(Ivanova and others) Noun - a significant part of speech that has the meaning of objectivity. Objectivity - a grammatical meaning, due to which verbal units - the names of both objects proper and non-objects (abstract concepts, actions, properties, etc.) - function in the language in a similar way to the names of objects proper. Derivational means of verbal, adjective nouns create an opportunity for names-states, properties, qualities, etc. to function syntactically along with the names of objects: movement, strangeness, activity. These formations are called syntactic derivatives. Their morphological functioning is in many cases limited: not all syntactic derivatives are able to participate in the morphological categories of the name. This is one of the most important features of the field structure of a noun.

Word formation of a noun. The inflectional apparatus of nouns is very poor. As for its morphemic structure, it should be noted here that a one-syllable structure is very common, in which the root, stem and word coincide in sound design (although they differ functionally). At the same time, the noun has a word-formation apparatus, which is much more diverse than the apparatus of inflection. In grammatical terms, this is important because suffixes, in addition to their semantic function, are indicators that a given word belongs to nouns.

The suffix structure is observed mainly in two large groups: in person nouns and in abstract nouns.

The following face suffixes are most characteristic: -er, -ist, -ess, -her-singer, naturalist, authoress, legatee. Of the suffixes of abstract nouns, the most characteristic are: -ness, -ion, (-ation, -ition), -ity, -ism, -ance, -ment- lateness, rotation, ignition, security, socialism, elegance, movement.

Noun subclasses. Nouns are subdivided into nouns common nouns and names own.

Common names are a generalized name for any object denoted by them: river can refer to any river, dog- to any dog, pleasure- to any feeling of pleasure.

proper names, in contrast, do not have a generalizing conceptual content; they are the name, the nickname of individual individual creatures or objects, they are assigned specifically to this individual, but do not apply to other similar phenomena. So, John- most likely the name of a male person, but, in essence, it can also be assigned to a dog, an elephant, etc.; spot can be the name of a dog, cat, horse, etc.; the Cutty Sark- the name of a well-known English clipper (high-speed ocean-going ship), but it does not indicate this reference and could be the name of a cafe, cinema, cottage. Proper names are not devoid of grammatical categories inherent in common nouns; However, grammar is primarily concerned with common nouns that have a generalizing meaning.

Since nouns objectively name any phenomena of linguistic reality, they are represented by a wide variety of lexical groups. Interacting with grammatical categories, these groups create a branched field structure of the noun.

Set of morphological grammatical categories noun is very poor. Undoubtedly there is a category of number. The existence of the category of case is extremely controversial. The grammatical category of gender does not exist in English.

The problem of the category of the genus. The category of gender in English disappeared completely by the end of the Middle English period. The designation of biological sex exists in the language, but purely lexical or word-building means are used: boy - girl, cock - hen; bull - cow; waiter - waitress, lion - lioness; he-goat - she-goat. The same is observed in a number of Indo-European languages ​​when denoting gender differences: teacher-nitsa, doctor-sha, tiger-itsa; German Lowe - Lowin, Lehrer - Lehrerin.

B. Strang, author of Modern English Structure, and several other authors argue that English has a category of noun gender on the grounds that it is possible to substitute a name with a pronoun indicating biological sex or inanimateness: he, she, it. This point of view seems completely unacceptable, since we are talking about the substitution of the name by another part of speech and the transfer of the feature of this other part of speech to a noun that does not have this feature. And for pronouns, the indicated meaning is purely lexical and has nothing to do with the grammatical meaning.

Number category. The main meaning of the category of number is the opposition of singleness and plurality of objects. Multiplicity means more than one. The single number is transmitted in the basic form, i.e., a form that has no endings and coincides with pine. The plural is indicated in writing by the formant -s, which is realized as a series of allomorphs - /z/, /s/, /iz/, depending on the nature of the final sound of the stem (dogs /z/, potatoes /z/, books, bats/s/; classes, bushes/iz/). Such is the productive inflectional pattern of the plural form; it can be called an "open model", since new words that appear in the language are formed in the plural in this way.

Authors who seek to formalize the description of a language as much as possible, in particular structuralists, usually consider the absence of an ending in the singular as the presence of a zero suffix. However, the zero suffix is ​​not a morpheme, that is, a linearly distinguishable segment that has a sound form. It seems, however, possible to speak of a zero exponent without writing it as a morpheme.

Along with the open model, there are a number of closed groups; the nouns included in them form plural forms with the help of unproductive means assigned only to these nouns. These are suffixes that function only within these groups: a) suffix -ep, attached to two nouns - oxen, children; b) Latin plural suffixes, borrowed together with the nouns they formed in Latin: - i (nucleus - nuclei),-a (stratum-strata); -ae (antenna - antennae). The list of these nouns is small, and, what is very important, nouns that are in wide use appear in Proper English forms: along with termini- the form terminuses; as well as antennae - antennas.

