Personality tests and projective methods. Modern psychodiagnostics

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Subject:

CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY:

RUSSIA ON THE BACKGROUND OF GLOBAL TRENDS

Issues for discussion:

• The digital economy is new technological order or institutional innovation?
• Opportunities and risks of digital reorientation of the Russian economy.
• Domestic and world experience in the use of digital technologies in solving socio-economic problems.
• Mechanisms and problems of using digital innovations in the educational process.

Sections:

Section 1 Russia on the digital map of the world (room 212, building 1)

Section 2 IT technologies in the digital economy (room 353, building 3)

Section 3. Legal basis digital economy(room 247, building 1)

Section 4 Digital economy and economic security of Russian regions (room 221, building 3)

Section 5. Management technologies in the digital economy (room 215, building 3)

Section 6. Digital economy in new system government controlled(room 75, building 1)

Section 7. Smart marketing as a response to the challenges of the digital economy (room 62, building 1)

Section 8Blockchain in the real economy: points of growth (room 131, building 2)

Financial and economic session "Actual dialogue" (Hall of the Board of Trustees, building 4)

Round table meetingFebruary 16 (10:00 - 13:00)

Round tables:

Round table 1. World economy: effects of "digitization" (aud. 333, building 3)
Round table 2. New model economic development in the conditions of technological shifts (room 214, building 3)
Round table 3. Current state and prospects for the development of financial and analytical science and practice in the digital space in Russia and abroad (room 222, building 3)

Round table 4. Fintech innovations: key areas of financial services optimization (room 329, building 3)

Round table 5. Taxation and accounting for digital solutions (room 331, building 3)

Round table 6. Management of medical organizations in the context of digitalization (room 201, building 1)
Round table 7. Problems of development of fair competition in the era of digital economy (room 348, building 1)

Round table 8. Mechanisms and models of digital technologies in the development of priority industries (room 247, building 1)

Round table 9. The role of the state in regulating the digital economy: current problems and strategic priorities (room 203, building 3, from 14:00 to 17:00)

Round table 10. Mechanisms and problems of using digital innovations in the hospitality, tourism and sports industry (room 260, building 6)

Round table 11. Development of the trade industry in the digital economy (room 261, building 6)

Round table 12. Modern technologies trade organizations (room 265, building 6)

Student round table"The view of the generation of the XXI century on the future of the digital economy" (room 221, building 3 - economic and legal problems, room 357, 6 building - and information and mathematical problems)

Location: REU them. G.V. Plekhanov, Moscow, Stremyanny per., 28, building 1, room 251

Start of registration: 10:00

Instructions for use

Take a felt-tip pen or pencil and fill in the twelve suggested in fig. 1Kvadratov, obeying the will of his imagination. You should not think about the content for a long time, on the contrary, try to depict what spontaneously arises in your mind when you look at an empty square or at squares in which you have to finish the existing image. After filling in the squares, refer to the instructions for interpreting the data obtained. After carefully studying the instructions, try to identify your character traits from the drawings.

Instructions for interpreting the received data

The drawing of the first square symbolizes its actual ratio self and self-image. Figure meanings:

- smiling or funny face, figurine- good feeling humor, diplomacy and peace-loving nature;

- grotesque caricature is a sign of quarrelsomeness, isolation;

- sun means that you often claim the role of leader;

- flower- a sign of femininity and love for nature;

- eye means that you have a proud and suspicious disposition, strive to control the formation of your relationships with people and consciously build your life.

The drawing of the second square reflects your attitude to the world and your home. Figure meanings:

- lonely house, symbol of the dwelling, the image is located within the inner square- a sign of attachment to the family hearth, longing for home warmth:

- the image is located outside the inner square- evidence of a restless nature, the owner of which is not a homebody;

- the image includes the inner square and extends beyond it- your interests are proportionally divided between the house and the outside world.

