Foundation of the BSSR. State flag of the BSSR

Don't call my republic

The land of dark forests!

Look -

Glowing above her

Factory building lights...

Don't call my republic

The land of marshy swamps!

And I garden her

Breathe freely

And loaves of bread sway over her,

And the roads

like arrows

out of the blue…

Kastus Kireenko

A demobilized soldier was returning to his native Belarusian village. The Patriotic War separated him from the region where he was born and raised. For many years he was not in his homeland - having learned about the death of his loved ones, he remained to serve in the army, then he restored the Dneproges and the Kharkov Tractor Plant, built railway in Siberia…

The heart was beating fast. Right now, behind this copse, there is a swamp, and then ... Will they recognize him in the village? .. But what is it? Through the rare trunks of trees, where there should be a swamp, blue waves shimmer. The man could not believe his eyes. He rushed forward, parting the bushes… A huge field of blossoming flax swayed in the wind in front of him…

During the years of Soviet power, the face of Belarus has unrecognizably changed - the land of "hungry and mournful", as they wrote about it before the revolution. Hundreds of thousands of hectares of "junk lands" have turned into arable land, flowering meadows, vegetable gardens. By 1958, drainage work had been carried out on swamps and wetlands with a total area of ​​about 800 thousand hectares.

The face of the republic is constantly changing. And is it possible now in a country of powerful plants and factories, in a country where not only "gray bread" is produced, but also wheat and corn, flax and sugar beets, milk and meat, in a country that trades with almost half of the world, to recognize the former Belarus !

The history of the Belarusian people is closely connected with the history of the peoples of Russia and Ukraine. In the IX-XI centuries. modern territory Byelorussian SSR was part of Kievan Rus. Approximately in the XIII century. the name Belaya Rus arose.

In the XII-XIV centuries. the territory of Belarus was captured by Lithuanian feudal lords. The Belarusian land groaned for a long time under the yoke of foreign invaders.

Progressive for Belarus was the reunification at the end of the 18th century. with Russia. It freed the Belarusian people from foreign slavery. True, now the tsarist autocracy dominated it. Together with other nations Russian Empire Byelorussians began the struggle against tsarism. By the end of the XIX century. Byelorussia already had a numerous proletariat. About 50 thousand workers worked in factories and plants, 70-80 thousand worked in craft workshops. In addition, approximately 50 thousand people were employed in construction and seasonal work. Complete political lack of rights, beggarly wage roused the workers to strike. Marxist circles sprang up in many cities.

In March 1898, the First Congress of the RSDLP convened illegally in Minsk.

In 1905-1907. a revolutionary wave swept through Belarus. The peasants refused to work for the landlords, burned the estates, seized the lord's lands. The workers of Minsk and Gomel, Vitebsk and Brest were on strike, demanding political freedoms and better economic conditions.

Liberation brought Great October. Belarus for the first time in its long history became an independent state - the Soviet Socialist Republic.

The civil war, the defeat of the interventionists, the restoration and reconstruction of factories and plants, collectivization and the fight against kulaks, overcoming technical and economic backwardness, the cultural revolution ... Together with our entire Motherland, with the help of fraternal peoples Soviet Union The Byelorussian SSR was rebuilt, grew richer, turned into a powerful socialist industrial republic.

But not all the people of Belarus were happy. The western regions of the republic remained under the rule of bourgeois-landlord Poland. For 20 years the working people here fought for their national liberation, for reunification with Soviet Belarus. In 1939, the western regions became part of the BSSR and began to build socialism with the help of the working people of the republic and our entire socialist Motherland.

However, the Soviet Republic faced severe trials. From the first days of the Great Patriotic War it became the scene of the fiercest fighting.

The Soviet people stubbornly defended the Belarusian land, showing miracles of courage.

Now every student knows about heroic defense Brest Fortress in the first weeks of the war. Enemies only captured it when almost all the defenders of the fortress fell the death of heroes.

The Nazis occupied Belarus. They exported to Germany the equipment of enterprises and manufactured goods, livestock and food, destroying everything that the republic had created with such difficulty in peaceful years. The land was taken away from the peasants, the workers were forced to work for the occupiers. A dense network of prisons, concentration camps, ghettos covered the whole of Belarus. Innocent people were hanged, shot, destroyed in gas chambers.

But the Belarusian people did not give up. People's avengers - partisans - acted behind enemy lines in each district. With big earth they were supplied with weapons, ammunition, food. Horror was brought to the Nazis by the detachment of Konstantin Zaslonov, the partisan brigades "Sturmovaya", them. M. V. Frunze, 2nd Minsk, 208th partisan regiment. Immortal feat Ivan Susanin was repeated by the 70-year-old peasant Ivan Tsuba.

The memory of Belarusian heroes who fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army will never die among the people. The son of the Belarusian people, Captain Nikolai Gastello, sent a burning plane to a column of enemy tanks and vehicles and died himself. Another pilot, Alexander Gorovets, fought alone with 20 German aircraft. The hero died, but first he shot down 9 fascist vultures.

