To whom in Russia to live well is a difficult year. Good soul man

“Not everyone between men is looking for a happy one, let's feel the women!” - decide the strangers. They are advised to go to the village of Klin and ask Korchagina Matryona Timofeevna, whom everyone called the "governor's wife". Wanderers come to the village:

Whatever the hut - with a prop, Like a beggar with a crutch; And from the roofs the straw is fed to the Cattle. Stand like skeletons, Wretched houses.

At the gate, the wanderers meet a lackey, who explains that "the landowner is abroad, and the steward is dying." Some men catch small fish in the river, complaining that there used to be more fish. Peasants and courtyards take away whoever can:

One courtyard was tormented At the door: copper handles Unscrewed; the other carried some kind of tiles ...

The gray-haired courtyard offers to buy foreign books for wanderers, is angry that they refuse:

What do you need smart books for? Drinking signs for you Yes, the word "forbidden", What is found on the poles, Enough to read!

Wanderers hear a beautiful bass sing a song on incomprehensible language. It turns out that “the singer of Novo-Arkhangelskaya, the gentlemen lured him from Little Russia. They promised to take him to Italy, but they left. Finally, the wanderers meet Matrena Timofeevna.

Matrena Timofeevna A portly woman, Broad and thick, Thirty-eight years old. Beautiful; hair with gray hair, Big, strict eyes, Eyelashes of the richest, Harsh and swarthy.

The wanderers tell why they set off on their journey, Matrena Timofeevna replies that she has no time to talk about her zhiani - she has to reap rye. The wanderers promise to help her harvest the rye, Matryona Timofeevna "began to open her whole soul to our wanderers."

before marriage

I was lucky in the girls:

We had a good

Non-drinking family.

For father, for mother,

Like Christ in the bosom,

There was a lot of fun, but also a lot of work. Finally, “the betrothed appeared”:

On the mountain - a stranger!

Philip Korchagin - St. Petersburg worker,

A baker by skill.

The father took a walk with the matchmakers, promised to give his daughter away. Matryona does not want to go after Philip, he persuades, says that he will not offend. In the end, Matrena Timofeevna agrees.

Chapter 2 Songs

Matryona Timofeevna ends up in a strange house - to her mother-in-law and father-in-law. The narrative is interrupted from time to time by songs about the hard lot of a girl who got married "to the wrong side."

The family was huge, Grumpy... I got to Hell from a girl's Holi! Husband went to work

Silence, patience advised ...

As ordered, so done:

Walked with anger in my heart

And didn't say too much

Word to nobody.

Filippushka came in winter,

Bring a silk handkerchief

Yes, I took a ride on a sled

On Catherine's day

And as if there was no grief! ..

Wanderers ask: “It’s like you didn’t beat it?” Matrena Timofeevna replies that only once, when her husband's sister arrived and he asked to give her shoes, and Matrena Timofeevna hesitated. On the Annunciation, Philip again goes to work, and on Kazanskaya, Matryona had a son, who was named Demushka. Life in the house of her husband's parents has become even more difficult, but Matryona endures:

Whatever they say, I work, No matter how they scold me, I keep quiet.

Of the whole family of her husband, One Saveliy, grandfather, Parent of father-in-law, took pity on me ...

Matrena Timofeevna asks the wanderers whether to tell about grandfather Savely, they are ready to listen.

Chapter 3 Savely, Holy Russian Bogatyr

With a huge gray mane,

Tea, twenty years uncut,

With a big beard

Grandpa looked like a bear...

He already hit

According to fairy tales, a hundred years.

Grandfather lived in a special room,

Didn't like families

He didn’t let me into his corner;

And she was angry, barking,

His "branded, convict"

He honored his own son. Saveliy will not be angry, He will go into his small room, Read the holy calendar, cross himself And suddenly he will say cheerfully: “Branded, but not a slave” ...

One day, Matryona asks Saveliy why he is called branded and hard labor. Grandfather tells her his life. In the years of his youth, the peasants of his village were also serfs, “but we didn’t know either the landlords or the German managers then. We didn’t rule the corvee, we didn’t pay dues, and so, when we judge, we’ll send it three times a year. ” The places were deaf, and no one could get there through the thickets and swamps. “Our landowner Shalashnikov through animal paths with his regiment - he was a military man - he tried to approach us, but he turned his skis!” Then Shalashnikov sends an order - to appear, but the peasants do not go. The police swooped down (there was a drought) - “we are a tribute to her with honey, fish”, when they arrived another time - with “animal skins”, and the third time they did not give anything. They put on old bast shoes, full of holes, and went to Shalashnikov, who was stationed with a regiment in the provincial town. They came and said there was no dues. Shalashnikov ordered them to be flogged. Shalashnikov thrashed him hard, and he had to “split them up”, get the money and bring half a cap of “lobanchiks” (semi-imperials). Shalashnikov immediately calmed down, even drank with the peasants. They moved into Return trip, two old men laughed that they carried hundred-ruble notes sewn into the lining home.

Excellently fought Shalashnikov, And not so hot great Incomes received.

Soon a notification arrives that Shalashnikov has been killed near Varna.

The heir invented a remedy: He sent a German to us. Through dense forests, Through swampy marshes, A rogue came on foot!

And at first he was quiet: "Pay what you can." - We can't do anything!

"I'll notify the gentleman."

Notify! .. - That ended.

The German, Christian Christian Vogel, meanwhile gained confidence in the peasants, saying: "If you can't pay, then work." They are interested in what the job is. He replies that it is desirable to dig in the swamp with grooves, cut down the trees where it is planned. The peasants did as he asked, they see - it turned out to be a clearing, a road. Caught up, it's too late.

And then came the hardship

Korean peasant -

Ruined to the bone!

And he fought ... like Shalashnikov himself!

Yes, he was simple: pounce

With all military strength,

Think it will kill you!

And sun the money - fall off,

Neither give nor take bloated

Tick ​​in a dog's ear.

The German has a dead grip:

Until they let the world go

Without leaving, sucks! This life continued for eighteen years. The German built a factory, ordered to dig a well. It was dug by nine people, including Savely. After working until noon, we decided to rest. Then a German appeared, began to scold the peasants for idleness. The peasants pushed the German into the pit, Savely shouted "Naddy!", and Vogel was buried alive. Then there was “hard labor and whips in advance; they didn’t tear it out - they anointed it, there’s a bad rag there! Then ... I fled from hard labor ... Caught! They didn’t pat on the head either.”

And life was not easy.

Twenty years of strict hard labor.

Twenty years of settlement.

I saved money

According to the royal manifesto

Went home again

Built this burner

And I have been living here for a long time.

Need to download an essay? Click and save - "Summary:" Who is good in Russia to live "- Part 3 Peasant woman. And the finished essay appeared in the bookmarks.

One of the most famous works Russian poet Nikolai Nekrasov - the poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live." The summary of this work will help you study it thoroughly, learn in detail the history of the journey of seven peasants across the country in search of really happy person. The events in the poem unfold shortly after the historic abolition of serfdom, which took place in 1861.

The plot of the story

The poem "To whom in Russia it is good to live", summary which is given in this article, begins with the fact that on high road meet seven men. All of them quite recently were serfs, and now they are temporarily liable, living in neighboring villages with telling and frankly depressing names - Dyryavina, Zaplatova, Gorelova, Razutova, Neyolova, Znobishina and Neurozhayka.

A dispute arises between them, who is having fun and at ease today in Russia. Each of them has its own version. Someone believes that the landowner lives well, also among the versions are an official, a priest, a sovereign minister, a boyar, a merchant and the tsar himself.

You will find out how this dispute will end from Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". You can get acquainted with it very briefly if you read this article. While talking, the men do not notice that they have made a detour of as much as 30 miles, realizing that it is too late to return home today, they make a fire, pour vodka and continue to argue. Gradually, the dispute develops into a fight, but even after it it is not possible to decide who is right.

The decision comes unexpectedly. One of the disputants named Pahom gets a warbler chick to free it, the bird tells the peasants where to find a self-assembled tablecloth. So all the participants in the dispute are provided with bread, vodka and all other food necessary for the journey. Then they decide for themselves to find out who in Russia has a good life. The summary of this work will help you quickly recall the main episodes if you read the work itself for a long time or decided to get acquainted with it in a truncated version.

Pop

The first person they meet is a pop. His men begin to wonder if he is doing well. He reasonably answers that happiness is in wealth, peace and honor. He himself does not possess any of these benefits.

In the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia", a summary of which will help you prepare for an exam or test, the pop describes his unenviable fate. In any weather, he is forced to go where people get sick, are born or die. His soul is torn from the sadness of orphans, sobs over the coffin, so he does not always dare to take money for his work.

You can't count on more. The landowners who used to live in family estates lived in them all year round, got married and baptized children, are now scattered throughout the country, and someone went abroad, so you can’t count on retribution from them.

