All states of India. India
Administratively, India is currently divided into 28 states and 7 territories (including 6 union territories and one National ... Wikipedia
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This material presents the major cities, states and union territories of India.
Andhra Pradesh
State in southeastern India. The area of the territory is 275,069 km². Population 84,665,533.
Cities:
- Hyderabad - administrative center state of Andhra Pradesh. Located on the Musi River. The population is 3.69 million people.
- Visakhapatnam - seaport in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative center of the Visakhapatnam district. There is a naval base in Visakhapatnam, where the 8th Submarine Squadron of the Indian Navy is based. Population 1,730,320 people.
- vijayawada - one of largest cities Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. With a population of 1,039,518, it is the third most populated city in the state after Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam. Most of the inhabitants consider Telugu as their native language.
A region in northeastern India that has statehood. Population 1,382,611 people. The region is the subject of a territorial dispute between India and China.
Cities:
- Itanagar - a city in northeastern India, the capital of a state. The population is 34,970 inhabitants.
State in eastern India. Population 31,169,272. The region is famous for the world famous Assam tea.
Cities:
- Dispur - a city in northeastern India, the capital of the state of Assam. Population 10,812 people.
- Guwahati - a city in the Indian state of Assam on the south bank of the Brahmaputra River. This is the most Big city in northeast India. Population 968 549 people.
State in eastern India. It borders with Nepal, states: Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Population 103,804,637 people.
Cities:
- Patna - a city in the northern part of India, a port on the Ganges River, the administrative center of the state. One of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the world. Modern Patna is located on the southern bank of the Ganges, bearing mixed waters rivers Ghaghry, Son and Gandak. The population is 2,046,652 inhabitants.
A state in southwestern India, the smallest among the states in terms of area and one of the last in terms of population. Former Portuguese colony in India. Population 1,457,723 people.
Cities:
- Panaji - the capital of Goa. Located at the mouth of the Mandovi River. With a population of 58,785, Panaji is the 3rd most populated city in the state of Goa after Vasco da Gama and Margao.
State in western India. Population 60,383,628.
Cities:
- Ahmedabad - a city in western India, the largest city in the state, one of the seven metropolitan areas of India with a population of 5.1 million inhabitants. Located on the banks of the Sabarmati River, the city is the administrative center of the Ahmedabad region.
- Gandhinagar - city in Western India, the administrative center of the state. Population 195,891 people.
- Vadodara - 3rd The largest city in the Indian state of Gujarat after Ahmedabad and Surat. Population 1,641,566.
- Surat - a major city with a population of 4,462,002.
- Rajkot - a large Indian city, ranked fourth in terms of population in the state of Gujarat and 26th in India. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. Population 1,335,397.
State in northern India. Population 12,548,926 people. The state is located in the Himalayan mountains.
Cities:
- Srinagar - city in India, state capital. 1,273,312 inhabitants. The city stands on the Dal Lake, famous for its canals-streets, reminiscent of Venice.
State in eastern India. Population 32,966,238.
Cities:
- Ranchi - state capital. It is an important political, commercial, industrial and educational center of eastern India. Population 1,126,741 people.
- Dhanbad - a city in the Indian state of Jharkhand, the administrative center of the Dhanbad district. Population 1,195,298 people.
- Jamshedpur - a city in the Indian state of Jharkhand, the capital of the East Singhbhum district. Population 1,337,131 people.
State in eastern India. Population 91,347,736.
Cities:
- Calcutta - a city in the Ganges delta in eastern India, the capital of the state of West Bengal, the second largest city in India after Mumbai and the fourth largest city in India after Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore. The population of the city is 4,486,679 people.
- Howrah - industrial Indian city municipal district Howrah, West Bengal. Population 1,072,161 people.
State in southwestern India. Population 61,130,704 people.
Cities:
- Bangalore - a large city and administrative center in southern India, located on the Deccan plateau, in the southeastern part of the state of Karnataka, of which it is the capital. In terms of population (5,280,000 people), it is the third largest settlement and the fifth agglomeration of India.
A state located on the Malabar Coast in southwestern India, with an area of 38,863 km² and a population of 33,387,677 inhabitants.
Cities:
- Thiruvananthapuram - state capital. The name of the city is translated from the Malayalam language as "The Residence of Saint Ananta". Population 752,490 people.