Descriptivists Harris, Hockett and others consider the suffix -en as an allomorph (variant) of the s/z morpheme, based on their identical function; Obviously, if we accept this point of view, the above endings of Latin borrowings should also be included here. Such a point of view is possible only if the morpheme is defined as a purely functional element, regardless of its sound design. Meanwhile, the allomorph is established on the basis of sound and semantic community. On the other hand, the functional commonality of the various plural suffixes cannot be denied. We propose the term "functional synonyms", which will denote certain grammatical means that are functionally similar, but are not allomorphs.

Along with suffixed forms, there is a small but very persistent group of nouns in the language that use vowel alternation to form the plural: /u:/ - /I:/ - tooth - teeth, foot - feet;/au/ - /ai/ - mouse - mice, louse - lice;/u/ - /I:/ - woman - women;/æ/ - /е/ - man - men. The alternation /ai/ - /i/ also exists in the stem child - children, along with suffix. This alternation reflects the ancient way of forming grammatical forms and, as can be seen from the list of words, has been preserved in very few nouns.

Finally, some nouns do not have a formal plural: sheep, deer, swine. Yes, in the proposal The sheep fell into the ditch determine the form of a number sheep impossible unless it is prompted by the wider context.

The words act as the building blocks of language. To convey thoughts, we use sentences that consist of combinations of words. In order to be linked into combinations and sentences, many words change their form.

The section of linguistics that studies the forms of words, types of phrases and sentences is called grammar.

Grammar has two parts: morphology and syntax.

Morphology- a section of grammar that studies the word and its change.

Syntax- a section of grammar that studies word combinations and sentences.

Thus, word is an object of study in lexicology and grammar. Lexicology is more interested in the lexical meaning of the word - its correlation with certain phenomena of reality, that is, when defining a concept, we try to find its distinctive feature.

Grammar, on the other hand, studies the word from the point of view of generalizing its features and properties. If the difference between words is important for vocabulary house and smoke, table and chair, then for grammar, all these four words are absolutely the same: they form the same forms of cases and numbers, have the same grammatical meanings.

Grammatical meaning e is a characteristic of a word from the point of view of belonging to a certain part of speech, the most general meaning inherent in a number of words, independent of their real material content.

For example, words smoke and house have different lexical meanings: house- this is a residential building, as well as (collected) people living in it; smoke- aerosol formed by products of incomplete combustion of substances (materials). And the grammatical meanings of these words are the same: noun, common noun, inanimate, masculine, II declension, each of these words can be determined by an adjective, change by cases and numbers, act as a member of a sentence.

Grammatical meanings are characteristic not only of words, but also of larger grammatical units: phrases, components of a complex sentence.

Material expression of grammatical meaning is an grammatical tool. Most often, grammatical meaning is expressed in affixes. It can be expressed with the help of function words, alternation of sounds, changes in the place of stress and word order, intonation.

Each grammatical meaning finds its expression in the corresponding grammatical form.

Grammatical forms words can be simple (synthetic) and complex (analytical).

Simple (synthetic) grammatical form involves the expression of lexical and grammatical meanings in the same word, within a word (consists of one word): was reading- the verb is in the past tense.

When the grammatical meaning is expressed outside the lexeme, complex (analytical) form(combination of a significant word with an official): I will read, let's read! In Russian, the analytical forms include the form of the future tense from imperfective verbs: I will write.

Individual grammatical meanings are combined into systems. For example, singular and plural values ​​are combined into a system of number values. In such cases, we are talking about grammatical category numbers. Thus, we can talk about the grammatical category of tense, the grammatical category of gender, the grammatical category of mood, the grammatical category of aspect, etc.

Each grammatical category has a number of grammatical forms. The set of all possible forms of a given word is called the paradigm of the word. For example, the paradigm of nouns usually consists of 12 forms, for adjectives - of 24.

The paradigm is:

universal– all forms (full);

incomplete- there are no forms;

private according to a certain grammatical category: declension paradigm, mood paradigm.

Lexical and grammatical meanings are in interaction: a change in the lexical meaning of a word leads to a change in both its grammatical meaning and form. For example, the adjective voiced in the phrase ringing voice is qualitative (has forms of degrees of comparison: voiced, louder, most voiced). It's the same adjective in the phrase media is a relative adjective (voiced, i.e. formed with the participation of the voice). In this case, this adjective has no degrees of comparison.

