Types of Russian speech culture in modern society. Types of Russian speech culture and speech culture of the teacher: choose and master
LECTURE № 4: CULTURE OF SPEECH. SPEECH CULTURE
Lecture plan
4.1.
4.2. Speech culture. Types of speech culture
4.3. Speech culture as an important component of speech culture
4.4. Language personality
4.5. Ways to improve speech culture
4.1. The essence of the concept of "culture". Main characteristics of culture
The very word culture came to us from the Latin language, and its original meaning is cultivate the soil. But since the eighteenth century it began to be used to characterize a person distinguished by the elegance of manners, good breeding, erudition: he was called cultured. Aristocrats were mainly characterized in this way in order to emphasize their difference from the "uncivilized" common people. However, later, having become a term, this word acquired a generalized, non-class meaning.
Culture is both a process and a result of purposeful human activity for the improvement of all spheres of life and self-improvement. In other words, culture is the material and spiritual that is created by man (as opposed to natural things and phenomena). The multifaceted phenomenon of culture is studied by a special science - cultural studies. Except scientific definition, there are many brief characteristics of culture, data well-known figures of the past. Here are some of them: "Culture is the growth of the world"(A. Blok); "Culture is a productive existence"(B. Pasternak); "Culture
is a language that unites humanity" and "environment that grows and nourishes the personality"
(P. Florensky9).
With regard to the subject "Russian language and culture of speech", the following components of culture are most relevant:
This specific property, which distinguishes a person from other living beings;
This way of adaptation man to the world: to nature, to the world of things and to the world of people;
it's certainstate of the art society, as well as creativity a person, which is expressed in the material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bcreated by him, in the types and forms of organization human life and activities;
it is a historical system of ethical and aesthetic guidelines: preferences, norms and prohibitions;
9 Florensky P.A. (1882 - 1937) - an outstanding Russian mathematician, engineer, art critic, theologian and philosopher.
is the scope and disclosure of spiritual and creative potential person and at the same time totality of human achievements in industrial, social and spiritual life.
What is meant by a set of achievements? These are material (material) and ideal (spiritual) results of human activity: technical devices, architectural structures, bred animal breeds and plant varieties, ideas and scientific theories, works of art, rules and skills of behavior in society and much more. Generally speaking, there are two sides in culture: the object of activity and the activity itself, and any object created by man is part of culture.
What is the purpose of culture - its functions? The answer to this question is contained in Table. 4.1.
Table 4.1 |
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Basic functions of culture |
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Comment |
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Culture gives us an idea about the structure of the world around us - about what kind of |
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Communicative |
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which interrelated elements it consists of |
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accumulative | Culture is a special way of fixing social experience in the form of different |
types of texts: philosophical, artistic, journalistic, etc. |
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Axiological | Culture contains patterns that help us understand how we should relate to |
to what surrounds us - to the world of things and to the world of people |
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cognitive | Culture, giving examples of beauty in the form of works of art, helps |
we understand this beauty. It teaches us to regulate our behavior in society. |
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in accordance with generally accepted standards |
It is obvious that the main functions of culture coincide with the main functions of language and speech (for more details about them, see lecture No. 1, § 1.4.).
Each of us is both a "consumer" of culture and its "producer" at the same time. The first is obvious: in the role of a "consumer" we use in our daily practice the norms and rules developed by culture, guided by the norms of morality, following the rules of etiquette, observing the norms of the literary language, etc. As a "producer" of culture, we not only generate new cultural objects, but we also reproduce, somehow interpret, evaluate what has already been created by others. For example, not everyone is able to create a work of art: write a novel, compose a song, sculpt a sculpture, but we all listen to music, sing songs, read novels, admire a marble statue, a beautiful building, etc.
In all these cases, we can talk about human activity in the field of culture. Thus, living in the world of culture, we leave behind things and structures created by our labor, works of art, ideas, texts, etc., thus communicating with the past, the present, and the future. This is the continuity and succession - the continuity of culture.
How is it provided continuity culture?
Firstly, the transfer of knowledge, skills and abilities from teacher to student in the framework of the educational process. Secondly, the transfer of experience through oral and written tradition: through a system of norms of behavior, prescriptions and prohibitions. And, finally, by inheriting a system of ideals and values that have been developed by previous generations, take the form of philosophical and religious concepts and realized in works of art.
However, if there is a culture, then there are also phenomena that are in one way or another connected with it or opposed to it. First of all, it is civilization. The word civilization itself came from the French language, where it denoted ideal society. Sometimes the terms civilization and culture are used as synonyms, and this has its own explanation: both of them indicate the level of development of a society. However, there are fundamental differences between them, since civilization embodies the technological aspect of culture, which includes, first of all, scientific and technological progress and material (rather than spiritual!) values created by mankind. Therefore, the essence of civilization lies in the continuous change of technologies to meet the ever-growing needs of man. True, in historical aspect The term civilization also means specificity, qualitative characteristic(the originality of the mindset of most people, leading ideas, achievements in the field of art, etc.) of a particular group of countries, peoples at a certain stage of development, and in this sense it is closest to the term culture.
Thus, culture and civilization are related to each other as a whole.
(culture) and part of it (civilization). A brief description of other concepts related to culture is presented in Table. 4.2.
Table 4.2 |
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Phenomena related to the concept of culture |
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The essence of the concept |
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mass culture | The culture that prevails among the general population of a given society |
Pseudoculture | Deliberate counterfeiting of culture, promoted with the aim of introducing alien |
breath to the national mentality of values |
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Anticulture | A set of ideas, ideas, norms and patterns of behavior that are contrary to |
generally accepted culture of the society |
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Subculture | Part of a social culture that differs from the dominant language, manners |
a swarm of behavior, etc., as well as its carriers (bikers, metalists, rappers, etc.) |
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Counterculture | 1) Same as anticulture |
2) A kind of subculture that is not just different from the traditional, |
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contrary to its values (for example, skinheads) |
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Why Yu.M. Lotman called culture "a form of communication between people"?
Give examples of phenomena in the field of literature and art that can be regarded as manifestations of pseudoculture
4.2. Speech culture. Types of speech culture
Scientists distinguish different spheres of culture: there is a culture of economic, legal, religious, political, domestic, artistic, etc. However, all of them are traditionally combined into three main types of culture: physical culture, material culture and spiritual culture. Of these, the most difficult spiritual culture which comprehends, generalizes other spheres and even controls them to a certain extent.
The fact is that spiritual culture primarily includes the mental and speech activity of a person, his emotions, experiences, ideas, imagination, moral convictions, etc. The components of spiritual culture are also the culture of behavior as a set of forms of everyday human behavior, in which outer expression moral and aesthetic norms existing in society, and, of course, speech culture- part of the culture associated with the use of language, i.e. with speech.
