Organs of speech and their functions. See what "Organs of Speech" is in other dictionaries

Each sound of speech is a phenomenon not only physical, but also physiological, since the central nervous system of a person is involved in the formation and perception of speech sounds. From a physiological point of view, speech appears as one of its functions. Pronouncing the sound of speech is a rather complex physiological process. A certain impulse is sent from the speech center of the brain, which travels along the nerves to the speech organs that carry out the command of the speech center. It is generally accepted that the direct source of the formation of speech sounds is a jet of air pushed out of the lungs through the bronchi, trachea and oral cavity. Therefore, the speech apparatus is considered both in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

 End of page 47 

 Top of page 48 

AT broad sense into the concept speech apparatus include the central nervous system, the organs of hearing (and vision - for writing), necessary for the perception of sounds, and the organs of speech, necessary for the production of sounds. The central nervous system is responsible for the production of speech sounds. It is also involved in the perception of speech sounds from the outside and awareness of them.

speech organs, or speech apparatus in the narrow sense, consist of respiratory organs, larynx, supraglottic organs and cavities. The organs of speech are often compared to a wind instrument: the lungs are bellows, the windpipe is a pipe, and the oral cavity is valves. In fact, the speech organs are controlled by the central nervous system, which sends commands to various parts of the speech organs. In accordance with these commands, the organs of speech produce movements and change their positions.

respiratory organs are the lungs, bronchi and windpipe (trachea). The lungs and bronchi are the source and conductor of the air stream, pumping the exhaled air with the tension of the muscles of the diaphragm (abdominal obstruction).

Rice. one. Breathe-helping machine:

1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - windpipe (trachea); 4 - bronchi; 5 - terminal branches of bronchial branches; 6 - tops of the lungs; 7 - bases of the lungs

 End of page 48 

 Top of page 49 

Larynx, or larynx(from Greek larynx - larynx) - this is the upper expanded part of the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, which is made up of cartilage and muscles. The skeleton of the larynx is formed by two large cartilages: the cricoid (in the form of a ring, the signet of which is turned back) and the thyroid (in the form of two connected shields protruding at an angle forward; the protrusion of the thyroid cartilage is called Adam's apple, or Adam's apple). The cricoid cartilage is fixedly connected to the trachea and is, as it were, the base of the larynx. On the top of the cricoid cartilage are two small arytenoid, or pyramidal, cartilages that look like triangles and can move apart and shift towards the center, turn inward or outward.

Rice. 2. Larynx

BUT. Larynx in front: 1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - hyoid bone; 4 - middle shield-hyoid ligament I (connecting the thyroid cartilage with the hyoid bone); 5 - middle cricoid ligament; 6 - trachea

B. Larynx behind: 1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - upper horns of the thyroid cartilage; 4 - lower horns of the thyroid cartilage; 5 - arytenoid cartilages; 6 - epiglottis; 7 - membranous (back) part of the trachea

 End of page 49 

 Top of page 50 

Across the larynx, obliquely from the top of the front to the bottom of the back, two elastic muscular folds are stretched in the form of a curtain, converging in two halves to the middle - the vocal cords. Top edges vocal cords attached to the inner walls of the thyroid cartilage, the lower ones - to the arytenoid cartilages. The vocal cords are very elastic and can be shortened and stretched, relaxed and tense. With the help of the arytenoid cartilages, they can converge or diverge at an angle, forming glottis various shapes. The air forced by the respiratory organs passes through the glottis and causes the vocal cords to tremble. Under the influence of their vibrations, sounds are produced certain frequency. This begins the process of creating speech sounds.

It should be noted that, according to the neuromotor theory of voice formation, the vocal cords actively contract not under the influence of a mechanical breakthrough of exhaled air, but under the influence of a series of nerve impulses. Moreover, the frequency of vibrations of the vocal cords during the formation of speech sounds corresponds to the frequency of nerve impulses.

In any case, the process of creating sounds in the larynx is just beginning. It ends "on the upper floor" of the speech apparatus - in the supraglottic cavities with the participation of the organs of pronunciation. Resonator tones and overtones are formed here, as well as noise from air friction against adjacent organs or from the explosion of closed organs.

The upper floor of the speech apparatus - the extension tube - begins with the pharyngeal cavity, or pharynx(from Greek phárynx-zev). The pharynx can narrow in its lower or middle region by contracting the circular muscles of the pharynx or moving back the root of the tongue. In this way, pharyngeal sounds are formed in Semitic, Caucasian and some other languages. Further, the extension pipe is divided into two outlet pipes - the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. They are separated by the palate (lat.palatum), the front part of which is hard (hard palate), and the back is soft (soft palate, or palatine curtain), ending with a small tongue, or uvula (from lat.uvula - tongue). The hard palate is divided into anterior and middle.

 End of page 50 

 Top of page 51 

Depending on the position of the palatine curtain, the air flow leaving the larynx can enter the oral cavity or the nasal cavity. When the veil of palate is raised and fits snugly against the posterior pharyngeal wall, air cannot enter the nasal cavity and must pass through the mouth. Then oral sounds are formed. If the soft palate is lowered, then the passage to the nasal cavity is open. Sounds acquire nasal coloring and nasal sounds are obtained.