State in central India. "Madhya" in Hindi means "central", "Pradesh" - "area, region". Population 72,597,565.
Cities:
- Bhopal - city in central India. The administrative center of the state. Nickname - "city of seven lakes." More than 1.5 million inhabitants, 56% Hindu, 38% Muslim.
- Gwalior - the fourth largest city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is located 122 km south of Agra at the intersection of railways and consists of three historical centers - Gwalior itself, Lashkar and Morara. Population 1,101,981 people.
- indore - the second largest city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Is located in natural region Malwa, in the west central part of the state, 190 km west of the city of Bhopal. The administrative center of the district of the same name. The population is 1,960,631 people.
- Jabalpur - the administrative center of the Jabalpur district. Population 1,054,336 people.
A small state in eastern India. Population 2,721,756 people.
Cities:
- Imphal - The capital of the Indian state of Manipur, is located in a valley surrounded by hills from which several small rivers flow. Population 414,288 people.
State in central India. Population 112,372,972. The capital and largest city is Mumbai (formerly called Bombay), the most widely spoken languages are Marathi and English. The second most populous state in the country and the third largest state in India by area.
Cities:
- Mumbai - a city in western India, on the coast of the Arabian Sea. The administrative center of the state. Mumbai is the most populated city India: the concept of the city includes the so-called. Mumbai Municipal Corporation, which includes two districts of the state of Maharashtra: "Mumbai" itself (157 km², 3,145,966 inhabitants), as well as the "Mumbai (suburban)" district (446 km², 9,332,481 inhabitants).
- Pune - located 150 km southeast of Mumbai. The population of Pune is about 3.1 million people.
- Nagpur - a city in central India, in the state of Maharashtra. Located on the Nag River, after which it is named. Railway junction. The population is 2.42 million people.
- Solapur - a city in the state of Maharashtra in India, near the border with the state of Karnataka. It is the county seat of Solapur District. Population 1,163,734.
State in eastern India. Population 2,964,007 people. The official languages are Garo, Khasi, and English. The area of the territory is 22,429 km².
Cities:
- Shillong - a city in the extreme northeast of India, in the Shillong mountain range. The administrative center of the state. The population is 354,325 inhabitants.
A small state in eastern India. Population 1,091,014 people.
Cities:
- Aijal - a city in India, the capital of a state. Founded in 1894. Average Height above sea level 1018 meters. The commercial and cultural center where the economic activity of the state is concentrated. Handicrafts.
A small state in eastern India. Population 1,980,602 people.
Cities:
- Kohima - the capital of the Indian state of Nagaland, one of the three cities in the state, which has its own municipality. The population is 78584 people.
State in eastern India. The capital and largest city is Bhubaneswar. Population 41,947,358.
Cities:
- Bhubaneswar - a city in India, in the Mahanadi delta region, south of the city of Kataka. The administrative center of the state of Orissa. The population is 881,988 inhabitants.
State in northwestern India. The capital is Chandigarh (not administratively part of the Punjab, but forms a separate union territory). Population 27,704,236.
Cities:
- Ludhiana - largest city in Indian Punjab, one of the largest industrial centers and transport hubs of northern India. Population 1,613,878.
- Amritsar - city in northwestern India, in the state of Punjab. Population 1,183,705 people.
Most big state in India, located in the northwest, formed in 1949 on the territory of the historical region of Rajputana. Population 68,621,012 people.
Cities:
- Jaipur - city in India, state of Rajasthan. Jaipur, called the "Pink City" because of the unusual color pink stone used in construction was founded in 1727. Population 3,073,350 people.
- Jodhpur - the second largest city in the state (pop. 1,137,815).
State of India, located in the northeast of the country, in the Himalayas. Sikkim has smallest number population among all states (607,688 inhabitants).
Cities:
- Gangtok - a city in India, in the Himalayas, the administrative center of the state of Sikkim. The population is 37 thousand inhabitants.
State in southern India. Population 72,138,958.
Cities:
- chennai - a city in southern India, the capital of a state. The fourth largest city in the country, the 41st largest in the world urban agglomeration. Population 4,590,267.
A small state in eastern India. Population 3,671,032.
