Where is the University of Bologna located? The emergence of the law school

Europe. Located in the Italian city of Bologna. In the Arab world, Bologna's competitor is Al-Karaouine University, the oldest continuously existing university in the world, however, unlike in Europe, Arab "universities" did not issue diplomas on behalf of the institution itself. Part of the European University Association Utrecht Network.

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The emergence of the law school

In Bologna, as in others major centers Italy, from ancient times studied Roman law and put it into practice. The exact date of the founding of the university is unknown, but there is no doubt that there was a school of “liberal arts” in Bologna, which was especially famous in the 11th century, where students studied Roman law in the form of additional classes to the course of rhetoric.

Bologna students of the German "nation" (community). 15th century miniature

The beginning of a deep study of law was laid by Irnerius at the end of the 11th century. This Irnerius (sometimes called Wernerius, Varnerius, Garnerius) was a teacher in the school of liberal arts; having studied himself, without the help of a teacher, Justinian's law, he gained a reputation as a legalist. According to Audfroy, a Bolognese jurist of the 13th century, whose writings contain historical information about the professors who preceded him, Irnerius opened a special law school at the request of Countess Matilda, the former ruler of Tuscany and part of Lombardy. It is quite plausible that this princess, being a supporter of the pope, was against the invitation to her courts of legists from Ravenna, distinguished by traditional hostility to the papal throne.

Irnerius opened his public lectures in the year that is considered the year of the founding of his institute, and held the chair there until his death (between 1137 and 1137).

The rise of fame

Irnerius turned out to have many students, of which the most famous were four doctors of law: Bulgar Martin, Gozia, Goog and Jacques de la Porte Revennante. At the beginning of the twelfth century, the school of law in Bologna was already more popular than that of Ravenna. However, even in the middle of this century, the school of liberal arts enjoyed greater fame outside of Italy. But by the end of the 12th century, the Bologna professors of law gained a noticeable advantage over other scientists of Bologna and gained European fame. This was due, firstly, to the scientific advantages of the teaching method and, secondly, to the patronage of the German emperor Frederick I, who was also the king of Lombardy and was interested in maintaining the authority of Roman law, which could be relied upon in cases of crown harassment. After the diet of Roncalle in 1158, which was attended by Bolognese professors and where mutual legal relations between the emperor and the Italian cities were settled, Frederick gave the obligation to provide all students studying Roman law in Bologna with the following benefits: firstly, to travel freely in all countries under the auspices of his authority (which helped to avoid the troubles usually experienced by foreigners), and secondly, to be subject to the court only of professors or a bishop in the city.

Popularity with foreign students, especially northerners, added both the wonderful climate of the city and its development. Not only young men came to study, but already quite adults, family people. Among them are Cuza, Copernicus, Ulrich von Hutten, Oloander. Crowned heads sent their children to Bologna to study law and the fine arts. The surprising features of the university for that time were the impossibility to enter only due to its position (knowledge was required equally from the son of an artisan and from the son of the king), as well as the fact that women were allowed into its depths, both as students and as teachers.

The Spanish Collegium, built in the 1360s.

The students who flocked from all over Europe were not slow to form real corporations in their midst, modeled on the various craft and art workshops of that time. By the end of the twelfth century, the collection of all student corporations under a common statute constituted the University of Bologna.

Features of the University of Bologna

This university, which, along with the Parisian, founded in the same era (1200), is the oldest in Europe, from the day of its formation had two features - features arising from the very conditions under which it was formed. First, it was not an association of professors (universitas magistrorum), to whose authority the students attending their lectures had to submit exclusively, but an association of students (universitas scholarium), which itself chooses the leaders to whom the professors were subordinate. The students of Bologna were divided into two main parts, ultramontanes and citramontanes, each of which annually elected a rector and a council of different nationalities, who together with him were in charge of the administration and university jurisdiction. Professors (doctores legentes) were chosen by students on certain time, received a fee under the condition and pledged not to teach anywhere except Bologna. Being according to the statute, thus, depending on the university and being only free in the direction of the students' studies, they could gain authority and influence on the students solely by their personal qualities and pedagogical talents.

The second peculiarity of the University of Bologna was that, in its essence, it was legal (universitas legum), in contrast to Paris, which at first was devoted solely to theology. The study of Roman law, which laid the foundation for the university itself, and canonical law, introduced into the university program from the 12th century, remained the main, if not exclusive, subjects of university teaching. Medicine and the liberal arts were indeed taught there during the thirteenth century by eminent professors; but their listeners were nevertheless considered to belong to a law university, and only in the XIV century. along with them, two other universities were formed: 1) medicine and philosophy and 2) theology. A remarkable consequence of the purely juridical character of the University of Bologna was that it was not subject, like Paris, to the supreme administration of the popes, since there was no need for ecclesiastical permission to teach Roman law, which was required for theology. However, since the thirteenth century the popes, who supported the university in its disputes with the city administrations and approved its statutes in 1253, in turn had a certain moral authority over the university and ensured that the Archdeacon of Bologna, on their behalf, was the inspector at examinations and at the issuance of diplomas, in order to make sure their correctness.

heyday

The most brilliant period of the Bologna school of law was the interval between beginning of XII century and the second half of the XIII, covering the lectures of Irnerius and the teaching of glossing by Accursius. During this period, it found the widest and most fruitful application both in oral presentation, and in the writings of the glossators, their new method of teaching. During this long period, the most famous of the glossators, after the four doctors mentioned above, were: Placentinus, who worked mainly on the code of Justinian and founded the school of law at Montpellier, where he died in 1192; Burgundio is one of the few glossators who knew Greek, and a translator of the Greek texts of the pandectes; Roger, Jean Bassien, Pillius, Azo - whose works enjoyed such authority that there was even a saying: “Chi non ha Azo, non vado a palazzo”; Gougolin, who continued the work of Azo Jacques Balduini; Rofroy, and finally Accursius (1182-1258), the most famous of the glossators, chiefly famous for his enormous compilation in which he summarized the work of his predecessors.