The disasters brought to the Belarusian people by the war are innumerable. More than half of the republic's national wealth was looted and destroyed. The cities of Belarus turned into ruins, many villages were burned to the ground ... The economy of the republic had to be restored almost anew. All the fraternal peoples of the USSR came to the rescue. Trains with metal, machinery, seeds, thoroughbred livestock, food went to Belarus.

From the ruins, cities and villages were reborn, factories and factories were put into operation.

Before the revolution Belarus was a backward agricultural country. Its fossil wealth lay in vain. During the years of Soviet power, they - as well as throughout our country - were placed at the service of the people.

Belarus is very rich in peat, the reserves of which amount to billions of tons! This is the main energy raw material of the republic. Use peat as fuel and many industrial enterprises. Powerful thermal power plants will operate on peat, the construction of which in Belarus is provided for by the 20-year plan for building a communist society. In the near future, such energy giants as the most powerful in the republic Berezovskaya HPP, the second stage of the Vasilevichskaya HPP and the Polotsk CHPP will come into operation. BUT chemical industry begins to produce artificial wax, gas, phenol, acetic acid from peat.

Limestone, chalk, clay, glass sand, gravel and other materials make it possible to widely develop the building and glass industries. Bricks and tiles, gypsum and ceramic blocks, sewer pipes and reinforced concrete structures, window glass and utensils are provided by Belorussia to the entire Soviet Union.

Countless riches were discovered near the city of Starobin - deposits of potash and table salt. Now a new city has grown here - Soligorsk, the first city of miners and chemists in Belarus. A large potash plant is being built here. Thus, a new large base for the production of mineral fertilizers, especially necessary for the non-chernozem zone, will be created in the west of the USSR.

An oil refinery is being built near the ancient city of Polotsk. It will process oil coming through the pipeline from the Volga region. This new industry of the republic will create great opportunities for the development of chemistry.

On the eve of the 43rd anniversary of the Great October Revolution, the Dashava-Minsk gas pipeline, one of the largest construction projects of the seven-year plan, was put into operation ahead of schedule.

Construction was carried out in difficult conditions. Many places along which the gas pipeline is laid are swampy. But Soviet people overcame all difficulties and won. The path to the mighty stream natural gas open. Soon a dense network of pipelines will cover the entire republic. Many residential buildings and enterprises in Minsk, Brest and a number of other cities of the republic have already received this valuable fuel.

Dashava gas will also serve as raw material for the Grodno nitrogen fertilizer plant, which will be built in the coming years. Belarus is becoming a republic of great chemistry. A complex of rubber industry enterprises will be created.

Artificial leather products are produced in Pinsk, a plant for the production of artificial astrakhan fur will operate in the city of Molodechno, and the Svetlogorsk artificial fiber plant is under construction.

Mechanical engineering occupies a special place in the industry of Belarus. It began to develop even before the Patriotic War, and in last years became the leading industry. Many machine-building plants of the republic, including the automobile and tractor plants in Minsk, are of all-Union significance. In the production of trucks, tractors, metal-cutting machine tools, Belarus occupies one of the first places in the country. Belarusian machine builders create new tractors, new cars. For example, they produce a "family" of huge vehicles with a carrying capacity of 25 to 40 tons. Such giants are necessary for the mining industry. In terms of their qualities, they are significantly superior to similar US cars. Mechanical engineering is developing rapidly and further. Enterprises for the manufacture of electrodes are being built, various products from metals and plastics, the production of machine-tool automatic lines has been mastered.

In the first two years of the seven-year plan alone, more than 60 large enterprises and shops were put into operation in the republic, more than 400 new types of machines, machine tools, and instruments were mastered. The task set before the industry of the republic is to help the further development of agriculture. To turn out more quickly and more new, more modern machines, mineral fertilizers and building materials.

The products of Belarus are known not only in our country, but also abroad. The republic exports its goods to more than 50 countries of the world. It exports machine tools, machines, equipment. Tractors "Belarus" successfully work in the boundless steppes of Mongolia, and on the stony lands of Greece, and on the dense calcareous soils of Syria. Ditch diggers and bulldozers of Belarusian brands came to the jungles of Ceylon. Powerful Belarusian dump trucks rush along the roads of the Middle East.

The woodworking industry is also developed in the republic. It produces plywood, lumber, standard houses, furniture. AT post-war years Belarusian workers have planted new forests on hundreds of thousands of hectares.

The transport of the republic meets the needs of its National economy. The most important railway lines are: Moscow - Brest, Leningrad - Odessa, Riga - Gomel. Major highways Moscow-Minsk-Brest, Leningrad-Kyiv pass through Belarus, and airlines are laid over its territory.

Continuously evolving and strengthening Agriculture Belarus. The sowing of cereals - including corn - and fodder crops has been expanded. The republic specializes in the development of dairy and meat animal husbandry, pig breeding, breeding of waterfowl, the production of potatoes, fiber flax and sugar beets. For the growth of these branches of agriculture in Belarus, the most favorable natural conditions. But in order to make good use of these favorable natural conditions, you need to put in a lot of work, give the fields more fertilizer, create new ones. perfect machines who can better cultivate the land.