And vice versa grammatical meaning some words may directly depend on their lexical meaning. For example, the verb run away in the meaning of "move quickly" is used only as an imperfective verb: He ran for quite some time until he collapsed completely exhausted. The lexical meaning (“to escape”) also determines another grammatical meaning - the meaning of the perfect form: The prisoner escaped from prison.

Do you have any questions? Want to know more about the grammatical meaning of a word?
To get the help of a tutor - register.
The first lesson is free!

site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

Lecture 19 Noun

In this lecture, the noun is systematically considered as a part of speech.

Noun

In this lecture, the noun is systematically considered as a part of speech.

Lecture plan

19.1. The general meaning of a noun.

19.2. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns.

19.3. Grammatical meanings of gender, number, case of nouns.

19.4. Declension of nouns.

19.5. The transition of words of other parts of speech into a noun.

19.1. General meaning of a noun

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? or what ?, has signs of gender, number and case, in a sentence it is most often the subject or object.

19.2. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns

common nouns	Generalized denominations similar items ( rain, city, alley)	Most common nouns have both singular and plural (city - cities, garden - gardens)
Own	Names of individuals, animals, phenomena, events, single objects ( Alexander, Moscow, Dnepr, "Youth")	As a rule, proper nouns are used in the form of only one number - or singular ( Ural, "Seagull"), or plural ( Karpaty, "News")
Specific	The names of individual objects of inanimate nature and living beings, as well as specific manifestations of actions, states of processes that can be counted ( book, bear, jump, evening)	Specific nouns are used in both the singular and the plural. (book - books, evening - evenings)
Distracted	The names of various abstract concepts - qualities, actions, states ( mercy, openness, embodiment)	Abstract, collective, material nouns refer to common nouns, inanimate (or stand outside the distinctions of animation-inanimateness), denote objects and phenomena that cannot be counted. These nouns, as a rule, are used in the form of only one case - or the only one ( humanity, wax, happiness), or plural ( finance, seedlings, sawdust)
Collective	The names of the totality of living beings or objects as a whole (children, students, foliage)
Real	Names of homogeneous substances (minerals, chemical compounds, medicines, materials, food products) that can be measured but not counted ( gold, oil, milk, cement)
animated	They call living beings - persons and animals ( child, doctor, elephant, dolphin)	Grammatically, the meaning of animate-inanimate is expressed in the accusative plural. In the animate V.p. pl. h. = R.p. pl. h. Inanimate V.p. pl. h = Im. n. pl. h. Im.p. friends, apples R.p. friends, apples V.p. friends, apples
inanimate	Name inanimate objects window, earth, contract)

The principles for highlighting the lexical and grammatical categories of nouns are different, so one noun belongs to several categories at the same time. For example:

19.3. Grammatical meanings of gender, number and case of nouns

Determining gender for nouns

Among the words in -а (-я) there are nouns that can be classified, depending on gender, either to the masculine or to the feminine gender: He's so touchy - She's so touchy. Such words are called words of the general gender (cry-baby, self-taught, slob, razin, fox, fidget, bully, ignorant, touchy, goody, sweet, etc.).

Number is an inflectional grammatical category of a noun that indicates the number of animate and inanimate objects. The category of number is formed by the grammatical meanings of the singular and plural.

Determining the meaning of a number in nouns

words are used in the meaning of both numbers	words are used only in the meaning of the singular.	words are used only in the meaning of plural. h.
1.names of specific items and various concepts to be counted (fire, board, decision)	1. own nouns ( Natalia, Odessa, Caucasus), 2.collective nouns (children, youth, greens), 3.real nouns (blueberries, cabbage, copper); 4.abstract nouns (capacity, mercy, poetry)	1. names of paired objects or objects consisting of several parts (sleigh, glasses, scissors, trousers, scales, mansions, rakes), 2. names of abstract actions, games, rituals (debates, elections, hide and seek, name days, christenings, hide and seek), 3.names of certain time periods (weekdays, twilight, holidays), 4. names of substances, materials (yeast, ink, pasta, blush), 5. proper nouns (Athens, Carpathians, Hawaii)

Case is an inflectional grammatical category that expresses the syntactic relations of a noun to other words in a phrase and sentence.

19.4. Noun declension

Table 1 reveals the content of the concept declination in the first value, table 2 - in the second.

Table 1

table 2

19.5. Transition of words of other parts of speech into a noun

The transition to the category of nouns of other parts of speech is called substantiation.

Compare: children's clothing - equipped children's

doctor on duty - dining room attendant

child studying at school - school student

Date: 2010-05-18 10:43:01

Views: 3197