Accursius also passed on his love for practicing law to his children, and his daughter, Dota d'Accorso, who was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws by the university and admitted to public teaching, was the first woman mentioned in the annals of the university. She was followed by other female lawyers: Bitgisia, Gozzatsini, Novella d'Andrea, and others. Simultaneously with Roman law at the University of Bologna, the teaching of canon law was successfully taught by professors who, in their lectures and writings, directly followed the method of Irnerius. Starting from the second half of XII century in the acts relating to the University of Bologna, there are names of professors of canon law (doctores decretorum). Around 1148, Gratian, a monk and author of the famous decretals, lived in Bologna. After him, his disciples Popalia, Rufin, Roland Bandinelli (who later became Pope under the name Alexander III), Guguccio, and in the XIII century. - Richard of England, Damas, Tancred, famous for his "Ordo judiciarius", Bernard of Parma, Raymond of Peñafor - became the main representatives of the university teaching of canon law in Bologna. For some time the professors of Roman law (legum doctores) and the canonists (decretistae) constituted two separate classes; but little by little the canonists began to consider Roman law as an integral part of their subject, and vice versa, the novelists had to make references in their works to church canons; the same scholars were often professors of both law (doctores utriusque juris) and taught both these branches of law, which are closely related to each other.

During the period of the highest flourishing at the University of Bologna, the schools of law, along with jurisprudence, other sciences begin to flourish: philosophy, Latin and Greek literature, and then medicine. Of the professors-philosophers, one can name Alberigo, who read in the XII century, the Florentine Lot, who taught simultaneously with philosophy and physics, the monk Moneto. Among the philologists B. University had Gaufrido di Vinisauf, an Englishman by birth, who taught and wrote in verse and prose, Boncompagno, an excellent connoisseur of the Latin language. The study of the Greek language, which marked the beginning of the era of the humanists, took root here earlier than in other Italian universities, and since the 15th century it has firmly established itself in Bologna, which can be proud of the fact that Erasmus of Rotterdam lived among its philosophers. In Bologna, medicine also made a significant step forward thanks to the method of teaching anatomy pioneered by Lucin di Luzzi. human body and animals on corpses. In the field of medicine, and then the natural sciences, the women professors of the University of Bologna were especially distinguished. Among them are known: the names of Dorothea Bucchi (XIV-XV centuries), who, after the death of her father Giovanni Bucchi, took the chair of practical medicine and moral philosophy, and the famous Bolognese lecturers of the XVIII century, closer to our time, Laura Bassi, who occupied the chair experimental physics and philosophy, the pride of the women of Bologna, who erected by subscription in honor of their illustrious compatriot a monument that adorns the staircase leading to the museum and library of the university, Gaetana Agnesi, who taught analytical geometry, Anna Morandi, after the husband of Manzolini, known for her work on anatomy, Maria Dalle Donna, who earned the respect of Napoleon I.

Decline in popularity

The spiritual and moral authority enjoyed by the professors of the Bologna school was reflected not only in the success that their lectures and writings had, but also in the high position that they occupied both in Bologna itself and beyond its borders. They were exempted from taxes and military service and, although not born in Bologna, received all the rights of citizens of this city. They were given the title of dominus'a, in contrast to the title of magistera, which was worn by professors of the school of liberal arts, and were listed as knights. Many of them took an active part in public affairs as judges, city rulers or envoys, as for example. Azo, Hugolin and Accursius - in Bologna, Burgundio - in Pisa, Baldina - Genoa, Rofroy - Benevenge. But Bologna often forgot that it owed its brilliance to the university, and joined with it during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. into violent disputes that often threatened to destroy the rights and privileges of the university and interrupted studies in it. The struggle between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, which divided Italy into two warring parts, was waged with particular force in Bologna, and the university could not remain indifferent to it. Despite, however, these disputes and party strife, the Bologna school flourished for a long time and in the middle of the XIII century. reached highest point prosperity. Since that time, the direction in the former system of glossators begins to change little by little. Instead of taking exclusively texts from the primary sources of Roman law as the subject of their interpretations, the present professors set about interpreting the glosses of their predecessors: in the school, as well as in the courts, glossa magistralis Accursius took the place of Corpus juris.

Moreover, various circumstances influenced the change to worst of that the high position enjoyed by the Bolognese professors. Taking part in public affairs, they involuntarily intervened in party feuds and due to this they lost a significant part of their moral charm. Then to end of XIII in. the city founded several chairs for public lectures, and assigned to the professors who occupied these chairs a certain fee in place of the fees paid by the students themselves, and little by little most of the professors found themselves on the salary of the city; they thus fell under the authority of the city municipality, which claimed to regulate the teaching of professors, regardless of the personal abilities of teachers and the interests of science. And in the next century, another new measure dealt a mortal blow to the Bologna school: the political party, more and more seizing power in the city, showed a desire to give the right to teach only to the citizens of Bologna and, moreover, only to members of famous families, very few. The University of Bologna thus gradually lost its preeminence in the study of Roman law, as the most famous legalists of the time went to teach science in Pisa, Perusa, Padua and Pavia, who challenged each other for the palm of primacy.

The fall of the Bologna school caused during the XIV century. the birth of the school of commentators - in the person of Bartol, which dominated during the XIV and XV centuries. But in the XVI century. The historical school took the work of the glossators into its own hands, expanding and supplementing it with the help of all the means that history and philology brought to it, updated by the works of the humanists of the Renaissance.

