Communication failures in professional communication. Communication failures associated with the inappropriateness of speech actions

Language given " verbal communication"is largely formed by non-linguistic factors and constructs extra-linguistic entities: relationships, action, state, emotions, knowledge, beliefs, etc. Therefore, both the success of verbal communication and failures do not always depend on the choice of linguistic forms by speakers.

Communication failures are the failure of the initiator of communication to achieve the communicative goal and, more broadly, pragmatic aspirations, as well as the lack of interaction, mutual understanding and agreement between the participants in communication.

The linear deployment of a dialogue (or polylogue) is due to different order, but at the same time interrelated factors, linguistic and extralinguistic processes. Therefore, the search for the causes of communicative failures should be carried out in different areas: in the socio-cultural stereotypes of communicants, in their background knowledge, in differences in communicative competence, in the psychology of gender, age, and personality. In addition, naturally, the distance of the participants, the presence of unauthorized persons, communication through notes, letters, pagers, and telephone can have a negative impact on the outcome of verbal communication. An important role is played by all the features of the development of the speech situation, up to the state of the communicants and their mood.

The apparent amorphousness, intangibility of the terms of verbal communication, however, allows us to identify the following unfavorable factors leading to communicative failure.

1. An alien communicative environment reduces the efforts of the participants in communication to nothing, since in such an environment disharmony reigns, there is no mood of the interlocutors for the phenomenal inner world of each other. In dialogue communication with strangers, the interlocutors feel discomfort that prevents them from realizing themselves in this situation and determining the tone of their speech behavior. A small degree of familiarity can exacerbate discomfort and make it difficult to find " common language". In such an unfavorable situation may be a student who came to visit his fellow student in the hostel; a friend visiting a friend at her work. Regardless of the communicative intention, it is difficult social interaction, it is impossible to fully “submit oneself” in one or another property. The situation can be complicated by distractions: the intervention of third parties, forced pauses, distraction from the conversation for various reasons. With a polylogue in an alien communicative environment, it is impossible to reach agreement in a conversation on any topic due to social, psychological differences, differences in education, understanding moral standards, due to different interests, opinions, assessments, knowledge of interlocutors.

Incomplete speech contact (even when interested in communication) can manifest itself in a low rate of exchange of remarks, out of place statements, inappropriate jokes and emotional reactions (for example, in irony instead of sympathy), misinterpretation and, in general, in a "dissonant" exchange of remarks.

2. A serious reason for the alienation of the participants in the conversation may be a violation of the parity of communication. In this case, there is also a violation of the rule of solidarity, cooperation of interlocutors. This is manifested in the dominance of one of the participants in the conversation: starting from the initial remark, the same person chooses the topic of conversation, asks questions, interrupts the interlocutor, without waiting for signals of perception and correct interpretation of what was said, thus turning the dialogue into a monologue. At the same time, factors such as the psychological traits of the participants in communication, social status, emotional relationships, and cultural skills play a decisive role. Wed the role of the particle in the question: Are you going with us?

3. The communicative intentions of the interlocutors will not be realized, there will be no agreement if live speech communication is ritualized. In a ritualized replica, all pragmatic characteristics of speech (who - to whom - what - why - why) are leveled: the rule of a sincere benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor, i.e. ethical norms, is violated, and there is also a use of a “set of words” for the occasion. The speaker does not check the "value" of his statement by the attention of the listener, his complicity in the conversation, in creating a meaningful outline of communication. Cliché constructions like This we have already gone through, commonplace judgments, peremptory statements - all this narrows the scope of the possible use of words, practically limiting it to stereotyped expressions in which there is no feeling-thought dynamics. In ritualized utterances (and dialogues in general), the living thread of the conversation is broken - the connection between the speaker and the listener: "I'm talking", "I'm telling you"; the addressee is deprived of the opportunity to hear openly expressed arguments, and the speaker hides his opinion under the "known" opinion of "everyone".

4. The reason for the violation of contact with the interlocutor and the termination of the conversation may be an inappropriate remark addressed to the listener about his actions, personal qualities, which can be interpreted as an unfriendly attitude of the speaker (violation of the rules of cooperation, solidarity, relevance). Wed Cicero has a broad understanding of inappropriateness: “Whoever does not take into account circumstances, who is excessively talkative, who is boastful, who does not consider either the dignity or the interests of the interlocutors, and in general who is awkward and intrusive, they say that he is “inappropriate”. There are different methods of introducing remarks “out of business” into the text of the dialogue. Wed hyperbole: "Petrushka, you are always with a new thing, With a torn elbow" [Griboyedov]; (conversation with a child) - Do not take any dirt in your mouth! - This is not everyone, this is a doll's teapot; cf. example of T. M. Nikolaeva: After all, you are always interested in how old someone is - (it is said to a person who only once asked a similar question).

The irrelevance may be caused by the inability of the speaker to catch the mood of the interlocutor, to determine the course of his thought. This is typical for conversations between unfamiliar people. In the initial remark, it is not uncommon to use personal and demonstrative pronouns in the expectation that the listener knows what is being said; eg: They are always like this after courses (fellow traveler to their neighbor on the bus). - Who? - Drivers, I say, are inexperienced. Pulls from a place, the turn is not worked out. - Ah ... It is clear that the train of thought of the listener was not the same as that of the initiator of the conversation. Hence the misunderstanding. Such speech is socially marked; moreover, it is typical for female speech.

The discrepancy between the sociocultural characteristics of the participants in communication can also lead to inappropriate phrases leading to a communicative failure. Wed humorous finale of the dialogue cited in the article by N. N. Troshina: “The merchant Maysl comes from Chernivtsi to Vienna. In the evening he wants to go to the Burgtheater. He asks at the box office of the theater: “Well, what do you have on stage today?” - "As you wish". - "Fine! Let there be "Queen of chardash". If the reader knows that the Burgtheater is a drama theater and that As You Please is a play by Shakespeare, then the communicative failure of the merchant will be obvious.

5. Misunderstanding and failure of the interlocutors to reach agreement can be caused by a number of circumstances when the listener's communicative expectations are not justified. And if the elimination of the causes of unsuccessful communication, which lie in the sphere of sociocultural stereotypes, the background of knowledge, psychological predilections (acceptance / rejection of actions or character traits of the interlocutor), is in principle impossible, then misunderstanding caused by a low level of language competence, we can overcome. Wed a dialogue on a tram between a mother and daughter who came to Moscow from the suburbs. Daughter: It’s even good that I didn’t enter a technical school in Moscow, otherwise I would go back and forth every day. - Mother: And in the evening I would come on eyebrows. – Daughter: Why on the eyebrows? – Mother: Well, I would be very tired. – Daughter: And why “on the eyebrows”? - Mother: So they say ... (does not know how to explain). The mother does not know the meaning of the expression “on the eyebrows” - “(come, walk, crawl) (simple) - about a drunk: with difficulty, barely get there” [Ozhegov S., Shvedova N., 1992. P. 58], therefore uses the expression out of place; the daughter seems to have never heard this expression at all. Here is a typical case of a low degree of language proficiency: the use of set expressions out of place, ignorance of the exact meaning of the word. Another type of erroneous understanding or misunderstanding is associated with the ambiguity for the listener of words with an abstract meaning or words-terms corresponding to special areas of knowledge. So, for example, during a polylogue (three participants in the conversation, colleagues, two with a university education), one of the interlocutors looked at his watch and began to say goodbye: “I feel good with you ... However, time is not the time, I still need to go to one place today on business … "We will meet again!" (a line from a popular song). - 2nd student: Tanya, don't disappear. - Where will I go, we are sophenomenal - 3rd student: What, what? Sophenomenal? I didn’t understand…” The word sophenomenal turned out to be a kind of litmus paper for determining the world of knowledge of the third participant in the polylogue.

