The oldest valid normative act in Russia. Oldest operating car: La Marquise

Do you know that the oldest current flag State on Earth is the Danish Dannebrog.

The legend relates his appearance among the Danes to the early XIII century. According to legend, on June 15, 1219, the Danes fought near Tallinn with Estonian troops who attacked the Danish army led by the king and bishops. The battle for the Danes was almost lost when a large red canvas with an even white cross - Dannebrog - fell into the hands of the king from heaven.

The Danes perked up and won. True, there is no written or other evidence of this (the earliest confirmed source is dated to the middle of the 14th century, but this does not prevent the Danes from celebrating this divine appearance of the flag every year.

The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 56:107. This is the oldest active state flag, whose documented history goes back to the 14th century. The flag was changed only once: in 1397, the Danish Queen Margaret I united Denmark, Sweden and Norway into the Kalmar Union. Then in the left upper corner flag appeared 3 crowns. Sweden seceded from Denmark in 1523, and Norway in 1814. Then Dannebrog lost 3 crowns and became exactly the same as, according to legend, he descended from heaven.

For several hundred years, under the shadow of the Dannebrog flag, the whole private Danish life has been going on, literally from the first to last minute. Birthdays and children's parties, weddings and anniversaries, theatrical premieres and festivities in Copenhagen's Tivoli Park - all these events are united by two indispensable conditions: the atmosphere of the holiday and great amount large and small flags, without which Denmark cannot be imagined in the same way as a Danish Christmas table without dark beer.

By the way, there are countless flags on Christmas too: here they decorate the Christmas tree, - says Danish sociologist Helen Bisgård. The Danes have a lot of jingoistic neighbors: the British, the Germans and, of course, the French. But loyal passions overwhelm the local people at most a couple of times a year - usually on national holidays. Try hanging the Republican tricolor or the Union Jack on your house on a weekday - the neighbors will almost certainly consider it chauvinistic.

But in liberal Denmark, national flags are on every corner, and supermarkets always have a kit for all occasions: from penny confectionery flags to solid and expensive standards for practicing patriotism at home. It is difficult to understand people who get up at dawn, so as not to oversleep the raising of the flag. But the Danes do it with great pleasure! And although a similar custom exists not only in the Old, but also in the New World, no one in the world has thought of decorating home festivals with banners, as the Scandinavians do. Moreover, unlike the Norwegians and Swedes, the Danes also manage to use their state symbol for profit. Denmark is perhaps the only country in the world where the buyer is lured with flags on the days of sales dedicated to the "birthdays" of companies.

Shop windows then literally drown in red and white decor. And it's not just advertising, but pure water provocation: "holiday!" - the flags are honking, and what Danish heart does not tremble from the desire to treat yourself to a holiday shopping? At the same time, no one will think that a sacred symbol for the Danes is involved in consumer games, for which blood has been shed more than once. Alas! - in the European consciousness, the sacredness of power has long been fading away. What can I say - even in Danish brothels it carries the banner of service: the flag is half-mast to the middle of the pole - the “girl” is busy, soared again - everyone is welcome! If you look from the outside, it looks like a little funny, but at the same time a very respectful attitude towards the flag.

From various sources

In each relatively old country there are former or current leaders who are long-lived. Some of them, despite their serious age, still manage to govern the country, performing all the functions that even a young specialist can not cope with. In this regard, it is worth systematizing the list of the oldest heads of state in power.

Among the famous leaders in history, it is worth highlighting the Goth king Germanaric, who ruled the country at the age of a hundred years. His exact date of birth is not known, but during the years of his reign, he managed not only to realize a large number of seizures of nearby states, but also to expand their possessions several times. A competitor for him is also Pope Agathon, who died at the age of 104, having lost his throne only after his death. In addition, the list of the oldest leaders includes the hetman Zaporozhian Sich Peter Kalnyshevsky, he left the post at 94. Among the long-reigning heads, the king of France stands out Louis XIV, having been on the throne for almost 75 years.