Rice. 3. pronunciation apparatus

The oral cavity is the main "laboratory" in which speech sounds are formed, since it contains movable speech organs, which, under the influence of nerve impulses coming from the cerebral cortex, produce various movements.

 End of page 51 

 Top of page 52 

The oral cavity can change its shape and volume due to the presence of movable pronunciation organs: lips, tongue, soft palate, uvula, and in some cases, the epiglottis. The nasal cavity, on the contrary, acts as a resonator that does not change in volume and shape. The tongue plays the most active role in the articulation of most speech sounds.

Knead the tip of the tongue, the back (the part facing the palate) and the root of the tongue; The back of the tongue is divided into three parts - anterior, middle and posterior. Of course, there are no anatomical boundaries between them. In the oral cavity there are also teeth, which are its solid border of a fixed form, and alveoli (from Latin alveolus - groove, notch) - tubercles at the roots of the upper teeth, which play an important role in the formation of speech sounds. The mouth is covered with lips - upper and lower, representing a soft border of a mobile form.

According to the role in the pronunciation of sounds, the organs of speech are divided into active and passive. Active organs are mobile, they make certain movements necessary to create barriers and forms of air passage. Passive organs of speech do not perform independent work in the formation of sounds and are 1 the place where the active organ creates a bridge or gap for] the passage of an air stream. The active organs of speech include the vocal cords, tongue, lips, soft palate, uvula, back of the pharynx, and the lower jaw. Passive organs are teeth, alveoli, hard palate, and also the upper jaw. In the pronunciation of certain sounds, the active organs may not take a direct part, thereby moving to the position of passive organs of speech.

The tongue is the most active organ of the human speech apparatus. Parts of the tongue have different mobility. The tip of the tongue has the greatest mobility, which can be pressed against urubam and alveoli, bend up to the hard palate, form constrictions in various places, tremble at the hard palate, etc. The back of the tongue can merge with the hard and soft palate or rise towards them, forming constrictions.

Of the lips, the lower lip has more mobility. She can connect with upper lip or form a labial with her

 End of page 52 

 Top of page 53 

constriction. Protruding forward and rounding, the lips change the shape of the resonator cavity, which creates the so-called rounded sounds.

The small uvula, or uvula, may tremble intermittently as it closes against the back of the tongue.

AT Arabic the epiglottis, or epiglottis, is involved in the formation of some consonants (hence epiglottis, or epiglottal, sounds), which physiologically covers the larynx at the time of the passage of food into the esophagus.

End of page 47

¯ Top of page 48 ¯

In a broad sense, the concept speech apparatus include the central nervous system, the organs of hearing (and vision - for writing), necessary for the perception of sounds, and the organs of speech, necessary for the production of sounds. The central nervous system is responsible for the production of speech sounds. It is also involved in the perception of speech sounds from the outside and awareness of them.

Rice. one. Breathe-helping machine:

1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - cricoid cartilage; 3 - windpipe (trachea); 4 - bronchi; 5 - terminal branches of bronchial branches; 6 - tops of the lungs; 7 - bases of the lungs

End of page 48

¯ Top of page 49 ¯

Larynx, or larynx(from the Greek larynx - larynx) - this is the upper expanded part of the trachea. The larynx contains the vocal apparatus, which is made up of cartilage and muscles. The skeleton of the larynx is formed by two large cartilages: the cricoid (in the form of a ring, the signet of which is turned back) and the thyroid (in the form of two connected shields protruding at an angle forward; the protrusion of the thyroid cartilage is called Adam's apple, or Adam's apple). The cricoid cartilage is fixedly connected to the trachea and is, as it were, the base of the larynx. On the top of the cricoid cartilage are two small arytenoid, or pyramidal, cartilages that look like triangles and can move apart and shift towards the center, turn inward or outward.

Rice. 2. Larynx

End of page 49

¯ Top of page 50 ¯

Across the larynx, obliquely from the top of the front to the bottom of the back, two elastic muscular folds are stretched in the form of a curtain, converging in two halves to the middle - the vocal cords. The upper edges of the vocal cords are attached to the inner walls of the thyroid cartilage, the lower - to the arytenoid cartilages. The vocal cords are very elastic and can be shortened and stretched, relaxed and tense. With the help of the arytenoid cartilages, they can converge or diverge at an angle, forming a glottis of various shapes. The air forced by the respiratory organs passes through the glottis and causes the vocal cords to tremble. Under the influence of their vibrations, sounds of a certain frequency are produced. This begins the process of creating speech sounds.

The upper floor of the speech apparatus - the extension tube - begins with the pharyngeal cavity, or pharynx(from the Greek phárynx - pharynx). The pharynx can narrow in its lower or middle region by contracting the circular muscles of the pharynx or moving back the root of the tongue. In this way, pharyngeal sounds are formed in Semitic, Caucasian and some other languages. Further, the extension pipe is divided into two outlet pipes - the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. They are separated by the palate (lat. palatum), the front part of which is hard (hard palate), and the back is soft (soft palate, or palatine curtain), ending with a small tongue, or uvula (from lat. uvula - tongue). The hard palate is divided into anterior and middle.