Well, the fact that few people respect the priest, the men themselves know, he sums up. As a result, the heroes of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" (a summary of the chapters will help to better understand this work) even becomes uncomfortable when the clergyman begins to recall the insults and obscene songs that are regularly heard against him.

country fair

As a result, the heroes of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", a brief summary of which is now before you, end up at a rural fair in the village of Kuzminskoye. There they begin to question the people about true happiness.

The village is rich but dirty. It has a paramedic's hut, a rickety house that once had a "school", an untidy hotel, and many drinking establishments.

They meet the old man Vavila, who cannot buy shoes for his granddaughter, because he drank everything. He is saved by Pavlusha Veretennikov, whom everyone around for some reason calls "master", he buys a present for the old man.

The heroes are watching the farce Petrushka, trying to figure out where it is good to live in Russia. A summary of the poem will help to better consider the author's intention. They see that every trading day ends with drinking and fighting. At the same time, they do not agree with Pavlusha, who proposes to measure the peasant by the masters. The peasants themselves are sure that it is impossible for a sober person to live in Russia. In this case, there is no way to endure either the muzhik's misfortune or overwork.

Yakim Nagoi

These statements are confirmed by Yakim Nagoi, who came from the village of Bosovo, who, as everyone around says, "works to death, drinks half to death." At the same time, during a fire, he himself saves not the accumulated money, but his favorite pictures, which are completely useless. He believes that when drunkenness ends in Russia, great sadness will come.

Wanderers are trying to continue to find where in Russia to live well. The summary details their attempts. They promise to give water to the lucky ones, but there are none. It turns out that for a free drink, both the yard, paralyzed, and the ragged beggar are ready to declare themselves happy.

Ermil Girin

Finally, the heroes learn the story of Ermil Girin. It tells about the steward, who is known in the district for his honesty and justice in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" by Nekrasov. A summary of the chapters gives a complete picture of the work. For example, the peasants lent him money when he needed to buy a mill, without even requiring a receipt. But even now he is unhappy, as he ended up in prison after a peasant revolt.

The poem tells in detail about the nobles, many of whom were unhappy after the peasants received their freedom. A 60-year-old landowner named Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev says that before the master was happy with everything: fields, forests, serf actors, hunters, musicians, they all belonged to him, he himself was kind to them.

The peasants themselves understand that serfdom was far from the idyll drawn by Obolduev, but they understand that the abolition of serfdom hit both the master, who had lost his usual way of life, and the peasants.

Russian women

Disappointed to find happy men among men, the heroes begin to ask women who and why live well in Russia. This episode is also summarized. One of the wanderers recalls that Matryona Korchagina lives in the village of Klin. Everyone around her considers her lucky. But she herself does not think so, telling the story of her life.

She was born into a wealthy and teetotal peasant family. Her husband was a stove-maker from the neighboring village Philip Korchagin. But only the night when her future husband persuaded her to marry him was happy for her. After that, the monotonous life of a Russian woman in the village began.

At the same time, she admits that her husband loved her, beat her only once, but soon left for St. Petersburg to work. Matryona had to get along in her father-in-law's family. She was only sorry for her grandfather Savely, who returned after hard labor, which he got into because of the murder of a manager from Germany, whom everyone hated.

Birth of the first child

Soon Matryona had her first child, who was named Demushka. But the mother-in-law did not allow to take the child with her into the field, and old Savely did not watch over him, and the pigs ate him. In front of the mother, the judges, who came from the city, performed an autopsy. After her five sons were born, but she never forgot her first child.

A lot of suffering fell on her lot. One of her sons, Fedot, overlooked the sheep and one was dragged away by a she-wolf to protect him, Matryona took the punishment upon herself. Being pregnant with Liodor, she had to go to the city to seek justice when her husband was illegally taken into the soldiers. Then the governor's wife helped her, for whom everyone in the family now prays.

On the Volga

On the great Russian river, wanderers find themselves in the midst of haymaking. Here they become witnesses of another strange scene. A noble family is sailing to the shore in several boats. The mowers, who have just sat down to rest, jump up to demonstrate their zeal to the master.

These are peasants from the village of Vakhlachin, who in every possible way help the heirs to hide the abolition of serfdom from the landowner Utyatin, finally His relatives in exchange for this service promised floodplain meadows to the peasants. But when the old landowner still dies, the heirs do not keep their word, it turns out that the whole performance that the peasants staged was in vain.

Peasant songs

The main characters of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" listen to various peasant songs near this village. A summary of the chapters will allow you to know what this work is about without even reading it. Among them are soldiers, corvee, salty, hungry. All these are stories from the times of serfdom.

One of them is dedicated to an exemplary and honest serf named Yakov. His only joy in life was to please his master. It was a small landowner Polivanov. He was a tyrant, in gratitude for his devotion and faithful service, he knocked out Yakov's teeth with his heel, causing even greater love in the lackey's soul.

In old age, the landlord lost his legs, then Yakov began to walk after him and take care of him like a child. But when the peasant's nephew decided to marry a local beauty named Arisha, Polivanov himself wants this girl and sends the guy to recruits. At first Yakov took to drink, but soon returned to his master again. In the end, he took revenge on Polivanov the only way, which was available to a lackey like him. Yakov brought the master into the forest and hanged himself on a pine tree right in front of his master. Polivanov had to spend the whole night over the corpse of his servant, driving away wolves, birds and other animals.

Great sinners

Another story told about sinners. It is told by her divine wanderer named Iona Lyapushkin to the heroes of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia". A summary of this story is also given in this article.

Once the Lord awakened the conscience of the leader of the robbers Kudeyar. He was forced to atone for his sins for a long time, but received absolution only when he killed the cruel Pan Glukhovsky.

Another sinner is Gleb the elder. For a monetary reward, he hid the will of the widower admiral, who, after his death, ordered the release of the peasants who belonged to him, but because of Gleb, no one knew about this for a long time.

Grisha Dobrosklonov

In addition to the peasants who want to find out who lives happily in Russia, the son of a local deacon, Grisha Dobrosklonov, a seminarian, also thinks about people's happiness. He loves his dead mother, this love merges with love for the whole Vahlachina.

At the age of 15, Grisha already knows for sure whom he is ready to die for, in whose hands he is ready to entrust his life. He reflects on the immense mysterious Russia, thinking of her as a mighty, powerless mother, expecting that the strength that he increasingly feels inside himself will still be felt in her.

Grisha Dobrosklonov is strong in spirit. Fate prepared for him the path of a people's intercessor, as well as Siberia and consumption.

The men do not know what is happening in the soul of this hero, otherwise they would surely have understood that they could return home, they learned everything that was necessary.

Everyone left the house on business, but during the argument they did not notice how evening had come. They had already gone far from their homes, thirty versts, decided to rest until the sun. They kindled a fire, sat down to feast. They argued again, defending their point of view, and got into a fight.

Prologue

In what year - count

In what land - guess

On the pillar path

Seven men came together:

Seven temporarily liable,

tightened province,

County Terpigorev,

empty parish,

From adjacent villages:

Zaplatova, Dyryavina,

Razutova, Znobishina,

Gorelova, Neelova -

Also crop failure

Agreed - and argued:

Who has fun

Feel free in Russia?

Roman said: to the landowner,

Demyan said: to the official,

Luke said: ass.

Fat-bellied merchant! -

Gubin brothers said

Ivan and Mitrodor.

Old man Pahom pushed

And he said, looking at the ground:

noble boyar,

Minister of the State.

And Prov said: to the king...

Man what a bull: vtemyashitsya

In the head what a whim -

Stake her from there

You won’t knock out: they rest,

Everyone is on their own!

Everyone left the house on business, but during the argument they did not notice how evening had come. They had already gone far from their homes, thirty versts, decided to rest until the sun. They kindled a fire, sat down to feast. They argued again, defending their point of view, and got into a fight. The tired peasants decided to go to bed, but then Pakhomushka caught a chick and dreamed: if only he could fly around Russia on wings and find out; who lives “fun, at ease in Russia?” And every peasant adds that wings are not needed, but if there was food, they would go around Russia with their own feet and find out the truth. The chiffchaff that has flown in asks to let her chick go, and for this she promises a “big ransom”: she will give a self-assembled tablecloth that will feed them on the way, and she will also give clothes with shoes.

The peasants sat down by the tablecloth and vowed not to return home until they “find a solution” to their dispute.

Part one

Chapter I

The men are walking along the road, and around it is “inconvenient”, “abandoned land”, everything is flooded with water, not without reason “it snowed every day”. They meet the same peasants along the way, only in the evening they met the priest. The peasants took off their hats and blocked his way, the priest was frightened, but they told him about their dispute. They ask the priest "without laughter and without cunning" to answer them. Pop says:

“What is happiness, in your opinion?

Peace, wealth, honor?

Isn't that right, dear ones?"

"Now let's see, brethren,

What is the rest of the ass?

From birth, the teaching of a priest is difficult:

Our roads are difficult

We have a large income.