The oldest current ruler is Robert Mugabe, who has been president of Zimbabwe since early 1988. Known for his leadership in the Arfican Union - a fairly significant organization in Africa. By religion, Mugabe considers himself a Catholic, but has repeatedly stated the dangers of religion in society. He received higher education teacher in the UK, after which he returned to his homeland and began to study political activity. He is famous all over the world for his "persecution of white farmers". In one of his early interviews, he even stated that he was ready to demand compensation from the UK and the US for years of black slavery. According to him, the times when the Africans were subordinate to the British and the colonists were significantly worse than fascism and the Jewish Holocaust. In politics, Mugabe declares his commitment to socialism through the rejection of a market economy under the IMF program. He believes that only "hard" prices for essential products can force the population to obey the laws and work. Western critics repeatedly accused him of tyranny. Mugabe is the oldest current head of state on the planet since July 24, 2014.

In second place among the longest-reigning leaders is the British Queen Elizabeth II. She has been on the throne from 1952 to the present. Elizabeth II comes from the Windsor dynasty. In addition to Great Britain, she is the queen of such countries as Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Canada, New Zealand, Papua - New Guinea, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Jamaica. In addition, she leads the Anglican Church and a number of other religious associations.

Elizabeth II is the oldest monarch in history. During her reign in the UK, there were a large number of turning points for the country, including the process of decolonization. During this time, there was also a long ethno-political conflict in Northern Ireland, Falklands War, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Elizabeth II has been repeatedly criticized due to her monarchist and radical views. Despite this, her popularity in the UK is quite high. Under current legislation, Elizabeth II has practically no rights in political issues, however, the citizens of the country honor her on a par with the official president.

On the third place this rating is the current president of Tunisia, Beji Kaid Essebsi. He was born in the small town of Sidi Bou Said on the outskirts of the country in a family of ostrich farm owners. It is noteworthy that his great-grandfather Ismail Kaida Es-Sebsi, who was kidnapped by pirates in Sardinia. When the future president of Tunisia turned 18, he went with his family to Paris, where he lived for more than ten years. After that, he decided to return to his homeland and continue the work of his parents, but in the end he sold the farm. With the proceeds, he returned to Europe to get another higher education. Immediately after the proclamation of Tunisia as a republic on July 25, 1957, he took the post of head of the regional government. In 1962, he took part in the capture of 26 people who were preparing a coup d'état in Tunisia. In 1965, Es-Sebsi was appointed head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the republic, after which he began to actively move towards career ladder. After the first Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia, he also became the republic's ambassador to Germany. He became the President of the country in 2014 after the next elections. He is currently 89 years old and remains in office as head of state.

It was today, October 13, that the oldest monarch in the world, King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, died. The son of the late Maha Vajiralongkorn became the heir to the throne of the country. Now the title of the oldest monarch in the world has passed to Elizabeth II. The Thai king died in his chambers under the supervision of doctors. According to official information, the King was hospitalized and underwent hemodialysis. The king who died today is from Thailand's Chakri dynasty. Adulyadej came to the throne in 1946 after the death of his father. It is now known that the King of Thailand will be taken over by his son. It is noteworthy that during the reign of his father, Maha Vajiralongkorn managed to distinguish himself in the Western press thanks to his exquisite and extravagant outfits.

Alexander Pevtsov

The oldest car September 13th, 2017

It is always interesting to know what was the oldest, the largest or the very first. With cars, it's probably not so clear. But here's a De Dion Bouton et Trepardoux Dos-a-Dos steam car, manufactured in 1884, on the move, all parts are original, without a run in the Russian Federation, price: up to 5 million dollars.

The De Dion Bouton et Trepardoux Dos-a-Dos Steam Runabout, the Marquise, is the oldest working car on Earth. And the first participant in car racing on the planet.

The oldest working car in the world is De Dion Bouton Et Trepardoux Dos-A-Dos Steam Runabout, 1884.

One day in December 1881, the young Comte de Dion stopped at a small shop selling toys on the outskirts of Paris. He intended to purchase prizes for the guests of his ball. There he caught the eye of a small model of a steam engine. Amazed by its quality, the count asked to be introduced to the manufacturer. There were two of them - Georges Bouton and Charles-Armand Trepardou. They worked for seven francs a day on model boats, steam engines and special tools. Throwing on three more francs, the count made his order. So the union was born, which gave the world in 1884 the "steam gig", named after the Comtesse de Dion "La Marquise".