Discomfort of communication, misinterpretation and alienation arise in the case of incorrect linear organization of the utterance. Syntactic errors in agreement, stringing of cases, truncated sentences, reticence, jumping from one topic to another, albeit a close one - all this causes tension in attention and failure to fulfill the listener's communicative expectations. The situation is exacerbated by the rapid pace of speech, pauses of reflection (stammering). If at the same time the speaker informs the listener on a topic known to him, then the listener has to do a lot of “work” to guess the overall picture, and if the topic of the message is unknown to the addressee, then the speaker risks being misunderstood. An illustration of such communicative failures can be a dialogue between two schoolchildren, when one of them tells a friend about his impressions about the action movie he saw yesterday. A .: He craves him ... Well, I generally ... - B .: Who? Whom? - A .: Well, this one, which at first ... - B .: And that one? A: What about that one? He didn't climb anymore...

In everyday speech, the incompleteness of statements and their contamination (overlapping) are “deciphered” with the help of the intonation pattern of the replica and accompanying circumstances. However, one should not forget that the linguistic comprehension of the same events and facts in different people the manner of speech "compression", ellipticality is also different, individual, so the listener's attempts to extract meaning from the phrase he heard may be in vain. Wed the dialogue of Darya Stepanovna (housekeeper) with Professor Nikolai Nikolaevich (Enen) cited in I. Grekova’s story “Chair”: “Daria Stepanovna’s speech was given special originality by gaps and gaps, from which many phrases became some kind of rebus ... The interlocutor is not a fool, he is ! - he should have understood what he was talking about. She believed sacredly in this a priori awareness of everyone about the course of her thoughts. Most of all she loved the program “Man and the Law”. The professor’s inattention to this spectacle could not be understood, she condemned:

- Everyone with books and books, so they missed it. About punks sixteen thirty. Wife is eight years old, sharpened a knife - once! Her in intensive care, three hours, died.

- Eight years old wife? Enen asked with horror.

“You all understand, you don’t want to listen. Not his wife, but he is eight years old. Few. I would give more." [Cit. according to 47, 68].

The difference in the patterns of behavior of the participants in the dialogue can lead to communicative disharmony and misunderstanding, which is reflected in the incoherence (fragmentation) of parts of the dialogue, in the unrealized communicative valence of replicas, and unjustified pauses.

test questions

1. What is a "communicative failure"?

2. How does an alien communication environment affect communication?

3. What is incomplete speech contact expressed in?

4. What external circumstances lead to a communication failure?

5. How does a low level of language proficiency affect the result of communication?

1.
2.
3.
4.
PLAN:
The concept of "communicative failure".
Classification
communicative
failures.
Communicative
failure,
not
related
with
pragmatic
factors.
Communication failures that
pragmatic nature.

Communicative failure (each definition of communicative failure reflects the factor of the unrealized goal of communication)

Complete or partial misunderstanding of the statement by the partner
communication, that is, the failure or incomplete implementation
communicative intention of the speaker, as well as arising in
communication process not intended by the speaker unwanted
emotional effect: resentment, irritation, amazement. [Ermakova,
Zemskaya]
Failure by the initiator of communication to achieve the communicative goal and, more broadly,
pragmatic aspirations, as well as the lack of interaction,
mutual understanding and agreement between the participants in communication [Lazutkina].
Negative result of communication, such completion of communication when
the goal of communication is not achieved [Sternin].
Misunderstanding or misunderstanding between addressee and addressee,
lack of a predictable reaction from the addressee, lack of
interest in communication, unwanted change in the state of the addressee.
The reasons for communication failures are deviations from
communication norms and rules of communication, creating an erroneous image
partner.

One of the first attempts at a typology of communication failures in
foreign linguistics was undertaken by D. Austin as part of
his philosophical theory speech acts.
D. Austin calls a communicative failure a “misfire”. "Misfires"
occur if the target is not communicated by the communicants
reached.
Except
"misfires",
D. Austin
highlights
"abuses" that correspond to "performative
failures", that is, violations of the conditions for success
performative utterance, and consequently, speech
act. Considering the conditions for the success of the performative
sayings,
D. Austin
offers
classification
communication failures, referring it to any conventional
acts (Austin 1986: 33-34).

Typologies of communication failures (conditional, require clarification, since the reasons are not single and form a whole complex)

Most classifications are based on
causes of communication failures
can be divided into 2 large groups -
linguistic and pragmatic.

O.N. Ermakova and E.A. Zemskoy

1) Causes of VF generated by the device
language;
2) Causes of KN generated by differences
speakers;
3) Causes of HF generated
pragmatic factors;
4) Metacommunicative reactions of the addressee
to the words of the speaker.

Classification N.I. Formanovskaya

1) Socio-cultural (differences in worldviews);
2) Psychosocial (different mental models
fragments
reality,
mismatch
assessments of fragments and phenomena of reality,
speech disorder, channel disorder
connections, misreading of speech intention
and etc.);
3)
Actually
linguistic
(use
occasionalisms, inaccurate understanding of meanings
grammatical
funds,
imprecise
referential relation, ambiguity,
paronymy, homonymy).

The origins of communication failures
incoherence of dialogue, syntactic and
semantic incorrectness of the sentence,
difference in models of the world, destruction of the common
field of view [E.V. Paducheva].
communicative sabotage (or principle
non-cooperation), offering installation on
imposing one's opinion on the communicant,
unwillingness to give the expected answer to the question,
the desire to avoid the exchange of information,
wish
offend
interlocutor
[T.M.
Nikolaev]
the communicant himself or circumstances
communicative
act
[Gorodetsky,
Kobozeva, Saburova].

SW in intercultural communication

CIs in this type of communication are provoked by non-possession
one of the communicants by the system of meanings of that
culture, in the language of which communication is conducted [Gudkov].
Errors leading to a distortion of the meaning of the statement and
its misinterpretation:
1) "technical" errors (incorrect phonetic or
graphic design of speech);
2) “systemic” errors (poor knowledge of the system
language meanings of different levels and ways of their
expressions);
3) "discursive" errors (non-ownership of the system
cultural norms and values, poor development
pragmatic competence);
4) "ideological" errors (differences in worldview
communicants).