University influence

During its existence, the Bologna school had a huge impact not only on Italy, but throughout Western Europe. Due to the reputation of its professors, Bologna was regarded as the center of Roman law: by all accounts, only here could one find a deep knowledge of Roman laws and ecclesiastical rules. That is why young people from all over Europe aspired to hear the science of law from the lips of the professors themselves; upon returning back to their homeland, former students of the University of Bologna propagated the method and doctrine of the glossators. In France, Pierre de Blois, Jacques de Revigny, Guillaume Durand; in England - Vakarius, Richard of England, Francis of Accursius; in Spain the Pont de Larida; in Italy, a large group of legists - spread through their lectures and writings the science that they themselves received in Bologna. Moreover, in these countries, most of the faculties of law were founded on the model of the Bologna school by its professors: in Italy - Padua (1222), Vicenza (1203), etc.; in Aragon, Perpignan (1343); in France - the University of Montpellier, founded by Placentino at the end of the 12th century.

From the end of the twelfth century, thanks to the work of the Bolognese glossators and their disciples, the reception of Roman law, which, according to the doctrine of the scholars of the time, should be called universal law, that is, the ratio scripta, which should serve the common legislation of all Christian peoples, has been expanding more and more to the west. At the same time, the study of canon law was developing throughout Europe, the foundation of which was laid by the Bologna school. If, strictly speaking, it cannot be said that the Bolognese school revived in the twelfth century the study of Roman law, which, in fact, did not stop in previous centuries, nevertheless it can be argued that, thanks to its method and doctrine, it largely updated the science of law and had an impact on legislation, institutions and the very ideas European society a huge influence that was felt throughout the Middle Ages right up to the most recent time. That is why, in Bologna's celebration of the 800th anniversary (1088-1888) of its university, the international character of the festival, which responded to the entire European academia. His current position, the beginning of which can be attributed to 1859, when he again received a secular character, freed from strong influence dad, very little resembles the old university. He has 4 faculties and whole line institutes, as an engineering school, pedagogical. seminary, school political science, independent of Faculty of Law. The rector is appointed from among the professors, who in 1888 were considered up to 200. Among them are the famous Italian poet Carducci, who occupies the department of Italian literature and reads a comparative history of Romance literature in parallel with this course, and female lecturers - Giuseppina Cattani and Malvina Ogonovskaya, professors Slavic dialects.

The rich university library contains more than 200 volumes.

Notable students and faculty

Sources

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Boissier. Centenaire de l'université de Bologne // Revue de deux mondes. - .

History of creation

The history of the University of Bologna began with the famous glossator Irnerius, who at the beginning of the last millennium decided to teach Roman law and teach it to young men. my first public lecture he spent in 1088, it is this year that is considered the date of the foundation of the university. Already in the 12th century, the professors of Roman law taught by Irnerius became famous throughout Europe, which served as a large influx of students to the university.

The highest ranks of society from all over the world sent their children here for training. However, from the very beginning, the university kept its mark and was taken here only for excellent knowledge, and not for money and the position of parents. At one time such famous people as Copernicus and Ulrich von Hutten studied here.

At all times main feature University was that the main thing in it were students. It was they who chose the teachers and fired them, they even paid their salaries, although this cannot be called a salary in full, rather they were donations. That is, each student, if he considered it necessary, could give any amount to the teacher, and if he was guilty, he could fine him, taking the money.

University of Bologna today

Today, the University of Bologna consists of 23 different faculties with almost 100,000 students.

Faculties of the University of Bologna:

The University of Bologna provides the opportunity to obtain both a bachelor's and a master's degree. The bachelor's program lasts 3 years, the master's - 2 years. Education here is conducted both in Italian and in English.

Despite the rich history and prestige of the University of Bologna, education here is relatively inexpensive. Bachelor's degree costs from 600 euros, and Master Program- about 1000 euros.

The University of Bologna began to emerge in late XXI century, when teachers of logic, rhetoric, and grammar turned to law. The year 1088 is considered the beginning of independent and church-free teaching in Bologna. During that period, Irnerius became a significant figure. His activity in systematizing legal Roman materials crossed the borders of the city.

At first, university education in Italy was paid for by students. They collected money to compensate teachers for their work. The collection was carried out on a voluntary basis, because the science given by God could not be sold. Gradually, the university in Bologna became a center of science, and teachers began to receive a real salary.

Features of occurrence

The emergence of the university in the Italian city of Bologna was facilitated by the intense and serious "struggle for investiture" that was fought between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. At that time, the sovereigns of Christian countries appointed priests and bishops at will, and Pope Gregory VII decided to proclaim the supremacy of the church over secular power, and he looked for evidence to justify his decision in the history of Christianity. In Bologna, by that time, there was already a school of "liberal arts", which was popular in the 10th and 11th centuries. Pupils studied Roman law and rhetoric as additional classes. In the writings of the 13th-century Bolognese lawyer Godefroy, there is historical information about the opening of a legal special school at the personal request of Countess Matilda, who was the ruler of Tuscany and Lombardy, a supporter of the Pope.

Struggle for influence

In the 11th-12th centuries, a turning point was observed in European politics. It was then that the relationship between church and state was established. In the struggle, legal issues were the basis, so the study of Justinian law became the basis for the self-consciousness of the Empire.

In 1158, Martino, Bulgaro, Hugo, Jacopo invited Federico I Barbaross to his meeting. The experts had to demonstrate the observance of political freedoms in the empire. Three of them (besides Martino) supported the Empire, expressed their recognition of the Roman law. Federico I Barbaross passed a law according to which the school became a society of students, headed by a teacher. The empire promised such institutions, the teacher, protection from political pretensions.

The University of Bologna has become a place that is absolutely free from the influence of the authorities. This educational institution has outlived its defender. On the part of the Commune, there were attempts to control this educational institution, but the students, in order to resist such pressure, united in one team.

The thirteenth century was a time of contrasts. The University of Bologna has managed to overcome thousands of difficulties, it has always fought for autonomy, resisted the political authorities, which regarded it as a symbol of prestige. At that time, there were about two thousand students in Bologna.

