Presentation for identification - investigative action, consisting in the presentation of various persons and material objects for their identification (establishment of identity). The objects of identification can be people (they are identified by appearance, functional features, voice and speech features), corpses and parts of corpses, animals, various objects, documents, premises, terrain. Natural objects or their images are presented for identification.

The identifying persons are preliminary questioned about the circumstances under which they saw the relevant person or object, about signs and features by which they can identify him. Leading questions are not allowed during this interrogation.

The specificity of the interrogation preceding the identification lies in the fact that in the process of its conduct, tactical and psychological tricks aimed at actualizing the perceived and imprinted in the memory of the interrogated image of the object.

The psychological characteristics of presentation for identification is based on the analysis of two main processes:

learning the distinguishing features a certain object

Using these features to distinguish this object from others similar to it.

The identifying person shall be preliminary interrogated about the circumstances under which he saw the person presented for identification, as well as about signs and features by which he can identify him. Interrogation about the external signs of a linden is carried out according to the scheme according to which a verbal portrait is drawn up. The investigator, interrogating the future identifying person, invites him to remember and characterize how large quantity appearance signs. In practice Supreme Court The USSR specifically emphasized that, when interrogating an identifying person, one should find out, among other things, the objective conditions for his perception of the attacking criminals: where exactly, in what conditions he saw, in what light. Thus, great importance have not only the features of the object, but the conditions of its perception .

In order to receive complete and accurate necessary information, the investigator needs to perform the main tasks of the interrogation conducted before presentation for identification. While clarifying during the interrogation the circumstances under which the object was observed, the investigator must establish:

1) general information about this person's character, inclinations, age, profession, etc.

2) subjective factors - in what state was the interrogated person before the observation, during and after the observation of the object;

3) what was his focus of attention;

4) place of observation, from what moment he began observation;

5) time during which the event occurred, time of day; duration of perception in time;

6) strength and direction of lighting, weather, the presence of noise effects;

7) the distance from which the object was perceived;

8) the degree of familiarity with the perceived object;

9) features of the memory of the future identifying person (better remembers faces, dates, voices);

10) whether the interrogated person has visual defects, mental disorders;

As an individual, a person is characterized by morphoconstitutional, neurotypological, sexual and age characteristics; as a person - is considered as a representative of a particular social group. This means that the perception of a person is inherent in endowing the object with individual and personal shades, its own subjective manner of vision. Experimental data indicate that the difference in individual perception is very significant.

Considering the psychological features of the presentation for identification, depending on the procedural status of the identifying person, it should be noted that in order to carry out the presentation for identification, the procedural status of the identifying person and the person being identified must be established, they can be witnesses, accused, suspects and victims, but which in turn can be adults (women, men), children (minority), elderly people, mentally healthy, mentally ill, physically healthy people and people with physical disabilities, people who were previously prosecuted. This is important when developing tactical and psychological tricks identification.

So A.F. Koni noted about "the ability of a woman to forget less, but make more mistakes",

A.M. Zinin in his work “The Appearance of a Person in Forensic Science” examines in detail the influence on the perception of a person, the characteristics of female perception, the age factor, the perceiver’s belonging to a certain ethnic group, intellectual level, and professional orientation. Dependence of perception on content mental life person, on the characteristics of his personality.

Perception activates traces of past experience. Therefore, the same object can be perceived differently by different people. Otherwise, the speaker, the victim, the witness, the suspect, the accused may give a completely different description of the previously seen event or describe the signs of the object in different ways. Sometimes, the investigator interrogates several people who will subsequently be identifying, and encounters such a phenomenon when each of the interrogated describes the same person to be identified in different ways.

So, V.I. Gromov rightly believed that even with the observance of the requirement for a detailed and accurate identification of the criminal at the first interrogation of the victim, there are oddities that are inexplicable at first glance, which sometimes make one doubt the reliability of the identification by one or another witness who gave a correct, detailed and clear testimony upon presentation him the accused. The fact is that a face that we see in one room, in one suit or another, under one lighting, IN THAT or another pose, seems to us completely different from ourselves when we see him in another room, in different clothes, with different lighting or when he holds himself differently than before, or has adopted a different posture, made different movements, etc. The difference in impressions received from the same subject, depending on the environment in which we see this subject, can sometimes force the investigator to produce an act of presenting a person for identification at the crime scene, in the same environment, under the same lighting, as this was at the time of the crime.