The drawing of the third square characterizes the formation of ambition and purposefulness. Figure meanings:

- an arrow flying at a target, i.e. into the target- you have a developed ambition and you are able to work hard to achieve your goal;

- complementing the drawing with other arrows and lines- you have developed ambition, but you are not confident in your abilities or in the correctness of your goal;

- image does not look like arrow and target symbols You may be uncontrollable and rebellious.

The drawing of the fourth square characterizes sociability and sociability. Figure meanings:

- multiple objects shown (e.g. human figurines)- sociability and availability a large number friends;

- one drawn line means secrecy, restraint and isolation;

- the image of the subject is correct geometric shape(e.g. bricks) indicates a tendency to melancholy and whims, eccentricity.

According to the drawings of the fifth square, we determine the attitude of the author of the drawings to the issues of sex and sexual life. Figure meanings:

- if the figure uses parallel lines for the image of a closed unity, e.g. lamppost, building, etc.., then this means healthy attitude to sexual life and, possibly, regular harmonious sexual life;

- tree with fruits- love for children;

- displacement and distortion of the pattern beyond recognition, as well as unfilled space between two lines- evidence of shyness, excessive modesty in matters of sex and modesty. The author is reluctant to deal with gender issues, at least he does not like to talk about them.

- the arc is part of the drawing of a face, a human figure, a snowman, etc.. - the ability to quickly and easily win over people;

- the arc is ignored, for example, an angular geometric pattern is obtained- difficulty in establishing contacts, perhaps the author in relation to society is dominated by the desire for dominance, power and dictate, jealousy.

From the image in the seventh square, some conclusions can be drawn about a person’s anxiety, self-esteem and self-confidence. Figure meanings:

- if the picture is located above the one in the middle wavy line , then the subject feels confident, comfortable and safe;

- if the pattern is located under the wavy line located in the middle, this may be a signal of increased anxiety and self-doubt;

- sinking or sinking object- increased anxiety and fear of the future;

- chain or line ornament Consciousness, responsibility and a tendency to hard work.

An image placed in an empty square means the circle of interests and personally significant values ​​of the author. Figure meanings:

- family members(father, mother, sister, brother, children) - affection and love for the family;

- landscapes, nature views- love for nature;

- cars, beautiful houses, home interiors- striving for a secure comfortable life, etc.

According to the drawing of the ninth square, some assumptions can be made about the ability of the subject to work in a team, about his discipline and organization. Figure meanings:

- symmetrical pattern or pattern obtained by adding squares or other elements to the proposed fragment geometric shapes - Discipline, ability to work in an organized manner in a team, dependence on group opinion;

- shading of a fragment with dark lines, as well as an asymmetric picture with curved lines- stubbornness, perseverance, a tendency not to recognize authorities.

The drawing of the tenth square reflects the degree of conformism of the author. Figure meanings:

- vicious circles - the subject is not independent in making decisions, needs help and support;

- drawing with open circles- independence and purposefulness;

- picture of human ear may indicate a secretive nature;

- image of a tea cup and other household items they talk about love for the family and the desire to maintain family traditions, about developed paternal and maternal feeling.

The drawing of the eleventh square is most often supplemented in accordance with leisure interests. Figure meanings:

- image of a board game or its fragment- the presence in the character of the spirit of competition, gambling, assertiveness;

- hedge or fence may be a signal actual problems and obstacles that this moment seem irresistible;

- home or household symbol- housekeeping;

- geometric pattern- diligence, love for system and order.

The points located in the twelfth square arouse the subject's imagination, and from the drawings one can judge the degree of development of the imagination. Figure meanings:

The dots are an integral part of the picture (a flower, an ant, a fish, a hare's tail, a grain that birds peck, etc.) indicate developed imagination and creative thinking;

Shaded dots and connected in a circle speak of logical thinking and practical mindset.

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Question #27 . Projective methods of personality research.