Sick, dying

Born into the world

Do not choose time:

In stubble and haymaking,

In the dead of autumn night

In winter, in severe frosts,

And in the spring flood -

Go where you are called!

You go unconditionally.

And let only the bones

One broke,

Not! Every time it gets dirty

The soul will hurt.

Do not believe, Orthodox,

There is a limit to habit.

No heart enduring

Without some trepidation

death rattle,

grave sob,

Orphan sorrow!

Then the priest tells how they mock the priestly tribe, mocking the priests and priests. Thus, there is no peace, no honor, no money, the parishes are poor, the landowners live in cities, and the peasants abandoned by them are in poverty. Not that they, but the pop sometimes gives them money, because. they are dying of hunger. Telling your sad story, the priest went, and the peasants scolded Luka, who shouted out the priest. Luke stood silent,

I was afraid would not have laid

Comrades on the side.

Chapter II

VILLAGE FAIR

No wonder the peasants scold the spring: there is water all around, there is no greenery, the cattle must be driven out into the field, but there is still no grass. They walk past empty villages, wondering where all the people have gone. The “child” who met him explains that everyone went to the village of Kuzminskoye to the fair. The men also decide to go there to look for a happy one. A trading village is described, rather dirty, with two churches: Old Believer and Orthodox, there is a school and a hotel. There is a rich fair nearby. People drink, walk, have fun and cry. The Old Believers are angry at the dressed-up peasants, they say that in the red chintz they wear, there is "dog's blood", so be hungry! Wanderers

walk around the fair and admire different goods. A crying old man comes across: he drank away the money and there is nothing to buy shoes for his granddaughter, but he promised, and the granddaughter is waiting. Pavlusha Veretennikov, the “master”, helped out Vavila, bought shoes for his granddaughter. The old man for joy even forgot to thank his benefactor. There is also a bookstore that sells all sorts of nonsense. Nekrasov bitterly exclaims:

Eh! eh! will the time come

When (come, welcome! ..)

Let the peasant understand

What is a portrait of a portrait,

What is a book a book?

When a man is not Blucher

And not my lord stupid -

Belinsky and Gogol

Will you carry it from the market?

Oh, people, Russian people!

Orthodox peasants!

Have you ever heard

Are you these names?

Those are great names

They wore them glorified

Protectors of the people!

Here you would have their portraits

Hang in your boots,

The wanderers went to the farce “...Listen, take a look. // A comedy with Petrushka, .. // To a hozhal, quarterly // Not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye!” Wanderers “left the bustling village” by evening

Chapter III

DRUNK NIGHT

Everywhere the peasants see returning, sleeping drunks. Fragmentary phrases, fragments of conversations and songs rush from all sides. A drunk guy buries a zipun in the middle of the road and is sure that he is burying his mother; there the men are fighting, the drunken women are scolding in the ditch, in whose house is the worst - The road is crowded

What later is uglier:

More and more often come across

Beaten, crawling

Lying in a layer.

At the tavern, the peasants met Pavlusha Veretennikov, who bought the peasant's shoes for his granddaughter. Pavlusha wrote down peasant songs and said, what

“Smart Russian peasants,

One is not good

That they drink to the point of stupefaction, .. "

But one drunk shouted out: “And we work more, .. // And more sober us.”

Sweet peasant food

All century saw iron

Chews, but does not eat!

You work alone

And a little work is over,

Look, there are three equity holders:

God, king and lord!

There is no measure for Russian hops.

Did they measure our grief?

Is there a measure for work?

A man does not measure trouble,

Copes with everything

Whatever come.

A man, working, does not think,

What forces will break

So really over the glass

to think what's with the excess

Will you fall into a ditch?

Regret - sorry skillfully,

To the master's measure

Don't kill the peasant!

Not white women are tender,

And we are great people.

At work and in the party!

“Write: In the village of Bosov

Yakim Nagoi lives

He works to death

Drinks half to death!..”

Yakim lived in St. Petersburg, but he decided to compete with the "merchant", so he ended up in prison. Since then, thirty years "fried on a strip under the sun." Once he bought pictures for his son, hung them on the walls of the hut. Yakim had accumulated "thirty-five rubles". There was a fire, he would save money, and he began to collect pictures. Rubles have merged into a lump, now they give eleven rubles for them.

The peasants agree with Yakim:

“We drink - it means we feel the power!

Great sadness will come

How to stop drinking!

Work would not fail

Trouble would not prevail

Hops will not overcome us!”

Then a daring Russian song “about the Volga-mother”, “about girlish beauty” burst out.

The wandering peasants refreshed themselves at the self-collection tablecloth, left Roman on guard by the bucket, and themselves went to look for the lucky one.

Chapter IV

HAPPY

In the noisy crowd festive

Strangers wandered around

Called the call:

"Hey! is there no happy place?

Appear! When it turns out

that you live happily

We have a bucket ready:

Drink as much as you like -

We will treat you to glory!..”

Many “hunters to sip free wine” gathered.

The deacon who came said that happiness is in "complacency", but he was driven away. The “old old woman” came and said that she was happy: in the fall, she had born up to a thousand turnips on a small ridge. They laughed at her, but they did not give vodka. A soldier came and said that he is happy

“...What in twenty battles

I was, not killed!

Walked neither full nor hungry,

And death did not give!

Mercilessly I beat with sticks,

And at least feel it - it's alive!

The soldier was given a drink:

You are happy - no words!

“The Stonemason from Olonchan” came to boast of his strength. They brought it to him too. A muzhik came with shortness of breath and advised the Olon resident not to show off his strength. He was also strong, but overstrained himself, lifting fourteen pounds to the second floor. A “yard man” came and boasted that he was a favorite slave of the boyar Peremetyev and was ill with a noble disease - “according to her, I am a nobleman.” “Po-da-groy is called!” But the peasants did not bring him a drink. The “yellow-haired Belarusian” came and said that he was happy that he was eating enough rye bread. A man came "with a folded cheekbone." Three of his comrades were broken by bears, but he is alive. They brought it to him. The beggars came and boasted of their happiness that they were served everywhere.

Our wanderers have realized

That they were wasting vodka for nothing.

By the way, and a bucket,

End. “Well, it will be with you!

Hey, happiness man!

Leaky with patches

Humpbacked with calluses

Get off home!”

They advise the peasants to look for Ermil Girin - that's who is happy. Yermila kept the mill. They decided to sell it, Yermila bargained, one rival was left - the merchant Altynnikov. But Yermil outbid the miller. It is only necessary to pay a third of the price, but Yermil did not have any money with him. He Interrogated a half-hour delay. The court was surprised that he would make it in half an hour, to drive home thirty-five miles, but they gave him half an hour. Yermil came to trading area, and that day there was a market. Yermil turned to the people to give him a loan:

"Shut up, listen,

I'll tell you a word!"

“For a long time the merchant Altynnikov

Wooed to the mill

I didn't make a mistake either

Five times I consulted in the city, ..”

Today I arrived “without a penny”, but they appointed a bargain and laugh, what

(outwitted:

“Cunning, strong clerks,

And their world is stronger, .. "

“If you know Yermila,

If you believe Yermil,

So help me out, eh! ..”

And a miracle happened

All over the marketplace

Every peasant has

Like the wind half left

It turned over suddenly!

The clerks were surprised,

Altynnikov turned green,

When he's full of a thousand

They put it on the table!

On the following Friday, Yermil “people were counting on the same square.” Although he did not write down how much he took from whom, “Yermil did not have to give a penny extra.” There was an extra ruble, until the evening Yermil looked for the owner, and in the evening he gave it to the blind, because the owner was not found. Wanderers are interested in how Yermil won such authority among the people. Twenty years ago he was a clerk, helping the peasants without extorting money from them. Then the whole patrimony chose Yermila as a steward. And Yermil served the people honestly for seven years, and then, instead of his brother Mitriy, he gave the widow's son as a soldier. From remorse, Yermil wanted to hang himself. They returned the boy to the widow so that Yermil would not do anything to himself. No matter how they asked him, he resigned from his post, rented a mill and ground everyone without deceit. The wanderers want to find Yermila, but the priest said that he was in prison. There was a peasant revolt in the province, nothing helped, they called Yermila. The peasants believed him, but, without finishing the story, the narrator hurried home, promising to finish it later. Suddenly a bell was heard. The peasants rushed to the road, seeing the landowner.

Chapter V

landlord

It was the landowner Gavrila Afanasyevich Obolt-Obolduev. He was frightened when he saw “seven tall men” in front of the troika, and, drawing a pistol, began to threaten the men, but they told him that they were not robbers, but wanted to know if he was a happy person?

“Tell us Godly

Is the landowner's life sweet?

You are like - at ease, happily,

Landowner, do you live?”

