Colloquial vocabulary examples. Book and colloquial vocabulary

It is difficult to write a bright, memorable book. But some authors know how to win the attention of an impressive readership with their works. What is the secret of their success? Let's try to find out in this article how they achieve universal recognition.

vernacular

Colloquial vocabulary - words with a rough, stylistically reduced and even vulgar connotation, which are located outside the boundaries of the literary syllable. They are not characteristic of an exemplary, bookish style, but are familiar different groups society and are a cultural and social characteristic of those people who do not know the written language. Such words are used in certain types of conversation: in joking or familiar speech, in verbal skirmishes, and the like.

In general, vernacular is called non-literary vocabulary, which is used in people's conversations. However, it cannot be rude and have a special expression. It includes, for example, such words: “inside”, “plenty”, “free of charge”, “theirs”, “the other day”, “for the time being”, “hardly”, “in bulk”, “get tired”, “rubbish”, “blurt out”, “hard worker”, “struggle”, “brainy”.

There are countless marks in dictionaries that indicate a reduced style of words and their meanings, giving them a minus rating. Colloquial vocabulary most often contains an evaluative-expressive tone.

You can also find generally accepted sayings in it, differing only in their accentology and phonetics (“snuffbox” instead of “snuffbox”, “serious” instead of “serious”).

Reasons for use

Colloquial vocabulary in different types dialect is used by different reasons: the author's direct relation to the described, pragmatic motives (journalistic phrases), expressive themes and shocking (colloquial words), characterological motives (artistic phrases). In official business and scientific conversations, colloquial vocabulary is perceived as a different style element.

Indelicate style

Rough colloquial vocabulary has a weakened, expressive impolite coloring. It consists, for example, of such words: “riff-raff”, “dylda”, “stupid”, “mug”, “pot-bellied”, “trapach”, “muzzle”, “mug”, “bast shoe”, “bitch”, “ pierce", "slam", "bastard", "hamlo". Extreme vulgarisms belong to it, that is, (indecent abuse). In this style, you can find words with exceptional colloquial meanings (most often metamorphic) - “whistle” (“steal”), “it cuts” (“speaks smartly”), “roll” (“write”), “weave” ( "talk nonsense"), "hat" ("blur"), "vinaigrette" ("mess").

Everyday style

It is one of the basic categories vocabulary writing language along with the neutral and book genre. It forms words known mainly in dialogic phrases. This style focuses on informal conversations in an atmosphere interpersonal communication(relaxedness of communication and expression of attitudes, thoughts, feelings to the subject of conversation), as well as units of other tiers of the language, acting mainly in colloquial phrases. Therefore, everyday expressions are characterized by an expressive subdued coloring.

The colloquial genre is divided into two basic layers of different capacity: written vernacular and vocabulary of everyday life.

Vocabulary

What is colloquial and colloquial vocabulary? Everyday vocabulary consists of words characteristic of oral species communicative practice. Spoken phrases are heterogeneous. They are located below neutral sayings, but depending on the degree of literary vocabulary divided into two significant groups: colloquial and colloquial lexicons.

Everyday includes terms that give the conversation a touch of informality, immediacy (but not rude colloquial words). From the point of view of the attribute of parts of speech, the dialogue vocabulary, like the neutral one, is diverse.

It includes:

nouns: "witty", "big man", "nonsense";
adjectives: "loose", "disorderly";
adverbs: "in my own way", "at random";
interjections: "oh", "bai", "lga".

The everyday lexicon, despite its dullness, does not go beyond the boundaries of the literary Russian language.

The colloquial vocabulary is lower in style than the everyday one, therefore it is placed outside the standardized Russian writer's speech. It is divided into three categories:

it is grammatically shown by adjectives ("drunk", "pot-bellied"), verbs ("to sleep", "smell"), nouns ("dylda", "stupid"), adverbs ("lousy", "foolishly"). These words sound most often in the conversations of poorly educated individuals, determining their cultural level. Sometimes they are found in the conversations of intelligent people. The expressiveness of these words, their semantic and emotional capacity sometimes make it possible to expressively and briefly show the attitude (often negative) to any object, phenomenon or person.
Roughly colloquial lexicon differs from rough-expressive high level swagger. These are, for example, such words: “khailo”, “mug”, “murlo”, “turnip”, “grunted”, “rylnik”. These sayings are eloquent, they are able to convey the negative attitude of the speaker to any episodes. Due to excessive savagery, it is unacceptable in the conversations of cultured people.
Properly colloquial lexicon. It includes a small number of words that are unliterary, not because they are clumsy (they are not rude in expressive coloring and meaning) or have a swear character (they do not have abusive semantics), but because they are not advised to use educated people in conversations. These are such words as “ahead of time”, “nowadays”, “tyaty”, “probably”, “spawning”. This type vocabulary is also called common and differs from the dialect only in that it is used both in the city and in the countryside.

Synonyms

Synonyms in colloquial vocabulary and literary vocabulary very often simultaneously differ in the degree of expressiveness and expressiveness:

head - kalgan, head;
face - image, muzzle;
legs - oats.

Often in conversations there are not only synonyms as such, but colloquial variants of literary words, including grammatical ones:

to her - to her;
always - forever;
he ate - he ate;
their - theirs;
from there - from there, from there;
goodbye - goodbye.

Creativity M. Zoshchenko

Many believe that the means is colloquial vocabulary. Indeed, in the hands of a skilled writer, non-literary words can serve not only as a means of psychological description of the characters, but also give rise to a stylistic recognizable specific environment. This is prefigured creative work M. Zoshchenko, who skillfully parodied petty-bourgeois psychology and way of life, “interspersing” uncomfortable common expressions into the conversations of the heroes.

What does the colloquial vocabulary look like in his books? M. Zoshchenko are impressive. This talented writer wrote the following:

"I'm talking:

Isn't it time for us to go to the theater? They called maybe.

And she says:

And the third cake takes.

I'm talking:

On an empty stomach - isn't it a lot? May vomit.