The identifiable subject is presented in the number of at least three people, as similar as possible in terms of outward signs. Persons presented for identification should not differ significantly in age, height, physique, shape of individual parts of the face, hair color and hairstyle. All persons presented along with the person to be identified must be familiar with the rules of the procedure for identification. (If the identifying person is a minor, it is better to carry out the identification in the environment familiar to him. If the identifying person is under 14 years old, then a teacher or psychologist is present during his preparation for identification.)

in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, Part 8, Art. 193. It is possible to present persons for identification by decision of the investigator in conditions that preclude visual observation of the identifying person by the person being identified, in order to ensure the safety of the latter. In most cases, the main reason for the refusal of witnesses and victims to participate in the presentation for identification is fear for their safety and the safety of their relatives and friends. Today, as one of the options for conducting this kind of investigative action, a specially equipped room can be used, enclosed by glass with one-sided mirror reflection, behind which the persons presented for identification are located, and the identifying person is located on the other side of the glass.

excavation- seizure from individual citizens, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations of previously known documents and items that are relevant to the criminal case.

Seizure as an independent investigative action is in many ways similar to a search. But the notch also has its own specific psychological characteristics arising from the procedural features of this investigative action.

AT psychological aspect seizure versus search to a lesser extent, it is exploratory in nature. During excavation, as a rule, there is no need for search actions, and in case of opposition, excavation can be carried out forcibly. If, however, the objects or documents to be seized are not only not handed over to the investigator (under various pretexts), but also deliberately hidden, then a search is carried out instead of being seized.

It should be noted that the problem as one of psychological characteristics the seizure also has a different (than during a search) character. When searching, they create the problem themselves items to be seized: the investigator, as a rule, has very incomplete data about them at the time of the search and their location (concealment).

When extracting, the actual problem is preliminary(before excavation starts) determination of the subject, document to be seized. The investigator often needs to decide which one (which) of the many items, documents with which he familiarizes himself, examines, is the desired one.

If we are talking about postal and telegraph correspondence, the investigator needs to decide whether to confine himself to the production of an investigative action (seizure of correspondence and its examination) or to also carry out an investigative action (seizure).

A conflict situation that is possible in the course of excavation also has a different psychological coloring. If, during the seizure, the objects or documents to be seized issued voluntarily, then the seizure is completed by the fact that the investigator seizes them. In the same case, if the objects to be seized are not voluntarily issued, the investigator must make efforts to prevent the development conflict situation and take measures for the further production of the specified investigative action.

For correct application methods of psychological influence- suggestion and persuasion - the investigator needs to find out the origins negative attitude this person to the demand for the voluntary release of an object subject to seizure during seizure. Sometimes the refusal to voluntarily extradite an object is explained not by the “guilty” attitude of the person towards this object, but by the fear of disclosing the circumstances of his intimate life, by the unwillingness to cause trouble to a relative, acquaintance, neighbor or colleague. To overcome such a negative attitude in such cases, the investigator may turn Special attention of this person to the warning of attesting witnesses, specialists and other citizens present at the seizure, about the responsibility for disclosing the circumstances of the intimate life of the person occupying this premises or other persons revealed during the seizure. The investigator must also explain that he has the right to forcibly seize, and the actions of this person are illegal.

Main psychological factor notch is psychological impact on the suspect and the accused, since the latter become aware of what documents incriminating them come into the possession of the investigator. In a number of cases, the receipt by the investigator of documents incriminating the criminal is the main act of the preliminary investigation. However, in this case, as well as during a search, reflective thinking is carried out, an appropriate line of further behavior is developed.
The results of the seizure affect both the psychology of the investigator's activity and the entire tactics of the preliminary investigation.

presentation for identification - investigative action, consisting in the presentation of various persons and material objects for their identification.

Identification - this is a comparison, comparison of one object with another (or its mental image) on the basis of their distinctive features, as a result of which their identity is established.