“Having laughed his fill,” the landowner began to say that he was of an ancient family. His family originates two hundred and fifty years ago through his father and three hundred years ago through his mother. There was a time, says the landowner, when everyone showed them respect, everything around was the property of the family. It used to be that holidays were arranged for a month. What luxurious hunts there were in the autumn! And he speaks poetically about it. Then he remembers that he punished the peasants, but lovingly. But in Christ's resurrection kissed everyone, did not disdain anyone. The peasants heard the funeral bells. And the landowner said:

“They are not calling for a peasant!

Through life according to the landowner's

They call! .. Oh, life is wide!

Sorry, goodbye forever!

Farewell to landlord Russia!

Now Russia is not the same!”

According to the landowner, his estate was transferred, the estates are dying, forests are cut down, the land is not cultivated. The people are drinking.

Literates shout that they need to work, but the landlords are not used to:

“I will tell you, without boasting,

I live almost without a break

Forty years in the village

And from a rye ear

I can’t distinguish barley,

And they sing to me: “Work hard!”

The landowner is crying, because the free life has ended: “The great chain has broken,

Torn - jumped:

One end on the master,

Another man! ..”

Part two

PEASANT WOMAN

Prologue

“Not everything between men

look for happy

Let's touch the women!” -

Our wanderers decided

And they began to question the women.

They said how they cut it off:

“We don’t have such

And there is in the village of Klin:

Holmogory cow

Not a woman! wiser

And more ironically - there is no woman.

Ask Korchagina

Matryona Timofeevna,

She is the Governor...

Wanderers go and admire the bread, flax:

All garden vegetables

Ripe: children run around

Some with turnips, some with carrots,

sunflower peeling,

And the women are pulling beets,

Such a good beet!

Just like red boots

They lie on the strip.

Wanderers came across the estate. The gentlemen live abroad, the clerk is dying, and the courtyards wander like restless, looking for what they can steal: They caught all the crucians in the pond.

The paths are so dirty

What a shame! with stone girls

Broken noses!

Missing fruits and berries

Lost swan geese

Have a lackey in the goiter!

Wanderers went from the manor to the village. The strangers sighed lightly:

Them after the yard aching

seemed beautiful

healthy, singing

A crowd of reapers and reapers,

They met with Matryona Timofeevna, for whose sake they had come a long way.

Matrena Timofeevna

stubborn woman,

Wide and dense

Thirty-eight years old.

Beautiful; gray hair,

The eyes are large, stern,

Eyelashes are the richest

Stern and swarthy

She has a white shirt on

Yes, the sundress is short,

Yes, a sickle over the shoulder.

“What do you guys need?”

Wanderers persuade a peasant woman to tell about her life. Matrena Timofeevna refuses:

“Our ears are already shedding,

Hands are missing, dear"

And what are we, godfather?

Come on sickles! All seven

How will we become tomorrow - By the evening

We will harvest all your rye!

Then she agreed:

“I won’t hide anything!”

While Matryona Timofeevna was in charge of the household, the peasants sat down near the self-assembled tablecloth.

The stars have set

Through the dark blue sky

The month has become high,

When the hostess came

And became our wanderers

“Open your whole soul...”

Chapter I

BEFORE MARRIAGE

I was lucky in the girls:

We had a good

Non-drinking family.

Parents did not live their daughter, but not for long. At the age of five, they began to accustom them to cattle, and from the age of seven she herself went after the cow, brought lunch to her father in the field, grazed ducklings, went for mushrooms and berries, ted the hay ... There was enough work. She was a master of singing and dancing. Filipp Korchagin, a “Petersburg worker”, a stove-maker, got married.

Grieved, wept bitterly,

And the girl did the work:

On the betrothed sideways

Looked at.

Pretty-ruddy, broad-powerful,

Rus hair, quiet conversation -

Fell on the heart of Philip!

Matrena Timofeevna sings an old song, recalls her wedding.

Chapter II

SONGS

The wanderers sing along to Matryona Timofeevna.

The family was big

Grumpy... I sniffed

From girlish holi to hell!

The husband went to work, and she ordered her sister-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law to endure. The husband returned and Matryona cheered up.

Philip on the Annunciation

Gone, and to Kazanskaya

I gave birth to a son.

What a handsome son! And then the master's manager tortured me with his courtship. Matryona rushed to Grandfather Savely.

What to do! Teach!

Of all her husband's relatives, one grandfather felt sorry for her.

Well, that's it! special speech

It's a sin to keep silent about grandfather.

Lucky was also...

Chapter III

SAVELY, BOGATYR SVYATORUSSKY

Saveliy, Holy Russian hero.

With a huge gray mane,

Tea, twenty years uncut,

With a big beard

Grandpa looked like a bear

Especially as in the forest,

Bending down, he left.

At first, she was afraid of him that if he straightened up, he would break through the ceiling with his head. But he could not straighten up; he was said to be a hundred years old. Grandfather lived in a special room

Didn't like family...

He didn’t let anyone in, and the family called him “branded, convict”. To which the grandfather cheerfully replied:

“Branded, but not a slave!”

Grandfather often played evil tricks on relatives. In summer, he hunted mushrooms and berries, birds and small animals in the forest, and in winter he talked to himself on the stove. Once Matrena Timofeevna asked why he was called a branded convict? “I was a convict,” he replied.

For the fact that the German Vogel, the offender of the peasant, was buried alive in the ground. He said that they lived freely among dense forests. Only the bears bothered them, but they coped with the bears. He, having lifted a bear on a horn, tore his back. In her youth, she was sick, and in old age she bent, that she could not unbend. The landowner called them to his city and forced them to pay dues. Under the rods, the peasants agreed to pay something. Every year the master called them that, tore mercilessly with rods, but had little. When the old landowner was killed near Varna, his heir sent a German steward to the peasants. The German was quiet at first. If you can’t pay, don’t pay, but work, for example, dig a swamp with a ditch, cut a clearing. The German brought his family, and ruined the peasants to the bone. For eighteen years they endured the steward. The German built a factory and ordered to dig a well. He came to dinner to scold the peasants, and they pushed him into a dug well and buried him. For this, Saveliy went to hard labor, fled; he was returned and beaten mercilessly. I was in hard labor for twenty years and twenty years in a settlement, I saved up money there. Returned home. When there was money, his relatives loved, and now they spit in the eyes.

Chapter IV

DEMUSHKA

It is described how the tree burned, and with it the chicks in the nest. Birds yae was to save the chicks. When she arrived, everything had already burned down. One sobbed little bird,

Yes, the dead did not call

Until the white morning! ..

Matrena Timofeevna says that she carried her son to work, but her mother-in-law scolded her and ordered to leave her with his grandfather. While working in the field, she heard groans and saw her grandfather crawling:

Oh, poor young woman!

The daughter-in-law is the last in the house,

Last slave!

Endure the great storm

Take extra beatings

And from the eye of the unreasonable

Don't let the baby go!

The old man fell asleep in the sun

Feed the pigs Demidushka

Stupid grandfather!

My mother almost died of grief. Then the judges arrived and began to interrogate the attesting witnesses and Matryona, whether she was in connection with Savely:

I answered in a whisper:

It's a shame, sir, joke!

I am an honest wife to my husband,

And old man Savely

One hundred years... Tea, you know.

They accused Matryona of having killed her son in collusion with the old man, and Matryona only asked that her son's body not be opened! Led without reproach

Honest burial

betray the child!

Going into the upper room, she saw her son Savely at the tomb, reciting prayers, and drove him away, calling him a murderer. He also loved the baby. Grandfather reassured her that no matter how long a peasant lives, he suffers, and Demush her - in paradise.

“...Easy for him, light for him...”

Chapter V

THE WOLF

Twenty years have passed since then. For a long time, the inconsolable mother suffered. Grandfather went to repentance in the monastery. Time passed, every year children were born, and three years later a new misfortune crept up - her parents died. Grandfather returned all white from repentance, and soon he died.

As ordered - performed:

Buried next to Demo...

He lived one hundred and seven years.

Her son Fedot was eight years old, they gave him as a shepherd. The shepherd left, and the she-wolf dragged the sheep away, Fedot first took the sheep from the weakened she-wolf, and then he saw that the sheep had already died, threw it again to the she-wolf. He came to the village and told everything himself. For this, they wanted to flog Fedot, but his mother did not give it back. Instead of a young son, they flogged her. After seeing off her son with the herd, Matryona cries, calls out to her dead parents, but she has no intercessors.

Chapter VI

HARD YEAR

There was hunger. The mother-in-law told the neighbors that she, Matryona, was to blame for everything. put on a clean shirt for Christmas.

For a husband, for an intercessor,

I got off cheap;

And one woman

Not for the same

Killed to death with stakes.

Don't mess with the hungry!

A little coped with lack of bread, recruitment came. But Matryona Timofeevna was not very afraid, a recruit had already been taken from the family. She was sitting at home, because. was pregnant and nursing last days. An upset father-in-law came and said that Philip was being recruited. Matrena Timofeevna realized that if her husband was taken as a soldier, she and her children would disappear. I got up from the stove and went into the night.