Reasons for communication failures

Proper linguistic
violation of orthoepic,
accentological norms
polysemy, paronymy,
use
occasionalisms,
highly specialized
words,
professionalism,
borrowings, jargon,
inaccurate knowledge of vocabulary
word meanings, etc.
Ellipticity of syntactic
structures,
syntactic
ambiguity
Referential
ambiguity
Pragmatic
1) internal:
Various
social
characteristics
communicants (age, gender, place
residence, profession, language level
competencies);
Violation of ethical standards of communication,
different understanding of politeness;
Change
physical
or
emotional state of communicants;
Wrong
interpretation
non-verbal
means of communication;
Misunderstanding or misunderstanding
communicative intention of the speaker;
Misunderstanding indirectness;
Misunderstanding of implicatures, etc.
2) external (correlate with the components
pragmatic context)

Communication failures not related to pragmatic factors

1) Violation of orthoepic and
accentological norms

Room Service Asia:
Room Service: "Morny. Ruin sorbees"
Guest: "Sorry, I thought I dialled room-service"
RS: "Rye..Ruin sorbees..morny! Djewish to odor sunteen?"
G: "Uh..yes..I"d like some bacon and eggs"
RS: "Ow July den?"
G: "What??"
RS: "Ow July den? Pry, boy, pooch?"
G: "Oh, the eggs! How do I like them? Sorry, scrambled please."
RS: "Ow July dee bayhcem...crease?"
G: "Crisp will be fine"
RS: "Hokay. An San tos?"
G: "What?"
RS: "San tos. July San tos?"
G: "I don't think so"
RS: "No? Judo one toes??"
G: "I feel really bad about this, but I don"t know what "judo one toes" means."
RS: "Toes! toes!...why djew Don Juan toes? Ow bow singlish mopping we bother?"
G: "English muffin!! I"ve got it! You were saying "Toast." fine. Yes, an English muffin will be fine.“
RS: "Copy?"
G: "Sorry?"
RS: "Copy...tea...mill?"
G: "Yes. Coffee please, and that's all."
RS: "One Minnie. Ass ruin torino fee, strangle ache, crease baychem, tossy singlish mopping we
bother honey sigh, and copy....rye??"
G: "Whatever you say"
RS: "Tendjewberrymud"
G: "You're welcome"

Violation of orthoepic and accentological norms
We can speak clearly and understandably, clearly and loudly, but
an intelligent interlocutor will experience communicative discomfort
from an illiterate pronunciation like "lie", "call",
"Funds", "Experts", "Leisure for Youth", "Start", "Enviable",
"understood".
Among violations of speech norms, researchers on the culture of speech
allocate
two
type
violations.
1) Do not pose a danger to the speaker. For example, the word
"whooping cough". Dictionaries prescribe just such a pronunciation, but
the most commonly pronounced variant is "whooping cough". And yes, that's not the word.
already
common,
meets
rarely.
2) Discrediting the speaker. Such errors indicate
low
level
his
speech
culture.
For example. There was a vote at the Academic Council. Moderator of the meeting
announced the results of the vote: "There are 40 ballots in the ballot box." In the room
made noise. The speaker, deciding that he was misunderstood, repeated: “In the urn
40 bulletins. The host's mistake showed that he did not
owns.

2) Communication failures associated with the choice of lexical means

paronymy
(paronyms are words that, due to similarity in
sound and overlap morphemic composition can either
erroneously, or punning used in speech [Akhmanova])
1. Fashion designers and workers in the shoe and leather industries
always striving to ensure that the shoes were beautiful and practical.
2. Changes in our lives in recent years are obvious
for each of us.
3. Following the sweet cherry, early varieties of apples arrived.
4. For this book, the author has collected grateful material.
5. The participants of the meeting strictly discussed those who forget about their duty.

Polysemy
I got in the lift to go out for a sandwich and found Daniel
in there with Simon from Marketing, talking about
footballers being arrested for throwing matches. "Have
you heard about this, Bridget?" said Daniel.
"Oh yes," I lied, groping for an opinion. "Actually, I think it"s
all rather petty. I know it "s a thuggish way to behave, but
as long as they didn't actually set light to anyone I don't
see what all the fuss is about."
Simon looked at me as if I was mad and Daniel stared for
a moment and then burst out laughing. He just laughed
and laughed till he and Simon got out and then turned
back and said, "Marry me," as the doors closed between
us.
(H.Fielding Bridget Jones's Diary)

To throw a match = to deliberately lose a fight
or sports game that you could have won.

Use
occasionalisms,
highly specialized
words,
professionalism,
borrowings,
jargon
Occasionalism = a word or expression unknown to the language,
educated on linguistically unproductive or unproductive
model, used only in a given context as
individual author's stylistic means

your thought,
dreaming on a softened brain,
like a fat footman on a greasy couch,
I will tease about the bloody flap of the heart:
I scoff to my fill, impudent and caustic.
I have not a single gray hair in my soul,
and there is no senile tenderness in it!
The world is overwhelmed by the power of the voice,
I'm going - beautiful,
twenty-two.
V. Mayakovsky
"A cloud in pants"

-
-
Borrowed words
So, how can you save money? That trip
Now the TV is broken, I will have a new one
buy.
Solid ikspens?
(looks at the addressee in disbelief)
Well, there are a lot of expenses, expenses.
BUT! Well, I would say in Russian right away!

Incorrect use of lexical units, syntactic constructions

bushisms
"I"m going to put people in my place, so when the history of this
administration is written at least there"s an authoritarian voice saying exactly
what happened."-On what he hopes to accomplish with his memoir, as
reported by the Associated Press, Calgary, Canada, March 17, 2009
"And they have no disregard for human life."-Describing the brutality of
Afghan fighters, Washington, D.C., July 15, 2008
"Anyone engaging in illegal financial transactions will be caught and
persecuted."-Washington, D.C., Sept. 19, 2008
"I remember meeting a mother of a child who was abducted by the North
Koreans right here in the Oval Office."-Washington, D.C., June 26, 2008

Ellipticity of speech structures

- Hello! Anya? This is Maria Petrovna.
- Hello.
- I wanted to warn you, if you go to the garage,
my number has changed.
- How?
- The number is different now. Was 33, now 63.
- And now the garage is something else?
- Not! My phone number has changed. If a
You will call to go to the garage. Dial
first 63, and then as it was.
- Now it is clear.

Referential ambiguity or indeterminacy

A: He tells him, but he does not listen, but he
scream...
B: Wait, who's talking? Who is screaming?
A: Well, Sasha, Sasha couldn't stand it. Became already
yell at him.

Communication failures of a pragmatic nature

Internal (related to the personalities of communicants) causes of communication failures

Age (KN occur when
communicants are of different age
characteristics and, consequently, different volume
background knowledge)
Young woman: Are you really familiar with
Oscar Wilde?
Garrett: Not personally, of course not. But I know someone who can get his fax number!
Shall we dance?
"Four weddings and one funeral"

Gender + Misunderstanding the purpose of the speech act
A man who does not understand that he is dealing with a creature of a completely different
warehouse, can ruin everything just when he wants and tries
help. Men should remember that women, when talking about their
problems, they do not always do it in order to
suggested a solution: rather / they need such conversations in order to
feel close and supported.
It often happens that a woman just wants to tell how she
the day passed, to share their feelings, and the husband, sincerely wishing
to help, interrupts her, giving out solution after solution. And absolutely not
understands why she expresses her displeasure.
M: I just have nothing to breathe from all these cases. There is absolutely no time left
for yourself.
T: You should quit this job. Absolutely nothing to work so hard. find
something to your liking.
M: But I like my job. They just want me to do everything
instantly: they said - and in a minute everything is ready.
T: Don't pay attention. Why try to jump over your head? What
you can do it.
M: I can't help but pay attention! As a result, I completely forgot
call my aunt today. Just some horror!
T: Don't worry, she'll understand that you've been busy.
M: Do you know what trouble she's in right now? She really needs me.
T: You just take everything too personally. Living with the feeling
that everything is bad.
M: Well, not all and not always. And you can't even listen to me.
T: But I'm listening.
M: What's the point of talking to you at all?

Level of language competence
A: In short, then we are not going or what?
B: I told you, I'll call again and find out
when is their next session. Today,
you see, it doesn't work.
A: In short, you politely kicked me right now?
B: I didn't even think about that.
A: That's how it works. Like dosvidos and all that.
B: Look, this makes me uncomfortable. And in general, how do you
are you talking to me? I tell you what
some kind of bird?