Identification- the process and result of referring the presented object to a certain previously formed mental image. It is carried out on the basis of a perceptual (relating to sensory perception) comparison of the image of the current perception with the image stored in memory. The objects of identification can be people (their identification can be carried out by appearance, functional features, voice and speech features), corpses and parts of corpses, animals, various objects, documents, premises, terrain. Identification can be carried out by presenting natural objects or their images.

The purpose of identification in investigative practice:

• • the establishment of individual and sometimes group identity of objects.

Subjects of identification there may be witnesses, victims, suspects and. Presentation for identification cannot be carried out if the identifying person has mental or physiological disabilities or if the object to be identified does not have identification features. Persons familiar with identifiable persons may not be invited as witnesses.

Before the identification

The identifying person is interrogated about the circumstances in which he observed the corresponding person or object, about the signs and features by which he can identify this object. After a free story, clarifying questions are asked to the identifying person. In preparation for the identification of people, the identifying person is asked questions according to the "verbal portrait" system (gender; height; physique; structural features of the head;: density, length, waviness, color, haircut; face: narrow, wide, medium width, oval, round, rectangular , square, triangular, straight, convex, concave, thin, full, medium fullness; skin color; forehead; eyebrows; eyes; nose; mouth; lips; chin; distinctive features faces; special signs, etc.) The functional signs of identification are clarified: posture, gait, gestures, speech and voice features. Behaviors are defined. Clothing is described (from a headdress to shoes), objects that are constantly with an identifiable person (glasses, a cane, a pipe, etc.).

During the interrogation preceding the identification, it is also necessary to find out the place, time and conditions of observation of the identifiable object, in connection with which the identifiable person was in this place, who else could see the identifiable person. It turns out mental condition identifying during the observation of the object, his interest in the outcome of the case.

Identification types:

1. 1. simultaneous - instantaneous, one-time;
   2. successive - phased, deployed in time.

It can be perceptual (recognition) and conceptual (assigning an object to a particular class of objects).

Recognition of objects is a complex complex of human mental activity, which ensures its orientation in the environment. It is associated with the ability of a person to distinguish in various objects their stable features - signs (in forensics, these stable properties of objects are called identification features). A bright, visual expression of the distinctive feature of a particular object is called a sign. A sign may be an insignificant sign, but act as a stable individual identification signal. If the object does not have signs, its identification is carried out by a combination of other stable signs. Signs are information signals through which people navigate in a complex subject environment distinguish one object from another.

More about identification

Identification - establishing the presence of an identity or its absence in the compared objects - is the main mechanism for the implementation of forensic identification.

Identification differs:

1. 1. according to the mental model (recognition);
   2. according to materially fixed trace reflections of the object;
   3. identification of the whole by its parts.

Everything that has discreteness (an integral set of features) is identified.

There are general and particular identification features. General signs characterize the categorical certainty of the object, its generic affiliation (person, dwelling, car, shoes). Particular features characterize the individual-distinctive features of the object.

A sign is that side of an object by which it can be recognized, defined and described as a particular object.

Every real and conceivable object has a stable set of features. However, signs can be essential and insignificant, own and random. Reliable identification can be carried out only on the basis of essential own signs and signs.

Essential feature- a sign that necessarily belongs to an object under all conditions, a sign without which an object cannot exist, which distinguishes specific subject from all other items.

Own sign- a feature that is inherent in all objects of this class, but is not essential.

The attributes of an object reflected in a person are the attributes of a concept. The concept reflects the totality of essential features of objects and phenomena. Recognition is carried out on the basis of concepts and ideas - mental models of figurative memory. Individual process recognition depends on the formation of perceptual standards, on what identification landmarks the given subject uses, how structurally his perceptual activity is organized.

From general orientation personality, her mental development depends on what identification features of the object it takes as essential, stable features. The process of comparing compared images requires the development of analytical qualities, and decision-making requires strong-willed qualities. The identification process depends on the strength of the reference image stored in the memory, on the conditions for its actualization. The less mentally, intellectually developed a person is, the lower his general cultural level, the greater the probability of false, erroneous identification, the higher the probability of identification by insignificant, secondary signs.

When forming a reference image, its various features can enter into certain combinations. When perceiving an identifiable object, these signs may appear in a different combination. This can greatly complicate the identification process.