In the 14th century, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, astronomy, logic, grammar, rhetoric, and theology began to be studied within its walls.

Talented students and teachers

The first university in Bologna is proud that such famous personalities like Francesco Petrarca, Chino Pistoia, Dante Alighieri, Cecco d'Ascoli, Enzo, Guido Guinidzelli, Coluccio Salutati, Salimbene of Parma and others.

Since the fifteenth century, teaching has been in Hebrew and Greek, and a century later, in Bologna, students are engaged in experimental sciences. The laws of nature were taught by the philosopher Pietro Pomponazzi.

The philosopher taught the laws of nature, despite his convictions in theology and philosophy. A significant contribution to the pharmacopoeia was made by Ulisse Aldrovandi, who studies fossils. It was he who created their detailed classification.

In the 16th century, Gaspare Tagliacozzi was the first to study plastic surgery. He owns serious research in this area, which became the basis for the development of medicine.

Gradually developed the University of Bologna. Even in the Middle Ages, Italy was proud of such eminent personalities as Paracelsus, Thomas Beckett, Albrecht Dürer, Raymond de Peñafort, Carlo Borromeo, Carlo Goldoni, Torquato Tasso. It was here that Leon Baptiste Alberti and Pico Mirandola studied canon law. Nicholas Copernicus learned papal law in Bologna before he began his fundamental research in the field of astronomy. During the industrial revolution, the university has a beneficial effect on the development of technology and science. During this period, the works of Luigi Galvani appeared, who, along with Alexander Volt, Henry Cavendish, Benjamin Franklin, became the founder of modern electrochemistry.

The era of rise

During creation Italian State the University of Bologna is actively developing. Italy acquires such important figures as Giovanni Pascoli, Giacomo Chamichan, Giovanni Capellini, Augusto Murri, Augusto Riga, Federigo Henriquez, Giosue Carducci. At the end of the nineteenth century, the university retains its importance on the world cultural scene. He holds this position until the interval between the two wars, rightfully included in the oldest universities in Italy. Time has no power over this Italian "forge of talents".

Modernity

In 1988, the University of Bologna celebrated its 900th anniversary. On this occasion, the faculties received 430 rectors from different parts of our planet. Alma mater of all universities and is currently considered the main scientific center of international scale, retains the primacy in the implementation of research projects.

According to the classification compiled by QS World University Rankings, the University of Bologna is ranked 182nd in the world. Such a position of an educational institution in the ranking indicates a high level of teaching. Bologna is a city in Italy that is rightfully proud of this temple of science.

University structure

On the this moment The University of Bologna has about 85,000 students. This educational institution has an unusual structure - a "multicampus", which includes five institutions in cities:

Bologna;
Forli;
Cesena;
Ravenna;
Rimini.

What else is Bologna proud of? The region of Italy became the first in the country, the university branch of which was opened outside the country - postgraduate courses began to be taught in Buenos Aires, contributing to the deepening different aspects relationship between the European Union and Latin America.

The educational programs of this higher educational institution are associated with research in various fields of knowledge. The courses are designed in such a way that they fully meet all the demands of the labor market. Particular attention at the University of Bologna is given to international relations.

Activities of laboratories and research centers, high level of the results obtained allow this educational institution to annually accept Active participation in prestigious scientific competitions and conferences.

Applicants who enter the University of Bologna can count on scholarships and contracts that involve living and studying abroad.

University faculties

Currently, this prestigious educational institution in Italy includes several faculties in the structure:

architectural;
agrarian;
economic (in Bologna, Forli, Rimini);
industrial-chemical;
faculty for the preservation of cultural heritage;
legal;
pharmaceutical;
engineering (Bologna, Cesena);
veterinary;
foreign languages and literature;
psychological;
veterinary;
medical and surgical;
communications;
physical culture;
natural science and mathematics;
political sciences;
Higher School of Modern Languages;
statistical sciences.

Contacts and addresses

This educational institution is located in Bologna on Jamboni Street, through which thousands of students pass every day. In this area there are many places that are associated with the university: stands, cafes, auditoriums. A visit to this street allows you to understand the historical value of the city.

Number 13 has a central building in which the administration is located. It is located opposite the Poggi Palace. There is an audience in this building that is dedicated to Carducci, who once listened to lectures on Italian literature here.

The building of the First University rises on Galvani Square. Since 1838, the library of the Commune has been located in the palace, but the main treasure is located in. Today, it is the main proof of university traditions in Bologna.

University specifics

Due to the fact that this institution of higher education was founded in the twelfth century, it is rightfully called one of the oldest in Europe. The University of Bologna is characterized by two distinctive features:

it was not an association of a professor to whom the pupils who came to lectures had to obey;
the association of students had the right to choose the leaders to whom the professors were subordinate.

Bologna students were divided into two groups:

"Ultramontanes" who arrived in Italy from other countries;
"citramontanes", who were inhabitants of Italy.

Each group elected annually a rector and a council of representatives of different nationalities, which was in charge of the university jurisdiction.

Professors were chosen by students for a certain period, they received a certain fee, they taught only in Bologna.

By status, they were free only in classes with students. During lectures and seminars professors could demonstrate their pedagogical talent and personal qualities.

Another feature of the University of Bologna was that it became a law school. In addition to Roman and canon law, medicine and liberal arts were taught within the walls of this Italian educational institution.

Conclusion

During the period of its existence, the Bologna school managed to have a significant impact not only on Italy, but on the whole of Western Europe.

The positive reputation of the professors of Bologna made it possible to consider this educational institution as a place of concentration of Roman law.

Currently, the University of Bologna is considered the oldest educational institution in the world, whose history has not been interrupted from the period of its foundation to the present. Every year, thousands of students from all over the world come to Bologna in the hope of becoming students of this elite educational institution.