Speech, serving as a peculiar conductor of culture, at the same time is part of its composition as
component. The foregoing applies to the universal, and to the national culture, and to the culture of an individual.
speech culture, as component national culture, associated with the functioning of the language in speech, includes the following components:
the specifics of the national language itself (in the aggregate of its social and functional varieties);
forms of speech embodiment (oral and written);
system of speech genres;
a set of generally significant (precedent) texts;
traditions, customs and rules of communication;
culture of thinking, and above all competence as the ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in practice;
culture of speech;
linguistic mentality.
So, important place in culture, it is given to the language, since it is the language that is the unifying force, forming a sense of community, national identity among native speakers. It reflects the general knowledge of people about the norms, traditions, values, formed
entrenched in society. And most importantly: speech culture implies a special view of the world, to the surrounding reality characteristic of native speakers of that language. From-
reflected in our language and speech behavior, this specific perception of reality is called Russian language mentality.
The national linguistic mentality, for example, is reflected in the key motives, meanings, repeated in many words and expressions. No wonder such words cannot be adequately translated into other languages. Selected examples such Russian words are considered in Table. 4.3.
Table 4.3 |
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Key ideas of Russian language picture peace |
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Ideas (concepts) | Words and expressions |
The value of informal, relaxed | Friend, friendship; native, request, separation; resentment; |
human relations | sincere, soul wide open; chat, get bored |
The unpredictability of the surrounding action | It managed, it passed, it was lucky, it came out; to gather, to |
validity | fight; just in case, maybe |
Contrasting "high" with "low" | Truth is truth, duty is duty, will is freedom |
Priority of the spiritual over the material | Joy is pleasure, being is life, mind and body are soul |
However, the native speakers of the Russian language are far from homogeneous in terms of the level of education and common culture, occupation, attitude to language, to one's own and others' speech activity. Therefore, on the basis of a whole complex of features, among the native speakers of the Russian language, types of speech culture.Type of speech culture is an evaluation category, and
When assigning a particular person to a particular type, the following points are taken into account:
educational level and circle of reading;
the degree of proficiency in functional styles and types of speech;
compliance with language norms and attitude to speech errors;
justified (or unjustified) use of borrowings and non-literary language means;
the habit of self-control, the skill of referring to dictionaries and reference books on the language (language reflection);
possession of speech stereotypes;
orientation to the speech standard (whose speech is considered exemplary); source of precedent
Based on the essence of culture in general, main criteria it should be recognized
level of development of speech reflection (as an engine of culture), observance of language norms and choice of speech standard (as a regulator of behavior). At present, 4 types of speech culture have been formed and quite fully characterized in the scientific literature, operating mainly within the framework of the literary language. The distinctive features of each of these types are presented in Table. 4.4.
The main types of speech culture | Table 4.4 |
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Criteria for identifying types of speech culture | |||||||||||||||||||||
Language | Ownership | Attitude | |||||||||||||||||||
reflection | out-of- | to the borrower | |||||||||||||||||||
cash | ideas | ||||||||||||||||||||
linguistic | |||||||||||||||||||||
Habit | Classic | free | Absence |
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to self-con- | noe and only | possession | abused |
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literature. | linguistic | to expediently | leniya foreign |
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all spheres | variety- | figurative | |||||||||||||||||||
general- | speech quality | used | cash | vocabulary |
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static | distinguish- | ||||||||||||||||||||
Used- | and scientific | ||||||||||||||||||||
layering | |||||||||||||||||||||
professional | |||||||||||||||||||||
onal | |||||||||||||||||||||
active | |||||||||||||||||||||
Appropriate | Ownership | Transfer- |
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relation | whelping |
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venous | some | naya different- | used | cash | mutual speeches |
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own- | literature. | visibility | established |
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noah speech and | not quite | necessary | terminology |
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to speech ok- | delineate | mymi in pro- | |||||||||||||||||||
scolding | chime in | ||||||||||||||||||||
weakened | mastered- | real action | |||||||||||||||||||
validity | |||||||||||||||||||||
Feeling | Ownership | ||||||||||||||||||||
some | violations | recovery |
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sti their | artistic | only from- | obviously | typical | cash | borrowed |
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for lack of | not razgra- | ||||||||||||||||||||
possibly- | literature | nichivayut- | everyday- | including |
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mastering | colloquial | barbarian- |
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and professional | |||||||||||||||||||||
environment | training | ||||||||||||||||||||
mover- | caught | ||||||||||||||||||||
conscious- | |||||||||||||||||||||
leg igno- | |||||||||||||||||||||
rating | |||||||||||||||||||||
Language | Difficulty | wide and | Used | Unconscious |
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believes | and even | in all | |||||||||||||||||||
is an | areas of | used |
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power | scheniya (including | ||||||||||||||||||||
relations | in writing | in conditions | |||||||||||||||||||
Chevoy deya- | |||||||||||||||||||||
validity | flax general | ||||||||||||||||||||
public | niya) only | ||||||||||||||||||||
| literary jargon, the specificity of which is that: a) only journalists are its carriers; b) in reality they (as individuals) belong to an average literary or even incompletely functional type, however, in the framework of journalistic activity, they seemed to put on a mask of jargon carriers. | |||||||||||||||||||||
1. Subject, objectives and course content
The concept and features of the literary language
The multifunctionality of the Russian literary language. The difference in the functions of the literary language and the language of fiction
The origin of the Russian literary language
6. Fiction as highest form the existence of the Russian language
Oral and written varieties of the Russian language
Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech
Styles of the modern Russian language
Styles of book literary language
Spoken variety of the literary language
Language norm, its role in the formation and functioning of the literary language
Functional styles in modern Russian literary language
Interaction of functional styles
Formal business style, scope of its functioning, genre diversity
Scientific style, speech norms scientific field activities
Newspaper-journalistic style
Art style
Conversational style
Oral Features public speech
The speaker and his audience
Logical forms of presentation
Basic methods of searching for material and types of auxiliary materials
25. Verbal design of a public speech
Oratory monologue
Language means of creating emotionality and evaluation of speech
Speaker use different types speeches
Style and type of speech in oratory
Main types of arguments
Colloquial speech in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language
Conditions for the functioning of colloquial speech, the role of extralinguistic factors
Types of speech culture
Speech etiquette
Speech as a means of communication
Effective Communication Techniques
Speaking technique in business speech
The most important indicators of the level of speech culture of the individual
The main directions for improving the skills of literate writing and speaking
Transition from Written to Oral Text: Graduation Speech, Instruction, Biographical Speech at the Memorial Meeting, Personal Summary
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language
Speech norms
Phonetic system of colloquial speech
Stress norms
Purity of speech. Requirements for correct speech
Sources and causes of speech clogging
Influence on the purity of speech of historicisms, archaisms, jargonisms
Word and gesture in public speaking different styles
The concept and types of speech culture
The concept of speech culture is very important for the culture of speech. There are 4 types of speech culture of native speakers of the literary language.
