasions
where recording is still required).

For additional convenience, speed and clarity of writing, it is good to use lined notebooks with a hard cover, which can be put on your knee, say, when you are not sitting at the table in the hall or are behind the person being translated.

1. 
   It is advisable to set the date and even the time (if there are no
   how many meetings). For example, 29.9.00, 15.00 (top right).
2. 
   Mark the place and topic of the conversation/negotiations.
3. 
   NB! Pay special attention to the composition of the participants of the meeting with both
   their parties - names, positions, etc., because no one likes to hear
   his distorted surname or "demotion". Wish-
   use business cards, the program of stay, your
   previous entries/marks. This is very important in the mutual representation
   at the beginning of negotiations, when you are not yet completely oriented
   tiruyutsya in situations unfamiliar with people.
4. 
   NB! UPS Location - stepped diagonal above
   down. So your notes will be easier to perceive and "read".

Homogeneous

Members

Offers

The first stage is the subject group, the second is the predicate group, the third is the direct object, the fourth is the indirect, in the column are the homogeneous members of the sentence.

subject group
predictive
Object	(Direct)
	Object (Indirect)

6. Don't be sorry for the paper! Arrange entries freely, leaving large margins and white space for easier perception of your

Shih entries, as well as for additional notes as needed.

1. 
   It is useful to use punctuation marks at the end of each "step"
   and sentences (,;?.!) for a more visual logical connection of semantic
   units.
2. 
   Don't forget to number the pages so you don't have to search
   kami necessary neither in the process of translation, nor even more so during the later
   information processing.

10. If a stack of sheets has run out, turn it over and number a clean
side with Roman numerals I, II, III, etc. in reverse order.

^ Remember, there are no trifles in UPS!

Each sign, even its absence, is also significant information, because. in the UPS, every fraction of a second is important, every detail helps, and on the other hand, any omission, both in form and in essence, hinders.

Irina Sergeevna Vatskovskaya

Ten Lessons of Consecutive Translation Using Cursive Translation

Reviewers:

Stepanova Maria Mikhailovna, candidate pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor (Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University);

Nechaeva Natalya Viktorovna, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor (Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen)

© I. S. Vatskovskaya, 2017

© Buk LLC, 2017

Introduction

In an era when intercultural communication acquires a hitherto unseen scale and scope, there is a resurgence of interest in translation activities, and the concepts of “learning a language” and “training in translation” are more and more clearly demarcated. The latter presupposes the formation of translation competence, which makes it possible to optimally solve professional problems. One of the components of translation competence in the field of consecutive interpreting is the possession of a translation record that allows you to record and reproduce speech of any duration.

The type of oral translation in which speech is translated sequentially, i.e. the translator perceives a segment of speech and reproduces it in the translation in the shortest possible time, is called sequential. In consecutive translation, perception, analysis/synthesis occur simultaneously with recording, which causes particular difficulties in mastering the techniques of cursive writing at the initial stage, when consciousness seems to “split” in the need to listen and write at the same time. Universal translation cursive in oral translation is recognized to help, supplement short term memory.

For an interpreter, operative memory is also of great importance - the ability to store significant sections of the heard text in memory. The exercises in this manual help to expand the amount of RAM and master auxiliary memorization techniques. At the same time, both qualitative and positional memory develop, i.e., the memorization of a large amount of information and the order of information units are optimized.

The translator often has to memorize numbers, dates, names, titles (precision information), which are not restored from the context and require extremely accurate transmission. According to the definition of R. Minyar-Beloruchev, precision information, or precision words, are “generally used units of speech that do not cause specific associations and are very difficult to remember.” Precise information is the main information that requires special attention, the distortion of which can lead to undesirable consequences. Therefore, pre-text tasks and exercises are aimed at working out and recording the translation of precision information using texts rich in numbers and proper names.

Another skill required for successful interpreting is the ability to quickly switch from one language to another, both in terms of perception and in terms of speech reproduction.

Background knowledge, knowledge of realities, knowledge of metalanguage enrich the translator's long-term memory, bring his speech and language activity closer to the speech and language skills of a native speaker, which in turn helps the translator to navigate freely in any situation and sphere of communication.

To solve the above tasks, this educational and methodological manual was created.

After completing the pre-text assignments, students begin to work on the text with the help of a translation record. At the same time, the most frequent, translation correspondences are trained in various contexts in order to develop an automated skill for their use.

High-quality translation is impossible without professional knowledge of the language, which involves the constant expansion of vocabulary, reading the latest news on various topics from authoritative sources, the presence of clichés from different fields, the development of public speaking skills, a comprehensive knowledge of the native language and the study of cultural traditions and the national character of the target language .

Stages of the consecutive interpreting process

Interpretation is an interlingual and intercultural mediation that ensures that the addressee understands the maximum (or at least optimal) share of the total meaning embedded in the message by the sender. Interpreting is an activity carried out under conditions of stress, often at the limit of the interpreter's strength or close to this limit. Often a consecutive interpreter has to deal with segments containing many hundreds of words and sounding for several minutes.

The use of translation cursive allows you to unload the translator's short-term memory, frees him from the eternal fear of forgetting the content of the material being translated, and also allows you to work with text segments of considerable length and complexity. Translation cursive called a special recording system that allows the interpreter to fix on paper a sufficient number of semantic elements of the source speaker’s speech in “real time” in order to form a sound translation text based on them. Translation shorthand, which is maintained by the translator, is formed at the stage of analysis, and read at the stage of synthesis.

For the purposes of translation analysis, it is important to distinguish between the surface and semantic structure of the text. The surface of the text is a sequence of sign units that has the properties of coherence and integrity. Due to the limited amount of short-term memory, a significant amount of textual information cannot be memorized by the translator “directly”, that is, at a superficial level. Trying to remember every word (keep surface forms in memory) leads to the loss of really important information.

The only way to perceive, retain in memory and convey in translation the meaning of the original text segment is the most profound semantic processing of the material, which inevitably involves a departure from superficial forms, structures and vocabulary. The goal is to reduce the redundancy of information (compression) without losing its essential elements and to create a system semantic connections of various levels and types, ensuring the safety of the material for the period of synthesis and pronunciation of the translating segment of the text. Translation shorthand as a tool of the translation analysis system provides for work mainly at the level of the semantic structure of the text. The semantic structure of the text is the sum of the meanings of each segment of the text. By "meanings" we mean all the elements of semantics that are actualized in this particular context by the speaker.

What does the translation process look like from the point of view of the translator himself? The translation process begins for the translator with listening to the speech of the speaker, that is, listening(analysis stage). At the initial stage, the translator receives the entire set of information encoded at the “surface level” of the original text. The source text surface belongs to the source language. The perception of the “surface” of each segment of the original proceeds almost simultaneously with the semantic processing of its content, and the separation of these processes, of course, is largely conditional. Even at the stage of perception of the original, the competent use of translation cursive gives the translator an additional opportunity to think deeper about the semantic structure of the source text, fix precise information, make some translation decisions, and prepare for the construction of the translation text.

The key stage of the interpreting process, in the success of which all the translator's professionalism or lack of it is manifested, is the stage of deverbalization (analysis stage). The semantic processing of the content of the source text occurs at the stage of deverbalization, when the meanings contained in the surface forms of the source text are released from their linguistic (verbal) shell. Perceiving and storing in memory or in the record the semantic content of the speech, the translator is distracted from the information about how exactly this content was expressed by the original author, that is, which words, expressions, syntactic constructions the author chose for this author.