Chapter VII

GOVERNOR

AT frosty night Matryona Timofeevna prays and goes to the city. Arriving at the governor's house, she asks the porter when she can come. The porter promises to help her. Learning that the governor's wife was coming, Matrena Timofeevna threw herself at her feet and told her misfortune.

I didn't know what did

(Yes, apparently thought up

mistress!..) How do I throw

At her feet: “Stand up!

deceit not godly

Provider and parent

They take from children!”

The peasant woman lost consciousness, and when she woke up, she saw herself in rich chambers, next to the “pissed off child”.

Thank you Governor

Elena Alexandrovna,

I am so grateful to her

Like a mother!

She baptized the boy

And name: Liodorushka

Chose the baby...

Everything was found out, the husband was returned.

Chapter VIII

Glorified by the lucky one

Nicknamed the governor

Matryona since then.

Now she rules the house, raises children: she has five sons, one has already been recruited ... And then the peasant woman added: what did you do

It's not a matter - between women

Happy looking!

What else do you want?

Isn't it right to tell you

That we burned twice

That god anthrax

Visited us three times?

Horse pushes

We carried; I took a walk

Like a gelding in a harrow!..

My feet are not trampled,

Not tied with ropes

Not pierced with needles...

What else do you want?

For a mother that has been scolded,

Like a trampled snake,

The blood of the firstborn is gone,

And you - for happiness stuck your head!

It's a shame, well done!

Don't touch women

Here is God! pass with nothing

To the grave!

One pilgrim-wanderer said:

“The keys to female happiness,

From our free will

Abandoned lost

God himself!”

Part three

LATER

Chapters 1-III

On Peter's Day (29/VI), after passing through the villages, wanderers came to the Volga. And here there are huge expanses of hay, and all the people are mowing.

Along the low shore

On the Volga the grasses are tall,

Merry mowing.

The strangers could not stand it:

“We haven’t worked for a long time,

Let's mow!"

Fed up, tired,

Sat down for breakfast...

Landowners sailed in three boats with their retinue, children, and dogs. Everyone walked around the mowing, ordered to sweep a huge haystack, supposedly damp. (The strangers tried:

Dry senzo!)

Wanderers are surprised why the landowner behaves this way, because the order is already new, but he is fooling around in the old way. The peasants explain that the hay is not his,

and "fiefdoms".

Wanderers, having unrolled a self-assembled tablecloth, talk with old Vla-sushka, ask to explain why the peasants appease the landowner, and find out: “Our landowner is special,

Wealth is immeasurable

An important rank, a noble family,

All the century he was weird, fooled ... "

And when he learned about the “will”, he had a stroke. Now the left half is paralyzed. Having somehow recovered from the blow, the old man believed that the peasants had been returned to the landowners. He is deceived by his heirs so that he does not deprive them of their rich inheritance in their hearts. The heirs persuaded the peasants to “amuse” the master, but there is no need to persuade the serf Ipat, he loves the master for mercy and serves not for fear, but for conscience. What “merces” Ipat recalls: “How small I was, our princeling

me with my own hand

Harnessed to the cart;

I reached a frisky youth:

The prince came on vacation

And, walking redeemed

Me, the last slave,

In the winter in the hole!..”

And then, in a snowstorm, he forced Prov, who was riding a horse, to play the violin, and when he fell, the prince ran over his sleigh:

“...Suppressed chest”

With the patrimony, the heirs agreed as follows:

"Be quiet, bow down

Don't cross the sick

We will reward you:

For extra labor, for corvee,

For a word even abusive -

We will pay you for everything.

Not long to live the heart,

Probably two or three months

Dokhtur himself announced!

Respect us, listen

We are floodplain meadows for you

We will give along the Volga; ..”

Things didn't work out a bit. Vlas, being a steward, did not want to bow to the old man, and resigned from his post. A volunteer was immediately found - Klimka Lavin - but he is such a thieving and empty person that they left Vlas as a steward, and Klimka Lavin turns and bows before the master.

Every day the landowner drives around the village, finds fault with the peasants, and they:

“Let's get together - laughter! Everyone has it

His tale about the holy fool...”

Orders come from the master, one more stupid than the other: to marry Terentyeva's widow Gavrila Zhokhov: the bride is seventy, and the groom is six years old. A herd of cows passing in the morning woke up the master, so he ordered the shepherds "to continue to calm the cows." Only the peasant Agap did not agree to indulge the master, and “then in the middle of the day he got caught with the master’s log. Agap was tired of listening to the master’s abuse, he answered. The landowner ordered Agap to be punished in front of everyone.

“Neither give nor take under the rods

Agap shouted, fooled around,

Until I finished the damask:

How they carried it out of the stable

his dead drunk

Four men

So the master even took pity:

"It's your own fault, Agapushka!" -

He kindly said…”

To which Vlas the narrator remarked:

“Praise the grass in a haystack,

And the master is in a coffin!

“Get out of the master

The ambassador is coming: have a bite!

He must be calling the elder,

I'll go look at the gum!”

The landowner asked the steward if the haymaking would soon be finished, he replied that in two or three days all the master's hay would be harvested. “And ours will wait!” The landowner said for an hour that the peasants would be landowners for a century: “I’ll be squeezed in a handful! ..” The steward utters loyal speeches that pleased the landowner, for which Klim was offered a glass of “overseas wine”. Then the Last wanted his sons and daughters-in-law to dance, ordered the blond lady: “Sing, Lyuba!” The lady sang well. Under the song, the last one fell asleep, they carried him sleepily into the boat, and the gentlemen sailed away. In the evening the peasants learned that the old prince had died,

But their joy is Vakhlatskaya

Was short lived.

With the death of the Last

The caress of the lord was gone:

Didn't get a hangover

Vahlakam Guards!

And behind the meadows

Heirs with peasants

Struggling to this day.

Vlas intercedes for the peasants,

Lives in Moscow... was in St. Petersburg...

And there is no point!

Part four

PIR - WORLDWIDE

Dedicated

Sergei Petrovich Botkin

Introduction

On the outskirts of the village "There was a feast, a great feast" With the deacon Tryphon came his sons, seminarians: Savvushka and Grisha.

...Gregory

The face is thin pale

And the hair is thin, curly,

With a hint of red

Simple guys, kind.

Mowed, sorry sowed

And drank vodka on holidays

equal to the peasantry.

The men sit and think:

Its meadows are flooded

Hand over to the elder - on a tribute.

The men ask Grisha to sing. He sings "merry".

Chapter I

BITTER TIME - BITTER SONGS

Funny

The landowner brought a cow from the peasant yard, took the chickens and ate the Zemstvo court. The guys will grow up a little: “The king will take the boys, // Master -

daughters!”

Then they all sang a song together

Corvee

A beaten peasant seeks solace in a tavern. A man who was driving by said that they were beaten for swearing until silence was achieved. Then Vikenty Alexandrovich, a courtyard man, told his story.

About an exemplary lackey - Jacob the faithful

He lived for thirty years in the village of Polivanov, who bought the village with bribes, did not know his neighbors, but only with his sister. With relatives, not only with peasants, he was cruel. He married his daughter, and then, after beating him, he and his hubby kicked him out without anything. He beat his Yakov's serf in the teeth with his heel.

People of the servile rank -

Real dogs sometimes:

The more severe the punishment

So dear to them, gentlemen.

Jacob showed up like this from his youth,

Only Jacob had joy:

Groom the master, take care, please

Yes, the nephew is a youngster to download.

All his life, Yakov was under the master, they grew old together. The master's legs refused to walk.

Yakov himself will carry him out, lay him down,

Himself on duty will take to his sister,

He himself will help to get to the old woman.

So they lived together - for the time being.

Yakov's nephew, Grisha, grew up and threw himself at the master's feet, asking to marry Irisha. And the master himself looked after her for himself. He handed over Grisha to the recruits. Yakov was offended - he fooled. “The dead washed down ...” Whoever does not approach the master, but they cannot please him. Two weeks later, Yakov returned, allegedly taking pity on the landowner. Everything went the same way. We were going to go to the master's sister. Yakov turned off-road, into the Devil's ravine, unharnessed his horses, and the master was afraid for his life and began to beg Yakov to spare him, he replied:

“I found a murderer!

I will dirty my hands with murder,

No, you don't have to die!"

Yakov himself hanged himself in front of the master. All night the master toiled, in the morning the hunter found him. The master returned home, repentant:

“I am sinful, I am sinful! Execute me!”

Still telling a couple scary stories, the peasants argued: who is more sinful - tavern owners, landowners, or peasants? We got to the point of a fight. And then Ionushka, who had been silent all evening, said:

And so I will reconcile you!”