No, he says, we are used to it.

And take the fourth.

This is where the blood hit my head.

Lie down, - I say, - back!

And she got scared. She opened her mouth, and a tooth gleamed in her mouth.

And it was as if the reins had fallen under my tail. Anyway, I think, now do not walk with her.

Lie down, - I say, - to hell! (Story "Aristocrat").

In this work, the comic effect is achieved not only due to the many simple folk expressions and forms, but also due to the fact that these statements stand out against the background of "exquisite" literary clichés: "eaten cakes" and so on. As a result, it creates psychological picture poorly educated narrow-minded person trying to appear intelligent. It is he who is the classic hero of Zoshchenko.

Dialect vocabulary

And what is a dialect-colloquial vocabulary? When studying the urban vernacular, many people ask a topical question about its local flavor associated with the influence of dialects: emphasizing limited parameters in accordance with the data of a particular metropolis makes it possible to compare them with materials from other cities, for example, Tambov, Omsk, Voronezh, Elista, Krasnoyarsk and etc.

The conventionality of the border between colloquial and dialect vocabulary is very often explained by the historical connections of folk dialect with jargon, genetic reasons, which are sometimes not quite legitimately analyzed as the basic source of enlightenment for this impoverished layer of the popular language.

Mastery of A. I. Solzhenitsyn

Agree, sometimes the use of colloquial vocabulary gives the work a certain uniqueness. The linguistic and stylistic skill of A. I. Solzhenitsyn, marked by extraordinary originality, attracts many linguists. And the paradoxical negative attitude of some readers to him obliges to study the language and style of the works of this author. For example, his story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” shows the internal unity and consistent, precise motivation of its figurative and verbal composition, in which, as Leo Tolstoy stated, “a unique order of the only possible words” appears, which is a sign of true artistry.

Important nuance

Dialect vocabulary is very important for Solzhenitsyn. Having “entrusted” the author’s function to the peasant, making him the main character of his story, the writer managed to create an extremely unconventional and expressive dialectal assessment of his expressions, which decisively excluded for all current writing the effectiveness of a return to the hackneyed stock of “folk” speech signs that wander from book to book ( such as "nadys", "apostle", "darling", "look-squint" and the like).

For the most part, this description of the dialect is developed not even thanks to the vocabulary (“haydak”, “ice”, “halabuda”, “gunyavy”), but due to word formation: “I will not”, “nedotyka”, “shelter”, “satisfied” , "quickly". This way of attaching dialectisms to the speech art sphere, as a rule, evokes an approving assessment from critics, since it revives the familiar associative connections of the image and the word.

Folk speech

How is colloquial vocabulary used in speech? In the conversations of the modern peasantry, dialectal and common folk vocabulary are practically inseparable from each other. And do such, let's say, words like "shitty", "self-indulgence", "spirited", "catch up" go back to any particular dialect and are perceived precisely for this reason, or are they used in their general non-literary properties - for speech evaluation Ivan Denisovich does not matter. It is important that with the help of both the first and the second, the hero's conversation receives the necessary stylistic and emotional coloring.

We hear generous humor, lively, free from easily borrowed recent times in various controversial fields of standard, shrewd popular speech. Solzhenitsyn knows her very well and sensitively picks up new insignificant shades in her.

How else is colloquial vocabulary characterized? Examples of its application are endless. It is interesting that Shukhov used the verb “insure” in one of the fresh “sports and production” meanings - to ensure the reliability of the action, to protect: “Shukhov ... with one hand gratefully, hastily took a half-smoker, and with the second from below he insured, so as not to drop it.”

Or the contracted use of one of the meanings of the verb “consist”, which could appear in folk sayings only at the present time: “Someone brought stencils from the war, and since then it has gone, and more and more dyes are being collected: they are nowhere, nowhere does not work…".

Knowledge of folk expressions gave Solzhenitsyn both a difficult life experience, and, of course, active interest master, which prompted him not only to consider, but also to specifically study the Russian language.

To vocabulary conversational style* include words characteristic of everyday speech, casual conversation, in general the speech of people who are not connected, not constrained by official relations, and unusual, as a rule, for written genres (the language of business papers, scientific articles, etc.), public speaking etc.

* Some linguists call this vocabulary "the vocabulary of oral speech" (see, for example, the above-mentioned textbook "Modern Russian language..."). Using this term, it should be borne in mind that this is not about all the words encountered in oral communication, but only about those that are used in oral speech and are unusual for written speech. This means that the vocabulary of oral speech does not include not only interstyle words that form the basis of both oral and written communication, but also words characteristic of writing(as mentioned above, they are called the vocabulary of book styles.

The vocabulary of colloquial style is heterogeneous. However, unlike the vocabulary of book styles, where heterogeneity is explained not only by the difference in expressive-emotional qualities, but also by the difference in the degree of attachment of words to varieties of book styles, the vocabulary of colloquial style differs in the degree of literary and expressive-emotional qualities.

In the vocabulary of colloquial style, words are colloquial and vernacular *.

* Regional and slang words, although they occur in everyday speech, are not considered here, however. They belong to non-popular vocabulary, and the question of their aesthetic qualities and their use is independent problem, therefore, special sections are devoted to them. (“Dialect Vocabulary” “Reflection of Slang Vocabulary in Dictionaries”).

Spoken words

The colloquial words * of the vocabulary of the colloquial style include such words that, giving speech a relaxed, informal character, are devoid of rudeness at the same time. This is: turntable, skygazer, imagine, go home, just about, warrior, know-it-all, all kinds of, foolish, talker, dirty, delicate, antediluvian, to here, ugly, fidget, fiddle, livestock, stingy, lovely sight, bully, bully, get thirsty, drunkenly, zaum, big guy, onlooker, tomorrow, know, in vain, cramming, cramming, dodge, mess, trick, personnel officer, tower(of a very tall person) squirm, some, some, some where, scribble, lazy, lazy, little boy, crybaby, fawn, rhymer, rhymes, scribbling, pocket, evade, hype, hack, what kind, really, sort of and many others.