FOREST NEAR BELA VAZHA

This forest was mentioned for the first time in the annals of 983. But the white tower, a watchtower made of white stone, was built only in the 13th century, when the city of Kremenets was built on the banks of the Lesnaya River. It was from this white vezha that the ancient forest got its name, an insignificant part of the immense forest, which then stood like a wall in a vast expanse from the Baltic Sea and the Oder to the Bug and the Dnieper.

In the dense thickets of the forest, there is a diverse life hidden from the human eye. Brown hares, squirrels, elks, wild boars, deer, roe deer, ermines, weasels, badgers, foxes, bears, wolves, lynxes live here ... The world of birds is rich - capercaillie, hazel grouse, woodcocks, ducks, black grouse - more than 150 different types birds.

But the most precious inhabitant of the protected forest for science is, of course, the famous Bialowieza bison... When livestock is crossed with bison, breeds are obtained that tolerate heat and cold well and are resistant to certain diseases.

In the last century, 70 animal species have become extinct on our planet. The bison, the largest of the animals inhabiting European forests, was also under the threat of extinction. During the years of intervention and civil war, bison were almost completely destroyed.

In 1923, at the World Congress for the Protection of Nature, an international society for the protection of bison was created. So opened new page life Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Scientists-zoologists led a difficult painstaking work on the restoration of a herd of purebred bison living in natural conditions. Now in Belovezhskaya Pushcha there are already more than four dozen adult bison, many young ones. And all in the USSR - about a hundred bison.

At the first meeting bison seem heavy, slow, even passive. And no wonder! This forest giant reaches 3.5 m in length and about 1.9 m in height. It weighs almost a ton. However, bison instantly react to any irritation, they are surprisingly mobile and fast.

In summer bison climb deep into Belovezhskaya Pushcha and run wild. They feed on young green shoots, herbs, foliage. And in winter they keep close to the center of the nursery and know well those who feed them. It is enough for the “breadwinner” to give a voice, and huge animals with powerful heads and crescent-shaped horns come running and patiently wait for food at the feeders.

Working with great enthusiasm wonderful people Belarusian land, "beacons of communism". This allows us to say with confidence that the task Communist Party- to increase the productivity of agricultural crops, to significantly increase the number of livestock and the production of livestock products - will be honorably fulfilled by the republic.

Belarus is almost entirely green with forests, blue with rivers and lakes. The hills in Belarus are small. They were formed from glacial moraines. The highest point of the Belarusian Upland, Mount Dzerzhinskaya, rose 346 m above sea level. To the north of it lies the Belarusian Lakeland. There are many glacial lakes surrounded by dense forests and thickets.

The climate of the Belarusian Lake District is more severe than in other places of the republic. Flax growing and meat and dairy cattle breeding are developed here. In terms of flax sowing, this region is one of the first places in the Soviet Union.

To the south of the Belarusian Upland, Polesie is located in a giant triangle between the cities of Brest, Mogilev and Kyiv. This is a huge swampy flat lowland. It stretches for 500 km from the Bug to the Dnieper. There are endless stagnant ponds all around, overgrown with sedge, alder, gnarled pine and birch. Among them, on sandy mounds and ridges, villages and cities are spread. There are many in Polissya and dense forests. From them this region got its name. In the lowest part of Polissya, in the direction from west to east, fancifully meandering, the river slowly flows. The Pripyat is a tributary of the Dnieper.

Before the revolution, Polissya was considered the edge of wild swamps and forests. Hunger, poverty, diseases were constant companions of the Poleshchuks - this is how the inhabitants of this area were called in the past. Rivers and bogs fenced them off from the outside world. People constantly struggled with swamps and small forests advancing on arable land. They plowed the earth with a plow, loosened with a hoe. For centuries Poleshchuks dreamed of draining bogs and marshes. But only the socialist state, with its powerful industry and collective farms armed with advanced technology, was able to turn the vast marshes into flourishing fields, meadows and pastures. According to the Program of communist construction, the melioration of Polesye will make it possible to develop more than 4.8 million hectares of land in Belarus and Ukraine.

Belovezhskaya Pushcha is located in the Grodno and Brest regions - one of the most wonderful corners of the nature of our Motherland, the oldest reserve.

Forest, forest and forest - that's what amazes a person who first came to Pushcha. It surprises with its variegation, the continuous alternation of different species, the size of the trees. Here are giant spruces over 50 m high, and there, on the sands, forty-meter pine trees rose. Giant oaks will not be able to clasp three adult men. The height of some oaks reaches 42 m, and the circumference is 10 m. Lindens reach unusually large sizes.

WHAT TO REMEMBER ABOUT BELARUS

1945 Black from conflagrations, desolated lay the Belarusian land. The Nazis turned many cities and villages of the republic into ruins and ashes. The level of the national economy became lower than in 1913.