There are signs sufficient and necessary for the identification of the object. So for identifying a person by his appearance, such signs are characteristics his faces described in the "verbal portrait" system. Signs of clothing cannot be sufficient and necessary. Usually in an object is isolated single complex his signs. And only the motivation of the identifying person to analytical activity makes it possible to clarify individual independent signs identification.

Identification of a person by appearance

For the identification of a particular person, the conditions of his initial perception, phenomena social perception, the mental state of the observer, the selective orientation of his perception, the environment of perception. Perceiving a person, people first of all single out those qualities, features that are most significant in a given situation or that contrast with the environment, do not meet social expectations. The height of a person, the color of his hair and hairstyle, the expression of the eyes, the configuration of the nose, lips, chin, as well as speech and behavioral features, stand out in particular. The perception of a person by a person depends on the status assessment, various "halos", template interpretations. In assessments and descriptions of other people, individuals proceed from the "I-image", involuntarily correlating them with their own qualities.. Short people overestimate the height of tall people, tall people underestimate the height of short people. Thin people exaggerate the fullness of the physique of people of average fatness, and fat people consider the latter to be thin. The assessment of the physical qualities of an individual is significantly influenced by the background of perception, the qualities of people interacting with him. The impression of a person's figure largely depends on the cut of clothing. Color indications various items are often wrong. Large discrepancies can be in determining the age of a person (especially middle-aged and older people).

Describing the features of the identifiable person during preliminary interrogation is a complex and time-consuming process that requires certain methodological assistance. In addition to the wording of the "verbal portrait", various visual aids can be used here (drawings, photographs, transparencies, the "identitykit" system - drawing up a portrait by choosing various forms parts of the face).

The most informative signs of a person's appearance are the features of his face. When describing a person, people most often name the shape of his face, eye color, shape and size of the nose, forehead, configuration of the eyebrows, lips, and chin. The most significant and subject to primary memorization are the following signs of a person's physical appearance: height, hair and eye color, shape and size of the nose, and lip configuration. The totality of these signs constitutes the basic basis for identifying a person by his appearance. Often, elements of external design are subject to primary fixation: clothing, hairstyle, jewelry. It is better to remember such features appearance individual who act as a deviation from the norm.

The appearance of a person is perceived in a complex way - his height, figure, posture, facial features, voice, speech, facial expressions and gestures merge into a single image. Facial expressions and gestures as indicators of a person's mental state are always the object of attention. Individually expressive is a person's gait - a complex motor (locomotion) skill of a person, which is distinguished by stereotypical components. These include stride length, rhythm, plasticity, speed, and other features. Gait may indicate a person's belonging to a particular social group(gait of a soldier, sailor, dancer, old man). An integral element of the gait is the posture of a person during his movement - the ratio of the position of his body and head, sound effects steps.

Identification of a person by her oral speech

According to voice and individual speech features (accent, dialect, phonetic and vocabulary features). At the same time, the identifying person is interrogated in detail about the circumstances under which he heard the speech of the identified person, about speech features by which identification is supposed. In the next of the two adjacent rooms, the investigator, with the doors open, but being out of sight for the identifying person, talks in turn with the presented persons and gives them a pre-prepared text for reading aloud containing the words by which identification can be carried out. After that, the investigator invites the identifying person to report which number in the order of priority the person he identified answered, and if so, by which speech features description produced. The entire course of recognition by oral speech is recorded using sound recording.

If it is impossible to present a person for identification, his identification may be carried out by his photograph, which is presented simultaneously with photographs of other persons in the amount of at least three. All of the above requirements are met.

The results of the presentation for identification are subject to verification and evaluation by the investigator - they may turn out to be erroneous due to deliberately false identification and due to a conscientious error. If the investigator has reasonable doubts about the ability of the identifying person to correctly perceive and reproduce the perceived, a forensic psychological examination is appointed (in accordance with Article 79 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR).

Item identification

Object recognition is also associated with mental characteristics perception and memorization of their distinctive features. The world of things is infinitely diverse. In the practice of legal proceedings, most often household items, tools and instruments of labor activity, objects of the immediate environment of a person are presented for identification.