These methods are based on the analysis of the products of imagination and fantasy and are aimed at revealing the inner world of the individual, the world of her subjective experiences, thoughts, attitudes, and expectations. The priority in using the term "projection" to refer to a special group of methods belongs to L. Frank, singled out a number common features some well-known by that time and very noticeably different from each other techniques for assessing personality. Specific Features projective methods:

♦ relatively unstructured task, allowing an unlimited variety of possible answers;

♦ ambiguous, vague, unstructured stimuli, acting as a kind of "screen" on which the subject can project his characteristic personality traits, problems, states;

♦ global approach to personality assessment and, above all, to revealing its hidden, unconscious, veiled sides.

Arising, as a rule, in clinical conditions, projective methods have been and remain mainly a tool of a clinical psychologist. Their theoretical foundations were influenced by psychoanalytic concepts and perceptual theories of personality.

Disadvantages.

1. insufficient objectivity of projective technique,

2. non-compliance of many methods with the requirements usually imposed on psychodiagnostic tools.

3. lack or inadequacy of normative data, which leads to difficulties and subjectivism in the interpretation of individual results, when the psychologist is forced to trust his "clinical experience".

4. In some projective methods, there is no objectivity in determining indicators; the coefficients of homogeneity and retest reliability are often unsatisfactory. Attempts to validate them suffer from methodological shortcomings, either due to poor controllability of the experimental conditions, or due to the unfoundedness of statistical analysis, or due to incorrect sampling.

However, despite the shortcomings noted, the popularity and status of projective techniques remain virtually unchanged. First of all, this is due to the fact that, according to psychodiagnostics, they are less susceptible to falsification by the subject, than questionnaires, and therefore more suitable for personality diagnostics. This advantage of projective methods is due to the fact that their goal is usually disguised, and the subject cannot guess the ways of interpreting diagnostic indicators and their connection with certain manifestations of the personality; therefore, he does not resort to masking, distortion, defensive reactions during the examination.

Projective methods of structuring.

G. Rorschach's inkblot technique .

This technique is one of the most popular. Developed by a Swiss psychiatrist G. Rorschach, it was first described in 1921.

The Rorschach technique uses 10 cards, each of which is printed with a double-sided symmetrical spot. Five of the patches are done in grey-black only, two have extra touches of bright red, and the other three are pastel color combinations. Tables are presented sequentially from 1 to 10 in the standard position indicated on the back. The presentation of Table 1 is accompanied by the instruction: "What is it, what can it look like?". In the future, the instruction is not repeated. After the end of spontaneous statements, the subject is encouraged to continue answering with the help of additional questions. In addition to verbatim recording of the subject's responses to each card, the experimenter notes the response time, involuntary remarks, emotional manifestations, and other changes in the subject's behavior during the diagnosing session. After presenting all 10 cards, the experimenter asks the subject according to a certain system about the parts and features of each of the spots for which associations arose. During the survey, the subject can also clarify or supplement his previous answers.

Interpretation The Rorschach score is based on the relative number of responses that fall into different categories, as well as on certain ratios and relationships between different categories. Directions of interpretation do not have a satisfactory theoretical justification, but are entirely determined by the empirical correlations of individual indicators with certain personality traits. So, for example, it is difficult to explain from a scientific standpoint why the use of rare details in answers indicates uncertainty, anxiety, and the interpretation of a white background by extroverts indicates negativism.

In the psychological conclusion based on the results of the G. Rorschach technique, the intellectual and affective spheres of the personality, as well as the features of its interpersonal interactions, are usually described. The clinical psychologist, when compiling it, also takes into account additional information obtained from external sources.

The main factor that makes it difficult to interpret Rorschach scores is the total number of responses, known as response productivity. It has been empirically shown that the productivity of responses is directly related to the age, intellectual level and education of the individual. Although the methodology described is believed to be applicable to people from preschool to adult age, the normative data were initially obtained, for the most part, in groups of adults.

Projective methods of interpretation.

Thematic apperception test. B was established back in 1935. C. Morgan and G. Murray. It is used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of neurosis and psychosomatic disorders.