1961 It's only been 17 years. With fabulous speed arose from the ruins of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Compared with 1913, its industrial output has grown almost 40 times. And this means that for every thousand people per year, the following is produced:

machine tools - more than in the US or England, France or Japan;

more trucks than in Italy or Austria;

tractors - more than in England or France, the Federal Republic of Germany or Italy.

In 1913, out of 100 inhabitants of Belarus, 80 were illiterate. And now all children study here, and there are more than 70 students for every 10 thousand inhabitants.

In terms of the number of students in universities per thousand people, Belarus is ahead of Japan, Belgium, France and Italy.

There are more doctors per 10,000 people in the republic than in the USA, England, France, Germany or Japan.

More than 100 thousand specialists with higher education are employed in the national economy of the republic.

In the reserve, tireless work is carried out to protect the rich fauna of this region and to acclimatize new animals.

On the southern slope of the Minsk Upland - the watershed of the Black and Baltic Seas- Minsk is located, the capital of the republic. This is one of the oldest cities in our country. It was first mentioned in the chronicle in 1067.

Minsk is on the shortest route from Western Europe to the central regions of our country. In pre-revolutionary times, it was a provincial provincial town. On the eve of the First World War there was largest number gymnasiums and primary schools. At the same time, about 30 churches, churches and synagogues operated in the city. Most of the inhabitants were illiterate.

AT late XIX in. Minsk became the center of the labor movement and revolutionary Marxist thought in Belarus.

During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, Minsk turned into a large cultural and industrial center. The fascist invaders left ruins and ashes in place of the previously flourishing city. They destroyed 80% of residential buildings, all factories, plants, scientific and educational institutions, theaters, cinema.

Soviet people restored the city in an unprecedentedly short time. Now Minsk is much more beautiful than before the war. Wide paved streets lined with trees, new high-rise buildings, many parks. AT postwar period automobile, tractor, motorbike, bearing and watch factories, a factory of production lines, fine cloth and worsted factories, and a radio factory were built here. There are factories for spare tractor parts, electrical panels, a printing plant, a plant for reinforced concrete products, and a motor plant is being built. The light and food industries are developed. The city has hundreds of schools, dozens of higher and secondary specialized educational

institutions, including Belarusian State University. V. I. Lenin, Polytechnical Institute, Institute of the National Economy, Medical, Pedagogical, Technological, etc. There are more than 40 thousand students in the universities and technical schools of the capital.

The Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR and many research institutes are located in Minsk. There are three theaters, a large state library, the House-Museum of the 1st Congress of the RSDLP, the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

The second largest city of the BSSR is Gomel. It is located in picturesque place on the river Sozh.

This is a center for the production of agricultural machinery and machine tools, a large river port.

In the southwest, almost on the border with the Polish People's Republic, stands the city of Brest. It is covered with the heroic glory of the defenders of the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War. The heroes of the Brest Fortress fought to the death, defended their positions to the last fighter. The Nazis were forced to keep here for a long time significant military forces withdrawn from the front.

Modern Brest is a beautiful, comfortable city and an important transport hub of the country.

Not far from the borders with fraternal Poland is another oldest city Republic - Grodno. in Grodno and Grodno region a glass factory, a worsted factory, a leather and shoe factory, and a sugar factory operate.

Vitebsk is located on the high banks of the Western Dvina and Vitba. It is the center of machine tool building and the textile industry. The plush carpet factory in Vitebsk produces 40% of all factory carpets in the USSR. The city has a flax mill, a hosiery and knitwear factory.

To the north-west of Vitebsk on the banks of the Western Dvina lies one of the oldest cities in Russia - Polotsk. He is over 1100 years old. It was once an important center ancient Russian culture and enlightenment. Since then, the city has preserved remarkable historical and architectural monuments. Before the October Revolution, Polotsk looked like a run-down provincial city. AT Soviet time he grew up and changed. A glass fiber factory is operating here, the construction of an oil refinery is being completed, and new industrial enterprises are being created.

Speaking about the cities of Belarus, one cannot fail to mention Mogilev, located on the banks of the Dnieper. Famous before the revolution for the products of its leather and footwear enterprises, Mogilev in Soviet times became a major center of metallurgy, metalworking, mechanical engineering, and the textile industry.

The Belarusian collective-farm village is also becoming different. Villages and towns in Belarus are being rebuilt according to new plans. Projects of modern residential, industrial and cultural buildings for rural areas are being developed. Rural houses, like urban buildings, are increasingly being built from prefabricated structures.

Main perspectives further development economy of the republic are connected with mechanical engineering and power engineering on peat, chemical and food industry, meat and dairy farming.

The selfless labor of the peoples of Belarus (8316 thousand people as of January 1, 1962), the help of all Soviet republics, and first of all the RSFSR, made Belarus the way we see it today - free, rich, going with our entire Motherland towards a bright communist future.