Chapter II

Wanderers and Pilgrims

Many beggars in Russia, whole villages, went in the autumn "for alms", there are many rogues among them who know how to get along with the landowners. But there are also believing pilgrims, whose labors raise money for churches. They remembered the holy fool Fomushka, who lives like a god, there was also the Old Believer Kropilnikov:

Old man, whose whole life

That will, then prison.

And there was also Evfrosinyushka, the townsman's widow; she appeared in the cholera years. All the peasants accept, long winter evenings listen to the stories of strangers.

Soil is good

The soul of the Russian people...

O sower! come!..

Jonah, the venerable wanderer, told the story.

About two great sinners

He heard this story in Solovki from Father Pitirtma. There were twelve robbers, their chieftain was Kudeyar. Many robbers robbed and killed people

Suddenly at the fierce robber

The Lord awakened the conscience.

The conscience of the villain mastered

Disbanded his band

Distributed property to the church,

Buried the knife under the willow.

He went on a pilgrimage, but did not repent of sins, he lived in the forest under an oak tree. The messenger of God showed him the way to salvation - with the knife that killed people,

he must cut the oak:

“... The tree will just collapse -

The chains of sin will fall."

Pan Glukhovsky rode past, taunted the old man, saying:

“You have to live, old man, in my opinion:

How many slaves I destroy

I torture, I torture and hang,

And I would like to see how I sleep!”

The enraged hermit stuck his knife in Glukhovsky's heart, fell

pan, and the tree collapsed.

The tree collapsed rolled down

From a monk the burden of sins! ..

Let us pray to the Lord God:

Have mercy on us, dark slaves!

Chapter III

BOTH OLD AND NEW

Peasant sin

There was an “ammiral-widower”, for his faithful service the empress awarded him eight thousand souls. Dying, the “ammiral” handed over to the headman Gleb a chest with freedom for all eight thousand souls. But the heir seduced the headman, giving him freedom. The will was burned. And until the last time there were eight thousand

souls of serfs.

“So here it is, the sin of the peasant!

Indeed, a terrible sin!”

The poor fell again

To the bottom of a bottomless abyss

Shut up, snuggle up

They lay down on their stomachs;

lay, thought thought

And suddenly they sang. Slowly,

As the cloud moves

The words flowed viscous.

hungry

About the eternal hunger, work and lack of sleep of a man. The peasants are convinced that everything is to blame " serfdom". It multiplies the sins of the landlords and the misfortunes of the slaves. Grisha said:

“I don’t need any silver,

No gold, but God forbid

So that my countrymen

And every peasant

Lived freely and cheerfully

All over holy Russia!”

They saw the sleepy Yegorka Shutov and began to beat him, for which they themselves do not know. Ordered to "peace" to beat, so they beat. An old soldier is riding on a cart. Stops and sings.

Soldier's

Toshen light,

There is no truth

Life is boring

The pain is strong.

Klim sings along with him about the bitter life.

Chapter IV

GOOD TIME - GOOD SONGS

The “great feast” ended only in the morning. Who went home, and the wanderers went to bed right there on the shore. Returning home, Grisha and Savva sang:

The share of the people

his happiness,

Light and freedom

Primarily!

They lived poorer than a poor peasant, they did not even have cattle. In the seminary, Grisha was starving, only in the Vakhlat region he ate. The deacon boasted of his sons, but did not think what they ate. Yes, I was always hungry. The wife was much more caring than him, and therefore died early. She always thought about salt and sang a song.

salty

Son Grishenka does not want to eat unsalted food. The Lord advised to “salt” the flour. The mother pours flour, and the food is salted with her abundant tears. In the seminary often Grisha

I remembered my mother and her song.

And soon in the heart of a boy

With love to the poor mother

Love for all vakhlatchina

Merged - and fifteen years old

Gregory already knew for sure

What will live for happiness

Wretched and dark.

native corner.

Russia has two paths: one road is “enmity-war”, “the other road is honest. Only “strong” and “loving” go along it.

To fight, to work.

Grisha Dobrosklonov

Fate prepared for him

glorious path, big name

people's protector,

Consumption and Siberia.

Grisha sings:

“In moments of despondency, O Motherland!

I am thinking ahead.

You are destined to suffer a lot,

But you won't die, I know.

She was both in slavery and under the Tatars:

“... You are also in the family - a slave;

But the mother is already a free son.”

Grigory goes to the Volga, sees barge haulers.

Burlak

Gregory talks about the hard lot of a barge hauler, and then his thoughts pass to all of Russia.

Russia

You are poor

You are abundant

You are powerful

You are powerless

Mother Russia!

The strength of the people

mighty force -

Conscience is calm

The truth is alive!

You are poor

You are abundant

You are beaten

You are almighty

Would our wanderers be under their native roof,

If only they could know what happened to Grisha.

A poem by N.A. Nekrasov's "Who Lives Well in Russia", on which he worked for the last ten years of his life, but did not have time to fully realize, cannot be considered unfinished. It contains everything that made up the meaning of spiritual, ideological, vital and artistic searches poet from youth to death. And this "everything" found a worthy - capacious and harmonious - form of expression.

What is the architectonics of the poem "Who should live well in Russia"? Architectonics is the “architecture” of a work, the construction of a whole from individual structural parts: chapters, parts, etc. In this poem, it is complex. Of course, the inconsistency in the division of the huge text of the poem gives rise to the complexity of its architectonics. Not everything is added, not everything is uniform and not everything is numbered. However, this does not make the poem less amazing - it shocks anyone who is able to feel compassion, pain and anger at the sight of cruelty and injustice. Nekrasov, creating typical images of unjustly ruined peasants, made them immortal.

The beginning of the poem -"Prologue" - sets the tone of the whole work.

Of course, this is a fabulous beginning: no one knows where and when, no one knows why seven men converge. And a dispute flares up - how can a Russian person be without a dispute; and the peasants turn into wanderers, wandering along an endless road to find the truth hidden either behind the next turn, or behind the nearby hill, or not at all achievable.

In the text of the Prologue, whoever does not appear, as if in a fairy tale: a woman - almost a witch, and a gray hare, and small jackdaws, and a chick, and a cuckoo ... Seven owls look at the wanderers in the night, the echo echoes their cries, an owl, a cunning fox - everyone has been here. In the groin, examining a small birdie - a chick of a warbler - and seeing that she is happier than a peasant, he decides to find out the truth. And, as in a fairy tale, the mother warbler, helping out the chick, promises to give the peasants plenty of everything they ask for on the road, so that they only find the truthful answer, and shows the way. The Prologue is not like a fairy tale. This is a fairy tale, only literary. So the peasants give a vow not to return home until they find the truth. And the wandering begins.

Chapter I - "Pop". In it, the priest defines what happiness is - “peace, wealth, honor” - and describes his life in such a way that none of the conditions for happiness is suitable for it. The calamity of the peasant parishioners in impoverished villages, the revelry of the landowners who left their estates, the desolated local life - all this is in the bitter answer of the priest. And, bowing low to him, the wanderers go further.

Chapter II wanderers at the fair. The picture of the village: "a house with an inscription: school, empty, / Clogged tightly" - and this is in the village "rich, but dirty." There, at the fair, a familiar phrase sounds to us:

When a man is not Blucher

And not my lord foolish—

Belinsky and Gogol

Will it carry from the market?

In Chapter III " drunken night» bitterly describes the eternal vice and consolation of the Russian serf peasant - drunkenness to the point of unconsciousness. Pavlusha Veretennikov reappears, known among the peasants of the village of Kuzminsky as a “master” and met by wanderers there, at the fair. He records folk songs, jokes - we would say, he collects Russian folklore.

Having recorded enough

Veretennikov told them:

"Smart Russian peasants,

One is not good

What they drink to stupefaction

Falling into ditches, into ditches—

It's a shame to look!"

This offends one of the men:

There is no measure for Russian hops.

Did they measure our grief?

Is there a measure for work?

Wine brings down the peasant

And grief does not bring him down?

Work not falling?

A man does not measure trouble,

Copes with everything

Whatever come.

This peasant, who stands up for everyone and defends the dignity of a Russian serf, is one of major heroes poems, peasant Yakim Nagoi. Surname this - speaking. And he lives in the village of Bosov. The story of him is unthinkable hard life and ineradicable proud courage wanderers learn from local peasants.

Chapter IV wanderers walk around in the festive crowd, bawling: “Hey! Is there somewhere happy? - and the peasants in response, who will smile, and who will spit ... Pretenders appear, coveting the drink promised by the wanderers "for happiness". All this is both scary and frivolous. Happy is the soldier who is beaten, but not killed, did not die of hunger and survived twenty battles. But for some reason this is not enough for the wanderers, although it is a sin to refuse a soldier a glass. Pity, not joy, are also caused by other naive workers who humbly consider themselves happy. The stories of the "happy" are getting scarier and scarier. There is even a type of princely "slave", happy with his "noble" illness - gout - and the fact that at least it brings him closer to the master.