Elite- reference speech culture, meaning fluency in all the possibilities of the language, including its creative use. It is characterized by strict observance of all norms, an unconditional prohibition of rude expressions.
Middle literary characterized by incomplete observance of norms, excessive saturation of speech with bookish or colloquial words. The carriers of this speech culture are the majority of educated city dwellers; its penetration into some modern media, works of art promotes widespread distribution.
Literary and colloquial and familiar colloquial type unites those communicators who only know colloquial style. Familiar-colloquial is distinguished by a general stylistic reduction and coarseness of speech, which brings it closer to vernacular. "You" is used as an address, regardless of the age of the interlocutor and the degree of acquaintance with him.
Literary language, of course, differs from the language of fiction, but it sort of grows out of it. In order for speech to be understandable and accessible, it is necessary to master not only the norms of speech, but also the modern culture of speech communication and speech etiquette, to master the basic provisions of rhetoric.
Subjects of linguistic ecology are the culture of thinking and speech behavior, the education of linguistic taste, the protection and "improvement" of the literary language, the definition of ways and means of enriching and improving it, the aesthetics of speech. The linguo-ecological approach assumes careful attitude to the literary language both as culture and as an instrument of culture.
The content of speech depends on many conditions that entail a variety of forms of presentation of material. To attain speech wealth, you need to study the language in its literary and colloquial forms, its style, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and grammar. The expressiveness of speech, which is achieved by a clear, clear pronunciation, is essential. correct intonation, skillfully spaced pauses. Due attention should be paid to the pace of speech, the strength of the voice, the persuasiveness of the tone, as well as the features of oratory: posture, gestures, facial expressions.
A good speech cannot be without the appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities. It all comes as a result of labor. This means that it is necessary to be demanding not only to the speech of others, but above all to your own.
Samples of colloquial speech
– And how old is she?
- Nineteen. Right now, in February it will be nineteen.
- Ah.
- And I tell her: you look there carefully, because ... you know, different people there are, you don’t know anyone in St. Petersburg, and you go, and you go. And she laughs into the phone and to me Toko (only) everything is yes yes no. But it turns out that this young man was standing nearby ... (from a conversation over tea).
- Thirty-fifth do you have slippers?
- Near.
“But these boots are only red?”
- No, there are brown ones.
- Is there forty-three on the felt?
- Not. (dialogue between buyer and seller)
At the newsstand:
- Tell, " New world» Was there a third?
- Not yet.
- And second?
- Sold.
(Russian colloquial speech. Texts. M., 1978. S. 98, 278, 285)
The situation, as it were, merges, fuses into speech, which allows you not to name the objects surrounding the speakers, for example:
- Eat.
- Let's.
- Take it.
- Now. and etc.
From the above examples, we see that we are talking about what is clear only to those who are speaking at the moment, in a certain situation.
Some linguists distinguish three groups of colloquial speech from a lexico-semantic point of view.
1. Ordinary colloquial words, that is, everyday colloquial, or everyday.
2. Colloquial words with limited use: everyday vernacular, colloquial terminological words, or jargon.
3. Colloquial words with a pronounced limitation of the scope of use: dialect, slang and roughly colloquial, reduced words.
Each of these groups has words that are functionally connotative, that is, stylistically colored.
The literary and colloquial group includes such words that have a certain shade of decline in comparison with other styles. But, despite this, such words are found in many areas of human communication. So, for example, the words correspondence student, evening party, concrete, bagpipe, high-voltage, anti-aircraft gun, manner; to cry, to be in a fever, to cope(birthday) and others are widely used in various genres of newspaper and journalistic style.
Colloquial words include words used in everyday everyday communication. Like the words of literary and colloquial speech, they do not violate the norms of actual colloquial speech. But here words with a reduced meaning will already prevail, having, moreover, an additional stylistic coloring. This includes words with disapproving, playful, ironic, familiar shades of speech. Their use in other styles of language would be inappropriate and ridiculous. Colloquial-everyday (colloquial-everyday) words include such words as brainless, nonsense, chatter, grandfather, joker and others. All these words have a negative or positive expressive-emotional assessment that is not too conspicuous.
Colloquial-terminological (the second lexico-semantic group) includes words that do not have the features of terms proper and are usually not reflected in the corresponding terminological dictionaries. But they are still used in the oral speech of people united by common professional and social interests. As a result of too frequent use, such words can go beyond the colloquial variants of terminological systems, become determinologized and become less limited in use. For example: castor oil - castor oil, sweeping the yard - janitor, diabetic - diabetic, asthma - asthmatic, ascorbic acid - ascorbic acid and etc.
The everyday vernacular (the second lexico-semantic group) includes words that will be even more reduced in semantic terms and in terms of expressive-stylistic evaluation. The scope of their distribution is narrower than that of colloquial everyday speech. Common words include, for example, dad(father), bratello(brother), normal(about something reliable, good), tights(restless fussiness) net (lazy man, lazy person).
Such words are sometimes difficult to distinguish from proper colloquial words, because colloquial words, if they are not rude, vulgar or abusive, are generally not a violation of the norms of colloquial speech.
Colloquial jargon (the third lexico-semantic group) includes words that are formed not from words fixed in terminological systems, but from professional names. They have a highly specialized meaning, although in the process of use they can go beyond the scope of a particular profession. Such words include students, for example, record book - record book; at the builders overhaul - capital; communal apartment - communal apartment ( such words are called universals). Their scope is limited. But some of the colloquial professional words can become colloquial everyday.
Roughly colloquial words include words that are used in the oral form of communication and are rather limited in terms of their scope. They are capable of violating the norms of the actual colloquial style of speech and may go beyond the limits of the literary language. They include words such as spanked; mug, head, foolishness; to sleep, vtemyashitsya, cheat; smashed and others. In their expressive-emotional coloring, they are vulgar-swear words.
limited use dialectal and argot speech also differ. The words of the first subgroup, as a rule, are used only in the oral communication of the indigenous inhabitants of some populated territory and will be incomprehensible outside of it. The words of argot speech, as well as rough vernacular, violate generally accepted norms and are considered extraliterary lexical means.
Important are the fundamental differences between oral and written forms of speech, associated both with its perception (auditory or visual), and with the very matter of oral or written speech - the intonational richness of oral speech, and in written speech - written signs that help show intonation (quotation marks, capitalization, indentation, punctuation, etc.
Intonation is created by the melody of speech, a certain place logical stress, its strength, changes in intensity (loudness), degree of clarity, accuracy in pronunciation, the presence or absence of pauses.
Written speech is not able to convey all this. She has only paint (letters) at her disposal, with the help of which she reflects intonation.