University of Bologna - University of Bologna - University of Bologna- the oldest of the existing educational institutions in Europe, which is a member of the association of universities "Utrecht Network". During the existence of the University of Bologna, many of its graduates have glorified the university, becoming well-known statesmen and public figures, poets, writers, architects and entrepreneurs.

History of the University of Bologna

The exact date of the founding of the University of Bologna was a subject of controversy for a long time and has not been exactly clarified until now. It is generally accepted that the university officially began to exist in 1088. Initially, only legal sciences were taught at the university, but at the beginning of the 14th century, other faculties were created on the basis of the university - medicine, philosophy and theology.

The University of Bologna has a really interesting history of formation and development. Unlike other ancient universities, students had the greatest power at the University of Bologna in the Middle Ages: they gave donations for the maintenance of lecturers (the word “salary” would be inappropriate here, since donations did not have a fixed amount and were optional), fired and hired professors , even fined them if they did not complete the course on time or left classes early.

The University of Bologna practiced a completely different approach to learning - women could teach and study at the university on an equal basis with men. Already in the XII century. Betissia Gotsadini lectured on Roman law to students, and doing this always on fresh air, in squares and parks on the territory of the university, and not in lecture halls.

In the middle of the XIII century. the university underwent a change of power, as the municipal government of Bologna canceled student donations and effectively subordinated the faculty to itself. The professors were embroiled in political strife, which, however, ended by the 14th century, and the university continued on its purely academic path.

Over the following centuries, the brightest minds of Europe lectured within the walls of the University of Bologna - Paracelsus, Dante Alighieri, Nicholas Copernicus, Albrecht Dürer, Luigi Galvani and other famous scientists and figures.

Until the New Age, the University of Bologna offered only doctoral programs, but recent changes have significantly affected the structure and image of the institution. Today it is one of the largest universities in Europe and the largest university in Italy.

Statistics of admission to the University of Bologna

Like many other European universities, Bologna does not have such an indicator as an acceptance rate (percentage of accepted students from total applicants), since the requirements for applicants are quite soft. On average, the University of Bologna enrolls about 20,000 students per year.

Why choose the University of Bologna?

In addition to the main building in Bologna, the university has campuses in other cities: Rimini (19 programs), Forli (17 programs), Ravenna (16 programs), Cesena (17 programs) and even in the capital of Argentina - Buenos Aires.
The University of Bologna is a member of two major university associations - the Utrecht Network and the Europaeum. Within these organizations, exchanges with the largest universities in Europe are possible (for example, the Europaeum also includes the University of Paris I, Oxford University, Charles University). In addition, within these networks there are special scholarships: for example, after the University of Bologna, you can continue your studies for a master's degree at Oxford University on a Jenkins scholarship.
In addition to the main library of the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, containing just under one and a half million volumes and several hundred original works of fine art and ancient manuscripts, the infrastructure of the university includes 260 libraries whose collections are dedicated to individual subjects.
The university owns 14 major museums: Palazzo Poggi Museum (Bologna), La Specola (Florence), MeuS - European Student Museum (Bologna), Zoological Museum (Bologna), Museum of Comparative Anatomy (Bologna), Anthropological Museum (Bologna), Geological Museum " Giovanni Capellini" (Bologna), Mineralogical Museum "L. Bombicci" (Bologna), Botanical Garden and Herbarium (Ferrara), Anatomical Museum wax figures"L. Cattaneo (Bologna), the Anatomical Museum of Domestic Animals (Ozano del Emilio) and the Museum of Veterinary Pathologies and Teratology (Ozano del Emilio).
The University of Bologna is a member of 273 European programs, thanks to which its students and graduates have the opportunity to take internships in the world's best companies and research institutions.

Documents for applying for a student visa to Italy

University invitation
Certificate of enrollment (not applicable for exchange programs)
A document confirming the availability of housing for the period of stay. If the invitation from the university does not indicate the address of residence, in this case an apartment rental agreement is required with a copy of the document confirming the identity of the landlord
One-way ticket reservation (when staying in the country for more than 90 days)
Medical insurance for the entire stay with coverage of €30,000
A copy of the pages of the passport with the photo and data of the applicant
Visa Application
Color photograph of the applicant 3 x 4 or 3.5 x 4.5 - 1 pc.
Certificate of financial solvency at the rate of €442.20 per month (when receiving a grant, you must attach a supporting document - the original and a copy)
Copy of diploma of previous education
Passport
Consent to the processing of personal data

Free Tuition and Scholarships at the University of Bologna

Studying in Italy may seem very attractive in terms of affordability. In addition to federal grants, foreigners are eligible to receive financial assistance from the university. The most pleasant thing is that assistance is provided not only to super-gifted students, but also to those who simply cannot afford to study abroad.
Maximum spend: €16,870

International exchange programs and internships at the University of Bologna

The University of Bologna is ready to expand its academic horizons by providing students with the opportunity to learn from their colleagues in other universities located in different parts of the world. As part of the Erasmus Mundus program, students of the University of Bologna can gain knowledge at partner universities, including the following institutions: Macquarie University (Australia), Peking University Tsinghua (China), Brown University (USA), University of Chicago (USA), University of North Carolina (USA), University of California (USA), Vassar College (USA), Wesleyan University (USA), Wellesley College (USA), Kazan Federal University, Mari State University, Northern Federal University, Pacific National University, Northeastern Federal University and Udmurt State University.

MBA studies at the University of Bologna

Students of the University of Bologna have the opportunity to obtain a Master of Business Administration degree in Bologna Business School working at the university. The school offers training in four main areas:

Global MBA(12-month course consisting of several blocks: general management, training, teamwork, internship or work on your own project; teaching is conducted exclusively in English);
FULL-TIME MASTERS(12-month course, represented by 12 programs, mainly taught in Italian, but there are several programs in English);
EXECUTIVE MASTERS(10, 12, 15 and 16 month courses, mostly taught in Italian, only two programs are available for study in English).
open programs(short-term courses for employees of large companies or entrepreneurs who want to gain the necessary skills in a shorter period of study).