Finally, someone sends the wanderers to Yermil Girin: if he is not happy, then who is! The story of Yermila is important for the author: the people raised money so that, bypassing the merchant, the peasant would buy himself a mill on the Unzha (large navigable river in the Kostroma province). The generosity of the people, giving their last for a good cause, is a joy for the author. Nekrasov is proud of the men. After that, Yermil gave everything to his own, there was a ruble not given away - the owner was not found, and the money was collected enormously. Ermil gave the ruble to the poor. The story follows about how Yermil won the trust of the people. His incorruptible honesty in the service, first as a clerk, then as a lord's manager, his help for many years created this trust. It seemed that the matter was clear - such a person could not but be happy. And suddenly the gray-haired priest announces: Yermil is in prison. And he was planted there in connection with the rebellion of the peasants in the village of Stolbnyaki. How and what - the strangers did not have time to find out.

In Chapter V - "The Landlord" - the carriage rolls out, in it - and indeed the landowner Obolt-Obolduev. The landowner is described comically: a plump gentleman with a "pistol" and a paunch. Note: he has a "speaking", as almost always with Nekrasov, name. “Tell us Godly, is the landowner’s life sweet?” the strangers stop him. The landowner's stories about his "root" are strange to the peasants. Not feats, but disgrace to please the queen and the intention to set fire to Moscow - these are the memorable deeds of illustrious ancestors. What is the honor for? How to understand? The story of the landowner about the charms of the former master's life somehow does not please the peasants, and Obolduev himself bitterly recalls the past - it is gone, and gone forever.

To adapt to a new life after the abolition of serfdom, one must study and work. But labor - not a noble habit. Hence the grief.

"The Last". This part of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" begins with a picture of haymaking in water meadows. The royal family appears. The appearance of an old man is terrible - the father and grandfather of a noble family. The ancient and vicious prince Utyatin is alive because, according to the story of the peasant Vlas, his former serfs conspired with the lord's family to depict the former serfdom for the sake of the prince's peace of mind and so that he would not refuse his family, by a whim of an senile inheritance. The peasants were promised to give back the water meadows after the death of the prince. The "faithful slave" Ipat was also found - at Nekrasov, as you have already noticed, and such types among the peasants find their description. Only the peasant Agap could not stand it and scolded the Last One for what the world was worth. Punishment in the stable with whips, feigned, turned out to be fatal for the proud peasant. The latter died almost before the eyes of our wanderers, and the peasants are still suing for the meadows: "The heirs compete with the peasants until this day."

According to the logic of the construction of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia”, then follows, as it were, hersecond part , entitled"Peasant Woman" and having its own"Prologue" and their chapters. The peasants, having lost faith in finding a happy man among the peasants, decide to turn to the women. There is no need to retell what and how much "happiness" they find in the share of women, peasants. All this is expressed with such a depth of penetration into the suffering woman's soul, with such an abundance of details of the fate, slowly told by a peasant woman, respectfully referred to as "Matryona Timofeevna, she is a governor", that at times it touches to tears, then it makes you clench your fists with anger. She was happy one of her first women's nights, but when was that!

Songs created by the author on a folk basis are woven into the narrative, as if sewn on the canvas of a Russian folk song (Chapter 2. "Songs" ). There, the wanderers sing with Matryona in turn, and the peasant woman herself, recalling the past.

My disgusting husband

Rises:

For a silk whip

Accepted.

choir

The whip whistled

Blood splattered...

Oh! leli! leli!

Blood splattered...

To match the song was the married life of a peasant woman. Only her grandfather, Saveliy, took pity on her and consoled her. “There was also a lucky man,” recalls Matryona.

A separate chapter of the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" is dedicated to this powerful Russian man -"Savelius, Holy Russian hero" . The title of the chapter speaks of its style and content. The branded, former convict, heroic build, the old man speaks little, but aptly. “To not endure is an abyss, to endure is an abyss,” are his favorite words. The old man buried alive in the ground for the atrocities against the peasants of the German Vogel, the master's manager. The image of Saveliy is collective:

Do you think, Matryonushka,

The man is not a hero?

And his life is not military,

And death is not written for him

In battle - a hero!

Hands twisted with chains

Legs forged with iron

Back ... dense forests

Passed on it - broke.

And the chest? Elijah the prophet

On it rattles-rides

On a chariot of fire...

The hero suffers everything!

Chapter"Dyomushka" the worst thing happens: the son of Matryona, left at home unattended, is eaten by pigs. But this is not enough: the mother was accused of murder, and the police opened the child in front of her eyes. And it’s even worse that Saveliy the Bogatyr himself, a deep old man who fell asleep and overlooked the baby, was innocently guilty of the death of his beloved grandson, who awakened the suffering soul of his grandfather.

In chapter V - "She-wolf" - the peasant woman forgives the old man and endures everything that is left for her in life. Chasing after the she-wolf who carried away the sheep, Matryona's son Fedotka the shepherd pity the beast: the hungry, powerless, with swollen nipples mother of the wolf cubs sits down in front of him on the grass, suffers beatings, and the little boy leaves her the sheep, already dead. Matryona accepts punishment for him and lays down under the whip.

After this episode, Matryona's song lamentations on a gray stone above the river, when she, an orphan, calls a father, then a mother for help and comfort, complete the story and create a transition to a new year of disasters -Chapter VI "A Difficult Year" . Hungry, “Looks like kids / I was like her,” Matryona recalls the she-wolf. Her husband is shaved into the soldiers without a term and out of turn, she remains with her children in the hostile family of her husband - a "parasite", without protection and help. The life of a soldier special topic disclosed in detail. Soldiers flog her son with rods in the square - you can’t even understand why.

A terrible song precedes the escape of Matryona alone in winter night (Head of the Governor ). She rushed backward onto the snowy road and prayed to the Intercessor.

And the next morning Matryona went to the governor. She fell at her feet right on the stairs so that her husband would be returned, and she gave birth. The governor turned out to be a compassionate woman, and Matryona returned with a happy child. They nicknamed the Governor, and life seemed to get better, but then the time came, and they took the eldest as a soldier. “What else do you want? - Matryona asks the peasants, - the keys to women's happiness ... are lost, ”and cannot be found.

The third part of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia”, which is not called that, but has all the signs of an independent part - a dedication to Sergei Petrovich Botkin, an introduction and chapters - has a strange name -"Feast for the whole world" . In the introduction, a kind of hope for the freedom granted to the peasants, which is still not visible, illuminates the face of the peasant Vlas with a smile for almost the first time in his life. But the first chapter"Bitter Time - Bitter Songs" - represents either a stylization of folk couplets telling about famine and injustice under serfdom, then mournful, “drawn-out, sad” Vahlat songs about inescapable forced anguish, and finally, “Corvee”.

Separate chapter - story"About an exemplary serf - Jacob the faithful" - begins as if about a serf of the slavish type that Nekrasov was interested in. However, the story takes an unexpected and sharp turn: unable to bear the insult, Yakov first took to drink, fled, and when he returned, he brought the master into a swampy ravine and hanged himself in front of him. A terrible sin for a Christian is suicide. The wanderers are shocked and frightened, and a new dispute begins - a dispute about who is the most sinful of all. Tells Ionushka - "humble praying mantis".

opens new page poems -"Wanderers and Pilgrims" , for her -"About two great sinners" : a tale about Kudeyar-ataman, a robber who killed an uncountable number of souls. The story goes in an epic verse, and, as if in a Russian song, the conscience wakes up in Kudeyar, he accepts hermitage and repentance from the saint who appeared to him: to cut off the century-old oak with the same knife with which he killed. The work is many years old, the hope that it will be possible to complete it before death is weak. Suddenly, the well-known villain Pan Glukhovsky appears on horseback in front of Kudeyar and tempts the hermit with shameless speeches. Kudeyar cannot withstand the temptation: a knife is in the pan's chest. And - a miracle! - collapsed century-old oak.

The peasants start a dispute about whose sin is heavier - "noble" or "peasant".In the chapter "Peasant sin" also in epic verse, Ignatius Prokhorov talks about Judas sin(the sin of betrayal) of a peasant headman who was tempted by the bribe of the heir and hid the will of the owner, in which all eight thousand souls of his peasants were set free. The listeners shudder. There is no forgiveness for the destroyer of eight thousand souls. The despair of the peasants, who admitted that such sins are possible among them, pours out in a song. "Hungry" - a terrible song - a spell, the howl of an unsatisfied beast - not a man. A new face appears - Grigory, the young godson of the headman, the son of a deacon. He consoles and inspires the peasants. After groaning and thinking, they decide: To all the fault: grow strong!

It turns out that Grisha is going "to Moscow, to Novovorsitet." And then it becomes clear that Grisha is the hope of the peasant world:

"I don't need any silver,

No gold, but God forbid

So that my countrymen

And every peasant

Lived freely and cheerfully

All over holy Russia!