The stimulus material of the TAT is a standard set of 30 tables depicting relatively uncertain situations, as well as a table - an empty form. Each subject is given 20 tables, which are selected by a psychologist in advance, taking into account his gender and age. The technique is intended for diagnosing persons from the age of 14 years.

The subject is asked to compose a story from the picture, explaining what led to the depicted event, what is happening at the moment, what will happen in the future, what the characters think and feel. When presented with a blank form, he is asked to imagine a picture and describe it, and then compose a story based on it. In the process of diagnosing, the time spent on each table, latent time (from the moment the table was presented to the beginning of the story), long pauses, gestures, facial expressions, posture, and mood are recorded. Stories are being recorded and all speech utterances subject.

Diagnosis is carried out in two sessions with an interval between them of one day. At the end of the stories, a conversation with the subject follows, during which the psychologist, first of all, finds out the sources of certain plots, the causes of logical inconsistencies, speech errors, reservations, receives additional information about the subject.

To analyze the results of the TAT, G. Murray compiled a list and detailed descriptions of 20 needs, including dominance, aggression, autonomy, sociality, achievement, self-defense, etc. After finding the needs of the heroes of the stories, the psychologist must evaluate them in points (from 1 to 5) in depending on the intensity, duration and frequency of manifestation, the significance for the development of the plot.

The final stage of processing consists in ranking them in order to highlight the dominant needs that manifest themselves most strongly and most often throughout the entire diagnosis (that is, in many stories). According to G. Murray's hypothesis, the subject identifies himself with the characters of the stories; so found needs and their hierarchy characterizes his personality.

Each need corresponds to a certain pressure felt from the outside. Pressure is seen as a trigger for a need to become an active dominant in behavior. Their interaction - the theme - is the basic object of psychological analysis, which makes it possible to describe the relationship of the individual with the environment.

Child Apperception Test , developed L. Bellacom and intended for the diagnosis of children aged 3 to 10 years. The CAT cards show animals in anthropomorphic situations instead of humans, as it is assumed that it is easier for young children to fantasize with an animal than a human. This technique is widely used in the practice of child psychologists and consultants and allows you to identify the basic needs of the child and the degree of their satisfaction, his relationship with other people, fears, conflicts, psychological defenses.

Despite the fact that the practical value of TAT and similar techniques is not questioned by clinicians, psychodiagnostics continue to study their psychometric parameters.

Rosenzweig's pictorial frustration technique.

Rosenzweig's technique of "drawing frustration" gives less room for imagination and requires simpler answers. Created S. Rosenzweig based on his theory of frustration and aggression, this technique is a series of conditional drawings in which one character pronounces some words and thereby frustrates (“frustrates”) the intentions and actions of another character in a certain way or draws attention to a frustrating situation. On a specially designated empty space on the stimulus card, the subject writes what, in his opinion, a frustrated character would answer.

In accordance with the theory of frustration by S. Rosenzweig, this state occurs in a person in those cases when, for some reason, he cannot satisfy the need, achieve the intended goal. Frustration is called primary (deprivation) if the satisfaction of a need is impossible due to the absence of its object. Secondary frustration occurs when an obstacle is encountered on the way to a goal that prevents it from being achieved.

S. Rosenzweig's technique exists in two versions - for adults, starting from 15 years old, and for children aged 4-12 years old. It has a relatively objective procedure for evaluating results and is more accessible. statistical analysis than most projective methods.

To formalize the verbal responses of the subjects, Rosenzweig suggested using the evaluation categories he had identified. According to the type of reaction that reflects the content dominant in the response, there are:

♦ obstructive-dominant reactions - obstacles that cause frustration are accentuated in every way, regardless of whether they are regarded as favorable, unfavorable or insignificant;

♦ self-protective - activity manifests itself in the form of censure of someone, denial or admission of one's own guilt, avoidance of reproach and is aimed at protecting one's Self;

♦ constructive-persistent reactions - constantly aimed at identifying a constructive solution or way out of a conflict situation in the form of either demanding help from others, or accepting the responsibility to positively resolve the situation, or in the form of confidence that time and the course of events will lead to it permission.