The 128-year-old steam car was produced in France for the Comte de Dion. The nickname "La Marquise" was given to the car by de Dion as a tribute to his mother. The machine is 2.7 meters long, weighs 2,100 kg and has a top speed of 38 miles per hour (60 km/h). The average speed is 25 kilometers per hour. On one tank full of water, the car travels 32 kilometers. This 1884 French De Dion-Bouton three-wheeled vehicle is unique not only because of its age, but also because the car is still on the move. There are no older copies, at least theoretically serviceable, in the world. Surprisingly, in 127 years of life, this car has changed only four owners, and for the last 81 years it belonged to the same family.

This is a compact four-seat rear wheel drive quad with front steerable wheels. The rear axle was driven by shafts from two small engines docked to a compact boiler with concentric rings inside. The coal container was outside from the boiler. Unlike classic steam locomotives, this boiler heated up to steam formation in just 45 minutes and required adding water every 30 km.

This car became famous for participating in the world's first auto racing. The race was organized by one of the founders of the company that produced the car, the Marquis de Dion (he is the one shown in the picture above). True, there were no other participants in the competition, and this steam car, in splendid isolation, “won” the race. Max speed, which was developed on the Marquis, was almost 61 km / h. So it was possible to accelerate at the first automobile race in the history of mankind along the route Paris-Versailles in 1887. And this race was a one-car race. Thirty-two kilometers in each direction "mini-locomotive" overcame with average speed at 26 km/h.

In fact, only three wheels and a steam engine capable of accelerating a three-wheeled car to 61 km / h. Given the nature of the driver's landing, this is probably far from safe. One tank of water is enough for 32 kilometers.

De Dion-Bouton subsequently produced cars with engines internal combustion, which lasted until 1938. Says auctioneer David Goodling: "People who drove this car in the late nineteenth century felt the same way we do when we're driving at 80 or 90 miles per hour in modern cars.

It was a breakthrough new era, hitherto unknown "creature" in the form of a self-propelled carriage. It's great that at least one working copy has survived to our time. "Comte de Dion owned the car until 1906, until he finally sold it to the French officer Henri Doriol. Henri and his descendants owned La Marquise for 81 years, but did not use it after how copper and brass fittings were lost after the war of 1914. Since 1987, the steam car has been owned by Tim Moore, a member of the British Vintage Car Club, who completely restored the Steam Runabout. Moore even entered several competitions with this car, including four runs London-Brighton.

Of course, there are older cars that have survived to this day. But most of them stopped their trips in 1920-30. and took pride of place in the expositions of world automobile museums.

According to experts in the field of automotive rarities, today this is the most valuable exhibit from a private collection.

De Dion Bouton et Trepardoux Dos-a-Dos Steam Runabout was auctioned by Hershey with an original price of $ 2-2.5 million. The La Marquise car set a price record for rare Vehicle. In 2011, it was sold at auction for $4,620,000. The name of the buyer of La Marquise, who became the fifth owner of this car in its entire history, is not disclosed by the auction house.

The first owner of La Marquise was the French aristocrat Comte de Dion, who took part in its creation. In 1906, de Dion sold the car to an officer French army Henri Doriol, whose family owned La Marquise until 1987.

The next owner was British Classic Car Club member Tim Moore, who restored the car and brought it to full working order. In 2007, La Marquise was sold to Texas collector John O'Quinn for a reported $3.63 million.

La Marquise was put up for auction by the heirs of O'Quinn, who died in 2009.
Currently, in the world, with the exception of the copy put up for auction, two four-wheeled De Dion cars and six tricycles have survived, but not one of them is not functioning.

Sources:

In October 2011, an anonymous buyer purchased a 128-year-old car at auction for $4.62 million. Today, this car, the 1884 De Dion Bouton Et Trepardoux Dos-A-Dos Steam Runabout, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the world's oldest car in good condition.

The 128-year-old car is steam-powered and was built for the Comte de Dion in France, who gave the car the nickname La Marquise in deference to his mother. The car is 2.7 meters long, weighs 2.1 tons and is capable of speeds up to 38 miles per hour. The steam plant is filled with water. A car on one gas station can travel 32 kilometers, at a speed of 25 kilometers per hour. To ensure sufficient steam pressure in the boiler, necessary for movement, the machine must be heated for 45 minutes, while everything that burns can be used for heating - wood, coal, paper. The wheels of the car are made of thin metal and covered with rubber.