There are stylistic and structural differences between written and oral speech. In cases where there is only a stylistic and functional difference between the written and oral speech of the literary language, written speech is characterized by greater rigor, a more careful selection of words, and polished sentence structures.
Mutual relations M. Gorky rightly defined between the literary language and colloquial speech, pointing out that the division of the language into folk and literary means only that in one case it means “raw” language, and in the other - processed by masters.
So, the needs for language as a means of communication are not the same in the field of literary activity and in the everyday area. After all, literature refers to the language with the greatest demands than industrial or family life(domestic) person, and has a greater impact on him. This influence lies in the fact that writers, publicists, scientists "process" the language, they try not to repeat the words "slapped" by many "mouths". Therefore, they take from the national language such words, expressions, rules of grammar and phonetics that can really serve the whole society. Language means that are not capable of serving the whole society are discarded and recognized as non-literary. All lexical "garbage" is eliminated by the efforts of masters and experts in the Russian word - writers, scientists, orators.
Art style
Artistic style as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic functions. To understand the features artistic way knowledge of reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it must be compared with the scientific method of cognition, which determines character traits scientific speech.
Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of a particular phenomenon.
For artistic style speech typically focuses on the particular and the accidental, followed by the typical and the general. Remember "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of Russia contemporary to the author.
The world of fiction is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in artistic text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in the art world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech.
The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style include, first of all, figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life. For example, L. N. Tolstoy in the book “War and Peace” used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes; a significant number of words from the hunting vocabulary we will find in the "Notes of a hunter" by I. S. Turgenev and in the stories of M. M. Prishvin; and in the “Queen of Spades” by A. S. Pushkin there are many words from the vocabulary of a card game, etc.
In the artistic style of speech, the speech ambiguity of the word is very widely used, which reveals in it additional meanings and semantic shades, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular. For example: In Evdokimov's tavern, they were about to turn off the lamps when the scandal began. The scandal started like this. At first, everything in the hall looked fine, and even the tavern clerk Potap told the owner that, they say, today God has passed - not a single broken bottle, when suddenly in the depths, in the semi-darkness, in the very core, there was a buzzing like a swarm of bees.
“Fathers of light,” the owner lazily was amazed, “here, Potapka, your evil eye, damn it!” Well, it was necessary to croak, damn it!
The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that appear in scientific speech as well-defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech - as concrete-sensual representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning ( lead ore, lead bullet), and in fiction forms an expressive metaphor ( lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech important role play phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.
Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, that is, a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring. An example of inversion is the well-known line from A. Akhmatova's poem "Everything I see Pavlovsk hilly ...". Variants of the author's word order are diverse, subject to the general plan.
The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures.
In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, i.e., the allocation by the author of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. Especially often this technique is used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image: Ay, dear, - Shipov shook his head, - why is that so? No need. I can see right through you, mon cher... Hey, Potapka, why did you forget a man on the street? Bring him here, wake up. And what, mister student, how does this tavern seem to you? It's dirty indeed. Do you think he’s good for me? .. I’ve been to real restaurants, I know ... Pure Empire style, sir ... But you can’t talk to people there, but here I can find out something.(Okudzhava B. "Adventures of Shipov")
The speech of the protagonist characterizes him very clearly: not very educated, but ambitious, wanting to give the impression of a gentleman, master, Shipov uses elementary French words (mon cher) along with colloquial wake up, hello, here, which do not correspond not only to the literary, but also to the colloquial norm. But all these deviations in the text serve the law of artistic necessity.
Diversity, richness and expressive possibilities language means artistic style stands above other styles, is the most complete expression of the literary language.
As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms, expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech along with the non-artistic, it performs a nominative-pictorial function.
So, the dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (up to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, a special artistic, and not conceptual and not denotative (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special, characteristic only for this style of expressive means of speech - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.
As can be seen from the above passages, in fiction to create artistic images colloquial style is used.
Conversational style
Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of a relaxed, unprepared monologue or dialogical speech on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendship, family, etc. In the sphere mass communication colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics: a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports and other things, a conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means. Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole (it is called codified speech, because it is in relation to it that work is being done to preserve its norms, for its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech.
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e., the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) Is that it? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes integral part act of communication.
Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here there are the most diverse groups of vocabulary in the thematic and stylistic terms: both general vocabulary, and terms, and foreign borrowings, and words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in last case different elements can be used.
Spoken language is characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “ Wow price! Wow!», « Flowers in the garden - the sea!, « I am thirsty! I'll die!» The use of words in a figurative sense is typical, for example: "You have porridge in your head!"
Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concretized at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.
So, the dominant of colloquial style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is the minimization of concern for the form of expression of thoughts, hence the phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, syntactic carelessness, the widespread use of pronouns, etc. (important not as say a what to tell).
The speaker and his audience
Orator (from Latin orator, orare - “to speak”) - one who makes a speech, makes a speech, as well as one who has the gift of making speeches, eloquence.
Skillful construction of speech and its public delivery in order to achieve certain result and the desired impact on the listeners is oratory.
Human society is built on communication. Everyone can speak, but not everyone can speak beautifully, intelligibly, clearly, excitingly and interestingly, as well as confidently stand in front of an audience.
Skillful command of the word, competent presentation of the material, the ability to stay in front of the public are only part of what a speaker should have. Being in the center of attention, the speaker must be able to attract attention both with his appearance, and with his natural data, and with his manner of speaking and holding on. As a rule, a professional speaker is an erudite, highly intelligent person, freely oriented both in literature and art, and in science and technology, as well as in politics and the modern structure of society.
To count on the attention and respect of the listening audience, the speaker must have certain skills and abilities. We list some of them:
1) confident statement during any communication;
2) the ability to speak on any topic;
3) the ability to accurately express their thoughts;
4) use of active vocabulary, the ability to use various speech techniques;
5) the ability to argue and convince.
Oratory is a dialogic connection, on the one hand of which the speaker directly speaks, and on the other, the listener, or audience.
The audience is a community of people, which acts as a single socio-psychological group.
The audience is characterized by the following characteristics:
1) homogeneity (heterogeneity), i.e. the difference in gender, age, level of education, interests of listeners;
2) the quantitative composition of those present;
3) a sense of community (a sign that manifests itself with a certain emotional mood audience, when the audience applauds or, conversely, expresses dissatisfaction);
4) the motive of the listeners' actions. People attend lectures for various reasons. According to psychologists, 3 groups of moments can be distinguished:
a) intellectual-cognitive plan (when people come because the topic itself is of interest);
b) moral plan (requires the presence of a person);
c) emotional and aesthetic plan (when people come because they are interested in the speaker, his speeches, his demeanor, etc.).
That is why the audience can be noted a different attitude to the perception of performance.
