The artistic style of speech, its features and substyles. Artistic speech style

Lesson plan:

Theoretical block

Language features artistic style speeches

Features of the artistic style and its signs

Spheres of use of the artistic style of speech

Art style genres

The role of the sentence in the text

Text-forming functions of a sentence

Practice block

Working with texts: determining the style of the text and highlighting the language features of each of them

Highlighting the main features of artistic style in texts

Distinguishing substyles and genres of artistic style

Analysis of artistic style texts

Compilation of texts using reference expressions

Tasks for SRO

Bibliography:

1. Russian language: textbook. allowance for students. kaz. otd. un-tov (bachelor's degree) / Ed. K.K. Akhmedyarova, Sh.K. Zharkynbekova. - Almaty: Publishing house "Kazakh un-ti", 2008. - 226 p.

2. Stylistics and culture of speech: Proc. Benefit/E.P. Pleshchenko, N.V. Fedotova, R.G. Chechet; Ed. P.P. Fur coats.–Minsk: "TetraSystems", 2001.– 544 p.

Theoretical block

Artstyle– functional style speech, which is used in fiction. The artistic style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms literary language, but also obsolete dialect and colloquial words.

Facilities artistic expressiveness varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, default, etc.

Style fiction has its own specifics. It serves the emotional and aesthetic area of personality activity. The main properties of the artistic style are: a) aesthetic; b) influence on emotions: with the help of artistic images, the feelings and thoughts of readers are influenced; c) communicative: the ability to evoke a response in the mind of the reader, due to which thoughts are transmitted from one person to another.

Art style
Scope of application	The sphere of art, the sphere of fiction
Main functions	The function of emotional and aesthetic impact on the reader
Substyles	prose (epic)	Dramaturgic	Poetic (lyric)
	Novel, short story, story, fairy tale, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton	Tragedy, drama, farce, comedy, tragicomedy	Song, ballad, poem, elegy poem, fable, sonnet, ode
Main style features	Imagery, emotionality, expressiveness, appraisal; manifestation creative individuality author
General language features	The use of stylistic means of other styles, the use of special figurative and expressive means - tropes and figures

The artistic style of speech is not distinguished by all scientists. Some researchers, highlighting the artistic style among the functional styles of speech, consider its main features:

its use in works of art;

the image with its help of a living picture, object, state, the transfer to the reader of the feelings and moods of the author;

concreteness, figurativeness and emotionality of the statement;

the presence of special linguistic means: words with a specific meaning, with comparison value, comparisons, words in figurative use, emotional and evaluative, etc.

Other scientists consider it as the language of fiction, and the concepts of "artistic style", "style of fiction", "language of fiction" are considered synonymous.

Literary and artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader. In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words. The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; used to create images language tools. Distinctive feature Artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, giving the narrative colorfulness, the power of depicting reality.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. Any part of speech in a figurative sense.

Metonymy is a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object that is in one way or another related to the object indicated by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word "by contiguity", and metaphor - "by similarity". Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy.

An epithet is a definition attached to a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose.

Synecdoche is a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of ratio between them.

Hyperbole is a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said.

Litota is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, and significance of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").

Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture”).

In stylistics and poetics, it is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by not naming it, but describing it.

Allegory (allegory) - a conditional image of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

1. Historical system speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication:
1) Functional style of speech.
2) Scientific style of speech.

The functional style of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area of human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

2. The functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of language means, inclination towards normalized speech:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The scientific style of speech is a functional style of speech of the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

3. Where possible, availability semantic connections between successive units (blocks) of text:
1) Logic.
2) Intuition.
3) Sensory.
4) Deduction.

Logic is, if possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of text.

4. Functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field business relations: in the sphere legal relations and controls:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The official business style of speech is a functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management.

5. The functional style of speech, which is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Publicistic style of speech.

The journalistic style of speech is a functional style of speech that is used in the genres: article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

6. The desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible:
1) Information function journalistic style.
2) Information function scientific style.
3) Information function of the official business style.
4) Information function of the functional style of speech.

The informational function of the journalistic style is the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible.

7. The desire to influence people's opinions:
1) The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech.
2) Influencing function of scientific style.
3) The influencing function of the official business style.
4) Influencing function of the functional style of speech.

The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech is the desire to influence people's opinions.

8. The functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting:
1) Conversational speech.
2) Literary speech.
3) Artistic speech.
4) Report.

Conversational speech is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting.