End of page 50

¯ Top of page 51 ¯

Depending on the position of the palatine curtain, air flow, leaving the larynx, can enter the oral cavity or nasal cavity. When the veil of palate is raised and fits snugly against the posterior pharyngeal wall, air cannot enter the nasal cavity and must pass through the mouth. Then oral sounds are formed. If the soft palate is lowered, then the passage to the nasal cavity is open. Sounds acquire nasal coloring and nasal sounds are obtained.

Rice. 3. pronunciation apparatus

End of page 51

¯ Top of page 52 ¯

According to the role in the pronunciation of sounds, the organs of speech are divided into active and passive. Active organs are mobile, they make certain movements necessary to create barriers and forms of air passage. Passive organs of speech do not produce independent work in the formation of sounds and are 1 the place where the active organ creates a bridge or gap for] the passage of an air stream. The active organs of speech include the vocal cords, tongue, lips, soft palate, uvula, back of the pharynx, and the lower jaw. Passive organs are teeth, alveoli, hard palate, and also the upper jaw. In the pronunciation of certain sounds, the active organs may not take a direct part, thereby moving to the position of passive organs of speech.

Of the lips, the lower lip has more mobility. It can merge with the upper lip or form a labial with it.

End of page 52

¯ Top of page 53 ¯

constriction. Protruding forward and rounding, the lips change the shape of the resonator cavity, which creates the so-called rounded sounds.

The small uvula, or uvula, may tremble intermittently as it closes against the back of the tongue.

In Arabic, the epiglottis, or epiglottis, is involved in the formation of some consonants (hence epiglottis, or epiglottal, sounds), which physiologically covers the larynx at the time of the passage of food into the esophagus.

Listing the sciences related to speech, in the previous chapter, the author deliberately did not touch on its physiological foundations - those human organs that ensure the functioning of the types of speech: speaking, listening, writing, reading, internal, mental, speech. Strictly speaking, the organs of speech are not a philological topic, but a philologist who studies speech, a completely material activity, needs to familiarize himself with at least the main blocks.

The term blocks should not be understood straightforwardly: thus, in the block of speaking, pronunciation, we can really name real-life organs: vocal cords, tongue, nasal cavity ...

Another thing is the organs of the mind, inner speech, bodies providing code transitions. When we talk about the block of perception sounding speech, then we mean both physiological organs (auricle, eardrum), and processes, mechanisms for converting an acoustic signal, translating it into a universal subject code, according to N.I. Zhinkin.

But if, considering the blocks of speaking and listening, along with the processes of recoding, we can also name some organs, for example, the ear, then we cannot name a specific memory center, we use a hypothetical model (there is a hypothesis of the neural theory of memory associated with biocurrents; there is a chemical hypothesis).

Memory is the process of preserving past experience, making it possible to reuse it in activity, in consciousness, it serves as the most important cognitive function that underlies learning and development. The memory stores information encoded in the form of images and in the form of language code units and rules. It is not easy for us to understand how the form of a language unit - a word - is connected in memory with a meaning, with an image or a concept, but such a connection is confirmed by the fact of speech - speaking and listening.

Mechanisms of memory have the following abilities: memorization, preservation, understanding, reproduction. Memory also has the ability to develop. It has a huge amount of storage space. Memory exists in two forms: long-term memory and short-term, so-called operational memory. Memory is part of the integral structure of a person's personality, the structure of information stored in memory has the ability to be rebuilt, for example, a person's attitude to his past can change.

Long-term memory is a subsystem that ensures permanent preservation: a language, as a rule, is stored, even in the absence of its repetition, for many decades, sometimes for a lifetime. But the best storage is reproduction, i.e. speech. Long-term memory not only stores a huge number of language units, but also arranges them, which allows right moment transfer them to short-term memory. Memory saves and reproduces language units all levels - sounding standards, phonemes, rules of strong and weak positions phonemes, intonation standards; words - also in the form of standards correlated with meanings; phraseology and standards of word compatibility; morphological forms, rules of inflection and combination; rules and models syntactic constructions, intratextual connections, entire memorized texts, composition, plots...

The amount of language (speech) memory of a person who has received a modern education is hundreds of thousands of units.

The material nature of the functioning of memory, as well as the entire system that provides speech, is unknown to us, but the modeling method can, with a significant degree of probability, suggest that, along with long-term, there is also short-term, or operational, memory. This is also a subsystem; it ensures the on-line retention and transformation of data transferred from long-term memory.

The mechanism of operative memory receives information in linguistic forms from the speech perception organs and transfers it to long-term memory.

It is in the mechanism of operational (short-term) memory that an oral or written statement is prepared, constructed. This process takes place at the level of inner speech, or thinking, with anticipation, the volume of which increases with the speech development of a person.

The statement prepared in the RAM block is transferred to other blocks, where the “voicing” or writing of the text takes place.