Logical forms of presentation
When presenting the speech material, the speaker uses logical forms of presentation. The main logical methods for the formation of concepts include analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison.
Analysis is the mental division of objects, objects into elements, the mental selection of individual features in them. Analysis is interconnected with synthesis. A complete image is created by combining these individual features. Synthesis is a mental combination into a whole of the parts of an object, object or its features, which were obtained as a result of analysis.
Comparison is a logical technique that allows you to mentally establish the similarity or differences of objects according to essential and non-essential features.
Generalization is a mental association of objects in a certain concept, the transition to a higher level of abstraction by identifying common features and properties of objects.
When presenting the material of speech, it is necessary to take into account the laws of logic. We present the main ones.
1. Law of Identity- this is a logical law, according to which every concept and judgment must be identical to itself.
2. Law of contradiction is a logical law according to which a statement and its negation cannot be both true. Contradictory statements are statements, one of which is a negation of the other. It can be concluded that no statement is both true and false.
3. Law of the excluded middle- the logical law according to which either the statement itself is true, or its negation. Another formulation of this law: of two contradictory statements at the same time and in the same respect, one is necessarily true.
When combining the law of the excluded middle and the law of contradiction, a proposition is formulated: there is nothing in between contradictory statements, that is, there is no third statement (the third is not given).
4. Law of Sufficient Reason: every true thought must be sufficiently substantiated. The speaker must substantiate each of his statements.
The methods of presentation and explanation are very diverse. The speaker can not only tell, but also reinforce his speech by demonstrating tables, drawings, graphs, diagrams. He can write on the board, show experiments, etc. The use of these techniques is necessary in order to convey the content of the speech to the audience, giving it a vivid and memorable form.
From the point of view of logical principles, the methods of presentation include deduction, induction and analogy.
Deduction is the transition from the general to the particular. In this case, the presentation will be structured as follows: from general provisions and rules, the speaker will move on to private, concrete concepts.
The presentation can be structured as follows: the speaker begins with new facts, examples, and then gradually moves on to a general important conclusion. In this case, we are faced with by induction.
In addition to induction and deduction, another method of presentation and explanation is used - analogy. The conclusion by analogy is obtained as follows: the knowledge obtained from the consideration of any subject, object, is transferred to a less studied object, but similar in essential qualities and properties. Inferences obtained by analogy are one of the sources of scientific hypotheses.
There are certain rules for using analogy:
1) the analogy is true provided that two objects, objects or phenomena have common essential features;
2) if two objects or events are likened, it is necessary to take into account their differences from each other.
Speech preparation: choice of topic, purpose of speech, search for material, beginning, deployment and completion of speech
The speech for the speech must be prepared in advance. It is important for the author to think over the content, it is necessary to evaluate his possibilities of presenting the material to the public. When preparing a speech, certain points should be taken into account, namely:
1) type of speech;
2) topics of speech;
3) the goals and objectives that the speaker, the speaker sets for himself;
4) listening audience.
In rhetoric, the following stages of preparation for a speech are considered:
1) choice of topic;
2) specifying the goals of the statement;
3) study of material on the topic;
4) preparing a speech in expanded form;
5) completion of the speech (summing up);
6) full possession of the material.
The initial stage of choosing a topic is one of the most important stages in preparing a speech. The speaker can choose a topic himself, or he can use the proposals of the organizers of the meeting. You should choose a topic that will be interesting and exciting, relevant. The speaker should highlight the problem in such a way that both he and the audience can learn something new from a particular speech.
It is necessary to specify the goal both for yourself and for the whole audience. It is important that the topic corresponds to the level of training and education of a particular audience. It is important not only and not so much to present the material, but also to show one’s attitude to the problem, formulate one’s own conclusions and arguments, try to evoke a response from the audience, perhaps not yet in the form of a speech or dialogue at the meeting, but at least in the form of readiness and the desire to be active and independent.
Introduction
Types of Russian speech culture
Conclusion
Introduction
Speech culture is an integral part of the culture of the people associated with the use of language. It includes the language itself with its national specificity, with its social and functional varieties, differences in the forms of speech embodiment (oral and written), a set of speech works that are generally significant for a given people, a system of speech events and speech genres, customs and rules of communication, inherent for this people, the ratio of verbal and non-verbal components of communication, ways of preserving and transmitting language traditions. Every nation has its own speech culture. The features of Russian speech culture are quite well known and used in teaching the Russian language. Less well known are the intra-national types of Russian speech culture, in many respects, probably, similar to similar types of others. speech cultures, but with their own specific features.
Types of Russian speech culture
The culture of speech is the ability to clearly and clearly express one's thoughts, the ability to speak correctly, to attract the attention of the audience not only by the content of one's speech, but also by the emotional impact on the listeners.
A culture of speech involves: compliance with the rules of speech communication; knowledge of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written forms; the ability to select and organize language tools that, in a particular situation of communication, contribute to the achievement of certain communicative goals. In the 20s of the last century, our country was overwhelmed by the fashion for abbreviations, which was reflected in personal names. There were children with names Kim (To
communistAnd
internationalm
youth), Ram (R
evolution,E
ngels,M
arks), Velior (Veli
kayaO
OctoberR
evolution), Stalin. In the 30s, after the death of V.I. Lenin, the boys were called by the name vilaine. In the 40s, popular names were Mels (M
arks,E
ngels,L
enin,With
talin) and Benefit (By
thinkL
YeninBehind
veta), which is reflected in feature film"Dandies". Names appeared in the 1950s Mirat (World
nyat
ohm), Ninel (Lenin- in reverse order). In the 60s, the tradition of giving complex abbreviated names began to decline, because N.S. Khrushchev was critical of the "dog language of abbreviations", and creative activity people weakened. Modern original names are the fruit of the creativity of young parents who strive for meaningless outrageousness. Registry offices do not have the right to refuse parents to choose a name for the child (although there is a ban on names that contain numbers, foreign letters, and swear words). In recent years, parents have called their children angelsand Dolphinschildren with names appeared in Moscow Wind, Casper, Beloved, Cupid, Yaroslav-Lyutobor. Girls are named Moon, Dawn-Dawn, Princess Angelina, Coolness, Spring, Highwayand even Privatization.
This is a consequence of low culture, lack of knowledge of their roots and pedigree. Indeed, in Russian families, names have long alternated. For example, the father Petr Ivanovich, son - Ivan Petrovich.
Calling by name and patronymic is an important national identity Russian speech culture. Patronymic is mentioned in Russian chronicles from the 12th century. First, patronymics were called princes, then boyars and nobles. There were also semi-patronymic forms with the word son: Peter Ivanov son. Peter I favored people who distinguished themselves in serving the state (for example, merchants) with the patronymic name as a sign of special respect. Catherine II ordered the persons of the first five classes of the "Table of Ranks" to write with - (c) what, ranks VI-VIII classes - with semi-patronymics, and all the rest - only by name. For example, a professor at the Imperial Moscow University, in accordance with this decree, could only be awarded a semi-patronymic. With mid-nineteenth in. all other estates (except serfs) already used patronymics on - (c) ich, - (c) n- (a).