According to the direction of the reaction, they are evaluated as:

♦ extrapunitive - aimed at a living or inanimate environment, while condemning external cause frustration and its degree is emphasized, sometimes the resolution of the situation is required from another person;

♦ intropunitive- directed at oneself with the acceptance of guilt or responsibility for correcting the situation that has arisen; at the same time, the frustrating situation is not subject to condemnation;

♦ impunity- aimed at weakening and transforming "aggressive energy" into something insignificant, inevitable, surmountable over time; at the same time, there is no accusation of others or oneself.

In Russia, this technique is used in clinical practice for the differentiated diagnosis of neurosis, in predicting the socially dangerous actions of the mentally ill. It is also widely used in practical work with healthy people to predict behavior in difficult situations. and conflict situations, to predict emotional reactions when faced with problems, to identify difficulties in interacting with people, in the analysis of the causes of social maladaptation. Adaptation and standardization of the children's version were proposed by E. E. Danilova. She received norms for children aged 6 to 11 years.

Projective methods of expression.

As is known, these include methods in which the diagnosis of personal properties is based on the analysis of the visual activity of the individual. Particular attention in such techniques is paid to drawing the human figure.

"Draw a Man" Machover.

The subject receives a pencil and paper with the task of drawing a person. After he finishes the drawing, he is asked to draw a person of the opposite sex. While the individual is drawing, the experimenter notes his lines, the sequence in which the various parts are drawn, and other details of the drawing process. The drawing may be followed by a conversation in which the subject is asked to come up with a story about each of the drawn people, "as if he were a character in a play or novel." Then the subject is asked a series of questions about the age, type of education, profession, family and other facts from the life of the depicted characters.

The analysis of the implementation of the "Draw a person" technique is mainly of a qualitative nature and is based on the study of some parameters of the drawings. Particular attention is drawn to the absolute and relative sizes of the male and female figures, their location on a sheet of paper, the quality of the lines, the sequence of drawing parts of the figures, the frontal or profile angle of view, the position of the hands, the image of clothing, the presence of a background, the lines of the base. Such details of the drawings as the absence of various parts of the body, disproportion, shading, the number of details, corrections and other style features are taken into account.

The class of graphic projective techniques also includes techniques that have become widespread: "Family Drawing"(V. Wolf and others), "House, Tree, Man"(J. Book), test "Tree"(K. Koch), "Self-portrait"(R. Berne) and many others.

When analyzing the methods of this class, researchers proceed from the assumption that in a drawing a person directly expresses the features of his own personality, which can be interpreted using a system of empirically verified criteria.

For the "House, tree, person" methodology, 8 characteristics were identified that can be assessed with its help. These are insecurity, anxiety, self-distrust, feelings of inferiority, hostility, conflict, communication difficulties and depression. There are 5 of them for the “Kinetic Family Pattern” methodology: a favorable family situation, anxiety, conflict in the family, feelings of inferiority and hostility in the family situation.

Processing the results of the subject consists in calculating the sum of the points of all indicators of the drawings for each characteristic. By presenting the received amounts as a percentage, it is possible to compare the severity of different characteristics, to identify the dominant ones.

The described scheme for analyzing the results of graphical techniques reduces the degree of subjectivity in their interpretation. Being supplemented by the information obtained during the conversation with the subject, it allows even a novice psychodiagnostician to give fairly reliable conclusions regarding the personal characteristics of the subject.

The projective methods given here are picture tests, which, including the testee in the visual process, help to learn about the character of a person, his relationship with the outside world, abilities, personal and business qualities etc.

Tests in drawings are not only an opportunity to learn something new about yourself and have an interesting time, but also a way to have a good rest, unwind, and get rid of negative experiences.