Reaction to pragmatic components
statements (for example, appeals)
In the film directed by Leonid Gaidai, Ivan Vasilievich changes
profession Ivan the Terrible and a policeman are talking:
- You tell me what the fault is on me, boyar!
- Tambov wolf boyar for you!
Uliana Andreevna, the wife of Ivan Vasilyevich Bunsha, enters the apartment to
Shurik, where Ivan the Terrible is sitting. She screams, mistaking Ivan the Terrible for
her husband:
- Yes, what is it! Ah, well, go home, alcoholic!
Ivan the Terrible continues to sit and wearily answers:
- Leave me, old woman, I'm in sorrow!
Bunshi's wife is indignant:
- An old woman? Oh, you're naughty! Yes, I'm 5 years younger than you! Ah, well, let's go.
right now!!!

Violation of etiquette norms of communication, principle
courtesy
- Jimmie, lead the way, boys, get to work.
- A “please” would be nice.
- Come again?
- I said a “please” would be nice.
- Set it straight, Buster. I'm not here to say "please". I'm
here to tell you what to do. And if self-preservation is
an instinct you possess, you better do it and do it
quick. I'm here to help. If my help's not appreciated,
lotsa luck, gentlemen.
- I don't mean any disrespect. I just don't like people
barkin' orders at me.
(Quentin Tarantino. Pulp Fiction.)

The unpreparedness of the speech act from the point
view of the prerequisites and
success conditions
- Play it enigmatic is my advice.
- I don't want your advice.
D. Adams “The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul”

Violation of the principle of cooperation G. Grice

At half past twelve from the northwest, from the side
the village of Chmarovka, a young man of years old entered Stargorod
twenty eight. A homeless man ran after him.
“Uncle,” he shouted cheerfully, “give me ten kopecks!”
The young man took a heated apple out of his pocket and served it
his homeless, but he did not lag behind. Then the pedestrian
stopped, looked ironically at the boy, and quietly
said:
-Maybe I should give you the key to the apartment where the money is.
lie?
The presumptuous homeless understood all the groundlessness
his claims and lagged behind.

November 7 was approaching. The editor called Bush and said:
- It was decided, Ernst Leopoldovich, to entrust you with a responsible task. Pick up at the secretariat
pass. You go to the sea trading port. You are talking with several Western captains.
Choose one, the most loyal to the ideas of socialism. Ask him some
questions. Get more or less suitable answers. In short, take from him
interview. … That's all we need. It's clear?
"Sure," Bush replied.
- And we need a Western sailor. Swedish, English, Norwegian, typical
representative of the capitalist system. And yet loyal to the Soviet regime.
- I will find, - Bush assured, - such people come across. I remember I got into a conversation in Khabarovsk with
one sailor of the Swiss Royal Navy. It was our man, all Lenin
quoted.
The editor raised his eyebrows, pondered, and reproachfully said:
- In Switzerland, comrade Bush, there is no sea, no king, and therefore no Swiss
royal navy. You are confusing something.
-How is it not the sea? Bush was surprised. - What do you think is there?
- Land, - the editor answered.
-That's how, - Bush did not give up. - Interesting. Very interesting ... Maybe there are no lakes there?
Famous Swiss lakes?!
“There are lakes,” the editor agreed sadly, “but there is no Swiss Royal Navy ...
You can act,” he finished, “but please be more serious. We are known to
We are thinking about giving you a full-time job. This task is decisive in many ways.
Good luck...
S. Dovlatov "Compromise"

Indirectness: reaction to implicatures

“Are you some kind of... official?”
− Official, in the ministry.
- In what?
- Ah... at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
− Do you often go abroad?
- You know, this is the same common mistake,
how to think that everyone who works in television
definitely go on air. Two aired
a dozen people, but several work on TV
thousand.
- So you don't go abroad?
(T.Ustinova. My general)

Indirectness: Misunderstanding the illocution of an indirect speech act

WIFE: You've been rude to your mother again!<…>Mum
said that she asked you to water the garden, and
you refused.
HUSBAND: It wasn't! She didn't ask for anything!
WIFE: She told you: “I'm not behaving well
I feel, but I still have to water the garden
it is necessary…” [Sedov 1996: 13].

Misunderstanding indirectness: metaphors, ironies

Savva: Stichel shtichel strife. One thing spokestiheel. And quite
the other is a wolshtichel.
Orlovich: I can't help but agree, it has a filling.
Savva: Only wolstichel is used in relief works.
Margarita Pavlovna: This is a fanatic of his work.
Savva: Akhtung! I also engraved the names of champions on sports cups.
Hobotov: Engraving the names of the winners is a job that requires
self-denial.
Margarita Pavlovna: Khobotov is decadence.
Hobotov: This is life. One wins cups, the other engraves them
his name.
Savva: I don’t know, Lyova, about self-denial, the subtleties of this work are not
requires. It is done with a needle stitch.
Orlovich: This is a healthy view of the subject.
"The Pokrovsky Gate"

Reaction to semantic presupposition

‘Ms. Andrews,' she said, firmly, 'I'm sorry that
you're not happy. I know you probably feel
was a bit rough with you this morning, but
astrology is, after all, just popular
entertainment, which is fine. I'm sorry if you
have a problem with that.’
presupposes >>She is not happy.
‘I’m perfectly happy,’ said Gail Andrews.
(Douglas Adams - "Mostly Harmless"

Reaction to pragmatic presupposition

Ippolit Matveyevich laid down his files, hid the felt cushion in the drawer, fluffed out his mustache with a comb, and already
was, dreaming of a fire-breathing soup, was about to go away, when the door of the office flung open, on
the coffin master Bezenchuk appeared on its threshold.
- Honor to the dear guest, - Ippolit Matveyevich smiled. - What do you say?
Although the master's wild face shone in the ensuing twilight, he could not say anything.
"Well?" Ippolit Matveyevich asked more severely.
- "Nymph", there it in the swing, does it give goods? said the coffin-master vaguely.
to satisfy the customer? The coffin - it requires as much as one forest ...
-- What? asked Ippolit Matveyevich.
- Yes, here is the "Nymph" ... Their three families live with one merchant. They already have the wrong material, and the finish
worse, and the brush is liquid, there it swings. I am an old company. Founded in one thousand nine hundred and seven.
I have a coffin - a cucumber, selected, amateur ...
- Are you out of your mind? Ippolit Matveyevich asked meekly and moved towards the exit.
among the coffins.
Bezenchuk pulled the door warningly, let Ippolit Matveyevich go ahead, and he himself tagged behind
him, trembling as if with impatience.
- Back when "You are welcome" was, then right! Not a single firm, even in the most
Trust me, I couldn't stand it - swing it there. And now, frankly, there is no better product than mine. And don't look
even.
Ippolit Matveyevich turned around in anger, looked angrily at Bezenchuk for a second, and walked a few
faster. Although no troubles happened to him today at work, he felt himself
pretty disgusting.
I. Ilf, E. Petrov "Twelve chairs"

Communication failures associated with the inappropriateness of speech actions

Recall the types of relevance (lecture on
communication success). Give examples
inappropriate speech actions.

Communicative Consequences of KN

1) global - in this case, the final
interruption of the dialogue;
2) private
- There are time delays
expansion of the dialogue and the communicants are forced
deviate from its main line in order to overcome
emerging communication failures;
3) explicit
- if
communicative
failures
are detected by a specific reaction
the second communicant after the replica of the first;
4) hidden - if the essence of communicative failures
it turns out after a few replicas of the communicants.