A person's patronymic is already known at birth, but comes into use when a person reaches social maturity. Middle name correlates with the form of address on You.
Now in the media, the forms of address by name and patronymic remain unchanged only in relation to an older, very respected person. Often a journalist, proud of his personal acquaintance with a reputable politician, scientist, businessman, calls him youwhile well well-mannered person will feel embarrassed when addressing a lady or gentleman of his parents' age on you. In Russia they said: What is your name-dignify?Magnification, that is, addressing by patronymic, is a demonstration of a respectful attitude towards a person. Studies show that by removing the patronymic, we “alienate” a person, transfer communication into a purely official sphere. When a person talks about his teacher, parents, he cannot help but use a patronymic, but in an alienated sense famous person can be called by name and surname: Leo Tolstoy, Sergei Eisenstein, Marina Tsvetaeva. The media, weaning the people from the patronymic necessary for a “simple” person, serve bad example deviations from the norms of Russian speech usage, violate the rules of speech etiquette and communicative behavior, because the patronymic is an integral element of the Russian national mentality. The foundations of the approach to speech culture as a system of its types were laid by N.I. Tolstoy, who correlated the literary language with the elite culture, dialects - with folk, vernacular - with the "third", slang - with traditional professional culture. In the sphere of action of the literary language, four types of speech cultures are currently functioning: 1. Elite speech culture- a true culture of language proficiency, the creative use of all its possibilities, including its non-literary elements. The bearer of the elite speech culture appropriately and appropriately uses the language, applying its capabilities to a given situation and sphere of communication, understanding all textual allusions and using them adequately. The ability to use the functional style necessary in a given situation, while distinguishing between oral and written communication, strictly observing all ethical and orthological norms, the habit of replacing rude words with euphemisms, bring the bearer of an elite culture closer to the art of speech. The carriers of this culture do not use unnecessarily bookish expressions, participial and participle turns in oral speech, do not allow semantic incompleteness and disrespectful reduction of speech - in writing, they strictly delimit, as is typical of Russian speech culture, you-and you-communication. The bearer of the elite speech culture freely communicates with any person and in any situation. However, this type of speech culture covers an ever smaller number of educated people. 2. "Medium literary" speech culture- most often, an elite culture that did not take place (a person did not study well, he had bad teachers, as a result of which the elite culture was not fully mastered), but sometimes it is the result of a conscious opposition to the carriers of the elite culture ("We did not graduate from universities"); in this case, its speakers are characterized by deliberate coarsening of speech and deliberate stylistic slovenliness. Unlike the carriers of the elite culture, the carrier of the "middle literary" culture does not fully comply with the norms of the literary language, making mistakes in stress. ("quarter," driver, "means," take),shaping (* lay down, * go), owns only two or three functional styles, therefore, he abuses either bookish and foreign words, or reduced colloquial and even vernacular, using them inconsistently with the form and situation of speech. It is very typical for a carrier of an “average literary” speech culture to violate the ethical standards of communication, lack of respect for an interlocutor of a lower social rank. This is very clearly manifested in violation of the norms. you-and you-communication: one-way transition to you- communication (whatever the goals it may be called for), its use in an official setting, alien to Russian speech culture. speech culture Russian "Medium literary" speech culture now embraces the majority educated population Russia, in fact, completely captured modern television, radio and newspapers; at the same time, its carriers are not only “guests”, but also professional journalists, which, on the one hand, lowers the authority of the media, and on the other hand, contributes to the wide spread of this type of speech culture. 3. Literary and colloquial speech culture- should only be used in informal communication 4. Familiar-colloquial speech culture- should be used only in closely related or close friendships; characteristic of her you- communication, "home" names, general decrease in speech. Both literary colloquial and familiar colloquial systems of communication are characterized by a minimum of concern for the form of expression of thought, phonetic and semantic fuzziness of speech, which is quite normal in informal communication with its reliance on the situation and the generality of the apperception base of the speakers, but completely inappropriate in official communication. . Meanwhile, colloquial patter with a strong reduction, and the semantic inaccuracy of speech, and its incompleteness are increasingly observed in modern media, in parliamentary speeches, etc. ( "It is worth the situation to stabilize to start tossing; "To my surprise - instead of surprise; "I visited my patient- we are talking about the visit of the head of the Federal Grid Company to the hospital to the victim of an act of terrorism; "Candeloro is on a roll today - caught the charm. "This is his crown). Non-normative formations are widespread, not only in electronic media, where this can be explained by oral spontaneity ("with the right to broadcast and consultative vote; "these loans; "given a week for negotiations; "we are surprised by the results of the electionsetc.), but also in newspapers (* Hit on the hands -the title of the article about the agreement between Moscow and Tbilisi; "contact with representatives of different movements of the world; "demand the division of money).Irregular forms of numerals are found even in works of art ( With him were found: a black leather wallet with "four hundred and fifty zlotys).A wide stream in the media is reduced not only colloquial, but even colloquial vocabulary ("the other day she miraculously remained alive, "The other day"- name of the TV show; "the middle jumped to the right- an article on political topics). Conversational depression is a new state of the Russian language, if it were not accompanied by a simultaneous dominance of excessively bookish, often foreign words and expressions (for example, the headline of a newspaper article: "Eaglet and his sisterships).The desire to use them, often without knowing the exact meaning ("I believe that in difficult times for the country, he must make inadequate decisions- newspaper interview) and in the wrong design (* precedents, * stateand even "I'm constantizing non-legitimative structures),indicates that we are dealing not only and not so much with the strengthening of the spoken stream in the language, but with the spread of more low level general, and consequently, speech culture. This is also evidenced by the facts, so to speak, of the general cultural errors of TV journalists. (the cholera virusinstead of vibrio, streptococcus virus -a special coccal bacterium, but not a virus at all), betraying the absence of the habit of checking oneself in reference books and dictionaries before going on the air. For colloquial varieties, this is very typical (one might say spacesuitinstead of mask- they will understand anyway), but it is unacceptable in the information programs of state television. It is common for the bearers of an elite culture not only to know, but also to constantly check their knowledge, clarify it using dictionaries and reference books. Conclusion
The true culture, which allows you to feel free in any environment, is elitist. But its bearers are few. But the language does not stand still, and the elite culture itself is changing. A person brought up only on classical Russian literature will be alien, not modern. On media texts? But they do not give an elite speech culture. On the texts of modern fiction? But even she, even in the person of the best writers of our time, is far from the elite speech culture because of the obvious abuses of not only colloquial and colloquial or dialectal elements, but even taboo vocabulary. List of used literature
1. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Uch. settlement for universities - M.: Logos, 2004. - 432 p. Moskvin V.P. The correctness of modern Russian speech. Norm and options: Textbook. Volgograd: Change, 2004. - 149 p. Culture of Russian speech: a textbook for universities / Ed. Graudina L.K. and Shiryaeva E.N. - M.: Norma Infra, 2004. - 560 p.