Cities:
- Agartala - a city in northeastern India, the capital of a state. Population 399,688 inhabitants, mostly Bengalis. The largest city in the state.
State in northern India. Area 53,484 km², population 10,116,752 people. From its inception in 2000 until 2006, the state was called Uttaranchal.
Cities:
- Dehradun - state capital, major transportation center. The population is 714,223 inhabitants.
State in northern India. Population 199,581,477.
Cities:
- Lucknow - state capital. The population is 2.9 million people. It is an administrative, scientific and cultural center. Located on the Gomti River.
- Kanpur - one of the most populated cities India in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Located on the Ganges south of Lucknow. An important center of engineering, textile, electronic, metallurgical and chemical industry. It occupies an area of about 1000 km², a population of 2.92 million inhabitants.
- Agra - city in northern India. From 1528 to 1658 it was the capital of the Mughal Empire. Now it is one of the largest tourist centers in India - thanks to the buildings of the era of the Mughal Empire and, in particular, the Taj Mahal. Agra is located on the banks of the Yamuna River. Population 1,746,467 inhabitants.
- Varanasi - main city region of the same name in northeastern India. One of oldest cities world and possibly the oldest in India. Population 1,435,113 people.
- Allahabad - a city at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna. Population 1,216,719 inhabitants.
State in northern India. Population 25,353,081. The capital is Chandigarh (not administratively part of Haryana, but is a separate union territory).
Cities:
- Faridabad - the main industrial and population center in the state of Haryana, in northern India. The administrative center of the Faridabad district. Population 1,404,653 people.
State in northern India. Population 6,856,509 Area 55,673 km².
Cities:
- shimla - state capital. The population is 171,817 inhabitants.
State in central India. It borders with the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh. Area 136,034 km², population 25,540,196.
Cities:
- Raipur - a city in Central India, the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh. The population is 1,122,555 inhabitants
- Bhilai - the second largest city in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The city is west of the capital Raipur State railway Howra - Mumbai. Population 1,064,077 people.
Insular union territory within India. The administrative center and largest city is Port Blair. Population 379,944.
Cities:
- Port Blair - a city on the island of South Andaman, the capital and largest settlement of the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Population 100,608 people.
Union Territory within India. Population 342,853 people.
Cities:
- Silvassa - the capital of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in India. Population 21,890 people.
Union territory in western India. The population is 242,911 people.
Cities:
- Daman - a city and municipal council in the Daman District of the Union Territory of Daman and Diu in India. Population 35,743.
Insular union territory within India. Population 64,429 people.
Cities:
- Kavaratti - the capital of the Indian Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Population 11,322.
Union Territory within India. Population 1,244,464.
Cities:
- Puducherry - the capital of the eponymous union territory of India. Until September 2006, it was called Pondicherry. Population 654,392.
A city in northern India, the capital of two states at the same time - Punjab and Haryana. At the same time, Chandigarh is not administratively part of these states, but has the status of a union territory administered directly from New Delhi. Population 1,025,682 people.
Delhi
The second largest (after Mumbai) city of India, which has the status of a union territory (National Capital Territory of Delhi). Located in northern India on the banks of the Yamuna River. Delhi is a cosmopolitan city that mixes different cultures. different peoples Indians play different roles in the city's economy. Population 11,007,835 people.
In terms of its territory, India occupies one of the leading places in the world. Being essentially a federal state, it consists of twenty-eight states, several union territories. All states of india self-sufficient. They have their own management with their own budget and structure, while submitting to the central federal district. They resemble a handful of well-cut diamonds in an emperor's crown. Each is beautiful on its own. But their true brilliance is visible only in the aggregate. Each state is unique and serves certain interests of the state.
State of Goa
This is probably the smallest state of india. All over the world it is known as a famous resort. Beautifully equipped hotels and cafes. Beaches stretching for miles The purest water seas. All this attracts an endless stream of tourists and serves as an excellent source of replenishment of the state treasury. After all, every tourist who comes is money for the development of the country's economy.
india state of kerala
resort state India Kerala known throughout the world. But besides this, it is known as the most educated state in India, the level of education here reaches seventy-five percent. It is also the birthplace of Ayurveda. Philosophical doctrine based on ancient treatises on the universe and the unity of the body, soul and spirit. A huge number of admirers of this philosophical direction come to these beautiful places, to relax, along the way to improve their skills in spiritual practices. A very remarkable fact is that the communist party governs this state.