As you know, speech activity should be characterized by the conditions for success in realizing a pragmatic goal in a dialogue. It is by observing these conditions that communicants can carry out coordinated communication with each other. Communicative failures, in turn, arise when the illocutionary force of the utterance is not correctly interpreted and, accordingly, a pragmatic understanding of the utterance cannot occur. It should be noted that in the case under consideration, the failure of speech acts depends on personal factors, and social situation occupies a secondary position.

Insofar as speech act- this is a type of action, then in its analysis, essentially the same categories are used that are necessary to characterize and evaluate any action: subject, goal, method, tool, means, result, conditions, success, and so on. The subject of a speech act - the speaker - produces an utterance, as a rule, calculated on the perception of it by the addressee - the listener. The utterance acts both as a product of a speech act and as a tool for achieving a specific goal. Depending on the circumstances or conditions in which a speech act takes place, it can either achieve its goal and thus be successful, or not achieve it. To be successful, a speech act must at least be appropriate. Otherwise, the speaker will face a communicative failure, or a communicative failure.

The success of speech acts is divided into four types:

1. conditions of propositional content;
2. preparatory / preconditions;
3. conditions of sincerity;
4. essential condition / condition of appointment

Conditions of the first type are restrictions on the propositional content of the used statement. The essential condition corresponds to the illocutionary goal - the goal that the speaker seeks to convey to the mind of the listener with the help of his statement. The preparatory conditions reflect the objective and subjective premises that are compatible with the setting of a given illocutionary goal, i.e. circumstances of a speech act, in the absence of which it will fail communicatively. Sincerity conditions reflect the internal (psychological) state that can be attributed to the speaker, based on the assumption of the sincerity and seriousness of this speech act. Thus, preparatory conditions and sincerity conditions of a speech act form one of the types of implicit information transmitted by an utterance, along with consequences and presuppositions. Unlike the preparatory conditions, the violation of the sincerity conditions by the speaker usually occurs imperceptibly for the addressee and therefore does not directly entail a communicative failure, although the falsity, falsity of this speech act can be exposed in the future.

There are a number of human communication factors that lead to communication failure. Since this paper deals with dialogical speech, the causes of communicative failures should be sought both in the speaker's statement and in the direct perception of this statement by the recipient.

First of all, both the speech competence of both communicants and their background knowledge and ideas about the world may not coincide. This can lead to the fact that the meaning and reference with which the speaker supplies his statement does not coincide with that which the recipient ascribes to the statement. In this case, we can say that the speaker does not take into account the factor of the addressee, resulting in a communicative disagreement within the dialogue. Interpreting the utterance, the recipient, following the incorrectly chosen frame, with which the event plan of the utterance should be correlated, accordingly incorrectly deduces the meaning of the entire speech act. Communicative failure can also occur as a result of a misinterpretation of the actions of the speaker, that is, his facial expressions, gestures and other extralinguistic factors. The reaction of the listener in this case is most often expressed in repeated questions. Moreover, it makes sense to talk about communicative failure even when inadequate response the recipient to the speaker's statement, because the illocutionary forces are interpreted by the recipient incorrectly, and the goal of communication remains unachieved. Thus, the sources of communicative mismatch can be due to both external factors of the situation and internal ones. personal characteristics. Communicative failure is characterized primarily by informative inferiority due to both semantic factors and structural features of dialogical speech (Yermolovich 2001).

In L. Carroll's fairy tale "Alice in Wonderland" there is such an episode:

“I will never forget this terrible moment in my life!” (King speaking)
“You will forget,” said the Queen, “if you do not write it down in a notebook.

The king wants to express his strong feelings about what happened to him, and the Queen understands his statement as an obligation not to forget what happened and gives advice on how best to fulfill this promise. Although the king, it seems, would prefer to just forget everything as soon as possible.

Every action has some purpose. When a person speaks, this is also an action (verbal) and he has his own goal: to report something (It's cold outside), to ask something (What day of the week is it today?), to offer (Let's go to the cinema), to order (Come here!), advise (Would you like to rest), admire (How beautiful!) and so on.

The speech act of affirmation also has its own conditions for success. An example that demonstrates them is known in science under the name "Moore's paradox" (George Edward Moore, English linguist; 1873-1958). You could say: She's beautiful, but John doesn't think so; but you can’t: She is beautiful, but I don’t think so. A contradiction arises because the statement She is beautiful in itself contains the meaning `I think so.' A communicative failure can befall the speaker due to the fact that he and the listener put different meanings into the same words.

Alice in Wonderland has the following episode:

“Take off your hat,” said the King to the Hatter.
"She's not mine," replied the Hatter.

As a result, the Hatter continues to sit in a hat for the rest of the time - the King suffered a communicative failure.

Often a more convenient way to express a communicative intention is an indirect speech act, i.e. a speech act in which the purpose of the utterance does not coincide with the form of the sentence. Especially often, with the help of an indirect speech act, an impulse is expressed, first of all, a polite one. You can ask for anything using interrogative sentence: Do you have matches? Do you have matches? Statements with an indirectly expressed communicative intention are often obtained from sentences with the words why and why: Why did you open the window? You'll catch a cold! Why are you talking to me like that? These are not questions, but an expression of protest, disagreement.

An indirect speech act is often used to express objection or refusal to comply with a request. For example, in a dialogue from O. Wilde's play "An Ideal Husband":

- Lady Chiltern. Robert is incapable of a rash act.<...>
- Lord Goring. Anyone is capable of a reckless act.

The reply is perceived as an objection: if everyone is capable, then Robert is capable.

Dialogue is a kind of joint activity of participants having some common goal. The normal course of the dialogue presupposes the observance of the principle of cooperation: each of the participants wants to understand the communicative intention of the other. At the same time, non-compliance with any of the postulates of communication does not yet mean a failure of communication: as we have seen, often an indirect way of expressing one’s thought or communicative intention is more convenient or even generally accepted (for example, when expressing negative opinion, inducement or refusal). The "cooperative" listener must recognize this intent and respond appropriately. If he cannot do this or, more often, does not want to, the speaker suffers a communicative failure. In general, as it turns out, without observing the principle of cooperation, the language is practically unable to serve as a means of communication. It is almost impossible to construct a statement that could be understood only in a unique way. Therefore, the listener has to calculate the intentions (http://rus.1september.ru/2001/37/2_4.htm).

It is known that such speech interaction is considered effective, in which the addressee extracts from the heard (read) statement exactly the content that was laid down by the addresser. “Effective speech communication is understood as the achievement of adequate semantic perception and adequate interpretation of the transmitted message. The correct interpretation is considered to have taken place if the recipient interprets the main idea of the text in accordance with the communicator's intention. If the recipient has learned for what purpose he was born given text what exactly the author wanted to say with the help of all the means used, it can be argued that he interpreted the text adequately ”(Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu., 177). It is natural to assume that an incorrect interpretation of the perceived text by the addressee can lead to the most unexpected, and sometimes extremely undesirable consequences.