The average cost of studying for an MBA program at the University of Bologna is 27,000 USD per year. Not all students of Bologna Business School can afford to fully pay for the MBA course, so academically successful students can count on the help of the university - scholarships and grants.
In addition to financial assistance, the Bologna Business School offers to gain experience in other universities with which it has signed partnership agreements. The list includes 7 educational institutions: Chapman Graduate School of Business ( International University Florida), COPPEAD Graduate School of Business ( Federal University Rio de Janeiro), Moscow International Higher School of Business "MIRBIS", School of Economics and Business Administration (Chongqing University), School of Management (Sabanji University), Business School at Stellenbosch University.

Notable alumni of the University of Bologna

Nicholas Copernicus- a well-known Polish scientist who conducted research in the field of astronomy, mathematics, physics and economics. He studied episcopal law at the University of Bologna at the same time as independent astronomical observations. Having given the world the theory of the heliocentric system of the world (in other words, assuming that it is not the Sun that revolves around the Earth, but vice versa), he is considered one of the authors of the first scientific revolution.
Antonioni Michelangelo- a cult Italian director, one of the pioneers in the field of art-house cinema. The fame of the film director was brought by the famous “alienation trilogy” - a series of films, main character in which the muse of Michelangelo of those years Monica Vitti played.
Francesco Petrarca- Italian poet, one of the oldest figures of humanism, thanks to his work on the interpretation of the letters of Cicero, is considered one of the founders of the Renaissance.
Giorgio Armani- famous Italian fashion designer and businessman, founder of Armani fashion house. For 2016, the state of the fashion designer is estimated at 85 USD billion.
Enzo Ferrari- Founder of the Ferrari brand, entrepreneur, design engineer and race car driver.
Guglielmo Marconi- An Italian entrepreneur, one of the inventors of radio, together with his partner Karl Ferdinant Braun, received the Nobel Prize in 1909 for his contribution to the development of wireless telegraphy.
Camilo Golgi- scientist and physician, Nobel Prize winner in 1906 for his contribution to the development of the science of the structure of the nervous system.
Giosue Carducci- the great Italian poet of the 19th century, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906 "not only for deep knowledge and critical mind, but above all for creative energy, freshness of style and lyrical force characteristic of his poetic masterpieces."

Interesting facts about the University of Bologna

Initially, the University of Bologna specialized in legal disciplines (as opposed to the University of Paris, which brought the need to study theology in the first place). Until the XIV century, the University of Bologna was engaged only in the study and interpretation of Roman law, thereby making a significant contribution to the European law of that time.
AT XVI century Gaspar Togliocozzi at the University of Bologna conducted some of the first studies in the field of plastic surgery.
The University of Bologna has about 11,000 scientific developments, 200 patents, 350 externally funded scientific projects and 7 research centers.

Photos of the University of Bologna

Faculties of the University of Bologna

In 2012, there was a significant reorganization of the faculties and departments of the University of Bologna, as a result of which the number of both was halved. As of 2015, the university offers 92 bachelor's programs, 103 master's courses, 12 extended Single Cycle Degree programs (bachelor's + master's) and 48 doctoral programs in 33 faculties in 10 specialized schools:

School Agriculture and veterinary medicine
School of Economics, Management and Statistics
School of Engineering and Architecture
School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Interpretation and Translation
School of Law
School of Medicine and Surgery
School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Sports Sciences
School of Political Science
School of Psychology and Educational Sciences
School of exact sciences

Requirements for admission to the University of Bologna

Bachelor's program - First Cycle Degree or Lauree

At least 12 years of education, i.e. a school certificate of completion of grade 11 + 1 course of a university or college or a school certificate of grade 9 + a diploma of graduation from a college or technical school.
Proficiency in Italian. Testing is carried out by the university, during which the applicant's ability to read texts and communication skills in Italian are assessed.
Proficiency in English, if the applicant does not wish to study in Italian. Knowledge of English must be confirmed with an IELTS certificate (with a score of at least 6.0) or TOEFL (with a score of at least 90).
Academic resume (with a description of academic success and not only: victories in olympiads, sports competitions and other accomplishments).
Most programs require common understanding discipline for which the application is being made. Testing is conducted by the university, according to its results, students who receive a score below the minimum will be required to complete the additional education program during the first year of study.

Master's program - Second Cycle Degree or Lauree Magistrale

Almost all programs require a bachelor's degree in the same discipline for which you are applying. The exception is some programs in the field humanities, but for admission to them you need to have certain courses in the program (that is, it is unlikely that it will be possible to enter the Faculty of Literature if the student graduated from the Faculty of Management).
Proficiency in English at level B2 (IELTS ~ 6.0 and above, TOEFL ~ 90 and above) or Italian (depending on the program).
Motivation letter in English or Italian.
Academic resume.
Letters of recommendation from teachers or employers.

Doctoral programs - Third Cycle Degree or Doctorati di ricerca

Ownership foreign language: Italian, English, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish or Russian (depending on the program) at an advanced level Advanced. Knowledge must be confirmed with the appropriate certificate.
Master's degree in the discipline being applied for or academic experience.
Research Proposal.
Academic resume.
Motivation letter.
Recommendations from professors or employers.

Application Deadlines for the University of Bologna

For Lauree and Lauree Magistrale programs (undergraduate and graduate) - until May 15(if the deadline falls on a Sunday or a public holiday, the submission deadline is pushed back to the next working day), also for citizens of countries residing outside the EU, pre-registration at the Italian Embassy is required ( from March 24 to June 30).
For Doctorati di ricerca (postgraduate) programs, the collection of applications is taking place until May 30.