* Like the term "book", the term "colloquial" is also used in relation to all words characteristic of casual conversation(as part of the term "vocabulary of colloquial style"), and in relation to a certain part of these words.

A considerable part of colloquial words expresses an attitude to the called object, phenomenon, action, property, sign and their emotional assessment: granny, daughter, kids, egoza, baby, boy, handsome(affectionate); antediluvian, scribble, rhymes, unravel, battle(ironic); imagine, zaum, cramming, dodge, fawn, scribble, pocket, inveterate, evade, hack(disparaging), etc.

The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is created by the portability of their meanings - battle("noisy quarrel"), the vinaigrette("about the confusion of heterogeneous concepts, objects"), kennel("About a cramped, dark, dirty room"), tower("About a very tall man") stick("persistently pester with something"), dragonfly("about live, mobile girl, girl"), etc. - or the portability of the meaning of the root of the word - pocket, inveterate, evade etc. In other cases, the emotionality of words is caused by the corresponding suffix: daughter, little boy, leg, legs, rhymes etc.

But not all colloquial words can express an emotional assessment. They don't have this ability. usher, take a nap, really, go home, just about, come here, trick, personnel officer, soda, bad luck, not put on, renew, hugging, nickel, smoke break, instantly, get scared, like, carpentry and etc.

Spoken words (especially those that do not contain any emotional evaluation) are close to interstyle vocabulary. However, they are still different. This is easiest to detect if you "place" them in a business official context, where, unlike interstyle words, they will turn out to be foreign. And this is explained by those features of colloquial words that make them colloquial, at least a little, but reduced: either their evaluation, or some "freedom" and at the same time inaccuracy of form (cf. colloquial soda, which, firstly, is shortened compared to the interstyle sparkling water, and secondly, "inaccurate" in the sense that it can refer to everything that is saturated with gas; cf. from this point of view and piglet, piglet and five kopecks etc.).

In explanatory dictionaries, colloquial words are given with the mark "colloquial", to which a mark is often added, indicating the emotional assessment expressed by the word ("joking", "ironic", "neglect", "caress", etc.) .

An important feature colloquial vocabulary is that it is among the literary means of expression.

colloquial words

Colloquial are words that go beyond literary norm. The reasons for this are different, and they lie in the qualities, features of colloquial vocabulary.

Some colloquial words are characterized by varying degrees of rudeness and the ability to express an attitude towards the signified, to evaluate it. These are the so-called rude and rude expressive words. They belong to: to lie("lie"), belly, harp, vzashey, burnout, extort, piss off, dohlyatina, jalopy, tall, poke, snarl, hag, kikimora, snarl, freckled, burst, lazy, shabby, slander, kill, hang around, smack;to vomit, to burst into("die"), Zenki, paw, muzzy, muzzle, snout, slam, bitch, fat watcher, hamlo* etc.

* The two "sets" of words given illustrate how it is obviously understood varying degrees rudeness. The limit of lexical rudeness is unprintable words.

In explanatory dictionaries, they are accompanied by the label "simple." and "rude-simple." (in the 17-volume Dictionary of Modern Russian literary language"there is no addition of" rude ").

The evaluativeness of a large number of expressive vernacular words arises due to the transferability of the meaning of the word itself, or its root (roots), or the word from which the given one is formed, cf., for example: lie, belly, drive in, dohlyatina, drive in("bump"), muzzle, snout, bend;loafer, fool, get angry, talker, miser and etc.

Being synonymous with interstyle words, expressive vernacular words differ from them not only in their ability to express an assessment. They often contain an additional semantic connotation *, which is not in the interstyle word and with which the assessment is usually associated. this subject, action, sign, etc. Let's compare for example two messages: "I am there caught and "I have it there caught". Pointing like and interstitial catch, to the unexpected discovery somewhere of a face, its roughly expressive synonym catch will additionally report that the discovered person was taken by surprise and that he was engaged in an unseemly deed. This last semantic addition contains at the same time an assessment (of a person and his actions). The semantic “additive” that many rough-expressive words have in comparison with the interstyle word is often reflected in the interpretation. For example, jalopy(given with the mark "simple-joking") has following explanation in the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language: about an old, lax carriage, wagon; colloquial meaning of the word rake is interpreted in the same dictionary as receiving, excessively much of something, greedily seizing, etc.

* It is no coincidence that it is specifically referred to here as "ability in a particular speech situation express an assessment" and that they "often" (meaning not always) express an additional semantic connotation. Cf. "satiated belly deaf to learning", "it took two hours to belly crawl" (where the rough-expressive belly completely coincides in meaning with the interstyle stomach) and "grown (ate) belly" (where belly -"big fat belly") or: "shchi you will eat?" (= is) and "he is not eats and eats" (where eat, the opposite is, indicates the semantic difference between these words, and also expresses an assessment of the action). It is in the case when a rough-expressive (or rude) word is used as a full semantic equivalent of an inter-style word that only their rudeness (vulgarity, etc.) is felt, the expressiveness of such words "extinguishes".

Other vernacular words do not have rudeness, figurativeness, do not express (themselves) assessments, they are perceived as incorrect from the point of view of the literary norm, as evidence of insufficient literacy of the one who uses them. Some linguists call them actually colloquial *, others - common people ** (rightly noting the "similarity" with dialect words). These include: without fail, hot, see, blame, go ahead("at first"), wait, allow, zastit, theirs, seem, christen, mother, mischief, meanwhile, little by little, die, sew("sew") through("all the way"), fit, forcibly, right, frighten, get tired, preempt, grub, nimble and under.

* Cm.: Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1978. S. 160 - 162.

** Cm.: Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the style of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1965. S. 80.

Since the vernacular words themselves do not have figurativeness, do not contain evaluation, they are the exact semantic equivalent of the corresponding literary words: hot - hot;blame - spades;forever - always;theirs - theirs;sew - sew;frighten - frighten etc. In explanatory dictionaries, the vernacular vocabulary itself is given, as a rule, with such an interpretation, which indicates a complete semantic coincidence with a literary synonym. For example:

allow- allow, permit.

from afar- the same as from afar.

theirs- the same as them.