Very important for the culture of speech the concept of speech culture. There are 4 types of speech culture of native speakers of the literary language.
Elite - reference speech culture, meaning fluency in all the possibilities of the language, including its creative use. It is characterized by strict observance of all norms, an unconditional prohibition of rude expressions.
Middle literary characterized by incomplete observance of norms, excessive saturation of speech with bookish or colloquial words. The carriers of this speech culture are the majority of educated city dwellers; its penetration into some modern media, works of art contributes to its wide distribution.
Literary and colloquial and familiar colloquial type unites those communicators who know only conversational style. Familiar-colloquial is distinguished by a general stylistic reduction and coarseness of speech, which brings it closer to vernacular. "You" is used as an address, regardless of the age of the interlocutor and the degree of acquaintance with him.
Literary language, of course, differs from the language of fiction, but it sort of grows out of it. In order for speech to be understandable and accessible, it is necessary to master not only the norms of speech, but also the modern culture of speech communication and speech etiquette, to master the basic provisions of rhetoric.
Subjects of linguistic ecology are the culture of thinking and speech behavior, the education of linguistic taste, the protection and "improvement" of the literary language, the definition of ways and means of enriching and improving it, the aesthetics of speech. The linguo-ecological approach assumes a careful attitude to the literary language both as a culture and as an instrument of culture.
The content of speech depends on many conditions that entail a variety of forms of presentation of material. To achieve speech wealth, you need to study the language in its literary and colloquial forms, its style, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and grammar. The expressiveness of speech, which is achieved by a clear, clear pronunciation, correct intonation, and skillfully spaced pauses, is essential. Due attention should be paid to the pace of speech, the strength of the voice, the persuasiveness of the tone, as well as the features of oratory: posture, gestures, facial expressions.
A good speech cannot be without the appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities. It all comes as a result of labor. This means that it is necessary to be demanding not only to the speech of others, but above all to your own.
Speech culture tickets
Modern Russian language as a means of communication. Russian language as a state language, as a language of international development and as a world language. The main functions of the language. Stages of formation and development of the Russian language, the main areas of its existence (areas of linguistic culture).
Modern Russian is the national language of the Russian people. It is called Russian because its creator and main bearer is the Russian people. The Russian language is a historically formed linguistic community, genetically belongs to the group of East Slavic languages, which go back to one source - the common Slavic language, common and unified (in varying degrees) for all Slavic tribes. From the 6th century the Old Russian language begins its independent existence. From the 14th century the collapsed Old Russian language gives rise to the formation of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian languages. The Russian language is becoming independent language. It is based on the Moscow Koine. In pre-revolutionary Russia, Russian was the compulsory state language. In the multinational USSR there was no single state language. In the Russian Federation, Russian is the state language.
The main functions of the language:
- official language Russian Federation, i.e. language official documents, laws, office work, legitimized in this status by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Art. 68: "1. State language The Russian language is the Russian language throughout its entire territory.
- language international communication , i.e., the language chosen voluntarily in a multinational state as the language of communication. In the Russian Federation, due to a number of objective reasons, the Russian language has become such. It is the language people speak of different nationalities in everyday life, in science, culture, art, economics, etc.
World language - the Russian language is included in the club of six world languages (English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Arabic), as it is globally distributed, is academic discipline outside of Russia, has been chosen as the working language of the UN and a number of international organizations.
Spheres of existence of the Russian language (areas of linguistic culture): Russian language functions in modern society in different areas. Its varieties, the emergence of which is due to the area of functioning, are called differently (variants of the language, sublanguages, areas of linguistic culture, spheres of existence):
- frozen language of written monuments- silent speech, a collection of texts from previous eras; vicious circle of creators and addressee; allows a deeper understanding of the language system in statics and dynamics; forms the spirit language personality
- modern Russian language: 1. oral form- everyday colloquial language and vernacular (characteristic features: unpreparedness, ease, it is possible to combine book and colloquial); spoken language dialects (specific features of phonetics, vocabulary; communicatively closed; a dialect speaker combines the literary language with the dialect); 2. writing- the language of literature, the press, the state. documents; ordinary texts are focused on correlation with extralinguistic reality - thin. lyrics reflect a fictional world
- professional language- the language of science and technology; communicatively closed
- « computer language» - form of vocational sphere. Communication closed. Can be considered as a transitional form of international technical language
- non-original Russian speech- the speech of foreigners; synthesis of Russian and the native language of the Russian speaker
- foreign language- a form of the Russian language that has been influenced by a different social and linguistic environment. Speakers of this form are excluded from the use of the living language. The degree of conservation is determined by the level of competence of the carrier.
Modern Russian national language and its stratification. Literary language as the highest form of the national language. Language situation and language policy.
The Russian language in all its manifestations forms a common (national) language. One of the temporary incarnations of the national language is the modern Russian language. The boundaries of the “modernity” of the Russian language are defined in different ways: 1. language recent decades our time; 2. language from the 30s of the XX century to the present day; 3. language from Pushkin to the present day, etc. The latter point of view received the most wide use in Russian studies, because it was during the time of Pushkin that the basic norms of the literary language were formed. Being a means of communication, the modern Russian language performs the functions of communication (informative), communication (communicative), impact (imperative); as well as cognitive (cognitive), aesthetic, educational, etc. The variety of functions determines the current social and functional stratification of the Russian language:
- literary language- a normalized form of the national language, excluding dialects, jargons, vernacular
- dialects- varieties of Russian speech, the functioning of which is limited to a certain territory; the form of existence is oral; differ from the literary language in lexical composition, grammatical and phonetic features; are constantly exposed to the literary language
- jargons (social dialects)- varieties of PR used in groups of people united by common interests, occupation, profession, age, etc.; usually differ only in vocabulary; an ancient, rapidly changing phenomenon in language; use is unacceptable in official communication; a kind of jargon - slang - originally the language of declassed elements
- vernacular- a variety of PR, characterized by the use of words and expressions not accepted in the literary language; not limited by territory; deliberately coarsens speech, gives it a special looseness
Language situation - a functional set of forms of existence (and styles) of one language or several languages serving an ethnic group/people/society in a certain geographical region or administrative-political entity. The components of a language situation can either be functionally equivalent, or can be in a hierarchical relationship.