The process of speech interaction can be divided into several stages:

1. Intention. At this stage, the addresser thinks about what he is going to say (write) to his interlocutor (group of interlocutors). It is at this moment that the content that, according to the author's intention, should be received by the addressee, is put into the utterance.
2. Coding. The author wraps his thoughts in words, sentences, text. It is at this stage that the selection of those linguistic means takes place, which, according to the intention of the addresser, can make his statement more accessible to the addressee. Of course, many factors influence the author's choice: the intended style of the text being created, its form - oral or written, etc.
3. Statement. The third stage involves the materialization of what was conceived with the help of those linguistic means that were chosen at the second stage. We are talking about the fact that the text is voiced or recorded. If the text is oral, intonation can be used that can express any nuances of the author's Intention. If the text is written, it is very important that it be literate. An incorrectly spelled word or an incorrectly placed comma can significantly distort the Intent.
4. Transfer. The author conveys his statement to the addressee. To a certain extent, this is a physiological process, because. involves either work articulation apparatus speaker, or the process of writing a text. At the same time, such a factor as literacy is extremely important, as will be discussed below.
5. Perception. At this stage, the addressee is "included" in the process of speech interaction. The text is perceived by them by ear, or read.
6. Decoding. From what is heard or read, the information is extracted, which, presumably, was laid down by the author. Essentially, on this stage the recipient "works" with the language material that was chosen by the author at the second stage.
7. Interpretation. The addressee analyzes what he heard (read) and extracts the content that was put into the text by the addressee at the first stage.

The result of such a complex process, namely the extent to which the interpretation is adequate to the author's intention formed at the first stage, is manifested in the so-called feedback, which can be realized in the addressee's statement; and in this case he is already the author of the statement, i.e. the whole process described above is repeated, but the addresser and addressee are reversed. Feedback can also be expressed by non-verbal means (for example, a nod of the head as an expression of agreement with what was heard), which does not change the essence.

Each of the seven stages is extremely important in terms of the effectiveness of speech interaction. Any "failure" can lead to undesirable consequences, as it will necessarily affect the adequacy of the Interpretation and Design. So, the author's fuzzy understanding of his goal, his ignorance of the topic, the material will automatically lead to an incomplete understanding of his own Intention, which, in turn, will affect the second stage, when it is necessary to select the language material. All this together, of course, will lead to a misunderstanding of what was heard (or read) by the addressee at the stage of Interpretation. (An example of such an undesirable termination of the process of verbal interaction can be the answer of an unprepared student in an exam).

Suppose the author is clearly aware of what he is going to say (write) to his interlocutor, but for some reason he does not know the language material to the proper extent, which complicates not only the process of selecting language means, but also does not allow formulating the statement itself, which is result of the selection of these same funds. In this case, the Intention will not be formalized properly and will "arrive" to the addressee in a distorted form. It can be assumed that at the last stage of such speech interaction, the Interpretation will not be adequate to the Concept.

Distortion of the intention is also possible at the stage of Transmission, which may be the result of speech defects in the speaker, illiteracy of the writer, etc. For example, an incorrectly placed comma can completely change the essence of the statement. Let us recall Marshak's fairy-tale play "Twelve Months", where the comma in the expression "You cannot be pardoned" decided the fate fairy tale characters. Communication failures often occur during direct communication between speakers, in the context of a domestic or business conversation. Such facts are reflected in folklore, where they serve as the basis for jokes in anecdotes, in fiction.

Folk joke:

- Hello, godfather!
- I was at the market.
- Al you, godfather, deaf?
- I bought a rooster.
- Farewell, godfather!
- Two and a half gave.

The Perception stage can also make adjustments to the process of verbal interaction and, therefore, influence the result of communication. For example, if the addressee does not hear or see well, then his perception of the text may be erroneous, which will certainly affect the next stage of Decoding, when the content is extracted from the received statement. In turn, all together this will necessarily be reflected in the last stage of the Interpretation, when the addressee analyzes what he heard (read) and, possibly, forms a response to the received statement. If the Interpretation does not coincide with the Intention, speech interaction can be considered ineffective.

Thus, we see that there are a large number of factors that influence the final result of communication, and this result is far from always positive. In this case, we are dealing with a communication failure.

Therefore, Communicative Failure (hereinafter CF) can be called such an outcome of speech interaction, in which the author's Intention was not realized in the process of communication, since the interpretation of the text perceived by the addressee turned out to be inadequate to this Intention. In other words, the recipient did not hear (or read) what the sender intended. The result of KN can be unwanted, negative feedback. Interestingly, sometimes the term CI is replaced by the phrase "communicative suicide", which emphasizes the importance of correct speech behavior for communicants, primarily for the initiator of communication.

True, the question arises whether it is possible to consider such an outcome of communication as a communicative failure, in which the recipient perceived the text in accordance with the way he intended, but for some reason did not agree with what was said (written) to him. It seems that such situations should be approached differently. For example, in a situation of a scientific dispute, the speaker may initially assume that the opponent does not agree with some stated thesis. In this case, the author of the statement consciously challenges the interlocutor to a dispute in order to come to some conclusions that are significant for the participants in the communication. In another situation, the disagreement formulated by the recipient leads to a communicative failure.

At the same time, we must understand that where there is a dispute or conflict, the result of the process of verbal interaction can be perceived differently by the participants in communication: what the initiator of communication considers his failure, the addressee can regard as his victory.

Causes of communicative failures of a linguistic nature.

I. As mentioned above, the causes of CI can be very different, and they are not always linguistic in nature. Let's consider some of them, and first of all those that are associated with the wrong choice of language tools, that is, we will talk about the Coding stage.

First of all, these are stylistic errors. Stylistic errors are a violation of the laws of the use of lexical units in speech, as well as inaccuracies in the construction of syntactic constructions, i.e. a stylistic error is an incorrect use of a word and (or) an incorrect construction of a statement.

1. Such errors may arise due to the indistinguishability of paronyms. As you know, paronyms are words that are similar in spelling, sound, but do not match in meaning. Misuse paronyms is based on the fact that they are single-root words, that is, they have common semes. Hence such errors as Dress (someone), but put on (something on yourself), pay (something), but pay (for something). In a sentence, mixing paronyms can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. The City Development Master Plan was not approved (instead of the City Development Master Plan was not approved). Or My friend is a very changeable person (instead of My friend is a very funny person.
2. The source of speech errors can be Pleonasms - this is speech redundancy, which consists in the use of words in the text that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view. Pleonasm can be called unjustified verbosity, which, of course, can make it difficult for the recipient to perceive the text due to congestion in the process of listening or reading. The angry father was very angry. Or Due to the lack of evidence and insufficiency of these arguments, we believe that the evidence base is very weak.
3. Similar stylistic errors occur in tautologies. Tautology is the use of single-root words (going goes), duplication of the main seme (go down, the month of May), the combination of a foreign word with Russian when they coincide lexical meaning(first premiere). That is, tautology can be considered as a kind of pleonasm. As in the previous case, speech redundancy negatively affects the result of speech communication. At the same time, tautology can make the text dissonant, that is, unpleasant to the ear (again renewed).
4. Stylistic errors appear when words are formed incorrectly. Such cases are especially well seen within the context (Four people came to us. Or We remembered the story of three hundred partners. It should be noted that the incorrect use grammatical forms in itself, it may not make it difficult for the addressee to perceive the statement, but the general impression of the speaker (writer) may be negative. Unfortunately, the incorrect use of indirect cases of numerals is now one of the most common mistakes, including in means mass media.
5. Incorrect assessment by the speaker of the stylistic coloring of the word he uses and, as a result, inappropriate use given word in the text. First of all, this concerns synonyms, which, if their lexical meaning is identical, can have completely different stylistic affiliations. (He turned his head and looked at me. Or We laughed, and in parting Ivan informed me that he was going to visit his mother tomorrow.). The reduced colloquial style of the word "head" in the first case and the clearly journalistic nature of the word "informed" in the second sentence clearly violate the rule of propriety.
6. The source of the inaccuracy of the statement and, as a result, its incorrect interpretation may be homonymy or ambiguity. An ambiguous understanding of such words leads to an incorrect assessment of the speaker's Intention. Such cases can often be found in the oral form of everyday colloquial speech.