9. Functional style of speech, which is used in fiction:
1) Literary and artistic style.
2) Official business style.
3) Scientific style.
4) Functional style.

Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction.

10. Official business speech is characterized by:
1) strict compliance literary norm.
2) lack of expressive elements.
3) the use of colloquial syntactic constructions.
4) the use of professional slang words.

For official business speech are characteristic: strict compliance with the literary norm, the absence of expressive elements.

Literary and artistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, which give the narrative color, the power of depicting reality.

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Video lesson in Russian "Speech styles"

How to develop your own literary style. Mini lecture by Elvira Baryakina

Style Issues

Subtitles

Expressive and visual means of language

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. This is:

Tropes (comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (“Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative sense.
Metonymy(ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) located in one or another (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the subject, which is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor - "by similarity." Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (“All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries.)
Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird”; “We all look at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, luminary”; “Most of all, take care of a penny.”)
Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (“I’ve said it a thousand times”; “We have enough food for six months.”)
Litota- a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").
Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture.”)
In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by way of description, not naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower.
But the garden scarecrow is shedding tears,
who secretly loved the rose.

personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For example:

And woe, woe, grief! And grief girded itself with a bast,
Feet are entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take with you
Motherland - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (“Where can we, fools, drink tea.”)
Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, highest degree irony, based not only on the heightened contrast between the implied and the expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a ridicule that may open with a positive judgment, but in general always contains negative connotation and indicates the lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it happens. Examples.

Instruction

This style can otherwise be called the style of fiction. It is used in verbal and artistic creativity. Its main goal is to influence the feelings and thoughts of readers and listeners with the help of images created by the author.

Artistic style (like any other) involves the selection of linguistic means. But in it, in contrast to the official business and scientific styles, all the richness of vocabulary, special figurativeness and emotionality of speech are widely used. In addition, he uses the possibilities of different styles: colloquial, journalistic, scientific and official business.

Distinguished art style Special attention to the casual and the particular, behind which one can see typical features and images of time. As an example, one may recall " Dead Souls”, where N.V. Gogol portrayed the landowners, each of which is the personification of certain human qualities, but all of them together are the "face" Russia XIX century.

One more hallmark artistic style is a subjective moment, the presence of the author's fiction or "re-creation" of reality. The world of a literary work is the world of a writer, where reality is presented through his vision. AT artistic text the author expresses his preferences, rejections, condemnation and admiration. Therefore, the artistic style is characterized by expressiveness, emotionality, metaphor and versatility.

To prove the artistic style, read the text and analyze the language used in it. Pay attention to their diversity. Literary works use a large number of tropes (epithets, metaphors, similes, hyperbole, personifications, paraphrases and allegories) and stylistic figures (anaphoras, antitheses, oxymorons, rhetorical questions and appeals, etc.). For example: “a man with a marigold” (litote), “a horse runs - the earth trembles” (allegory), “streams ran from the mountains” (personification).

In the artistic style, the ambiguity of words is clearly manifested. Writers often discover additional meanings and meanings in them. For example, the adjective "lead" in a scientific or journalistic style will be used in its own direct meaning"lead bullet" and "lead ore", in fiction, most likely, will act as a metaphor for "lead twilight" or " lead clouds».

When parsing the text, be sure to pay attention to its function. If a colloquial style serves for communication or communication, official business and scientific are informative, and the artistic style is intended for emotional impact. Its main function is aesthetic, to which all linguistic means used in a literary work are subject.

Determine in what form the text is implemented. Artistic style is used in drama, prose and poetry. They are respectively divided into genres (tragedy, comedy, drama; novel, story, short story, miniature; poem, fable, poem, etc.).

note

The basis of the artistic style is the literary language. But often it uses colloquial and professional vocabulary, dialectisms and vernacular. This is due to the desire of writers to create a special unique author's style and give the text a vivid imagery.

Helpful advice

Style can be determined only by the totality of all features (functions, set of language tools, form of implementation).

Sources:

Artistic style: language and features
how to prove that the text

Tip 2: Features formal business style text

The language used in different areas of activity differs, in addition, it can be very different from spoken language. For such areas of public life as science, office work, jurisprudence, politics and funds mass media there are subtypes of the Russian language that have their own characteristics, both lexical and morphological, syntactic and textual. Has its stylistic features and official business text.