The most common group feature of objects is their shape, contour. There is a spatial shape difference threshold - the minimum distance from which given object can be recognized, as well as the threshold of deep perception, which limits the spatial recognition of the relief, the volume of the object. Estimates of the size of objects are subjective - they depend on the eye of the individual, his evaluative features. Perception of objects in various conditions may be accompanied by various illusions - false judgments about the true properties of objects. Thus, the effect of irradiation leads to an exaggeration of the size of light and well-lit objects. All parts of the larger figure appear larger than the same parts on the smaller figure, top part figure is re-evaluated when determining its dimensions. The subject-filled space is seen as more extended. The outlines of some figures are perceived inadequately under the influence of background outlines. The integrity of perception occurs even in the absence of individual parts of the object. The perception of a set of objects (environment) depends on the position of the observer, the size of closely spaced objects is overestimated. Color impressions also depend on the mutual influence of color tones. The perception of the terrain is described by a person as a part of space, limited by certain objects. When the point of view changes, the identification of the terrain can be significantly more difficult. Walking through an unfamiliar area, a person forms a mental image of his route (route-map), and observing the area from a fixed point - a plan-scheme, highlights the reference points for its future recognition. Orientation in an unfamiliar area is carried out according to the most noticeable, catchy landmarks, according to their ratio. The outer boundary of the perceived space in an open area is limited by the threshold distance of the spatial difference of objects.

All perceived objects are "attached" to the point of observation. At the same time, their remoteness and relative position are subjectively assessed, a subjective reference system is created, topographic representations are used (the spatial orientation of children and adolescents may be inadequate). Knowledge of the features of the perception of the area, space is necessary for the qualified interrogation, which precedes the identification of the area, as well as for the qualified verification of the display on the spot.

Complex mental activities are verbal description identifying signs of the object of the upcoming identification, and the process of identification and the final decision. The difficulty of description should not be interpreted as the impossibility of identification. Recognition is genetically more early form mental activity than reproduction, recollection. Perceiving repeatedly the object of identification, the individual can remember its additional identification features. The reliability of the identification cannot be called into question due to the incompleteness of the preliminary description of the object of identification. The individuality of an object in some cases can be determined not even by its individual features, but by a complex of insignificant features. Random population the contents of a handbag can serve as a basis for its identification.

Each case is unique and individual.

Careful study of the issue does not always guarantee a positive outcome of the case. It depends on many factors.

To get the most detailed advice on your issue, you just need to choose any of the options offered.

legal psychology[With the basics of general and social psychology] Enikeev Marat Iskhakovich

§ 5. Psychology of presenting objects for identification

§ 5. Psychology of presenting objects for identification

Presentation for identification - an investigative action, consisting in the presentation of various persons and material objects for their identification (establishment of identity). Identification is the process and result of referring the presented object to a previously formed mental image. The image of the current perception is compared with the image stored in memory. The objects of identification can be people (they are identified by appearance, functional features, voice and speech features), corpses and parts of corpses, animals, various objects, documents, premises, terrain. Natural objects or their images are presented for identification in order to establish their individual and sometimes group identity.

The subjects of identification may be witnesses, victims, suspects and accused. Identification is not carried out if the identifying person has mental or physical disabilities or the object being identified has no identification features. Persons familiar with identifiable persons may not be invited as witnesses.

Prior to the beginning of the identification, the identifying person is interrogated about the circumstances in which he observed the corresponding person or object, about the signs and features by which he can identify this object. After a free story, clarifying questions are asked to the identifying person. In preparation for the identification of people, the identifying person is asked questions according to the system of verbal portrait (gender, height, physique, structural features of the head, hair (thickness, length, waviness, color, haircut), face (narrow, wide, medium width, oval, round, rectangular , square, triangular, straight, convex, concave, thin, full, medium fullness, skin color, forehead, eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, teeth, chin, special features), etc.). The functional signs of identification are clarified: posture, gait, gestures, features of speech and voice. Behaviors are defined.

The appearance of a person is perceived in a complex way - his height, figure, posture, facial features, voice, speech, facial expressions and gestures merge into a single image. Facial expressions and gestures as indicators of a person's mental state are always the object of attention. Individually expressive human gait is a complex motor (locomotion) skill of a person, which is distinguished by stereotypical components: stride length, rhythm, plasticity, speed and other features. Gait may indicate a person's belonging to a particular social group (gait of a soldier, sailor, dancer, old man). An integral element of gait is the posture of a person during movement - the ratio of the position of the body and head, the sound effects of steps.