The process of admission to the University of Bologna

Preparation of a notarized translation of a diploma or certificate into Italian / English
Passing ACT or GRE tests (test results are required for admission to some master's and doctoral programs)
To enroll in doctoral and master's programs, you will need a motivation letter and recommendations from teachers
Pre-enrollment at the university at the Italian Embassy (March 24 - June 30)
Passing a test for language proficiency, as well as logical and analytical skills
Receiving an invitation from the University of Bologna
Applying for a student visa to Italy
Upon arrival in the country, it is necessary to pass a knowledge test on the subject in order to form individual plan learning

Tuition fees at the University of Bologna

Programs - Bachelor - University of Bologna

Undergraduate	Advanced Spectroscopy in Chemistry
Undergraduate	Arts[L]
Undergraduate	Automation Engineering[L]
Undergraduate	Bioinformatics
Undergraduate	Business Administration
Undergraduate	civil engineering
Undergraduate	clinical psychology
Undergraduate	Computer Science and Information Technology
Undergraduate	Computer Science and Information Technology [L]
Undergraduate	Economics and Business Administration
Undergraduate	Economics and Commerce
Undergraduate	Economics and Management of Co-Operative Firms and Non-Profit Organizations
Undergraduate	Economics and Market Policy
Undergraduate	Electronic Engineering
Undergraduate	Faculty of Political Sciences Roberto Ruffilli
Undergraduate	Foreign Languages and Literature [L]
Undergraduate	Historical Sciences
Undergraduate	History[L]
Undergraduate	Innovation and Organization of Culture and the Arts
Undergraduate	Interdisciplinary Research and Studies On Eastern Europe
Undergraduate	International Horticulture
Undergraduate	Italian Studies, European Literary Cultures, Linguistics
Undergraduate	law
Undergraduate	Legal Operator in Italian and French Law [L]
Undergraduate	Materials and Sensors Systems For Environmental Technologies
Undergraduate	Modern, Post-Colonial and Comparative Literature
Undergraduate	Philosophy[L]
Undergraduate	School and Community Psychology
Undergraduate	Statistical Sciences[L]
Undergraduate	Telecommunications Engineering
Undergraduate	Work, Organization, Personnel Psychology & Services

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Programs - Master - University of Bologna