Schematically stylistic stratification vocabulary looks like this:

Interstyle
Vocabulary of book styles	Conversational vocabulary
Book	Official business	Social-journalistic	poetic	colloquial	colloquial
emots. dyed and unpainted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	emots. not painted	actually colloquial (emotional not painted)
moderately bookish	purely bookish	emots. painted	emots. painted	emots. painted	rude and rudely expressive (emotionally colored)
Vocabulary

The lexical basis of both colloquial and all other styles is made up of commonly used words, common and widespread names of objects, phenomena, qualities, actions and states.

Against the background of commonly used, or, as it is customary to call it, neutral, vocabulary, specific words are distinguished that are characteristic of one or another style of speech. In explanatory dictionaries, such words are accompanied by stylistic marks indicating in which style the given word has a predominant circulation.

So, for example, the words colloquial and everyday styles , speaking mainly in the form of oral speech, are indicated by marks: colloquial and colloquial. To colloquial include words like newsboy, crowd, lots(a bunch of), bickering, indulgence, wait, be greedy; to colloquial- words like razzyava, guy, slapping, to please, to spoil, to act up, to chop off, to fuck, to cock, to mischief, to be stunned, the other day.

The lexical composition of colloquial speech (hereinafter RR) is distinguished by stylistic diversity. With the clear dominance of neutral words, reduced colloquial ( chatter, chatter, big) and even colloquial and slang words ( piss off, bullshit). Book words are often found next to similar words ( perpon, precedent) and special ( rotor, gamma globulin). However, much more often than chatting, neutral speak etc. Raspopova T. A. Non-codified socio-evaluative vocabulary and its use in the Russian language of the 80-90s. 20th century AKD / T. A. Raspopova. - Eagle, 1999. - C. 71 ..

Colloquial speech researcher V.D. Devkin considers it necessary to highlight in the vocabulary used in colloquial speech, such elements as:

1. General language neutral layer.
2. Colloquially colored, associated with "household nomenclature", i.e. irrelevant for official communication.
3. Colloquial doublets and synonyms of neutral nominations.
4. "Non-dictionary" lexical means used in lively fluent speech as a replacement for regularly used lexemes.

A feature of the vocabulary of colloquial speech is the predominance of the first, second and fourth elements, while the third is insignificant, since colloquially marked words make up no more than 8-10% of the total lexical fund of statements in everyday speech and, more importantly, they are optional for colloquial texts. In most cases, their use is pragmatic, not informational. In the dictionaries of the litter ( unfold.) applies only to colloquial doublets and synonyms of neutral nominations, since they are the least important element in colloquial speech. However, it must be emphasized that the label in question does not characterize the vocabulary of colloquial speech, but only indicates the impossibility of using this vocabulary in official speech due to reduced nature.

The main part of the vocabulary is colloquial speech - ordinary, neutral, general literary vocabulary, which is not specific to colloquial speech.

It should be noted that the features of the derivational system of the Russian language in colloquial speech are blurred. One side, lexical system colloquial speech is distinguished by a greater opposition of the name and the verb. There are many verbal nouns in colloquial speech, but they lose the ability to express the process, they begin to designate only objects, facts, events. One side, verb forms are used in colloquial speech in the formation of subject nominations.

For example, give me something to rub.

In addition, pronouns are widely used in colloquial speech.

Informal, face-to-face communication that leaves no time for searching for a word creates psychological background for the appearance of momentary occasional designations. In this case, it is easier to form new nouns than new phrases. For example, not story foreign literature, a abroad. This example refers to collapsed combinations, the use of which is also often found in colloquial speech. At the same time, it is not uncommon to use nouns with a shifted meaning, understandable only because the interlocutors have a common base. For example, "Give Mary Vanna" means to give her a telephone receiver (or in household use, this is how they call a medium-sized pan) Vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language. - M.: Publishing house "Nauka", 1988. - C. 199. .

The specificity of colloquial speech is also manifested in the word as a sign. Firstly, the word in colloquial speech usually has a clear focus, it means specific items the surrounding world. At the same time, the significative (figurative) meaning of the word is in the background.

"Take it on the table." This is not a table as a type of furniture, but a specific table. In the minds of speakers, there are not images, but concrete objects. The clear direction of the word makes it extremely concrete even in cases of general meaning (bandura, contraption etc.)

Secondly, in colloquial speech, narrowly collective signs are often used, and not the all-Russian code - quickie(instant vermicelli).

It is also possible to use words that are understandable only within a certain institution, within a certain city or country.

For example, the phrase "bobbies are protesting!" in Izvestia for 15.03.02. "Bobby" is a British-only name for police officers. Or the colloquial name DK im. Gorbunov and the market near him sounds like "Gorbushka".

The lexical system of colloquial speech has its own differences. It has almost no synonymous relations. This is due to the fact that in conditions of direct communication it is impossible to search for the most exact word, the inaccuracy of the designation is compensated by understanding from a half-word.

The antonymic relations of colloquial speech are peculiar. Colloquial can get by with a smaller set of words, so a word can act as an unmarked member of many oppositions.

Even more noticeable is the specificity of colloquial vocabulary in its speech functioning.

So, the occasional substantiation of adjectives and adjectives and pronouns is very characteristic of colloquial speech. Consider an example.

- How will you bring them?
- On your own.(Here we mean a car) Raspopova, T.A. Colloquial lexical and stylistic means: principles and methods of their use // Structural and semantic analysis of units of language and speech: interuniversity. Sat. scientific tr. - Tula, 1997. - S. 44 - 46.

There is a certain freedom in the use of words: shifted and synonymous meanings of colloquial speech uses the most frequent components synonymous rows, the main representatives of the semantic fields and non-significant vocabulary.

Colloquial vocabulary is used in everyday communication (at home, at work with friends, in an informal setting). Colloquial words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting.