Two people by the fire, potatoes are boiled in a pot. older child:

- Here's a fork - try the potatoes.
- Why try it: potatoes are like potatoes - I will eat with everyone when they are cooked.
6. Incorrect construction of the sentence, when it becomes ambiguous, that is, it may initially be misunderstood by the recipient. (Christianity arose as a protest against oppression and violence on the part of the common people). AT this example it is enough to change the word order to remove the unwanted ambiguity. (Compare Christianity arose as a protest on the part of the common people against oppression and violence).

Very often the source of ambiguity is misused pronouns. Since pronouns do not have their own lexical meaning and, therefore, are called upon to replace words already in the text, they must be handled with extreme caution. (Our house is surrounded by a high fence. We have not repaired it for a long time.) It can be assumed that the pronoun corresponds to the last noun, in our case, to the word "fence". However, it is better to arrange the statement in such a way as to completely avoid ambiguous statements.

7. Complicated or ambivalent syntactic constructions that are difficult to perceive and interpret. For example: “Due to the fact that your organization is this moment failed to pay invoice No. 17 dated August 25, 2007, issued for the work performed, we are forced to go to court to protect our interests” (from business correspondence). The peculiarity of such structures is that they are practically not perceived by ear. Their essence often becomes clear only after repeated reading, if the text is written. Therefore, bulky designs are a kind of stylistic mistake.
7. The so-called dissonance also belongs to stylistic errors. “Dissonance is the presence in speech of sound combinations, either unpleasant for hearing (seeking happiness), or difficult to pronounce (the text of the poem), Therefore, we can talk about acoustic and articulatory types of dissonance corresponding to such types (of course, only oral) speech activity like listening and speaking. Articulatory cacophony often causes hesitation, reservations, unjustified pauses. () Dissonance can be difficult to determine by the speaker himself, since it correlates, as mentioned above, with oral speech, and oral speech, as you know, especially spontaneous, is not always editable. (First of all, imagine this proposal.)
8. Incorrect assessment by the speaker of the speech situation and, as a result, the wrong choice of text style. This mistake leads to what the authors of textbooks on the culture of speech traditionally call a violation of one of the most important communicative qualities of speech - relevance. “I ask you to pay for this product as soon as possible.” Such a phrase is appropriate in business correspondence and is completely unnecessary in everyday communication.
9. Poverty of the speaker's language. Unfortunately, at the present stage of development of our society, this phenomenon has become very noticeable. Naturally, an insufficient vocabulary of the speaker leads to various kinds of difficulties in formulating his own Intention and, as a result, the formation of a Statement that is not always adequate to this Intention. If at the stage of Coding by the addresser of the Statement, he himself departed from his own original Intention, then it can be assumed that the Interpretation of the perceived text by the addressee will also be far from what the author of the text wanted to say (write).

II. The causes of CI can also lie in the violation of the basic communicative qualities of speech. Here we must turn to such a concept as a linguistic personality. Single definition Linguistic personality no, at the same time it is known that one of the first linguists to use this concept was V.V. Vinogradov. In the future, we will proceed from the definition given by Yu.N. Karaulov: “Under the language personality, I mean the totality of a person’s abilities and characteristics that determine the creation and perception of speech works (texts) by him, which differ a) in the degree of structural and linguistic complexity, b) in the depth and accuracy of reflecting reality, c) in a certain target orientation. This definition combines the abilities of a person with the features of the texts generated by him. The three aspects of text analysis that I singled out in the definition of text analysis have always existed separately as intralinguistic and completely independent tasks "(,1)" The structure of a linguistic personality seems to consist of three levels: and for the researcher - the traditional description of formal means of expression certain values; 2) cognitive, the units of which are concepts, ideas, concepts that are formed by each linguistic individuality into a more or less ordered, more or less systematized "picture of the world", reflecting the hierarchy of values. The cognitive level of the structure of a linguistic personality and its analysis involves the expansion of meaning and the transition to knowledge, and therefore covers the intellectual sphere of the personality, giving the researcher an outlet through language, through the processes of speaking and understanding - to knowledge, consciousness, the processes of human cognition; 3) pragmatic, containing goals, motives, interests, attitudes and intentionality. This level provides a natural and conditioned transition in the analysis of a linguistic personality from the assessment of its speech activity to the understanding of real activity in the world. language features and abilities that are realized in his speech and speech skills. The linguistic characteristic of a person is not only his lexicon and the ability to use it; it is also his ability to think, analyze and realize reality. The way a person speaks can explain to other participants in communication what drives this person, point to his goals, attitudes. We dwell on this definition in such detail due to the fact that it is the features of the Linguistic Personality that influence the creation of the Idea, the process of Coding, the formation of the Statement for the actual Transfer.

Earlier we have already spoken about the violation of the principle of appropriateness as one of the grossest stylistic errors of this kind.

At the same time, our speech has other criteria that allow it to be more understandable and accessible to the interlocutor. These include the following: accuracy (comprehensibility), purity, richness (variety), expressiveness, logic. Since all the listed communicative qualities of speech are discussed in detail in textbooks on the culture of speech, we will analyze them from the point of view of their influence on the final result of speech interaction.

1. Accuracy (understandability). “The accuracy of word usage depends on how much the speaker knows the subject of speech, how erudite he is, whether he knows how to think logically, whether he knows the laws of the Russian language, its rules” (L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaeva, 90) In other words, we are dealing with some features of a linguistic personality. Speech may be inaccurate due to the fuzzy idea of the addressee about the subject of speech. In this case, ignorance of something that is essential for a given communicative act, already at the first stage, can lead to CI. Above, we have already talked about a possible violation of accuracy when the speaker picks up wrong word, as it was, for example, in the case of unwanted paronymy. Violation of accuracy is also possible when the sentence acquires a double meaning.

cases of incorrect or inaccurate usage quite often found in everyday speech, which, perhaps, will not entail serious consequences for the participants in communication. But in business correspondence, such use of words can lead to the most serious consequences. “We bring to your attention that at the meeting of the Board of the bank, Mr. Ivanov I.I. re-elected." The phenomenon of enantiosemy in this case leads to the ambiguity of the sentence. Such constructions in a scientific style are highly undesirable, where unambiguity and clarity for the addressee are also extremely important. Thus, it can be assumed that the level of speech accuracy largely depends on the stylistic affiliation of the text, as well as on whether oral or writing this statement has been framed. So, oral form communication allows you to ask clarifying questions, and reading the text does not always imply direct contact between the participants in communication.

As already mentioned, the Coding process, which consists in the choice of language means and the way they are presented in the Statement, also completely depends on the characteristics of the speaker's Linguistic Personality. Mistakes made at these stages can cause CI, that is, a discrepancy between what was perceived and what was said.

Clarity is the reverse side of accuracy, so we consider both of these communicative qualities of speech together.

The ability to clearly and accurately express one's thoughts, to formulate a certain idea is one of the essential characteristics of a Linguistic personality. This skill, as we see, is manifested at all stages of the formation of the author's speech.