Master's degree	Advanced Masters in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions
Master's degree	Astrophysics
Master's degree	Atomic Scale Modeling of Physical, Chemical and Bio-molecular Systems
Master's degree	BioHealth Computing EM
Master's degree	Color in Informatics and Media Technology
Master's degree	Common European Masters Course in Biomedical Engineering
Master's degree	Complex Systems Science
Master's degree	Computer Simulation For Science and Engineering
Master's degree	Crossways in Cultural Narratives
Master's degree	Data Mining & Knowledge Management
Master's degree	Economic Development and Growth
Master's degree	Education in Advanced Ship Design
Master's degree	Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Master's degree	Emmc in Space Science and Technology
Master's degree	Environmental Pathways For Sustainable Energy Systems
Master's degree	Erasmus Mundus Master in Membrane Engineering
Master's degree	Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Ecohydrology
Master's degree	Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in Marine Biodiversity and Conservation
Master's degree	Erasmus Mundus Masters in Special and Inclusive Education
Master's degree	Erasmus Mundus MSc in Dependable Software Systems
Master's degree	Euromaster On Theoretical Chemistry and Computational Modeling
Master's degree	Europe in the Wider World
Master's degree	European Master Embedded Computing Systems
Master's degree	European Master in Advanced Robotics
Master's degree	European Master in Agricultural, Food and Environmental Policy Analysis
Master's degree	European Master in Applied Ecology
Master's degree	European Master in Diagnosis and Repair of Buildings
Master's degree	European Master in Distributed Computing
Master's degree	European Master in Law and Economics
Master's degree	European Master of Science of Viticulture and Enology
Master's degree	European Masters Program in Computational Logic
Master's degree	European Masters in Clinical Linguistics
Master's degree	European MSc in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition
Master's degree	European Public Health Master
Master's degree	Exploring Without Borders-Documentary Filmdirecting
Master's degree	Flood Risk Management (Floodrisk)
Master's degree	Food Innovation and Product Design
Master's degree	food of life
Master's degree	Functionalised Advanced Materials and Engineering
Master's degree	German Literature in the European Middle Ages
Master's degree	Global Studies - A European Perspective
Master's degree	Hydroinformatics and Water Management
Master's degree	Information Technologies For Business Intelligence
Master's degree	Intercultural Mediation: Identities, Mobilities, Conflict
Master's degree	International Cooperation and Urban Development
Master's degree	International integrated Master course in Algebra, Geometry and Number Theory
Master's degree	International Master in Advanced Clay Science
Master's degree	International Master in Dance Knowledge, Practice and Heritage
Master's degree	International Master in Early Childhood Education and Care
Master's degree	International Master in Horticultural Sciences
Master's degree	International Master in Quaternary and Prehistory Master International En Quaternaire Et Prehistoire
Master's degree	International Master in Service Engineering
Master's degree	International Master in Surface, Electro, Radiation, Photo-Chemistry
Master's degree	International Master of Science in Environmental Technology and Engineering
Master's degree	International Master of Science in Fire Safety Engineering
Master's degree	International Master of Science in Rural Development
Master's degree	International Masters in Natural Language Processing and Human Language Technology
Master's degree	International Masters in Russian, Central and East European Studies
Master's degree	Joint European Master in International Migration and Social Cohesion
Master's degree	Joint European Master Program on Advanced Materials Science and Engineering
Master's degree	Joint Master in Economics and Management of Network Industries
Master's degree	Joint Master in Quality in Analytical Laboratories
Master's degree	Joint Master of Study in Performance
Master's degree	Joint Masters Degree Program in International Humanitarian Action
Master's degree	Master Course in City Regeneration
Master's degree	Master Course in Sustainable Transportation and Electrical Power Systems
Master's degree	Master Course Sustainable Animal Nutrition and Feeding
Master's degree	Master Européen En Ingénierie Des Médias Pour LEducation
Master's degree	Master Food Identity
Master's degree	Master in Adapted Physical Activity
Master's degree	Master in Forensic Science
Master's degree	Master in International Health
Master's degree	Master in Material Science Exploring European Large Scale Facilities H
Master's degree	Master in Materials For Energy Storage and Conversion
Master's degree	Master in Migration and Intercultural Relations
Master's degree	Master in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Master's degree	Master in Neuroscience: Advanced Courses and Research Training
Master's degree	Master in Nuclear Fusion Science and Engineering Physics
Master's degree	Master in Photonics Engineering, Nanophotonics and Biophotonics
Master's degree	Master in Sustainable Regional Health Systems
Master's degree	Master in Sustainable Territorial Development
Master's degree	Master in Tourism Management
Master's degree	Master in Water and Coastal Management
Master's degree	Master in Work, Organizational and Personnel Psychology
Master's degree	Master International Vintage, Vine, Wine and Terror Management
Master's degree	Master of Science in Nematology
Master's degree	Master of Arts in International Performance Research
Master's degree	Master of Bioethics
Master's degree	Master of Cultural Landscapes
Master's degree	Master of Science Course in Geo-Information Science and Earth
Master's degree	Master of Science in Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management
Master's degree	Master of Science in European Forestry
Master's degree	Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies
Master's degree	Master of Science in Research On Information and Communication Technologies
Master's degree	Master of Science: Advanced Spectroscopy in Chemistry
Master's degree	Master Program in Environmental Studies
Master's degree	Master Program in Evolutionary Biology
Master's degree	Master Program in Systems Dynamics
Master's degree	Masters Course in Eusysbio Systems Biology
Master's degree	Masters Course in Mechatronic and Micromechatronic Systems
Master's degree	Masters Course in Turbomachinery Aeromechanic University Training
Master's degree	Masters Degree in Womens and Gender Studies
Master's degree	Masters in Public Policy
Master's degree	Masters in Transnational Trade Law Finance
Master's degree	Masters Program in Industrial Ecology
Master's degree	Masters Program in Security and Mobile Computing
Master's degree	Master/Laurea Specialistica En Cultures Littéraires Européennes
Master's degree	Masters Course in Sustainable Tropical Forestry
Master's degree	Masters in Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology
Master's degree	Masters in Engineering Rhology
Master's degree	Masters in Lifelong Learning: Policy and Management
Master's degree	Masters in Sport and Exercise Psychology
Master's degree	Masters in Strategic Project Management (European)
Master's degree	Masters in Vision and Robotics
Master's degree	Masters Journalism, Media and Globalization
Master's degree	Masters On Photonic Networks Engineering
Master's degree	Mathematical Modeling in Engineering: Theory, Numerics, Applications
Master's degree	Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management
Master's degree	Minerals and Environmental Program
Master's degree	MSc in Global Innovation Management
Master's degree	MSc in Sustainable Development in Agriculture
Master's degree	Multiculturalism: Master Degree in Learning and Teaching of Spanish in Multilingual and International Contexts
Master's degree	Observation For Environmental Modeling and Management
Master's degree	Philosophies Allemande Et Française Dans LEspace Européen
Master's degree	Planet Europe - Joint Masters Program On European Spatial Planning, Environmental Policies and Regional Development
Master's degree	Research and Innovation in Higher Education
Master's degree	Sustainable Constructions Under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Master's degree	Sustainable Forest and Nature Management
Master's degree	Sustainable Management of Food Quality
Master's degree	Territoires Européens (Civilisation, Nation, Region, Ville): Identité Et Développement
Master's degree	Transcultural European Outdoor Studies
Master's degree	Wind Energy Master Doctoral Programs
Master's degree	Agricultural Transformation By Innovation
Master's degree	Algebra, Geometry and Number Theory Joint Doctorate
Master's degree	Animal Breeding and Genetics
Master's degree	Cultural Studies in Literary Interzones
Master's degree	Doctoral Program in Cultural and Global Criminology
Master's degree	Doctoral Program in Marine Ecosystem Health and Conservation
Master's degree	Doctorate in Membrane Engineering
Master's degree	Doctorate Program in Photonics Engineering, Nanophotonics and Biophotonics
Master's degree	Environmental Technologies For Contaminated Solids, Soils and Sediments
Master's degree	Erasmus Mundus Phd in Marine and Coastal Management
Master's degree	European Doctor in Industrial Management
Master's degree	European Doctorate in Economics Erasmus Mundus
Master's degree	European Doctorate in Law and Economics
Master's degree	European Doctorate in Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Innovation
Master's degree	European Neuroscience Campus Network
Master's degree	European Study Program in Neuroinformatics
Master's degree	Extreme-Ultraviolet and X-Ray Training in Advanced Technologies For Interdisciplinary Cooperation
Master's degree	Forest and Nature For Society
Master's degree	Fusion Dc - International Doctoral College in Fusion Science and Engineering
Master's degree	Interactive and Cognitive Environments
Master's degree	International Doctoral School in Functional Materials For Energy, Information Technology, and Health
Master's degree	International Doctorate in Experimental Approaches To Language and Brain
Master's degree	International Relativistic Astrophysics Doctorate Program
Master's degree	Joint Doctorate in Distributed Computing
Master's degree	Joint Doctorate On Globalization, Europe & Multilateralism
Master's degree	Joint European Doctoral Program in Advanced Materials Science and Engineer
Master's degree	Joint International Doctoral Degree in Law, Science and Technology
Master's degree	Neurotime: Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Neural Processing Of
Master's degree	Prevention of Mobility Loss with Aging