Colloquial vocabulary is predominantly a colloquial style of speech. It does not violate the generally accepted norms of literary speech, although it is characterized by a certain freedom in the choice of means. For example, instead of the expressions blotting paper, reading room, dryer, the words blotter, reader, dryer are often used (quite acceptable in colloquial speech, they are inappropriate in official, business communication).

In colloquial vocabulary, there are also positive words: daughter, dove, butuz, laughter and expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called: small fry, zealous, giggle, brag

The colloquial style is opposed to the book style and is used in casual conversations, more often in an informal setting. The main form of existence is oral, but it can also be carried out in writing (notes, private letters, fixing the speech of characters, and sometimes the author's speech in works of art).

The task of speech is communication, the exchange of impressions. Distinctive features of the conversational style are informality, ease, unpreparedness, emotionality, the use of facial expressions and gestures.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of the following language means:

at the phonetic level:

a greater degree of vowel reduction, pronunciation compression of words (now [sh'as], hello [(z) dra? s't'i]);

varied intonation with relatively free word order;

at the level of vocabulary and word formation:

the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, jargon (hard worker, train, meticulous, on the sly, fawn);

the predominant use of specific vocabulary, a slight use of abstract, terminological words;

expressiveness and evaluativeness in vocabulary and word formation (awesome, boo, little book, hefty);

frequent use of phraseological units;

at the level of morphology:

the most frequent use of personal pronouns of all styles;

the predominance of the use of verbs over the use of nouns;

rare use of participles and short adjectives, non-use of gerunds;

inflexibility of complex numerals, inclination of abbreviations;

the use of particles, interjections;

frequent figurative use of morphological means (for example, the use of tenses and moods in a meaning that is unusual for them in book styles);

at the syntactic level:

the use of one-part and incomplete sentences;

lack of complex syntactic constructions;

non-union of a complex sentence;

frequent use of incentive, interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

use of appeals.

As an example, let us cite the statement of one of the characters in A.P. Chekhov's story "Revenge":

- Open it, damn it! How much longer will I have to freeze in this through wind? If you had known that it was twenty degrees below zero in your hallway, you would not have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short passage reflects the following features of conversational style:

- interrogative and exclamatory sentences,

– colloquial interjection gosh

- personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

Shame on you, lady. You are angry with me, not understanding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter calmed me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, however funny, is not at all funny to me. What is the desire to wander into a nasty provincial town to see nasty actors performing nasty old, nasty opera?<...>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, it’s clear that you have such a nature.

In this passage, the following linguistic features of the conversational style appeared:

- the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, drag, nasty, drive around, what a hunt, union yes in the meaning of 'but', the particles are not at all, the introductory word is visible,

- a word with an evaluative derivational suffix town,

- inverted word order in some sentences,

- lexical repetition of the word bad,

- appeal,

- the presence of an interrogative sentence,

- the use of personal pronouns 1 and 2 person singular,

- the use of verbs in the present tense,

- the use of the plural form of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga), which is absent in the language, to designate all small provincial towns.

We do not speak the way we write, and if we write down colloquial speech, it will look so unusual that we involuntarily want to amend it in accordance with the norms of written speech. However, this should not be done, because the colloquial style is subject to its own norms and what is not justified in book speech, quite appropriate in a casual conversation.

The colloquial style performs the main function of the language - the function of communication, its purpose is the direct transmission of information, mainly orally (with the exception of private letters, notes, diary entries). The linguistic features of the conversational style determine the special conditions for its functioning: informality, ease and expressiveness of speech communication, the absence of a preliminary selection of language means, automatism of speech, everyday content and dialogic form.

The situation has a great influence on the conversational style - the real, objective situation of speech. This allows you to reduce the statement to the maximum, in which individual components may be absent, which, however, does not interfere with the correct perception of colloquial phrases. For example, in a bakery, the phrase does not seem strange to us: Please, with bran, one; at the station at the ticket office: Two to Odintsovo, for children and adults, etc.

In everyday communication, a concrete, associative way of thinking and a direct, expressive nature of expression are realized. Hence the disorder, fragmentation of speech forms and the emotionality of style.

Like any style, conversational has its own special scope, a certain theme. Most often, the subject of conversation is the weather, health, news, any interesting events, purchases, prices ... It is possible, of course, to discuss the political situation, scientific achievements, news in cultural life, but these topics also obey the rules of conversational style, its syntactic structure, although in such cases the vocabulary of conversations is enriched with book words and terms.

For a relaxed conversation, a necessary condition is the absence of officiality, trusting, free relations between the participants in the dialogue or polylogue. The attitude towards natural, unprepared communication determines the attitude of speakers to language means.

In a colloquial style, for which the oral form is native, essential role the sound side of speech plays, and above all, intonation: it is she (in interaction with a peculiar syntax) that creates the impression of colloquialism. Casual speech is distinguished by sharp rises and falls in tone, lengthening, “stretching” of vowels, scanning of syllables, pauses, and changes in the tempo of speech. By sound, one can easily distinguish the full (academic, strict) pronunciation style inherent in a lecturer, orator, professional announcer broadcasting on the radio (all of them are far from conversational style, their texts are other book styles in oral speech), from incomplete, characteristic colloquial speech. It notes a less distinct pronunciation of sounds, their reduction (reduction). Instead of Alexander Alexandrovich, we say San Sanych, instead of Marya Sergeevna - Mary Sergeevna. Less tension of the speech organs leads to changes in the quality of sounds and even sometimes to their complete disappearance (“hello”, not hello, does not say, but “grit”, not now, but “lose”, instead of we will hear “buim”, instead of what - "cho", etc.). This “simplification” of orthoepic norms is especially noticeable in non-literary forms of colloquial style, in common speech.

Radio and television journalism has special rules for pronunciation and intonation. On the one hand, in improvised, unprepared texts (conversation, interview), it is natural and natural to follow the pronunciation norms of conversational style, but not vernacular options, but neutral ones. At the same time, the high culture of the speaker's speech requires the accuracy of pronunciation of words, the placement of stresses, and the expressiveness of the intonation pattern of speech.