Speech is also considered pure, free from jargon, dialectisms, and professionalism. The listed forms of word usage suggest a limited circle of people using such vocabulary. Consequently, those participants in communication who are not included in this circle may not have such a specific use of words. Their understanding of the statement will be difficult if the addresser considers it possible to use either dialectisms, or jargon, or professional vocabulary, which can also lead to CI. We only note that the presence of this vocabulary in the statement is also due to the first three stages of speech communication.

3. Wealth (variety). This criterion also directly depends on the linguistic personality of the speaker (writer). The inability to formulate the existing idea is the result of a small lexicon - a set of words of one individual person. The richness of a person's vocabulary makes it possible to make his speech diverse, to avoid unnecessary repetitions that overload the perception of the statement for the recipient. The ability to use pronouns, synonyms, taking into account all the nuances of their meanings, makes the text understandable, accurate, accessible. In other words, the richer the speaker's vocabulary, the greater the chance that his statement will be adequately perceived and interpreted, which will help to avoid CI.

At the same time, one should not confuse such concepts as verbosity and richness of speech. If verbosity is an excessive use of words that does not carry any semantic load, then wealth allows you to select the necessary word forms in accordance with speech settings, that is, with an intention.

A variety of speech is desirable in a text of any style. However, there are styles in which the requirement for richness of speech is not the main one. Such, for example, is the official business style, which tends more towards clichés and clichés. All other functional styles provide for a variety of texts in terms of word usage, and this primarily concerns style. fiction, where there are colorful writings, portrait characteristics, exciting dialogues.

Speech diversity, the richness of the vocabulary of any linguistic personality depends on the lifestyle of this very personality, on cognitive attitudes, to some extent on his social status. All this, in turn, has an impact on the entire process of text formation, starting with the Idea and ending with the final version of the Statement.

4. Expressiveness. This quality of speech not only makes the statement accessible to understanding by the recipient, but also addresses his feelings, emotions, and the ability to think figuratively. expressive speech decorated with various paths, figures. Such a text actively uses various techniques that allow the author to create bright, colorful pictures with the help of carefully selected vocabulary. Let's say right away that this quality of speech is closely related to Relevance. So, for example, expressiveness is inappropriate in formal business style especially in his writing. Expressiveness is also undesirable in scientific written texts, although when presenting a scientific report, a little embellishment for better perception by the listeners may not be superfluous. In mass media texts, the need to use means of expression must be approached differently. If this is an essay, then decorating the text is quite natural and appropriate. In the event that we draw up a report from the scene of any events, metaphors, metonymy and other methods of enhancing expressiveness can spoil the impression of the text with their inappropriateness and distract from the information, the transmission of which is actually the purpose of this report, and this is already a communicative failure. .

It is difficult to say how expressive is appropriate in a colloquial-everyday style. Here it is necessary to take into account the huge variety of possible speech situations, which actually predetermine the course of speech interaction. At the same time, not every Linguistic Personality, but only one who has the appropriate vocabulary, certain speech skills and is able to think figuratively, will be able to beautifully formulate and formalize his specific Intention with the help of the available linguistic means.

It can be unequivocally argued that expressiveness is an integral characteristic of the language of fiction. There are genres that rely primarily on the means of creating expressiveness, as they are focused not on the informative nature of the text, but on the sensual, capable of evoking empathy in the recipient, certain emotions. Such genres include, for example, lyrics.

Earth, like a vague silent dream,

Passed away without knowing

And I, as the first inhabitant of paradise,

One in the face saw the night. (Fet)

As you can see, there is a comparison here, and epithets, and a metaphor, which makes this poem so memorable and vivid.

With finely and precisely matched means of expression Tolstoy created immortal portrait characteristics of his characters. “Daria Alexandrovna, in a blouse and with braids of already rare, once thick and beautiful hair pinned on the back of her head, with a haggard, thin face and large, frightened eyes protruding from thinness of her face, stood among the things scattered around the room ...”. Here we are rather dealing with a very effective verbal interaction between the great writer and the reader. But dramaturgy uses expressiveness to a lesser extent, since here the emphasis is on events, the actions of characters.

If we take into account that different authors write in completely different ways, we can assume that the idiostyle of a writer, poet, playwright largely depends on what type of Linguistic Personality the given author is, because the presence, for example, figurative thinking- this is a manifestation of a special perception of reality.

5. Logic. “Speech can be called logical if it conforms to the laws of logic. Given communication quality can be considered narrowly, that is, proceed from the fact that it will be enough to state a certain thought (thesis) correctly, accurately and in the appropriate sequence, arranging it accordingly with the words “firstly”, “secondly”, “therefore”, “ so, etc., so that the text is considered logically correct. In a broad sense, the logic of a statement is the set of qualities that we above called characteristic of a narrow understanding of logic, plus full compliance with the laws of logic as a science; At the same time, it is known that logic is a rather complex science. In any case, logically correct speech is an indicator of a Linguistic personality who has the skills of not only correct speech, but also the ability to think in a certain way, which implements those levels of personality that Yu.N. Karaulov designated it as the second (concepts, ideas, concepts that each language individual develops into a more or less ordered “picture of the world”) and the third, the highest (goals, motives, interests, attitudes and intentionality). If we consider logic in relation to various functional styles language, then the scientific style comes to the fore. It is this style that is most demanding in respect of the rules of logic, since scientific texts are often proving, argumentative in nature. To convince the addressee of the correctness of the stated theses, one must not only have a large vocabulary and stable speech skills. Here it is necessary to know the laws of logic, which will not only allow you to convince, but also resist your opponent if a dispute arises.

Consistency is also important in official business communication, both in writing and orally. Business conversation can also be associated with the need to argue something, to prove. And in this case, the skills of constructing logically correct speech can lead to positive results of speech communication.

The journalistic style is less demanding on the correct logical constructions, since it is rather focused not on observing the rules of logic, but on rhetoric, which is often verbally and structurally formulated as a logically constructed statement. Sometimes this is realized in frankly manipulative texts, which already initially does not allow talking about the effectiveness of verbal communication, since it will be effective, if successful, only for the addresser.

The style of fiction is even less demanding on the observance of the rules of logic. Here, too, much will depend on the genre: a well-written detective story, for example, will be created taking into account logical constructions, argumentation, while lyrics are unlikely to follow such constructions.

As for the colloquial-everyday style, following the rules of logic will largely depend on the speech situation in which the communication process actually takes place. In addition, the described communicative quality largely depends on the personality of the speaker, as already mentioned above.

Previously, we considered the causes of KN at the stages of Design, Coding, Statement. At the same time, there is still that stage, which we called "Transfer". It will be discussed below, since it is a significant factor that can greatly affect the effectiveness of speech interaction, while it does not apply to linguistic ones.

However, do not forget that at least two communicants participate in the process of speech interaction. And if there is a KN, then the reason for this may be problems associated with Perception, Decoding and Interpretation. The way the addressee perceives the statement also largely depends on the type of Linguistic Personality, on his basic knowledge, views on reality. For example, the less life experience of the recipient, the less he is able to critically perceive what he heard (read), extract the correct information and correctly interpret the Intention of the addresser.

Misinterpretation can also lead to CI. Let's take a closer look at this stage. As mentioned above, CI can be associated not only with the incorrect perception of the statement. AT certain situations the addressee can absolutely correctly understand the text, but disagree with its content, which will be expressed by any statement, gesture, facial expressions. Disagreement can be caused by completely different reasons, as a rule, far from a linguistic nature.