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Plan
Introduction
1. History
2 Area and population
3 Territorial division
4 Guide
5 Economy

Bibliography
Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic

Introduction

Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, BSSR, Belarus (Belarusian. Belarusian Savetskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika, BSSR, Belarus) - a state, one of the republics of the USSR (from December 30, 1922 to December 10, 1991). Since September 19, 1991 officially called Republic of Belarus or for short Belarus. It was one of 4 states that signed the treaty on the formation of the USSR on December 30, 1922. In Soviet and modern Belarusian historiography, January 1, 1919 is considered as the first proclamation of the BSSR - the date of the formation of the Belarusian Soviet Republic of the SSRB, which was part of the RSFSR until January 31, 1919 and self-liquidated on February 27, 1919. . The second proclamation of the BSSR took place on July 31, 1920.

1. History

March 25, 1918 representatives of several national movements in conditions German occupation announced the creation of an independent Belarusian People's Republic(BNR). After the Germans left, the territory was occupied by the Red Army, the BNR government was forced to emigrate to the West.
The government of Soviet Belorussia was created at the 6th conference of organizations of the RSDLP (b) of the North-Western region of Russia, held in Smolensk on December 30-31, 1918. In the same place, in Smolensk, on January 1, 1919, the formation of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus (SSRB) was proclaimed as part of the RSFSR. On January 7, 1919, the government of the SSRB moved from Smolensk to Minsk.
On January 31, 1919, the SSRB seceded from the RSFSR and was renamed Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic (BSSR)(also used a variant of the name Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus), whose independence was officially recognized by the government of Soviet Russia. On February 2, 1919, the First All-Belarusian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Red Army Deputies met in Minsk, which adopted the Constitution of the Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic on February 3. On February 27, 1919, it merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Republic to form the Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (abbr. Litbel). Litbel ceased to exist due to the occupation of its territory by the army of the Polish Republic during the Soviet-Polish war.

After the Red Army liberated a significant part of the territory of Belarus, on July 31, 1920, the Belarusian Socialist Soviet Republic was re-formed, renamed after the creation of the USSR in 1922 into Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) .

In March 1924 and December 1926 part Russian territory, namely: parts of Vitebsk (with the city of Vitebsk), Smolensk (with the city of Orsha), Gomel province (with the city of Gomel) were transferred to the Byelorussian SSR (thus, the territory of the BSSR more than doubled).

Before 1936 official languages republics along with Belarusian and Russian were Polish language and Yiddish; slogan "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" was inscribed on the coat of arms of the BSSR in all four languages.

The border between the BSSR and the newly annexed Lithuanian USSR was established on November 6, 1940 by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

June 25, 1945 BSSR and Ukrainian SSR signed the UN Charter, which came into force on October 24, 1945. Among 51 countries of the world they are the founders of the UN.

On September 19, 1991, it was renamed the Republic of Belarus, after which it remained part of the USSR for about 3 more months. It was one of 3 republics that signed an agreement on December 8, 1991 that canceled the union treaty (in the Republic of Belarus it entered into force on December 10, 1991).

2. Area and population

1921: 52.4 thousand km² - 1.544 million hours

1924: 110.6 thousand km² - 4.2 million hours

1926: 126.3 thousand km² - 4.9 million hours

1939: 223 thousand km² - 10.2 million hours

1959: 207.6 thousand km² - 8.06 million hours

1991: 207.6 thousand km² - 10.3 million hours

3. Territorial division

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated December 4, 1939, the Baranovichi, Belostok, Brest, Vileika and Pinsk regions were formed as part of the BSSR. By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 20, 1944, the Bobruisk, Grodno and Polotsk regions were formed as part of the BSSR, by the decree of the same date the regional center of the Vileika region was transferred to the city of Molodechno and the Vileika region itself was renamed Molodechno.

As of 1991:

Previously there were also:

Baranovichi region (from December 4, 1939 to January 8, 1954, entered Brest, Grodno, Minsk and Molodechno)

Bialystok region (from December 4, 1939 to September 20, 1944, most of entered Poland, the smaller one - to Grodno)

Bobruisk region (from September 20, 1944 to January 8, 1954, entered Gomel, Minsk and Mogilev)

Vileyka region (from December 4, 1939 to September 20, 1944, renamed Molodechno, the part entered Polotsk)

Molodechno region (from September 20, 1944 to January 20, 1960, entered Vitebsk, Grodno and Minsk)

Polotsk region (from September 20, 1944 to January 8, 1954, entered Vitebsk and Molodechno)

4. Guide

Central Executive Committee of the BSSR

· The Supreme Council BSSR

First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus

5. Economy

· Manufacture of industrial products by years

Bibliography:

1. In Soviet and modern Belarusian historiography, 01/01/1919, the date of formation of the SSRB, is considered as the first proclamation of the BSSR

2. The second proclamation (after self-liquidation on 02/27/1919 and the Polish occupation of Belarusian lands during the Soviet-Polish war): adoption of a declaration of independence

3 UN.org. Signing of the UN charter

Belarus became one of the first 4 Soviet republics that signed the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR on December 30, 1922.