Colloquial vocabulary is divided into two large groups: 1) commonly used words (day, year, work, sleep, early, you can, good, old); 2) colloquial words (potato, reader, real, nestle). It is also possible the use of colloquial words, professionalisms, dialectisms, jargon, that is, various non-literary elements that reduce the style. All this vocabulary is predominantly everyday content, specific. At the same time, the range of book words, abstract vocabulary, terms and little-known borrowings is very narrow. The activity of expressive-emotional vocabulary (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic) is indicative. Evaluative vocabulary usually has a reduced color here. Characteristic is the use of occasional words (neologisms that we come up with just in case) - opener, goody, nutcrackers (instead of a nutcracker), to promote (accept according to the model).

In a colloquial style, the law of “saving speech means” applies, therefore, instead of names consisting of two or more words, one is used: evening newspaper - evening, condensed milk - condensed milk, utility room - utility room, five-story house - five-story building. In other cases, stable combinations of words are converted and one word is used instead of two: forbidden zone - zone, academic council - council, sick leave - sick leave, maternity leave - decree.

A special place in colloquial vocabulary is occupied by words with the most general or indefinite meaning, which is concretized in the situation: thing, thing, business, history. “Empty” words are close to them, acquiring a certain meaning only in the context (bagpipes, bandura, jalopy). For example: And where will we put this bandura? (about the closet); We know this music!

The conversational style is rich in phraseology. Most Russian phraseological units are of a colloquial nature (at hand, unexpectedly, like water off a duck's back, etc.), colloquial expressions are even more expressive (the law is not written for fools, in the middle of nowhere, etc.). Colloquial and colloquial phraseological units give speech vivid imagery; they differ from bookish and neutral phraseological units not in meaning, but in special expressiveness and reducedness. Compare: to die - to play in the box, to mislead - to hang noodles on your ears (rub glasses, suck from your finger, take from the ceiling).

Word formation in colloquial speech is characterized by features due to its expressiveness and evaluativeness: suffixes are commonly used here subjective assessment with the meanings of endearment, disapproval, magnification, etc. (mommy, sweetie, sun, child; squiggle, vulgarity, home; holodina, etc.), as well as suffixes with functional coloring colloquiality, for example, with nouns: suffixes -k- (locker room, overnight stay, candle, stove); -ik (knife, rain); -un (talker); -yaga (hard worker); -yatin (yummy); -sha (feminine nouns for job titles: doctor, conductor, usher, etc.). Non-suffixed formations are used (snoring, dancing), word compositions (couch potato, windbag). You can also indicate the most active cases of word formation of adjectives with an estimated value: eye-eye, spectacles-eye, toothy; biting, brawling; thin, healthy, etc., as well as verbs - prefix-suffixal: to-shal-vot, to-speak, to-game-vat, suffixal: der-anut, spe-kul-nut; healthy; prefixal: to lose weight, to drink, to drink, etc. In order to enhance expression, doubling of words is used - adjectives, sometimes with additional prefixation (He is so huge-huge; the water is black-black; it is big-eyed-big-eyed; smart-premature), acting in superlatives.

In the field of morphology, the conversational style is distinguished by a special frequency of verbs, they are used here even more often than nouns. Indicative and especially frequent use of personal and demonstrative pronouns. As Professor G.Ya. Solganik, "personal pronouns are widely used because of the constant need to designate the participants" of the conversation. “Any dialogue (and this is the main form of colloquial speech) presupposes I - the speaker, you - the inspirer, who alternately takes on the role of the speaker, and he - the one who is not directly involved in the conversation. In the formula I - you - he can put any content. Demonstrative pronouns and others are necessary for colloquial style due to their inherent breadth, generalization of meaning. They are concretized by a gesture, and this creates the conditions for a very concise transmission of this or that information (for example: It's not here, but there). Unlike other styles, only colloquial allows the use of a pronoun accompanied by a gesture without first mentioning a specific word (I will not take this; This does not suit me).

Of the adjectives in colloquial speech, possessive ones are used (mother's work, grandfather's gun), but short forms rarely used. Participles and gerunds are not found here at all, but for particles and interjections colloquial speech- native element (What can I say! That's the thing! God forbid about this and remember something! On you, surprise!).

In a colloquial style, preference is given to variant forms of nouns (in the workshop, on vacation, at home; a glass of tea, honey; workshops, a locksmith), numerals (fifty, five hundred), verbs (I will read, but not read, raise, but not raise, do not see, not hear). In a live conversation, truncated forms of verbs are often found, which have the meaning of an instant and unexpected action: grab, jump, jump, knock, etc. For example: And this one grabs his sleeve; And the grasshopper jumped - and into the grass. Colloquial forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives (better, shorter, harder than everyone), adverbs (quickly, more conveniently, most likely) and pronoun endings (the hostess herself, in their house) are used. Even colloquial forms are found here in playful contexts (her boyfriend, evon comrades). In colloquial speech, zero endings have been fixed in the genitive plural of such nouns as kilogram, gram, orange, tomato, etc. (one hundred grams of butter, five kilograms of orange).

Under the influence of the law of economy of speech means, the colloquial style allows the use of real nouns in combination with numerals (two milk, two fermented baked milk - in the meaning of "two portions"). Peculiar forms of address are common here - truncated nouns: mom! dad! Kat! Van!

Colloquial speech is no less original in the distribution of case forms: here the nominative dominates, which in oral replicas replaces book controlled forms. For example: He built a cottage - the station is nearby; I bought a fur coat - gray astrakhan fur; Kasha - look! (conversation in the kitchen); House of shoes - where to go? (in the bus); Turn left, crossing and sporting goods store. Especially consistently, the nominative case replaces all the others when numerals are used in speech: The amount does not exceed three hundred rubles (instead of: three hundred); with one thousand five hundred and three rubles (with one thousand five hundred and three); had three dogs (three dogs).