Why you need a formal business style when writing

The official business style of the text is one of the functional subtypes of the Russian language, which is used only in one specific case - when conducting business correspondence in the field of social and legal relations. It is implemented in lawmaking, managerial and economic activities. AT writing its document and can, in fact, be both a letter and an order, and normative act.

Business documents can be presented to the court as evidence at any time, since they, due to their specifics, have legal force.

Such a document has legal significance, its originator acts, as a rule, not as a private person, but is an authorized representative of the organization. Therefore, any official business text is subject to increased requirements to eliminate ambiguity and ambiguity of interpretation. Also, the text should be accurate communicatively and adequately reflect the thoughts that the author expresses.

The main features of the official business style

Main feature official business communication is the standardization of the used phraseological units, it is with its help that communicative accuracy is ensured, giving legal force to any document. These standard phrases make it possible to exclude ambiguity of interpretation, therefore, in such documents, repeated repetition of the same words, names and terms is quite acceptable.

An official business document must have details - output data, and specific requirements are also imposed on their location on the page.

The text written in this style is emphatically logical and unemotional. It should be extremely informative, so thoughts have strict wording, and the presentation of the situation itself should be restrained, using stylistically neutral words and expressions. The use of any phrases that carry an emotional load, expressions used in common speech, and even more so slang, is excluded.

To eliminate ambiguity in a business document, personal demonstrative pronouns (“he”, “she”, “they”) are not used, since in a context with two nouns of the same gender, ambiguity of interpretation or contradiction may appear. As a consequence of the obligatory condition of logic and reasoning, in a business text, when writing, complex sentences are used with large quantity unions that convey the logic of relations. For example, infrequently used ordinary life constructions, including unions of the type: “due to the fact that”, “for what”.

Mandatory wardrobe items for a Parisian.

Many of the fair sex, who strive to look stylish and sophisticated every day, have a set of basic, must-have items in their wardrobe. What kind of items can be found in the closet of a Parisian?

1. Ballerinas. Contrary to popular belief, high heels are not always preferred. They're in Everyday life wear comfortable flats with thin soles.

2.Bag with long strap. A handbag thrown over one shoulder is a habit a large number residents of the fashion capital.

3.Scarf big size. A variety of voluminous scarves are preferred by residents of many countries. However, most Parisians believe that this is an indispensable and absolutely necessary accessory in the cold season.

4. Fitted jacket, raincoat or jacket. Truly French style - to wear fitted jackets. They are decorated with thin straps or worn wide open.

5.Large sunglasses. In combination with hair pulled into a tight ponytail, bun or updo, these glasses look especially stylish and elegant.

6. Black clothes. The black color for the inhabitants of Paris is not the color of mourning. For them, he is the personification of style and grace. Therefore, to create a Parisian look, you must have black T-shirts, T-shirts, sweaters and other items of clothing in your wardrobe.

Which is unacceptable for the Parisian style.

There are things that a lady with truly French views on fashion will never allow herself to buy, much less wear. In one of the first places on the list of bad manners were too long bright false nails. Many representatives of France prefer naturalness and neutrality in everything. Including in .

A miniskirt in combination with a deep neckline is also not in the style of a resident of the fashion capital. The true one is unlikely to allow herself to look too frank and too sexy.

Bright hair color, multi-colored highlighting, flashy accessories, all kinds of bouffants and a huge amount of hair styling products. In most cases, a lady living in Paris will bypass this entire list and will only be surprised that it occurred to someone to experiment with their appearance in such a way.

The main criterion that distinguishes a true Parisian is harmony in everything: in clothes, style, look, hairstyle, accessories. She does not seek to repeat someone's image and is of the opinion that each person is unique.

Actually scientific style of speech

Most research monographs and solid scientific articles belong to the actual scientific style. The peculiarity of this genre is that such texts, as a rule, are written by professional scientists for the same specialists. This academic style is very common in scientific papers devoted to one issue, as well as in small essays, where the author gives the results scientific research.

Texts written in the proper scientific style are distinguished by the accuracy of presentation, verified logical constructions, an abundance of generalizing terms and abstract concepts. Standard academic text compiled in this genre, has a strict structural composition, which includes a title, introductory and main parts, conclusions and a conclusion.

Scientific and informative genre of scientific style

The scientific-informative genre is considered a secondary form of the scientific style of speech. It, as a rule, is compiled on the basis of some basic, supporting text. In this case, original monographs or articles are often taken as a basis. An example of texts made in the scientific and informative genre can be theses, or.