In March 1924 and December 1926, parts of Vitebsk (with Vitebsk), Smolensk (with Orsha), Gomel (with Gomel) provinces were transferred to the Byelorussian SSR. This decision was made at a meeting of the Politburo on November 29, 1923. These lands were defined as "related to it (BSSR) in domestic, ethnographic and economic relations."
The decree was signed by Joseph Stalin.

Initially, it was planned to transfer the BSSR to the entire province, but, according to the 1920 census, the majority of the population in them was Russian.

As a result of the first enlargement, the territory of the BSSR more than doubled, the population increased from 1.6 million to 4.2 million people.

As a result of the second consolidation, the population of the republic increased by 650 thousand people and amounted to a total of about 5 million people. The eastern border of the BSSR began to correspond eastern border Grand Duchy of Lithuania before the first partition of the Commonwealth.

Tarashkevitsa and the Belarusian language

The Belarusian language was standardized during the years of Soviet power. In 1918, a teacher at Petrograd University, Bronislav Tarashkevich, prepared the first grammar of the Belarusian language, normalizing spelling for the first time.

This is how the so-called tarashkevitsa appeared - a language norm later adopted in the Belarusian emigration.

In 1933, Tarashkevice was opposed by the grammar of the Belarusian language, which was created as a result of the language reforms of the 1930s. It was fixed and used in Belarus until 2005, when it was partially unified with tarashkevitsa.

In the 1920s, on the official coat of arms of the BSSR, the phrase "Proletarians of all countries unite!" was written in four languages: Russian, Polish, Yiddish and Tarashkevice.

In addition to the Belarusian language and tarashkevitsa, there is another form of existence of the Belarusian speech - trasyanka. It is a mixture of Russian and Belarusian languages, it is found everywhere in Belarus even now. Among its linguistic counterparts is surzhik (a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian), common in Ukraine and in the southern regions of Russia.

Belarusian oil

On August 6, 1958, by order of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, on the left bank of the Western Dvina, not far from Polotsk, construction began on a large industrial complex - the Novopolotsk oil refinery.

The plant was built "by the whole world", in the USSR the All-Union shock Komsomol construction was announced.

The place was not chosen by chance. The proximity of the western borders made it possible to export to the countries of Western Europe, the plant could provide oil to the western regions of the USSR, and the nearby Polotsk served as a convenient transport hub.

Initially, the plant's capacity was designed to process 6 million tons of crude oil per year.

February 9, 1963 in Novopolotsk (the city was "born construction") received the first Belarusian gasoline. NAFTAN is still the largest oil refinery in Belarus.

fertilizers

During the years of Soviet power, Belarus became one of the largest producers and exporters of potash fertilizers in the world. In 1958, the development of the Starobinskoye potash deposit discovered in 1949 began in the Belarusian Polesie.

Soligorsk, the only "city of miners" in Belarus, was also built here.

In the 1980s, Belaruskali occupied 17% of the world market for potash fertilizers.

The enterprise survived the collapse of the Union with complications, but today, according to the International Fertilizer Association, Belaruskali produces a seventh of the world's potash fertilizers, exporting its products to more than 70 countries.

Giants

Belarus is still famous for its giant cars. The name "BelAZ" has become a household name. Soviet children called any very large trucks that way.

The first mining dump truck appeared in the USSR in 1951. It was the predecessor of the BelAZ MAZ-525, produced at the Minsk Automobile Plant from 1951 to 1959. After, until 1967 - at BelAZ. The carrying capacity of the machine was 25 tons. For the first time, a 12-cylinder diesel engine, power steering, planetary gears in the rear wheel hubs appeared on it. A hydraulic clutch was installed between the engine and the clutch.

The rear wheels of the MAZ-525 with a diameter of 172 cm were rigidly attached to the body, without suspension.

In 1965, the production of a radically new dump truck, BelAZ-540, one of the best mining dump trucks in the world, began at the Belarusian Automobile Plant in Zhodino. This giant became the first owner of the Quality Mark and was a real breakthrough in technological thought. BelAZ-540 was the first car produced in the USSR with a hydropneumatic wheel suspension, combined power steering and body lift hydraulic systems.

In BelAZ-540, a screw steering mechanism, a hydromechanical transmission, a pneumohydraulic suspension of the rear and front axles and a welded box-section frame were used.

By 1986, BelAZ produced up to 6000 vehicles per year (half of their world production).

BelAZ trucks remain the largest vehicles on the territory of the former Soviet Union, they operate in almost 50 countries around the world.

Appliances

During the years of the USSR, Belarus was one of the main manufacturers of high-quality electronics and household appliances. The transistor radios of the Speedola family, produced at the Minsk Radio Plant since 1960, have become cult. Their mass production began in 1962.

The Minsk Radio Plant also produced Horizontal TVs, which were among the most popular in the USSR.