Two small projective tests in pictures will lift the veil of the future and answer the question of what your life path, if you stick to the current lifestyle.

1. Projective methodology “Your way of life”

2. Projective technique “Master of your destiny”

Projective tests (tests in pictures) "Your way of life" and "Master of your destiny":

Projective test "Your way of life".

Instruction.

You see in front of you an image of the surface of a certain continent. Pay attention to rivers, islands, forests. There is also a swamp, and even hills. Your task is to pave the way through the entire mainland, this is the first thing. And secondly, you will need to give a name to all rivers, forests, islets, capes and bays. Give the map a finished look.

Stimulus material.

Key to the test, interpretation.

First of all, pay attention to the names that you gave to the islands, forests, rivers and everything that is shown on the map.

• If you chose beautiful names(Cape of Eternal Hope, Island of Weeping Heaven, etc.), then this indicates your desire to fill your life with meaning, find your place, understand your purpose. You cannot imagine life without hope, without faith in a bright tomorrow. You are an idealist in some way, but over time your ideas will be corrected and take on a very real look.
• If you gave real-life names to all rivers and islands (Amu Darya River, Sakhalin Island, etc.), then this indicates your caution and readiness to follow the path in life that others will indicate. You live as if you are fulfilling someone's covenant: following in the footsteps of your parents, implementing some kind of global idea, or following the advice of an older comrade. All this is commendable, but remember that this is still your life, and not someone else's.
• If your road runs along the very edge of the mainland, diligently avoiding all obstacles, then this indicates that you are an optimist, believe in your luck and do not even want to think about possible obstacles. And most often the obstacles reciprocate you :)
• If your road goes along the rivers, it means that you are cheerful, your life is full of interesting adventures, you believe that you have a lot of extraordinary events ahead of you. Even if something unpleasant has already happened to you, then you try not to dwell on your troubles. In any case, everything in your life will definitely work out and everything will be fine.
• If your road passes through the entire mainland without going around dangerous and difficult places, then this speaks of your strength, determination and determination, you will never save before danger, do not run away from it. It doesn't mean that you don't want to easy road and a pleasant journey, but you are a fighter by nature, you cannot allow the thought of a possible retreat. If you have a specific goal, then no one and nothing can stop you from going towards it.

projective test"Master of your destiny"

Instruction.

Take a close look at this drawing. In front of you is part of the room, and you will have to take on the role of a designer, as well as a graphic designer, painter, plasterer, etc. Your task is to give this room a residential look. Also take care of the wallpaper!

Stimulus material.

Key to the test, interpretation.

First, look at the door and window. In this figure, they are depicted with a clear violation of perspective. A very revealing moment: if you tried to align the window and the door, then this indicates your desire to control everything that happens in your life. You like to be aware of all the events, you need it in order to feel happy. You prefer to check everything yourself.

• If you left the door and window unchanged, then this means that you accept life as it is. You patiently, without complaining about fate, forge your happiness.
• If you painted another window on the wall, then this indicates your increased need for communication, you cannot live outside of society. If this window occupies more than half of the wall, then it is important for you what others think.
• If you have decorated the floor with a carpet or carefully painted parquet or linoleum on it, then this indicates your pronounced desire for independence. You value solidity and reasonableness in everything, you stand firmly on the ground.
• If you drew in the room additional items(furniture, dishes), then this means that you yourself create your own destiny. You believe in luck and predestination, but you understand that water does not flow under a lying stone. Your life principle- throw fishing rods in all directions to increase the chance of a bite.
• Particular attention should be paid to wallpaper or their absence. If you painted the walls with a solid color, then this indicates that you need to pay more attention to the favorable opportunities that appear in your field of vision. And they appear, no doubt!
• If you diligently covered the walls with wallpaper with a small pattern, then this means that you are neat, punctual, responsible. A large drawing on the wallpaper indicates that you are a real rebel, do not agree to put up with what you have, and will definitely find (or have already found) your way. Your perseverance and perseverance will lead you to success.