Comte de Dion was the owner of the car until 1906, then he sold it to an officer of the French army, Henri Doriol. The Doriola family owned the car for 81 years, but stopped using it after the brass and copper fittings were lost after the 1914 war.

The next owner of the De Dion Bouton Et Trepardoux Dos-A-Dos Steam Runabout was Tim Moore, a member of the British Vintage Car Club. After purchasing the car in 1987, he completely rebuilt the Steam Runabout and even competed in several events, including four London-Brighton runs.

For centuries, universities have been centers of education and science. We offer an overview of the ten oldest operating universities in the world. Is age a measure of quality? controversial issue. Many such universities are accused of backwardness, outdatedness of their courses, teaching methods, stratification student society. Nevertheless, they can safely say that they have passed the main test - the test of time.

According to the data International magazine Scientometrics now operates more than 17,000 universities around the world, quite a wide choice for an ever-increasing number of students. The very word "university", implying a community of teachers and students, appeared at the University of Bologna, which is the oldest operating university. He is already 926 years old. However, there are controversial opinions that there are older establishments, for example, in Morocco or Egypt. Perhaps this is true, but at present they are no longer functioning.

University of Coimbra: 1290

Originally built in Lisbon by King Dinis in 1290, the university was soon moved to the city of Coimbra. The move was not the last, over the course of several centuries it was transferred back and forth many times. In 2013 he was listed historical heritage UNESCO. About 23 thousand people study at the university. It has eight faculties, four campuses, one of the oldest and richest academic libraries in Europe.

University of Macerata: 1290

Students studying at the university, thanks to the ancient walls, can feel the atmosphere educational process at Millennium University. It is located in the east of Italy, not far from such big cities like Rome, Florence or Bologna. The main courses taught at the university are in the field of humanities and social sciences.

University of Valladolid: 1241

The University of Valladolid is located north of Madrid in autonomous region Castile - Leon. The medieval façade misleads everyone, because behind it hides modern building, which replaced the old building of the fifteenth century. This is the main building, besides it, there are three more separate campuses in other cities. The university has 20,000 students and 2,000 teachers.

University of Siena: 1240

The number of students is 20 thousand people, which is almost half the population of the town where the university is located. In 1240, Pope Innocent IV proposed to impose a tax on the inhabitants of Siena who rented rooms to students. With this money began to pay salaries teaching staff, and the university became the first example of an educational institution with public funding.

Frederick II University of Naples: 1224

The university, located in southern Italy, is named after its founder, Frederick II, Emperor of Rome holy empire. Initially, its task was to train employees of the state apparatus, such as judges, bureaucrats and lawyers. In addition, Friedrich hoped that the university would contribute cultural development youth without having to train in the enemy city of Bologna.

University of Padua: 1222 (possibly older)

Although the University of Padua is the second oldest institution in the country, it is considered the best in Italy. A huge number of students, including foreign ones, study here. On the this moment there are 65 thousand of them.

University of Salamanca: 1218

For 300 years after its foundation, it was one of the most top universities Europe, along with Oxford and the Sorbonne. But since then he has lost his position. Like Oxford and Cambridge, the university consists of many colleges, which were originally created to educate students from poor families. The most outstanding graduate of the university is Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote.

University of Cambridge: 1209

Cambridge was founded by a group of scholars who left Oxford because of a quarrel with the local community. Now it consists of 31 colleges, many of which were built by the founders. The university boasts famous alumni Cast: Isaac Newton, Stephen Hawking, Alan Turing.

Oxford University: 1167

In the long struggle between Cambridge and Oxford, the latter wins at least in time of founding, exact date which no one knows. There is the first written information dating back to 1096, but the officially accepted date is 1167. The university consists of 40 colleges, each of which is an autonomous unit.

University of Bologna: 1088

Despite the fact that among the graduates there are three popes, Umberto Eco worked here, the University of Bologna could not remain in the list of the best world educational institutions. It takes only 176th place in the academic ranking of world universities. This suggests that age is not always a guarantee of quality. property University of Bologna considered to be his library, founded in 1605 by Professor Aldrovandi. It is not the oldest in the world, but one of the most valuable.
cannot boast of centuries-old traditions, but their architecture is sometimes simply amazing.