The speech centers of the brain, which are in charge of all speech operations, as well as language memory, are approximately established by physiologists in the process of correlating areas of cortical damage. hemispheres brain and speech defects, as well as other research methods. Science does not have exact data that could clarify the mechanisms of the brain.

Injuries to certain areas of the brain lead to loss of speech. This allows, however, to conclude: it is here that acts of understanding speech, acts of code transitions converge and are carried out, here the content of what is being said is formed, assimilation of what is heard and read. The centers of self-awareness, self-control, self-esteem, intellect are concentrated here - all that makes up the phenomenon of a person's personality. A person who for some reason has lost his memory, language, ability to speak and think is no longer a person. Mankurt.

These centers of the human psyche are reliably protected by nature itself from uninvited intrusion not only by outsiders, but also by the subject himself.

The pronunciation apparatus, the mechanism of speaking, is easily accessible to study: these organs are known to all. Lungs, supplying a stream of air to the larynx, necessary for the formation of speech sounds; vocal cords that vibrate with the passage of a stream of air and create sound, voice; resonators - oral and nasal cavities, changing their configuration in the process of speaking; movable organs that change the shape of the resonators and thereby change the sound; soft palate, which opens and closes the nasal cavity; mobile lower jaw, lips and especially tongue. All of them provide the so-called articulate speech, articulate the sounds of a given language. A healthy, well-trained vocal apparatus produces sounds more or less easily. mother tongue, and sometimes - the sound system of two or three languages; diction is produced.

The subject has the ability to interfere with the work of the pronunciation organs at will: deliberately change the sound of the voice, deliberately pronounce certain sounds, speak loudly or quietly. He can train his pronunciation apparatus: the artists are "put on a voice"; the speech therapist eliminates the child's lisp or "growling".

Auditing organs provide reception of acoustic signals, i.e. oral speech.

The auricle is outer part receiving device acoustic speech. In humans, this organ is small and immobile: it cannot turn towards the source of received speech (unlike the ear of some animals).

Openness, accessibility of the speaking apparatus allows you to get an understanding of the functioning of this block, in addition to the mechanism of code transitions. This accessibility is not present in the listening block.

Sound waves captured by the auricle cause vibration of the tympanic membrane and then, through the system of auditory ossicles, fluids and other formations, are transmitted to the perceiving receptor cells. From them, the signal goes to the speech centers of the brain. Here the act of understanding the heard speech is performed.

In more detail speaking, the generation of an utterance and the perception of speech will be described in the relevant chapters.

It is conditionally possible to assume the presence of a physiological complex of coordinating, control mechanisms.

Let's turn to the mechanism of speaking. Each sound of speech in the pronunciation apparatus is articulated, each sound has its own way of formation with the participation of various organs: vocal cords, tongue, etc., which forms the basis of phonetic classifications. So, the formation of vowels and consonants differs in the presence or absence of noise; voiced-voiced consonant pairs appear in the same way; noises are created either by a jerk of air with a sharp opening of the lips, without a voice, or with a sharp tearing off of the tongue from the palate, from the alveoli, from the teeth, or as a result of air passing through a narrow gap created between the tongue, palate, teeth. The sound-producing capabilities of the human pronunciation apparatus are redundant; this allows a person to assimilate, although sometimes with difficulty, sound systems non-native languages, to achieve a clear distinction between sounds and their combinations, which helps to differentiate sounds - they are called articulate. Speech in an unfamiliar language is perceived by a person as an inarticulate acoustic stream: significant experience in perceiving an unfamiliar language is required in order to learn how to distinguish everything in a speech stream in this language. large quantity different sounds.

The ear, more precisely, the whole complex of oral speech perception organs, picks up the sounds of the surrounding world, separates the sounds of speech in a familiar language, differentiates them, picks up the rhythm of syllables, highlights complexes resembling phonetic words; then the resulting phonetic words are compared with the corresponding standards stored in long-term speech memory... Here we enter the realm of conjectures, and possibly even scientific hypotheses.

Very little is known about the structure of the coordination system. Presumably this system links all the blocks speech mechanisms, speech memory, speaking, listening, writing, reading, inner speech, the world of emotions, imagination, intuition, anticipation of the possible result of speech, and even the possibility of a different understanding of what was said and heard.

Coordination is inseparable from the control and management of speech processes, especially in conditions of rapid dialogue. Therefore, the coordination system must be both central and peripheral at the same time. It covers not only speech-thinking processes, but also all the activities of the individual. Apparently, in a person as in a functioning system, verbal-cogitative activity is the most complex and all-encompassing.

Each of us, using the method of self-observation, can notice infrequent, but inevitable failures in coordination. speech actions: an error in stress, especially when the skill is not yet strong (phenomenon - “phenomenon”), inadvertent replacement of a letter when writing, etc. There are delays in the choice of a word, errors in coordination, which surprise the speaker himself and lead to a breakdown in communication.

Such self-observations confirm the existence of a physiological basis for coordination in the speech-thinking process.

We do not even dare to assume the existence of some special organ of code transitions in inner speech. But the latter not only undoubtedly exist, but also play essential role in speech.