The syntax of colloquial speech is very peculiar, due to its oral form and vibrant expression. Simple sentences dominate here, often incomplete, of the most diverse structure (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, impersonal, and others) and extremely short. The situation fills in the gaps in the speech, which is quite understandable to the speakers: Please show in a line (when buying notebooks); I don't want a Taganka (when choosing theater tickets); To you from the heart? (in a pharmacy), etc.

In oral speech, we often do not name an object, but describe it: Did you wear a hat here? They like to watch up to sixteen (meaning movies). As a result of the unpreparedness of the speech, connecting constructions appear in it: We must go. In Saint-Petersburg. To the conference. Such fragmentation of the phrase is explained by the fact that the thought develops associatively, the speaker seems to recall the details and completes the statement.

Compound sentences are not typical for colloquial speech, non-union ones are used more often than others: I'll leave - it will be easier for you; You talk, I listen. Some non-union constructions of the colloquial type are not comparable with any "lower phrases. For example: Is there a rich choice or have you not been?; And for the next time, please, this lesson and the last one!

The order of words in live speech is also unusual: as a rule, the most important word in the message is put in the first place: Buy me a computer; He paid with the currency; The worst thing of all is that nothing can be done; Palace Square, coming out?; These are the qualities I appreciate. At the same time, parts of a complex sentence (main and subordinate clauses) are sometimes intertwined: I don’t know where to get water anyway; And I know hunger, and what cold is; Are you asking about her and what did I do? As Professor N.S. Valgin, “simple and complex sentences when subordinate clauses are included in a simple sentence as its members. For example: Literature is when the reader is as talented as the writer (Light.); Kizh Lake is where the fishermen used to fish for seven years, and for the other seven years they mowed the grass in the same place (Prishv.). The subordinate clauses are included in the listed series of homogeneous members of a simple sentence (You ask about your faces and what I noticed in them (Dost.)).

Typical colloquial complex sentences are characterized by weakening the function of the subordinate clause, merging it with the main one, structural reduction: You could talk about whatever you wanted; You will work with whom they will order; Call whoever you want; I live as I please.

In a number of conversational types of sentences, question-answer constructions can be combined and the structural features of dialogic speech can be reflected, for example: Whom I respect on the course is Ivanova; What I need is you.

The following features of colloquial syntax should also be noted:

The use of a pronoun that duplicates the subject: Vera, she comes late; The policeman, he noticed it.

Putting at the beginning of the sentence an important word from the subordinate part: I love bread, so that it is always fresh.

Use of sentence words: Okay; It's clear; Can; Yes; Not; From what? Certainly! Still would! Well, yes! Well no! Maybe.

The use of plug-in constructions that introduce additional, additional information that explains the main message: I thought (I was still young then) he was joking; And we, as you know, are always glad to have a guest; Kolya - he is generally a kind person - wanted to help ...

Activity of introductory words: maybe, it seems, fortunately, as they say, so to speak, let's say so, you know.

Widespread lexical repetitions: So-so, just about, barely, far, far, fast, fast, etc.

In conclusion, we note that the colloquial style, to a greater extent than all other styles, has a bright originality of linguistic features that go beyond the normalized literary language. It can serve as convincing evidence that the stylistic norm is fundamentally different from the literary one. Each of the functional styles has developed its own norms that should be reckoned with. This does not mean that colloquial speech always conflicts with literary language rules. Deviations from the norm can fluctuate depending on the intra-style stratification of the colloquial style. It has varieties of reduced, rude speech, vernacular, which has absorbed the influence local dialects, etc. But the colloquial speech of intelligent, educated people is quite literary, and at the same time it differs sharply from the bookish one, bound by the strict norms of other functional styles.

36. Colloquial vocabulary

36. VOCABULARY - words, expressions, word forms that are not part of the literary language or that make up its periphery, characterized by a tinge of simplification, reduction, rudeness, often used in literary works and colloquial speech as expressive elements, for example: head, dohlyatina, impudent, now, forever, spawn, in half; engineer, driver, youth, funds, hosts; tranvay, kolidor, stockings, sock, shoes.

I. Vernacular as a Variety national language

Vernacular as a kind of national language located between the literary language and dialects. The vernacular includes the irregular speech of the urban lower classes, which is greatly influenced, on the one hand, by dialects, and on the other, by jargons. In this case, they speak of urban vernacular.

L.P. Krysin emphasizes the heterogeneity of vernacular, one of the factors of which is its "temporal heterogeneity" - the allocation of two layers - "a layer of old, traditional means and a layer of relatively new communication tools"(Krysin L.P. Vernacular // Modern Russian Language: Social and Functional Differentiation / Russian Acad. Sciences, Institute of the Russian Language named after V.V. Vinogradov. M .: Languages of Russian Culture, 2003. P. 55 ). At the same time, vernacular 1 and vernacular 2 are distinguished. In the field of vocabulary, it is characterized by the peculiarity of the functioning of foreign vocabulary - false (so-called folk) etymology, more than in the literary language, the use of everyday vocabulary; words ascending to dialect; words in special meaning compared to those used in the literary language, the blurring of the meanings of abstract words, etc. Vernacular 1 is influenced by local dialects, vernacular 2 is influenced by jargon.

II. Composition of colloquial vocabulary

Versatility is represented on various language levels: in pronunciation (phonetics), in word formation and inflection, in vocabulary and syntax. However, vernacular cannot be treated as an internally closed version of the national language, because its features do not represent a single system.

Colloquial speech emerged as a form of the existence of the Russian language during the formation of the language of the nation (since the 17th century).

1. Vernacular vocabulary is divided into three types: 1) illiterate speech: semi-clinic, forever, shishteen, it is not fixed in the explanatory dictionaries of the literary language; 2) words that have a reduced stylistic coloring, which in explanatory dictionaries are presented with notes simple; rude - simple; simple. contempt; simple. bran. etc.: mug, mug, muzzle; 3) everyday vernacular, which has a slightly reduced color compared to colloquial vocabulary; in explanatory dictionaries marked with marks simple, simple contempt.: goofy, goofy, goofy. Such words, following F.P. Filin, some scientists include in the literary language, this is the so-called literary vernacular.