The scientifically informative text is a creatively revised presentation primary material, which completely coincides with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. To write works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and transmit their content in a compressed form without distortion.

Other genres of scientific style of speech

In one large group linguists often combine texts of scientific-reference, educational-scientific and popular-science genres of scientific style. These sub-styles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject placed at the center of the publication. In this case, not only the results of scientific research are important, but also the form.

In the educational and scientific genre, most often they write study guides and texts of lectures. The scientific and reference genre, which is characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts compiled in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.

AT in general terms, the main linguistic features of the artistic style of speech include the following:

1. Heterogeneity vocabulary: combination book vocabulary with colloquial, vernacular, dialect, etc.

Let's turn to examples.

“The feather grass has matured. The steppe was clad in swaying silver for many versts. The wind accepted it resiliently, swooping in, roughening it, bumping it, driving gray-opal waves first to the south, then to the west. Where a flowing air stream ran, the feather grass inclined prayerfully, and a blackening path lay for a long time on its gray ridge.

“Different herbs have blossomed. On the crests of the nikla is a joyless, burnt-out wormwood. The nights faded quickly. At night, in the charred-black sky, innumerable stars shone; month - the Cossack sun, darkening with a damaged sidewall, shone sparingly, white; the spacious Milky Way intertwined with other stellar paths. The tart air was thick, the wind was dry and wormwood; the earth, saturated with the same bitterness of the all-powerful wormwood, yearned for coolness.

(M. A. Sholokhov)

2. The use of all layers of Russian vocabulary in order to implement the aesthetic function.

“Daria hesitated for a moment and refused:

No, no, I'm alone. There I am alone.

Where "there" - she did not even know close, and, going out of the gate, went to the Angara.

(V. Rasputin)

3. The activity of polysemantic words of all stylistic varieties of speech.

“The river boils all in a lace of white foam.

On the velvet of the meadows poppies are reddening.

Frost was born at dawn.

(M. Prishvin).

4. Combinatorial increments of meaning.

Words in an artistic context receive a new semantic and emotional content, which embodies the figurative thought of the author.

“I dreamed of catching the departing shadows,

The fading shadows of the fading day.

I went up the tower. And the steps trembled.

And the steps under my foot trembled.

(K. Balmont)

5. Greater preference for the use of specific vocabulary and less - abstract.

“Sergey pushed the heavy door. The steps of the porch barely audible sobbed under his foot. Two more steps and he is already in the garden.

“The cool evening air was filled with the intoxicating aroma of flowering acacia. Somewhere in the branches, a nightingale chimed and subtly trilled.

(M. A. Sholokhov)

6. A minimum of generic concepts.

“Another essential piece of advice for a prose writer. More specificity. The imagery is the more expressive, the more precisely, more specifically the object is named.

“You have: “Horses chew grain. Peasants prepare “morning food”, “birds rustled”… In the artist’s poetic prose, which requires visible clarity, there should be no generic concepts, if this is not dictated by the very semantic task of the content… Oats are better than grain. Rooks are more appropriate than birds."

(Konstantin Fedin)

7. The widespread use of folk poetic words, emotional and expressive vocabulary, synonyms, antonyms.

“The dogrose, probably, has still made its way along the trunk to the young aspen since spring, and now, when the time has come for the aspen to celebrate its name day, it all flared up with red fragrant wild roses.”

(M. Prishvin).

“New time” was located in Ertelev Lane. I said "fit". This is not the right word. reigned, ruled."

(G. Ivanov)

8. Verbal speech.

The writer calls each movement (physical and / or mental) and change of state in stages. Forcing verbs activates reader tension.

“Grigory went down to the Don, carefully climbed over the fence of the Astakhov base, went to the shuttered window. He heard only frequent heartbeats... He tapped softly on the frame's binding... Aksinya went silently to the window and peered. He saw how she pressed her hands to her chest and heard her indistinct moan escape her lips. Grigory motioned for her to open the window and took off his rifle. Aksinya opened the doors. He stood on the mound, Aksinya's bare hands grabbed his neck. They trembled and beat on his shoulders so, these native hands, that their trembling was transmitted to Grigory.

(M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don")

The dominants of the artistic style are the imagery and aesthetic significance of each of its elements (down to sounds). Hence the desire for freshness of the image, unhackneyed expressions, a large number of tropes, special artistic (corresponding to reality) accuracy, the use of special expressive means of speech characteristic only for this style - rhythm, rhyme, even in prose a special harmonic organization of speech.