The person uses speech activity, at least, the code of oral speech, or acoustic, the code of written speech, or graphic, and the code (codes?) of inner speech, or mental. N.I. Zhinkin also used the concept of “speech-motor code” (“On code transitions in inner speech”) (Zhinkin N.I. Language. Speech. Creativity // Selected works. - M., 1998. - P. 151). Here he puts forward the hypothesis of the subject-figurative code of inner speech (p. 159). Understanding, according to Zhinky, is a transition from one code system to another, for example, from a verbal code to a code of images. He introduced the concept of a universal subject code.

It is not for nothing that the problem of code transitions is of interest to many sciences, and primarily to psycholinguistics.

By the way, in extraverbal activity a person uses a lot of codes: each foreign language, dialects, jargons - these are codes that native speakers use, sometimes translate, own these codes; speech styles are intralingual codes, mathematical symbols are also a code, chemical formulas, signs used in geographical maps, - all these are code (sign) systems. Man enjoys countless similar codes in external speech, in cognitive, intellectual activity.

The organs of writing are a convention: nature did not provide for such special organs in the human body. Apparently, modern writing was invented too late. For writing, a person uses:
a) organs of vision;
b) hands as organs of activity;
c) partially - legs, torso for support during writing.

The very phenomenon of writing as a transition from a mental to a graphic code (through a phonemic code, since our modern writing, in particular Russian, has a phonemic basis) is not a spontaneous action, like a thought, it is a product of people's inventive ability.

It should not be forgotten that writing, or written speech, is an expression of thought in a graphic code, serving and speech centers brain, and memory - long-term and short-term, operational, and coordinating mechanisms, and even pronunciation organs, because it has been established that a person, while writing, makes micro-movements of the pronunciation apparatus and feels these micro-movements (these sensations are called kinesthesia). The letter is also complicated by the rules of graphics and spelling, these rules are complex, they can be difficult to learn.

Note also that mastery writing in both versions - writing and reading - in modern society needs to special education, does not happen by itself, like the assimilation of oral speech; there is also self-education of children, usually 5-6 years old. It is becoming more common and progress can be expected in this area.

Reading, like writing, is also a transcoding; it is provided by the visual apparatus, in the version of loud reading - also by the pronunciation block. The reader recodes the text from a graphic code to a mental one and, in the variant of oral reading, also to an acoustic code. Reading comprehension provides a mental code, a code of images and concepts. They are in charge of the speech centers of the brain, working memory.

Reading is a source of knowledge, education. It reaches a degree of automatism in the subject and is associated with the skills of conscious memorization, logical generalization, systematization of knowledge and their reproduction in speech and application in practice in appropriate situations.

Thus, physiological basis one for thought and speech; it has departments, centers that are not amenable to the control of consciousness, not subject to the volitional influences of the subject; the material nature of some organs of speech and their functioning is not yet amenable to study, it is known only at the level of hypotheses; nevertheless, the system of thought and speech organs is highly resistant and needs to be supplied with nutrients (the system is very sensitive to malnutrition, as well as to stimulants and narcotic drugs). External organs - the eye, ear, organs of speech, etc. need training, prevention and bringing their actions to the level of skill; internal processes - recall, word choice, code transitions, etc., are also amenable to improvement.

Content:

speech apparatus- the totality and interaction of human organs that take part in the process speech breathing, sound and voice formation, as well as ensuring the emergence of speech itself in the speaker. The latter include the organs of hearing, vision, articulation and the human central nervous system. In a narrow sense, the vocal apparatus is understood as all those organs that are directly involved in the process of sound formation (respiratory organs, larynx, supraglottic cavities) and respiration.

How sounds are formed

Today, the structure of the speech apparatus can be considered fully understood. It allows us to understand how sound is born, what to eliminate possible problems and speech disorders.

How does the process of sound pronunciation take place? The sounds of their combination are born as a result of contraction of the muscular tissues that make up peripheral apparatus speech. A person, starting to speak, exhales on the machine, unconsciously. The created air flow from the lungs passes into the larynx, as a result of which, the resulting nerve impulses affect the vocal cords. They vibrate and contribute to the formation of sounds that add up to words and sentences.

The structure of the speech apparatus

The voice apparatus consists of two sections: central and executive. The first is the brain with its cortex, subcortical nodes, pathways, stem nuclei (primarily the medulla oblongata) and the corresponding nerves. And the peripheral department is the whole set of executive speech organs which include bones and cartilage, muscles and ligaments, as well as peripheral nerves(sensory and motor). With their help, the work of these bodies is carried out.

In turn, the executive department consists of three main departments, each of which operates collectively:

1. Respiratory department

It's no secret that the formation of human breath is the most important physiological process. People breathe reflexively without really thinking about it. Breathing is carried out special centers nervous system of a person, and it consists of three continuous and successive phases:

pause
exhalation

A person always speaks on exhalation and the air jet stream created by him simultaneously performs two functions: voice-forming and articulatory. Any violation of this rule distorts the sound of speech. That is why it is very important to take the time to work on .