An identifiable subject is presented in the number of at least three people, as similar as possible in appearance. Persons presented for identification should not differ significantly in age, height, physique, shape of individual parts of the face, hair color and hairstyle. All persons presented along with the person to be identified must be familiar with the rules of the procedure for identification. (If the identifying person is a minor, it is better to carry out the identification in the environment familiar to him. If the identifying person is under 14 years old, then a teacher or psychologist is present during his preparation for identification.)

When a person is presented for identification on the basis of appearance, the identifiable person is invited to take any place in the group of presented persons. The identifiable person takes the place chosen by him in the absence of the identifying person. The invited identifying person, after establishing his identity, is explained his rights and obligations. The identifier is then asked next questions: “Do you recognize any of the citizens presented to you? If you recognize him, then point to this face with your hand and explain by what signs you recognized him, when and under what circumstances you had seen him before? (It should be borne in mind that in a standing position and in motion a greater amount of identification marks.) If the identifying person gives a positive answer, the investigator finds out the signs by which the identification was made. If negative, it finds out whether the answer is caused by poor memorization of the signs of the identifiable person, i.e., difficulties in identification, or the identifying person is firmly convinced that the identifiable person is not among the persons presented.

Identification of a person can also be carried out by oral speech - voice and individual speech features (accent, dialect, phonetic and vocabulary features). The identifying person is interrogated in detail about the circumstances under which he heard the speech of the identifiable person, about the speech features by which his identification is supposed.

In the next of the two adjoining rooms, the investigator, with the doors open, but being out of sight for the identifying person, talks in turn with the persons presented for identification and gives them, for reading aloud, a pre-prepared text containing the words by which identification can be carried out. After that, the investigator invites the identifying person to report which number in the order of priority the person he identified answered, and by what speech signs. The entire course of recognition by oral speech is recorded using sound recording.

If it is impossible to present a person for identification, his identification may be carried out on the basis of a photograph, which is presented simultaneously with photographs of other persons in the amount of at least three. All of the above requirements are met.

The results of the presentation for identification are subject to verification and evaluation by the investigator - they may turn out to be erroneous due to deliberately false identification or due to a conscientious error. If the investigator has reasonable doubts about the ability of the identifying person to correctly perceive and reproduce the perceived, a forensic psychological examination is appointed.

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Presentation for identification - an investigative action, consisting in the presentation of various persons and material objects for their identification. Identification is the process and result of referring the presented object to a previously formed mental image. The image of the current perception is compared with the image stored in memory. The objects of identification can be people (suspects, accused, witnesses, victims; - they are identified by signs of appearance, functional signs, features of voice and speech); corpses and their parts; animals, various objects, documents, premises, terrain. For identification, real objects or their images are presented in order to establish individual and sometimes group identity. Presentation for identification is a complex action that requires careful preparation. One of its essential elements is the interrogation of the identifying person. The purpose of this interrogation is twofold: firstly, to find out under what conditions the identifying person perceived the object that will be presented to him for identification; secondly, to obtain the most complete data about this object, those signs by which it can be identified. When it comes to the conditions of perception, they mean the objective and subjective factors under which the object was perceived. The state of the psyche at the time of perception significantly affects the volume, completeness and accuracy of what is perceived, depending on whether the perceiver is a participant in the event or its witness. Thus, an event associated with a robbery, hooligan actions, emotionally affects the victim and the witness in different ways. The feeling of excitement or fear caused by the event that has occurred significantly distorts the perceived, causing not only exaggeration, but also the loss of part of the information. The next step in preparing for presentation for identification is the selection of objects for presentation to the identifying person. By law, there must be at least three such objects. This requirement ensures the objectivity of the results of identification: if one object is presented, then this can involuntarily lead the identifying person to the idea that he should identify it. That is, the presentation of one object plays a leading role, which, of course, is unacceptable. An exception under the law is made only when a corpse is identified - it is presented alone.

Psychological features conducting an investigative experiment and verifying testimony on the spot.