The artistic style of speech is distinguished by figurativeness, the wide use of figurative and expressive means of the language. In addition to its typical linguistic means, it uses the means of all other styles, especially colloquial. In the language of fiction, vernacular and dialectisms, words of a high, poetic style, jargon, rude words, professionally business turns of speech, journalism can be used. Means in the artistic style of speech are subject to its main function - aesthetic.

As I. S. Alekseeva notes, “if the colloquial style of speech performs primarily the function of communication, (communicative), scientific and official-business function of communication (informative), then the artistic style of speech is intended to create artistic, poetic images, emotional and aesthetic impact. All language tools included in artwork, change their primary function, obey the tasks of a given artistic style.

In literature, language occupies a special position because it is building material, that matter perceived by ear or sight, without which a work cannot be created.

The artist of the word - the poet, the writer - finds, in the words of L. Tolstoy, "the only necessary placement is the only the right words", in order to correctly, accurately, figuratively express an idea, convey the plot, character, make the reader empathize with the heroes of the work, enter the world created by the author.

All this is available only to the language of fiction, so it has always been considered the pinnacle of the literary language. The best in language, its strongest possibilities and the rarest beauty - in works of fiction, and all this is achieved. artistic means language. The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. First of all, these are trails.

Tropes - a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some way.

one). An epithet (Greek epitheton, Latin appositum) is a defining word, mainly when it adds new qualities to the meaning of the word being defined (epitheton ornans is a decorating epithet). Wed Pushkin: "ruddy dawn"; Theorists pay special attention to the epithet with a figurative meaning (cf. Pushkin: “my harsh days”) and the epithet with opposite meaning- so-called an oxymoron (cf. Nekrasov: "wretched luxury").

2). Comparison (Latin comparatio) - revealing the meaning of a word by comparing it with another according to some common ground(tertium comparisonis). Wed Pushkin: "Youth is faster than a bird." The disclosure of the meaning of a word by determining its logical content is called interpretation and refers to figures.

3). Periphrase (Greek periphrasis, Latin circumlocutio) is a method of presentation that describes a simple subject through complex revolutions. Wed Pushkin has a parodic paraphrase: "The young pet of Thalia and Melpomene, generously endowed by Apollo." One of the types of paraphrase is euphemism - a replacement by a descriptive turn of a word, for some reason recognized as obscene. Wed in Gogol: "get by with a handkerchief."

In contrast to the paths listed here, which are built on the enrichment of the unmodified main meaning of the word, the following paths are built on shifts in the main meaning of the word.

4). Metaphor (Latin translatio) - the use of a word in a figurative sense. Classic example, cited by Cicero - "murmur of the sea." The confluence of many metaphors forms an allegory and a riddle.

5). Synecdoche (Latin intellectio) - the case when the whole thing is recognized by a small part or when a part is recognized by the whole. The classic example given by Quintilian is "stern" instead of "ship".

6). Metonymy (Latin denominatio) is the replacement of one name of an object by another, borrowed from related and close objects. Wed Lomonosov: "read Virgil".

7). Antonomasia (Latin pronominatio) -- replacement own name another, as if from the outside, a borrowed nickname. The classic example given by Quintilian is "destroyer of Carthage" instead of "Scipio".

eight). Metalepsis (Latin transumptio) - a replacement representing, as it were, a transition from one path to another. Wed in Lomonosov - "ten harvests have passed ...: here, through the harvest, of course, summer, after summer - a whole year."

Such are the paths built on the use of the word in a figurative sense; theorists also note the possibility of the simultaneous use of a word in a figurative and literally, the possibility of confluence of contradictory metaphors. Finally, a number of tropes stand out in which it is not the basic meaning of the word that changes, but one or another shade of this meaning. These are:

nine). Hyperbole is an exaggeration brought to the point of "impossibility". Wed Lomonosov: "running, speedy wind and lightning."

ten). Litotes is an understatement expressing through negative turnover the content of a positive turnover (“a lot” in the meaning of “a lot”).

eleven). Irony is the expression in words of the opposite meaning to their meaning. Wed Lomonosov's characterization of Catiline by Cicero: “Yes! He is a fearful and meek person ... ".

The expressive means of language also include stylistic figures of speech or simply figures of speech: anaphora, antithesis, unionlessness, gradation, inversion, polyunion, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, default, ellipsis, epiphora. The means of artistic expression also include rhythm (poetry and prose), rhyme, and intonation.