The respiratory organs include the lungs, bronchi, trachea, intercostal muscles, and the diaphragm. It is on it that the main muscles of a person rely. The diaphragm is an elastic muscle that has the shape of a dome in a relaxed state. When it and the intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the human chest increases and inspiration occurs. And vice versa, when they relax - exhale.

2. Voice

It is necessary to remember about the correct posture, thanks to which the voice-speech apparatus functions better. To do this, keep your head straight and your back straight, do not slouch, straighten your shoulders, bring your shoulder blades together a little. In addition, such a habit of correct posture contributes to the improvement of your appearance.

For people whose activities are associated with prolonged speaking, the ability to relax the organs of speech and restore the efficiency of the speech apparatus is of great importance. Relaxation means rest and relaxation, which is provided by special exercises. They are recommended to be performed at the end of speech technique classes and immediately after prolonged speaking, when vocal fatigue sets in.

1. Posture of relaxation

You may have read in specialized literature about posture and relaxation mask. That is, about relaxation, the removal of muscle "clamps". To assume this posture, you need to sit down and lean forward slightly, while bending your back and bowing your head. The legs rest on the entire foot and should be spaced at right angles to each other. Your hands rest on your hips, your hands hang freely. Close your eyes. And relax all your muscles as much as possible.

In this relaxation position, you can apply individual forms auto-training, which will provide the most complete relaxation and rest.

Sitting, relax all your muscles as much as possible

2. Her mask

The possession of a mask of relaxation is no less important for the speaker or the speaker. To do this, alternately strain and relax various groups facial muscles. How to “put on” masks of joy, surprise, longing, and so on. After that, relax all the muscles. To do this, say the sound " T» on a weak exhalation and leave the lower jaw in a lowered position.

Make faces, tense and relax your face - this can improve your sound pronunciation

Relaxation is one of the hygiene of speech activity. Her General requirements: protection from unwanted hypothermia and colds. Avoid anything that irritates the mucous membranes. Follow a certain technique for training the speech apparatus, follow the rules for performing exercises in speech technique and reasonably alternate between stress and rest.

When breathing, the human lungs are compressed and unclenched. When the lungs contract, air passes through the larynx, across which the vocal cords are located in the form of elastic muscles. If an air stream comes out of the lungs, and the vocal cords are moved and tense, then the cords fluctuate - there is musical sound(tone)

Share work on social networks

If this work does not suit you, there is a list of similar works at the bottom of the page. You can also use the search button

The device of the speech apparatus

When breathing, the human lungs are compressed and unclenched. When the lungs are compressed, the air passes through the larynx, across which are locatedvocal cordsin the form of elastic muscles. If from l eg ki there is an air stream, and the vocal cords are moved and tense, then the cords vibrate Xia - there is a musical sound ( tone ). Tone is needed for the pronunciation of vowels and voiced g la dreams x.

If the vocal cords are divided into wow, they are silent. The air jet passes freely through the larynx and does not touch it. l o s s s x links. Such a lol nie is necessary for the pronunciation of voiceless consonants.

After passing the larynx, the air stream enters the oral cavity and. if a small tongue ( uvula ) does not close the passage, - in the nasal.

The oral and nasal cavities serve as resonators: they amplify sounds of a certain frequency. Changes in the shape of the resonator are achieved by the fact that the tongue moves back, forward, rises up, falls down.

If the palatine curtain is pubescent, then the passage to the nasal cavity is open and the nasal resonator is also connected to the oral one.

In the formation of sounds that from n o s t s without the participation of tone - deaf consonants - not tone is involved, but noise .

All organs of speech in the oral cavityare divided into two groups:

active - mobile and perform the main work during the articulation of sound: tongue, lips, uvula (small tongue), vocal cords;
passive immobile and perform an auxiliary role during articulation: teeth, alveoli (protrusions or teeth), hard palate, soft palate.

Consonants and vowels and their classification

Speech sounds - minimal units of the speech chain, which are the result of complex human articulatory activity and are characterized by certain acoustic and perceptual (associated with the perception of speech) properties [LES].

One of the linguistic universals is the presence of consonants and vowels.

Consonants

the presence of an obstacle in the path of the air stream;
1. uneven tension of the organs of speech;
2. the presence of noise;
3. in the vicinity of vowels, consonants cannot be syllable-forming.

The consonant system of a given language or dialect is called consonantism (from lat. consonans - consonant).

Classifications of consonants

Consonants are classified according to the following criteria.

I. By participation (ratio) in their formation of voice and noiseconsonants are divided into sonorous and noisy.

Sonorants or sonants(lat. sonorous - sonorous) are such consonants, in the formation of which voice and slight noise participate: [ j ], [l], [m], [n], [p], [l '], [m '], [n '], [p '].
1. noisy are such consonants, in the formation of which noise prevails over the voice. They, in turn, are divided into:
  1. voiced noisy, the formation of which is characterized by noise accompanied by voice, and
    1. deaf noisy, which are formed only by noise.