Language policy - a system of events and legislative acts carried out by the authorities and / or public institutions of the country, which set themselves certain socio-linguistic goals. Language policy depends on: the language situation, political goals of the state, government institutions.
Speech culture and culture of speech. Types of speech culture.
A culture of speech - a set of skills for the selection and use of language means in order to optimal solution communicative tasks in accordance with the norms of the literary language and the ethics of communication.
speech culture - part of the culture of the people associated with the use of language. It includes the language itself, its ethnic specificity, functional and social varieties, embodied in oral or written form. In addition, it includes ethnic features of the linguistic picture of the world, and formed customs and rules of conduct. The concept of speech culture is wider than the concept of speech culture, which includes only the nature of the use of the language, the attitude towards it, but not the language itself and the picture of the world fixed in it. Speech culture is realized in speech, in the process of communication.
Types of speech culture:
- Full Featured type is observed among people with higher education, is typical for people with the most high level general culture. It is characterized by: possession of all functional styles of the literary language, the habit of self-control of speech, the skill of referring to dictionaries and reference books not only within the framework of one's profession, the fullest possible use of all the possibilities of the literary language with a very careful and always expedient use of extraliterary means, observing orthological, communicative and ethnic norms. For carriers of this type of speech culture, the standard of speech and precedent texts are the texts of classical fiction and really exemplary texts of other types of speech. Knowing a language (often several), they do not abuse either foreign or reduced words, do not replace written speech with the constructions of written speech that are characteristic of oral or oral speech, freely move from one functional style to another, depending on the conditions and tasks. communications. Contribute to the formation of a fully functional type of speech culture, education and training (family, school, university), the nature of professional activity that requires social activity and multi-role, but most importantly - active self-education, a constant desire to expand one's knowledge, test oneself not only in one's profession, but also in language (check the correct pronunciation, spelling, meaning of words, etc.).
- incomplete the type is close to fully functional and is characteristic of people who are still of a high culture, although less high than that of carriers of the fully functional type. These are also people with higher education, but the degree of their knowledge of the literary language does not reach the level of full-functionality: knowledge of not all functional styles (usually only professionally significant for them and colloquial); not all the riches of the lexical and grammatical system (only a small part of the synonymic possibilities of the language is used); they do not completely distinguish between oral and written forms of speech (substitution or possession of only one of them is possible). In their speech, there are violations of orthological, communicative and ethical norms (but gross violations are rare) due to their insufficient mastery. This is, as it were, an unformed, fully functional type of speech culture. Some conditions of family education contribute to this (low cultural level of parents, lack of a home library), bad teachers at school and university, but the main reasons are pronounced professional and social one-role (only a speaker or only a "bookworm" - an accountant, an office worker, etc.). .d.) in the absence of a desire or due effort to expand the range of one’s interests, the habit of testing oneself not only in professional field. Often these are intellectuals in the first generation, guided not by dictionaries and reference books in terms of language, but by what they hear on television, read in newspapers. Their precedent texts are not only texts classical literature, but also media texts, texts of "semi-fiction" works, texts written by a boss or teacher. Weakened critical attention to the speech of others and to oneself.
- Middle Literary type characterizes the majority of the population with secondary education, and is also found in people with higher education. In this type of R. to. violations of orthological, communicative and ethical norms are frequent and systemic, not only because of insufficient knowledge of lit. language, but primarily because of the conscious disregard for its norms with a very high self-confidence in their knowledge. As a rule, speech errors are accompanied by factual ones, which testify both to a low level of general culture (in a newspaper, a journalist writes about the Sakhalin Peninsula) and to excessive self-confidence (in a newspaper, a journalist confuses the names of well-known governors in the country, changes the areas they lead, does not troubling oneself with an elementary check). Belonging to the average literary type of some journalists creates vicious circle, because their speech is perceived by other carriers of this type as a standard, and, consequently, the journalist's mistakes are replicated. Feeling some inferiority speech capabilities with their inherent self-confidence, it leads the carriers of this type of R. to. either to focus on purely bookish speech, to the widespread use of foreign words, or to intentional outrageousness (swear words up to and including obscenities). Since the media and pseudo-fiction, reflecting this type, are precedent texts for media of the middle literary type, this type of speech culture is constantly self-reproducing without any effort on the part of its speakers.
- Literary jargon type was formed at the end of the twentieth century. by the efforts of journalists as a reaction to the officialdom and bureaucratic speech of the media of the Soviet era. The desire for looseness of speech, rapprochement with the people led to journalistic unbridledness, especially in their speech. This type of R. to. is characterized by a deliberate decrease in speech (slanging of speech, preference for a literary word of any of its synonyms from common speech, dialects, jargon, and abusive vocabulary). Its main differences from the argotic type (see below) are in the social group of speakers (journalists) and the function of the jargons they use (primarily expressive). It is observed among journalists not of the highest culture, but outside their profession, possibly belonging to a non-full-functional type, so this is not so much a special type of R. k. of a person as the impression he creates, the type of R. k. of a specific television or radio program, specific newspaper. The influence of such media on the population gives rise to the gradual formation of a literary jargon type as a truly independent type of R. k., whose carriers are no longer journalists, but those users of the literary language ( Neshimenko, 2001), who, focusing on the speech of the media, widely use both jargon and any reduced vocabulary for expressive purposes, believing that this is how it should be spoken and written.
- Everyday type does not imply conscious attitude to your speech, choosing the right form and the right style. Carriers of this type of R. to. - the lowest in the scope of lit. language - in any conditions, including in an official setting, they use only the spoken language they have mastered since childhood and are therefore helpless before the need to use speech in its written form. Their oral monologue is not built as a text, but all the time strays into a dialogue with one of the listeners ( Got it, no? You understand?). In television broadcasts, even if this is a performance of the invited person in front of those present in the studio (and the main addressee is the viewers), this is actually a dialogue with a familiar host, in some radio programs it is a dialogue between a DJ and one of the callers. The formation of this type of speech culture is the result of the fact that its bearer has never made any effort to master the skills of good speech, and only home and street speech and advertising, imprinted in the subconscious due to its annoying repetition, serve as precedent texts for him.
Outside the literary language stand out colloquial, argotic and folk speech types. Colloquial is typical for the speech of poorly educated citizens; argotic is formed in certain social groups for the sake of "encryption", hiding information from outsiders and in the password function; folk speech is typical for dialect speakers with their special culture, special linguistic, communicative and ethical norms, and even ideas about the world. "Drawing out" certain words and forms from these types sometimes enriches the literary language, but more often it simply clogs it. For all these types, only the oral form of speech is organic, and even the transfer of knowledge from generation to generation also occurred (and is happening) only in oral form. Jargon and dialect dictionaries are created by linguists, not by speakers of these types and not for their speakers, but for the sake of studying the corresponding social components of the national language or understanding the words used in these social groups.
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