2. “To withdraw from the composition of the literary language the colloquial speech functioning in it would mean depriving the literary language of the means of reduced speech, which usually carry a high emotional and evaluative load. Normativity and neutrality are not identical categories. The stylistically colored elements of the literary common language are just as normative as its neutral basis. There is a fundamental difference between the literary variety of vernacular and the normative layers of the literary language (non-literary vernacular, dialectisms, jargonisms): the use of the former in educated society generally accepted (in written and oral speech), the latter are used in speech only individual groups population (social, territorial) and individual writers for different stylistic purposes” (Filin F.P. Origins and fate of the Russian literary language. M.: Nauka, 1981. P. 152). F.P. Filin gives a count of stylistic positions in the 7th volume of BAS (letter H). Of the 15,530 positions (a stylistic position is understood to be any element of the dictionary - a word, the meaning of a word, its shades, turnover, phraseological unit, word form, stress, which has a stylistic mark) stylistically marked - 3925 (25%). The neutral basis makes up three-quarters of all the elements of the modern literary language that need stylistic evaluation, and one-fourth is stylistically marked. Of this quarter, vernacular accounts for 24.4% (6.22% of all positions). Similar calculations were made by P.N. Denisov and V.G. Kostomarov according to the text of the dictionary by S.I. Ozhegov. On the litter simple. accounts for 24.4% and 9.29%, respectively (Denisov P.P., Kostomarov V.G. Stylistic differentiation of vocabulary and the problem of colloquial speech (according to the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov). M., 1953 ) // Questions of educational lexicography. Moscow: Education, 1969, p. 112). According to our data, 4432 vernacular words in the MAS from the general vocabulary of the dictionary (83,016 words) make up 5.3% (Samotik L.G. Dictionary of the passive vocabulary of the Russian language: historicisms, archaisms, exoticisms, dialectisms and vernacular. Krasnoyarsk: Izd- in KSPU named after V.P. Astafiev, 2005. P. 361–410). This is a significant number for vocabulary that is problematic part of the literary language. Vernaculars are quite widely represented in the IAS, obviously, they (with the exception of the so-called secondary borrowings of the type corridor and phenomena that qualify in the orthoepic and speech culture dictionaries of the SRFL as erroneous, such as contract, business trip in the meaning of "seconded", etc.) do not constitute a selected part in any way, but the lexical basis of vernacular as a fragment of the national Russian language.

3. A.A. Yunakovskaya identifies several categories of vernacular vocabulary of colloquial use (used in the speech of native speakers of the literary language):

a) affectionate grandmother, girl, dear, kindred, etc .;

b) approving: brainy, fine, traveling, etc.;

c) playful, ironic: lord over, sprinkle;

d) disapproving: mess, hatch;

e) dismissive: balabol, balabolka, jalopy, rattletrap etc.;

e) condescending: man, man, coat etc.;

g) deliberately polite: sausage, cucumber etc.;

h) intentionally amplifying: rain, frost, cold etc.

4. For residents of the city of Krasnoyarsk, N.N. Bebrish notes:

the most typical features of vernacular - 1: the use of informants in speech possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours meaning "husband, sister, son, wife " ; tendency to overcorrection: let's go eat, is he rest(to sleep) lay down; wide use tautological combinations: in March, thirty rubles of money ; clerical use: I am Vasya in the village seconded.

The most typical features of vernacular are 2: the use of deminatives, for example, in the malls: Remedy cockroaches, from midges, from moths; dill fresh - fresh; in the everyday conversation of a colloquial speaker: Flower and put, bought fresh; use slang words: She has a wallet whistled; Somewhere in his prison and soaked .

III. The use of vernacular in artistic speech

Vernacular as a stylistic means is widely used in artistic, even poetic texts:

I'm bullying head off weathered,

To have time to distinguish from a hundred -

Under the extreme dome hip belts

Christ instructing us...

The European sun will set on your

awesome back.

(A. Voznesensky)

A variety of vernacular vocabulary are vulgarisms, swear words, familiar vocabulary

IV. controversial issues vernacular

1. Is vernacular a supradialectal form of the national language (locality of vernacular)?

2. Do the lexical features of the so-called. "language of cities" of the country?

3. Reflection of colloquial vocabulary in the explanatory dictionaries of the literary language and special dictionaries.

4. Interaction of vernacular with other subsystems of the Russian national language, etc.

Literature

1. Barannikova L.I. Vernacular as a special component of the language // Language and society. Issue. 3. Saratov, 1974.

2. Bebrish N.N., Zhiltsova T.P. Vernacular as one of the varieties of urban speech // Reader on the course "Russian language and culture of speech" / Comp. E.G. Gear. Krasnoyarsk, 2010. P. 36–46.

3. Belchikov Yu.A. Vernacular // Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. S. 402.

4. Kasatkin L.L. Colloquial vocabulary // Brief reference book on the modern Russian language. M.: graduate School, 1995. S. 37.

5. Filin F.P. On the structure of the modern Russian literary language // Questions of Linguistics. 1973. No. 2.

6. Chernyak V.D. Lexical Features speech portrait carrier of vernacular // Russian Studies. 1997. No. 1, 2.

7. Yunakovskaya A.A. Expressive and stylistic differentiation of vernacular vocabulary (on the material of the city of Omsk) // Urban colloquial speech and problems of its study. Issue. 1. Omsk, 1997, pp. 24–36.

1. Dictionary of vernacular Russian dialects of the Middle Ob / ed. O.I. Pancake. Tomsk: Publishing House of TSU, 1977.

2. Samotik L.G. Dictionary of the passive vocabulary of the Russian language: historicisms, archaisms, exoticisms, dialectisms and vernacular. Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU im. V.P. Astafieva, 2005, pp. 361–410.