By the presence or absence of voices, voiced and deaf noisy formcorrelative pairs of voiced-deafness:[b] - [p], [d] - [t], [c] - [f], [g] - [k], [h] - [s], [g] - [w], can be and unpaired voiceless, for example, [x], [x'], [c], [h].

P. By place of education(i.e. by active incumbent)consonants are subdivided into following. groups.

1. Lip consonants are divided into:

1) labial are formed by closure lower lip from top:

[b], [n], [m], and in Russian there are also soft [b '], [n '], [m '].

2) labio-dental are formed by bringing the lower lip closer to the upper teeth: [c], [f], soft [c '], [f '].

Lingual consonantsare divided into anterior, middle and posterior lingual, depending on which part of the tongue - anterior, middle or posterior - plays an active role in the formation of sound.
1. Anterolingual:
  1. dorsal (the front of the tongue closes with the upper teeth): [d], [d ’], [t], [t "], [h], [h ’], [s], [s ’], [l], [l '], [n], [n '], [c].

B) apical (raising the front of the tongue to the alveoli and palate): eng.[d], [t].

how cuminal (the tip of the tongue rises to the sky): [g], [w], [p], [h], w.

D) retroflex(the tip of the tongue rises to the sky and turns back) - in Indian languages.

Middle language (raising the middle part of the tongue to the sky): [ j].
1. back lingual (rapprochement of the back of the tongue with the soft palate): [g], [k], [x], their soft pairs.
Uvular, or reed(lat. uvula - tongue): French burr [p].
Pharyngeal, pharyngeal:Ukrainian mountain, garna maiden.
Laryngeal, laryngeal, ligamentous: tat. tә emin, tә Esir, also in Arabic. lang. Rus. "N e-a ".

III . According to the method of education (those. by way of overcoming obstacles):

occlusive - consonants, which are formed by the complete closure of the organs of pronunciation, so the air, bumping into an obstacle, breaks it with force and produces a noise characteristic of these sounds (they are also called explosive): [b], [p], [d], [t] , [g], [k].
Connecting passages(a passage remains between the organs of speech):
1. lateral [l], [l].
2. nasal [m], |n], tat. [ң ].
slotted consonants are formed by incomplete convergence of the active and passive organs of speech, as a result of which a narrow gap remains between them through which air passes: [h], [s], [g], [w], [c], [f], [x ], [ j].
Allocate also stop-slit, or affricates. AT initial stage articulation, they are formed as occlusions, but at the end of the articulation, there is not an instantaneous opening of the closure, but its transition into a gap, as in slotted ones. This is [c] and[ h ] .
Trembling (vibrants)- consonants, during the formation of which the tip of the tongue either closes or opens with the alveoli during the passage of the air stream, i.e. vibrates: [r], soft [r '].

IV . According to the position of the palatine curtain:

1. Nasal , during the formation of which the palatine curtain opens a passage into the nasal cavity, through which part of the air exits: [m], [n], tat. [ң ].

2. Oral (clean)- the palatine curtain covers the passage to the nasal cavity: all the rest.

V. P o the presence or absence of an exhaled stream of air:

Respiratory : all consonants rus. lang.
Non-respiratory (clicking)arise through sucking movements of the organs of speech; in Tajik and Turkmen they mean, for example, negation.

VI. By the presence or absence of softening (palatalization)(in Russian) - by hardness-softnessall consonants are divided into 1. solid and 2. soft (palatalized), which formcorrelative pairs for hardness-softness: [b] - [b '], [p] - [p '], [c] - [c '], [f] - [f '], [d] - [d '], [t] - [ t ’], [s] - [s ’], [s] - [s ’], etc .; unpaired:. [c], [h '], [ j].

Vowels - speech sounds that are characterized by:

the absence of an obstacle in the way of the exhaled air stream;
uniform tension of the organs of speech;
consist of tone (voice);
are syllabic.

The vowel system of a language or dialect is called vocalism.

Vowels are pure tonal sounds. musical tone The voice is formed in the larynx as a result of the vibration of the vocal cords. The cavities of the mouth and pharynx are resonators in which differences between vowels are formed. These differences are determined by the different structure of the organs of speech - lips, tongue, lower jaw.

Classifications of vowels

Classifications of vowel sounds of modern Russian literary language based on the following main features.

I . According to the degree of elevation of the tongue (movement of the tongue vertically),according to the degree of its approach to the sky during the formation of sound, all vowels are divided into:

High vowels:[and], [s], [y].
1. Middle vowels:[e], [o].
2. Low vowels:[a] (see table).

When articulating high vowels, the tongue occupies the highest position. In this case, the lower jaw usually slightly moves away from the upper jaw, creating a narrow mouth opening. Therefore, high vowels are also called narrow. When pronouncing low vowels, the lower jaw is usually lowered to its lowest position, creating a wide mouth opening. Therefore, low vowels are also called wide.

P. At the place of the rise of the tongue, i.e. by the movement of the tongue horizontally during the formation of sound, differ

Vowels front row: [and], (e).
1. Middle vowels:[s]. [a].
  1. Back vowels:[y], [o].