But the story continues, and the wanderers become witnesses of how an old soldier, thin as a chip, hung with medals, drives up on a hay wagon and sings his song - “Soldier's” with the refrain: “The light is sick, / There is no bread, / There is no shelter, / There is no death,” and to others: “German bullets, / Turkish bullets, / French bullets, / Russian sticks.” Everything about the soldier's share is collected in this chapter of the poem.

But here is new chapter with a bold name"Good time - good songs" . The song of new hope is sung by Savva and Grisha on the Volga bank.

The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the son of a deacon from the Volga, of course, unites the features Dear Nekrasov friends - Belinsky, Dobrolyubov (compare the names), Chernyshevsky. They could sing this song too. Grisha barely managed to survive the famine: his mother's song, sung by peasant women, is called "Salty". A piece watered with mother's tears is a substitute for salt for a starving child. “With love for the poor mother / Love for the whole vakhlachin / Merged, - and for fifteen years / Gregory already knew for sure / That he would live for happiness / Poor and dark native corner.” Images of angelic forces appear in the poem, and the style changes dramatically. The poet moves on to marching verses, reminiscent of the rhythmic pace of the forces of good, inevitably pushing back the obsolete and evil. "Angel of Mercy" sings an invocative song over a Russian youth.

Grisha, waking up, descends into the meadows, thinks about the fate of his homeland, and sings. In the song, his hope and love. And firm confidence: “Enough! /Finished with the past calculation, /Finished calculation with the master! / The Russian people gathers strength / And learns to be a citizen.

"Rus" is the last song of Grisha Dobrosklonov.

Source (abridged): Mikhalskaya, A.K. Literature: A basic level of: Grade 10. At 2 o'clock. Part 1: account. allowance / A.K. Mikhalskaya, O.N. Zaitsev. - M.: Bustard, 2018

To whom in Russia it is good to live a summary of the chapters

So, in the first part of Nekrasov's work Whom in Russia to live well, we get acquainted with the prologue. In the prologue we meet men. These are seven people who met on the road, and they came from different villages. Each of them has a name and has his own opinion about who lives well in Russia, and then the peasants argue. It seems to Roman that it is good for the landowners to live, Demyan sees happiness in being an official. It seems to Luka that priests live best. Pakhom says that it is better for ministers to live in Russia, and the Gubin Brothers say that merchants live wonderfully, and Prov says that tsars feel best of all.

And in the dispute, they did not notice how the night had come. We decided to spend the night in the forest, continuing our argument. From their cries, all the animals flee, and a chick flew out of the nest, which was caught by one of the peasants. The mother bird asks to give the chick, fulfilling the desire of everyone in response. Further, the bird tells where to find a tablecloth - self-assembly. Having sat down to feast, they decide not to go home until they answer the question of who exactly lives well.

Chapter 1

The men meet the priest, who is asked how he lives and whether he is satisfied with life. The priest replied that if happiness is wealth and honor for them, then this is not about the priests. The priest today is not held in high esteem, the income is meager, because the nobles and landowners left for the capital, and you can’t take much from mere mortals. At the same time, the priest is called to him at any time of the year and in any weather.

Chapter 2

The men pass several rural settlements, but people are almost nowhere to be seen, because they are all at the fair. That's where the men went. There were a lot of people there, and everyone was selling something. There are many not only shops, but also hot places where you can get drunk. The men met an old man who drank away the money, but did not buy shoes for his granddaughter. Veretennikov, whom everyone knows as a singer, buys shoes and gives them to his grandfather.

Chapter 3

The fair is over and everyone is walking home drunk. The peasants also went, where disputes are heard along the way. They also met Veretennikov, who says that the peasants drink a lot, only they say that they drink from grief, and vodka is like an outlet for them. On the way, the peasants met a woman who had a very jealous husband. Here they remembered their wives, they wanted to quickly find the answer to the question of who lives sweetly in Russia and return home.

Chapter 4

The men, with the help of a tablecloth - samobranki, receive a bucket of vodka and treat all those who prove that they are happy. Everyone came up and shared their vision of happiness. Someone was poured vodka, someone was driven away, and then the peasants heard a story about the clerk Yermil Girin, whom everyone knew and even helped out when the judges demanded to pay money for the mill. The people chipped in, but Yermila returned everything and never appropriated someone else's. Shielded once younger brother from the recruits, after which he repented for a long time, and then left the post of steward. The men decide to find this Yermila, but along the way they meet a gentleman.

Chapter 5

The peasants ask the landowner Obol-Obolduev how he lives. Tom lived well before, but not now, when there are lands, but no peasants. He himself cannot work, he can only walk and have fun. All property was sold for debts. The men only sympathize and decide to look for the happy among the poor.

Part two

Walking along the road, the peasants see a field where hay is being harvested. They also wanted to mow, and then they see how an old man swims to the shore, which gives orders that they immediately carry out. As it turned out, this is Prince Utyatin, who was seized by a stroke when he learned that there was no serfdom. Afraid of losing their inheritance, the sons persuaded people to play the role of peasants for a fee, and they played performances. One Agap was not going to hide and told everything. There was a second blow. When the prince came to his senses, he ordered the serf to be punished, he was asked to shout in the barn, for which wine was poured. Agap dies because the wine is poisoned. The people are watching the prince having breakfast and barely holding back their laughter. One could not resist and laughed, he was ordered to be whipped, but a caring woman says that this son is a fool. Soon the prince had a third blow and he died, but happiness did not come, because the sons and peasants began to wage war. Meadows, as the Usyatins promised, no one received.

Part three

In order to understand who is happy, the peasants go to the peasant woman in the neighboring village, where hunger and theft flourish. A peasant woman is found, but she does not want to talk, because she needs to work. Then the men offer help, and Matrena shares her life.

She had a wonderful life parental home. She had fun and did not know troubles, and then her father marries Philip Korchagin.
Now she is in her mother-in-law's house. She does not live well there, they even beat her once. A child is born there, but the woman was often scolded, and although occasionally the father-in-law comes to her defense, life does not get better.

The old man himself lives out his life in the upper room. He also went to hard labor for the murder of a German who did not give life to the villagers. The old man often talked with Matryona about his life, talking about Russian heroism.

Then she tells how the father-in-law forbade taking his son with him into the field, he stayed with the old man, who fell asleep and overlooked the child. The pigs ate it. The woman later forgave the old man, but she herself was very worried about the death of the child. The woman also had other children. One of the sons was accused of not following the sheep and giving it to the wolf. The mother took the blame and was punished.

Then she talks about the hungry year. Then she was pregnant, and her husband was going to be taken to the soldiers. Anticipating hard times, she goes to the governor's wife and faints at the meeting. When she woke up, she realized that she had given birth. She is nursed by the governor, and also gives the order to release her husband from service. The peasant woman goes home and constantly prays for the health of the governor's wife.

And here she sums up that among women they will not find happy ones, since all of them have long lost the key to happiness.

Part four

Regarding the death of the prince, Klim arranges a party in the village. All the peasants gathered to take a walk at the feast, where they argue how to properly dispose of the meadows. Songs are sung at the feast.

In one of the funny songs they remembered old days, about the old orders. They told about the servant Jacob and his nephew, who liked Arisha, but the master also liked her, so he sent Grisha to the soldiers, Jacob drank himself, and when he started working again, he hung himself in front of the master in the forest. The master cannot find his way out of the forest and a hunter helps him. Later, the master admitted his guilt and asked him to be executed. Then other songs are sung, where they talk about different life situations.

Here the peasants started a dispute about who among the robbers, peasants or landlords is better to live and we get acquainted with another story.

They started a conversation about sinfulness, who is more sinful, and then a story about two sinners began. Kudeyar, who killed and robbed people, and Pan Glukhov, who was greedy for women and was a drunkard. Kudeyarov had to cut down the tree with the very knife he used to kill, and then God would forgive his sins. But at that moment a pan was passing by, whom Kudeyarov killed, because the latter brutally killed peasants. Immediately the tree falls and Kudeyaru was forgiven of sins.

The conversation went on to say that the sin of the peasant is the hardest of all. They told how the admiral was granted eight thousand peasant souls for his services. He wrote free to everyone and gave the casket to his servant. After death, the heir pestered the servant and took the casket from him, burning everything. And then everyone agreed that such a sin is the most.
Then the peasants saw how the soldier was going to Petersburg. He is asked to sing songs, and he sang about how hard his fate is and how unfairly the pension accrual was done to him, considering his bleeding wounds to be insignificant. The men donate a penny each and collect a ruble for the soldier.

Epilogue

Here the work comes to an end and we get acquainted with the epilogue, where the deacon's son studies at the seminary. He is smart, kind, loves to work, he is honest and loves to compose poetry, dreaming of improving the life of the people. And now he composed a song called Rat rises innumerable! The strength in it will be invincible. And he wants to teach this song to all the peasants. He sang and it is a pity that the wanderers had already gone far and did not hear the guy’s songs, because it would immediately become clear to them that they had finally found a happy person, and would have gone home.

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