Belarus was famous in Soviet times for its refrigerators produced at the Minsk plant. Here, for the first time in the USSR, two-chamber refrigerators, freezers and polyurethane foam insulation were developed. Belarusian Refrigerators were exported to more than 10 countries in Europe and Asia. The first refrigerator was released in 1962.

An interesting fact: in 1959-1961, Lee Harvey Oswald, the only official suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, worked at the Minsk Radio Plant as a turner.

In Minsk he met his wife Maria Prusakova. In Soviet Belarus, the Oswalds had a daughter, June. They left Minsk on May 22, 1962. Less than a year and a half was left before the events due to which Lee Harvey would become famous. After the death of her husband, Marina Oswald will be on the cover of Time magazine.

Bialowieza Forest

Speaking of Belarus, one cannot fail to mention Belovezhskaya Pushcha. The reserve was established by Council Decision People's Commissars January 4, 1940. Until now, it is one of the largest tourist centers of the Republic of Belarus. The state border between Poland and Belarus passes through Belovezhskaya Pushcha.

On December 8, 1991, in the government residence of Viskuli, which is located on the territory of Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed a document that went down in history as the "Belovezhskaya Agreement". He stated: “The Union of the SSR as a subject international law and geopolitical reality ceases to exist.” The current president of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, regrets the collapse of the USSR even today, which he emphasizes in every second interview.

The Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (Belarusian. Belarusian Savetskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika) is one of the republics of the Soviet Union. It was one of the 4 states that founded the USSR in 1922. It existed from January 1, 1922 to December 10, 1991.

Belarus during the Civil War. Proclamation of the BNR

On March 25, 1918, representatives of national parties and movements under the German occupation announced the creation of an independent Belarusian People's Republic (BPR). After the departure of the Germans, the territory was occupied by the Red Army, the BNR government was forced to emigrate, and on January 1, 1919, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus (later renamed the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic) was proclaimed in Smolensk, which, after a short period of "Litbel" (Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic; February-August 1919) in December 1922 became part of the USSR.
In February 1919, Polish troops invaded the territory of Belarus. On August 8, Polish troops occupied Minsk, which was recaptured by the Red Army only in July of the following year.
According to the results of the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921, the territories of Western Belarus, located to the east of the Curzon Line, with a predominantly Belarusian population, departed to Poland.

Belarus in the 20-30s

In the 1920-1930s. in Soviet Belarus, industrialization processes were actively going on, new branches of industry and agriculture were formed. At the same time, the policy of Russification continued: in particular, during the language reform of 1933 in Belarusian language more than 30 phonetic and morphological features characteristic of the Russian language.

On the territory of Western Belarus, annexed by Poland, the Polish government also did not comply with the provisions of the Riga Treaty on the equality of all ethnic groups. Until March 1923 alone, almost all of the 400 existing Belarusian schools were closed, with the exception of 37. At the same time, 3,380 Polish schools were opened in Western Belarus. In 1938-1939 there were only 5 comprehensive Belarusian schools left. 1300 Orthodox churches was converted to Catholic, often with violence. After the establishment of the authoritarian regime of “sanation” in Poland, there was an increasing infringement of cultural rights national minorities. Since 1934, in the city of Bereza-Kartuzskaya (now the city of Bereza, Brest region), a Polish concentration camp has been operating as a place of extrajudicial internment of opponents of the ruling regime. According to the "Encyclopedia of the History of Belarus", in the period 1921-39, about 300 thousand "siege" colonists, as well as Polish officials, were resettled from ethnic Polish lands to western Belarus different categories. The osadniks were given estates belonging to persons "hostile to Poland" and state lands.

During Stalinist repressions hundreds of thousands of representatives of the intelligentsia, cultural and creative elite, just wealthy peasants were shot, exiled to hard labor in Siberia and Central Asia. Of the 540-570 writers published in Belarus in the 1920s-1930s of the 20th century, at least 440-460 (80%) were repressed, and if we take into account the authors who were forced to leave their homeland, then at least 500 (90%) were repressed, a quarter of the total number of writers (2000) repressed in the USSR. The number of people who passed through the camps is estimated at about 600-700 thousand people, and at least 300 thousand people were shot.

The Second World War

As a result of the invasion of Germany and the Soviet Union into Poland in September 1939, Western Belarus was occupied Soviet troops and annexed to the BSSR.
Repressions immediately began in the occupied territory. Only in the Baranovichi region from October 1939 to June 29, 1940, according to the most conservative estimates, more than 29 thousand people were repressed; about the same number (33 thousand 733 people) during the occupation will be taken out by the Germans for forced labor in Germany.

At the beginning of the war between Germany and the USSR (1941-1945), the territory of Belarus was occupied by German troops. The territory of Belarus was declared a general district within the Reichskommissariat Ostland. In December 1943, the collaborationist government of the Belarusian Central Rada was created, which had mainly advisory functions.

The partisan movement, which was widely developed in Belarus, became an important factor that forced the Nazis to keep a significant contingent here and contributed to the speedy liberation of Belarus. In 1944, in total, there were 373,942 people in partisan detachments on the territory of Belarus. Belarus was liberated by the Red Army during the Belarusian operation.