When forming front vowels, the tongue moves forward, the tip of the tongue rests on the lower teeth, and the middle part of the tongue rises slightly. When pronouncing back vowels, the tongue moves back, the tip of the tongue moves away from the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue rises to the palate. The middle vowels occupy a middle position between the front and back vowels.

III. By the participation of the lips vowels are divided into:

Rounded (labialized- from lat. labium - lip) - lips are rounded and stretched forward: [y], [o], in Tat. lang. there are more of them.
1. Non-deformed (non-labialized): rest.

IV. Longitude (in some languages, for example, in English):

1.Long: [i:] meat, [u:] cool.

2. Brief: [ i ].

V . According to the position of the palate(see above):

1. Nasal - were in the Old Russian language.

2. Clean - all vowel sounds of modern Russian. lang.

VI . By uniformity of sound or articulation:

Monophthongs.
1. Polythongs - combinations of several vowel elements within one syllable. So, their variety is diphthongs: english go , in Latin, Latvian and other languages. Diphthongs, in turn, are divided into
  1. true, in which both elements are equivalent, and
    1. false, in which one element is the top of the syllable, and the other side:

A) descending - the strong element is the first: eng. home, German in aum,

B) ascending, where the strong element is the second: Spanish. Bueno.

Other similar works that might interest you.wshm>
1050.		Periodization of speech development	1.49MB
	Stages of speech development of a child Professional appointment speech therapy work never comes down only to eliminating the shortcomings of speech disorders; the main task of speech therapy practice is to form the language speech ability - the ability to carry out speech activity. The formation of speech as an active purposeful conscious speech-thinking activity is the main subject of the professional activity of a speech therapist. Professionally...
10877.		Features of speech registration of business documentation (according to the specialty profile)	14.63KB
	A resume is the first thing you need to have when looking for a job. We can say that when applying for a job, the mandatory provision of a resume is one of the elements of modern rules business etiquette but at the same time it is one of the most effective means advertising in the labor market. The resume is brief conclusion from what was said written or read succinctly summarizing the main points dictionary D.
12548.		FORMATION OF ARTICULATION IN EARLY CHILDREN WITH SPEECH DEVELOPMENT DEVIATIONS	93.19KB
	Its incorrect structure, underdevelopment, lethargy of the muscles of the tongue of the lower jaw of the soft palate of the lips and, as a result, their insufficient mobility are often the cause of poor pronunciation, which leads to problems in further education children with disabilities in neuropsychic development, their school and social adaptation largely depend on the timeliness of identifying violations in speech development. At this level, there is a transition from the activity of the muscles to the activity of the lungs of the larynx of the tongue, etc. Most oral articulations are associated with ...
10876.		The culture of speech behavior of a specialist (general requirements, etiquette and speech formulas, rules for communicating on the phone, etc.)	12.08KB
	It is significant that even with such a utilitarian formulation of the problem, one has to consider the requirements of speech etiquette as the necessary conditions successful communication. Or: What is going on here - a question, especially in a certain context, can mean aggressive dissatisfaction with what is happening and, as such, violate etiquette. This may also include specific instructions of speech etiquette - what can serve as a subject of conversation, what is not and in what situation. Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system language tools in...
18689.		Calculation of the reaction apparatus	309.89KB

5103.		Calculation of the heat exchanger	297.72KB
	Defining parameters gas mixture the same for everyone thermodynamic processes. In the main technological installations and devices of the oil and gas industry, the most common gases are hydrocarbons or their mixtures with air components and a small amount of impurities of other gases. The purpose of thermodynamic calculation is to determine the main parameters of the gas mixture in ...
14301.		CALCULATION OF THE WATER SOFTENER	843.24KB
	The purpose of this course project is to perform the calculation of a water softening station with a capacity of 100 cubic meters. The calculation of the membrane apparatus consists in determining the required number of membrane elements, drawing up balance diagrams for the movement of water and a component, selecting pumping equipment to ensure the required operating pressure when water is supplied to the membrane apparatus, determining...
13726.		Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system	46.36KB
	In the bone, the main place is occupied by: lamellar bone tissue, which forms a compact substance and spongy bone substance. Chemical composition and physical properties bones. The surface of the bone is covered with periosteum. The periosteum is rich in nerves and blood vessels through it the nutrition and innervation of the bone is carried out.
20237.		Musculoskeletal disorders in children	156.13KB
	Despite the fact that the musculoskeletal system is, it would seem, the strongest structure of our body, in childhood she is the most vulnerable. It is in infancy and adolescence that pathologies such as torticollis, flat feet, scoliosis, kyphosis and other posture disorders are found. And if proper measures are not taken in time to eliminate congenital defects or defects that have appeared in the child
20650.		Strength calculation of the main elements of the apparatus	309.89KB
	Initial data for calculations. Tasks term paper: - systematization consolidation and expansion of theoretical and practical knowledge in these disciplines; - acquisition of practical skills and development of independence in solving engineering and technical problems; - preparing students for work on further coursework and graduation projects DEVICE OF THE APPARATUS AND SELECTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Description of the device and the principle of operation of the apparatus The reaction apparatus is called closed vessels intended for carrying out ...