An investigative experiment is an independent investigative action, consisting in conducting special experiments in order to verify the evidence collected in the case, obtain new evidence, verify and evaluate investigative versions about the possibility of the existence of certain facts relevant to the case. It should be noted that conducting special experiments it is permissible only when it does not violate the requirements of legality: it is impossible to conduct experiments: 1) dangerous for people or property; 2) violating public order; 3) degrading persons. Most often, an investigative experiment is carried out in order to verify evidence. As a means of verifying evidence, the investigative experiment is particularly effective in exposing the simulation of crimes. An investigative experiment can be a means of obtaining new evidence. Known different kinds investigative experiment. R. S. Belkin identifies the following types of it: a) to establish the possibility of observation, perception of any fact, phenomenon; b) to establish the possibility of performing any action; c) to establish the possibility of the existence of any phenomenon; d) to establish the mechanism of the event as a whole or its individual details; e) to establish the process of formation of traces of an event discovered during the investigation; f) to determine the presence or absence of professional or criminal skills.1. An investigative experiment to establish the possibility of observation, perception of a fact, phenomenon. The purpose of this type of investigative action is to check version.2. An investigative experiment to establish the possibility of committing any action. With the help of this investigative action, the following is checked: a) the possibility of committing a specific action in general; b) the possibility of performing a specific action in certain conditions or by a specific person; c) the possibility of performing a specific action for a certain period of time; d) the possibility of performing a specific action for a certain period of time by a specific person.

presentation for identification- investigative action, consisting in the presentation of various persons and material objects for their identification (definition of identity). Identification is the process and result of referring the presented object to a previously formed mental image. The image of the current perception is compared with the image stored in memory. Objects of identification can be:

people (suspects, accused, witnesses, victims) - they are identified by signs of appearance, functional signs, features of voice and speech; corpses and their parts;

· animals,

Various objects, documents, premises, areas of the terrain.

For identification, real objects or their images are presented in order to establish individual and sometimes group identity. Presentation for identification is a complex action that requires careful preparation. One of its essential elements is interrogation of an identifying person. Target this interrogation is twofold: firstly, to find out under what conditions the identifying person perceived the object that will be presented to him for identification; secondly, to obtain the most complete data about this object, those signs by which it can be identified. If we are talking about identifying a person, then such signs are not only signs of appearance, but also voice, speech, gait and others. functional features. When it comes to perceptual conditions, then they mean the objective and subjective factors under which the perception of the object occurred. To objective factors include such as lighting, weather conditions, time of day, distance to the observed object, duration of perception. To subjective factors include: the mental state of a person at the time of perception (excitement, fear), focus of attention, the physical state(pain, malaise), the state of the senses (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.). In the listed factors, united by one term - subjective, there are no more or less important ones, each of them performs the functions that ultimately determine the correctness and completeness of perception. The state of the psyche at the time of perception significantly affects the volume, completeness and accuracy of what is perceived, depending on whether the perceiver is a participant in the event or its witness. Thus, an event associated with a robbery, hooligan actions, emotionally affects the victim and the witness in different ways. The feeling of excitement or fear caused by the event significantly distorts the perceived, causing not only exaggeration (a large group attacked - in reality, three people; they were armed with pistols - in reality, one of the attackers had a knife; they attacked with screams and threats - in reality, not a word was spoken, etc.), but also the loss of some information. The next step in preparing for presentation for identification is selection of objects for presentation to the identifying. By law, there must be at least three such objects. This requirement ensures the objectivity of the results of identification: if one object is presented, then this can unwittingly lead the identifying person to the idea that he should identify it. That is, the presentation of one object plays a leading role, which, of course, is unacceptable. An exception under the law is made only when a corpse is identified - it is presented alone. Exist situations when presenting for identification should not be made.. There are several such situations:

· when the identifying person is familiar with the person whom the investigator would like to present for identification. AT this case identification is simply redundant. There are cases when a person knows an identifiable person, but hides it for some reason. Then the identification can be carried out with a special purpose: to fix the fact of opposition of the identifying person to the establishment of the truth;

when the interrogated person cannot name the signs by which the identification of the identifiable object is possible, and the presentation for identification becomes useless;

· when an object is unique, it has no equal or even similar, and it is clear that it will be recognized by any person who knows about it.