On the territory of Belarus, the German invaders created 260 concentration camps, in which about 1.4 million civilians and Soviet prisoners of war were destroyed. From the territory of Belarus, the Nazis took 399 thousand 374 people to work in Germany.

According to the data of the Khatyn memorial complex, the Germans and collaborators carried out more than 140 major punitive operations in Belarus; the population of areas suspected of supporting the partisans were exterminated, deported to death camps or for forced labor in Germany. Of the 9200 settlements destroyed and burned by the German invaders and collaborators in Belarus, over 5295 were destroyed along with all or part of the population. According to other data, the number of destroyed settlements during punitive operations - 628.

Some sources also allege punitive operations against civilians Soviet partisans. In particular, in the course of work on the book-document “I am from a fiery weight ...” Belarusian writers and publicists Ales Adamovich, Yanka Bryl and Vladimir Kolesnik during the interrogation received testimony from Vera Petrovna Sloboda, a teacher from the village of Dubrov near the village of Osveya Vitebsk region about the punitive action of the partisan detachment under the command of V.P. Kalaidzhan, during which civilians who did not want to leave the village before the arrival of German troops were exterminated. Eighty people were killed, the village was burned. On April 14, 1943, partisans attacked the village of Drazhno in the Starodorozhsky district of Belarus. The village was burned almost completely, most of the inhabitants were brutally tortured.

During the war years, Belarus lost about a third of its population (34% of the pre-war population of the country within its current borders - 3 million people), the country lost more than half of its national wealth. 209 cities, towns, district centers and more than 9 thousand villages and villages were completely or partially destroyed.

After the end of the war, anti-Soviet partisan groups operated on the territory of Belarus for several more years. Western intelligence agencies tried to establish contact with some of them. Detachments of the NKVD staged punitive operations against the anti-Soviet resistance.

post-war period

In 1945, after the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was a founder and joined the United Nations as a sovereign state. On June 26, 1945, K. V. Kiselev, at the head of the delegation of the Byelorussian SSR, signed the UN Charter, which was ratified by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR on August 30, 1945. In November-December 1945, the Belarusian delegation took part in the work of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations General Assembly in London, where the head of the delegation of the Byelorussian SSR K.V. Kiselev was elected vice-chairman of the fourth committee.

In the 1950s-1970s. the restoration of the country proceeded rapidly, industry and agriculture developed intensively. The economy of Belarus was a key part of the national economic complex of the USSR, Belarus was called the "assembly shop" of the Soviet economy.

The collapse of the USSR

Political processes of the late 1980s - early 1990s. led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the communist system. On July 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty. On September 19, 1991, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) was renamed the Republic of Belarus. It should be noted that on March 17, 1991, at the all-Union referendum on the preservation of the USSR, 82.7% of those who took part in the vote (83.3% of those included in the voting lists took part) spoke in favor of preserving USSR, which testified to the absence of the desire of the inhabitants of Belarus to secede from the union.

In December 1991, as a result of the Belovezhskaya Accords, Belarus joined the Commonwealth of Independent States.

On March 15, 1994, the Supreme Council adopted the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, according to which it was declared a unitary democratic social legal state. In accordance with the Constitution, the Republic of Belarus is a presidential republic.

Hymn

We, Belarusians, with brother Russia
Time shukali to shchastsyu dear.
Ў battles for freedom, ў battles for a share
For goodness sake, we have succeeded!

We have been abused by Lenin's name, Party to the next time we are marching. Party glory! Glory to Radzima! Glory to you Belarusian people!

Strength of the guard, people of Belarus
Ў fraternal syuz, ў male sam'i
We will be eternal, free people,
Live on your own, free land!

We have been abused by Lenin's name, Party to the next time we are marching. Party glory! Glory to Radzima! Glory to taba, our free people!

Friendship of the people - the strength of the people,
To the best practice sun paths
Proudly, I am aware of the bright heights,
Stsyag kamunizmu - gladastsі stsyag!

We have been abused by Lenin's name, Party to the next time we are marching. Party glory! Glory to Radzima! Glory to Taba, our Savets people!

Translation

We, Belarusians, with brotherly Russia,
Together we searched fortunately for roads.
In battles for will, in battles for share,
With her, we got the flag of victory.

We were united by Lenin's name. The Party, fortunately, leads us on the march of the Party's glory! Glory to the Motherland! Glory to you, Belarusian people!

Gathering strength, the people of Belarus
In fraternal union, in a powerful family
Forever we will be, free people
Live in a happy, free land

We were united by Lenin's name. The Party, fortunately, leads us on the march of the Party's glory! Glory to the Motherland! Glory to you, our free people!

Friendship of peoples is the strength of peoples,
Happily working sunny way
Proudly rise to the bright heights,
The flag of communism is the flag of joy!

We were united by Lenin's name. The Party, fortunately, leads us on the march of the Party's glory! Glory to the Motherland! Glory to you, our Soviet people!