The objects among which the identifiable object will be presented must be similar to it. If we are talking about a person, then these should be people of about the same age, height, hair color, physique; they should have similar separate parts of the face, hair, be in similar clothes. If this requirement is violated, the identification results lose their probative value. Thus, in one case, a suspect, ethnic Georgian, with pronounced national characteristics the appearance of the investigator presented in a group of typical Slavs. It is quite obvious that he was immediately identified, but the court considered that the results of this identification were not valid, and returned the case for additional investigation. Ensuring the necessary similarity is also necessary when presenting objects, documents, animals, terrain and premises for identification. Recognition has various psychological mechanisms. There are two types of identification: simultaneous and successive. Simultaneous (synthetic) is an instant, instantaneous reproduction of the seen object as a result of the coincidence of the image of the observed object with the standard stored in memory. Successive (analytical) identification occurs by finding and highlighting individual features, elements, details in the observed object, which are then synthesized into an image, as a result of which a conclusion is made about the similarity or difference of objects. Object identification- complex mental activity person. It is associated with the ability of a person to distinguish in various objects their stable features - signs (in forensic science, the latter are called identification signs). The explicitness, catchiness, visual severity of the sign gives it the character of an omen. When identifying, it is this side of the sign that plays the primary role, which may not reflect the essence of the object, be in in a certain sense random but important for identification. Distinctive features can be elementary and complex. Complex sign is a complex, a system, a set of certain features. Upon identification fractional properties signs are usually not noticed by a person, as they are detected quickly, as if at once, together. Hence, the whole complex is perceived as one distinctive feature. In the psychology of recognition features subdivided into: sufficient and necessary and sufficient but not necessary. The coincidence of sufficient and necessary attributes of both objects in all cases is the basis for a positive conclusion about their identity, and the discrepancy requires an indisputable conclusion about the difference. If only sufficient, but not necessary signs match, then their presence confirms the correctness of the identification, but the absence does not at all indicate the opposite. "For example, the victim remembered character traits the faces of the robber and the features of his clothes. Signs of the criminal's appearance are sufficient and necessary signs for his identification. Signs of clothing may be sufficient, but not necessary, since their coincidence sometimes gives grounds for a positive conclusion, but the absence does not mean that the criminal has been identified incorrectly. The identification process depends on the strength of the reference image stored in the memory, on the conditions for its actualization. The lower intellectual level personality, the lower its general cultural level, the greater the probability of erroneous identification, the higher the probability of identification by secondary signs. When identifying a person, psychological laws of perception of a person by a person. In the perception of the external appearance of a person, those features of his appearance that acquire for the perceiver come to the fore. highest value in this situation, or carry the most significant information about the properties, actions this person, or sharply conspicuous due to their unusualness. In situations that become the subject of investigation, the most common such features are height, age, physique, movements, speech, facial features. Psychologists note that the most informative signs of a person's appearance are the features of his face. When describing a person, people most often name the shape of the face, the color of the eyes, hair, the shape and size of the forehead, the configuration of the eyebrows, lips, chin, hairstyle. In the description of the external appearance of a person, there are significant fluctuations caused by individual differences identifying. tall people underestimate the growth of low. For low ones, there is a tendency to exaggerate the growth of others. Thin people exaggerate the fullness of the physique of people of average fatness, and fat people consider the latter to be thin. The assessment of the external data of a person is influenced by the background of perception, the qualities of people interacting with him. The impression of a person's figure to a certain extent depends on the cut of clothing. Indications about the color of various objects are often incorrect. Large discrepancies are found in determining the age of a person (especially those of middle and older age). In addition to static signs of appearance, there are dynamic features- facial expressions, gestures, features of gait and speech. Facial expressions and gestures - indicators emotional state. The more emotionally aroused a person is, the more expressive his facial expressions and gestures are. Individually expressive human gait is a complex motor stereotype characterized by stride length, rhythm, plasticity, speed and other features. The gait may indicate that a person belongs to a certain social or professional group (gait of a sailor, military man, dancer, etc.). An integral element of the gait is the posture of a person, the ratio of the position of the body to the head, which also differs in a number of features. Human speech has significant identification properties. To the number individual characteristics speech includes the speed characteristic of a given person, the length of phrases, typical sentence constructions, the use of slang words, metaphors, placement of stresses, errors and reservations. In general, the appearance of a person is perceived in a complex way - his height, figure, posture, gait, facial features, voice, speech, facial expressions and gestures merge into a single image.