The states of Jammu and Kashmir are located in the very north of the country. They serve as bait for all kinds of extreme sports. Hard-to-reach mountain ranges attract climbers and skiers. The Kashmir Valley is known for its mild and salubrious climate, mountain lakes and breathtaking landscapes. Not a single person who has visited these places will remain indifferent. Mountainous Ladakh, is well known for its harsh climate, where temperatures can drop to minus forty degrees Celsius. Snow storms rage on the passes. Similar extreme conditions attract crowds of tourists who want to get an outlet for their adrenaline. In addition, in these places, there are many Buddhist temples, with their own history and unique architecture. This state is mainly known for its silk farms. Producing, excellent, natural silk.
All about the culture and traditions of the population of India, more:.
State of Madhya Pradesh
Central state of madhya pradesh located far from coastal resorts. This state has many national parks. All of them are of great interest to tourist groups. The presence on the territory of these landscape parks, numerous temple buildings. Attracts admirers of ancient culture. You can also take a look at the details natural features and the wealth of flora and fauna of India. Khajuraho, a unique chromium complex, which has no analogues in the world, is also located on the territory of this state. It was discovered by accident by the English cartographer Burt. Since then, millions of tourists have come to admire the magnificent sculptures of the temples. Singing human love. Performing life-size sculptures, make a lasting impression on the audience. It is simply impossible to see all the buildings at once, and people visit this place again and again with pleasure.
State of Maharashtra
It is the most populous state in India. It is home to almost one hundred million people. It is a very well industrialized state. On its territory are the headquarters of many companies. The studio of Indian films Bollywood has settled here, and is known all over the world.
India's largest port Mumbai
Provides jobs to numerous residents of the state. Thanks to such a huge number of inhabitants, comparable to the population of several European countries. This state is famous for its cosmopolitan views. On its territory, absolutely peacefully coexist representatives huge amount peoples and nationalities. The religious attitudes of the inhabitants are also very tolerant towards each other. Tourists are attracted to these places by the unique cave complexes of Ajanta and Ellora. These well-preserved cultural monuments of India give an idea to contemporaries about how patient and hardworking the population of these places was in ancient times. The structures carved into the rocks amaze with their beauty and subtlety of decoration. There is also another unique place in the state. This is Lake Lonar. It arose as a result of a meteorite impact, more than fifty million years ago.
This area bears the official status of the Union Territories. And they are a paradise for tourists. The naturalists who visited these places for the first time were amazed at the abundance of the animal world that inhabited these tiny pieces of land. During colonization, the British used these marvelous places as hard labor for the most dangerous criminals. After their expulsion, India turned them into National parks. This is a real paradise for diving enthusiasts. The only inconvenience is that you need to obtain special permission to visit these places. But once in these heavenly places, you realize that it was worth it.
Read more about the states of India in the article:.
State of Rajahstan
One of the largest states in India, tourists are attracted to these places by beautiful National parks, picturesquely located in the state. Each of these parks has its own unique personality and beauty. One of them houses the best tiger reserve in the world, allowing you to observe these large and graceful representatives of the cat breed in their natural habitat. The main attraction of these places is, of course, Fort Daysalmer. It was built in the year one thousand one hundred and fifty six. This is the only inhabited fort that has survived from that time. The people living in it are proud to live in such an unusual place. Although the city is located on the edge of the desert and life in it is quite difficult. Until now, the Maharaja's palace with beautiful glass frescoes has been preserved. Tourists do not often visit these places because of their remoteness and difficult accessibility. But those who visit them will enjoy plunging into the world of fairy tales and legends about genies. From the walls of the fort breathes an indescribable spirit of antiquity.
Many States of India, can boast of having something unusual on their territory. Having visited one of these beautiful places, I want to come back here again. To join the ancient culture and knowledge.
Idealistic culture of India, video:
Not many people can immediately answer the question: “How many states are there in India?” Administrative division determines the federal structure of a given state. In India, there are 29 states, as well as as many as 7 territories, which are considered union. The administrative divisions also include the National Capital Territory of Delhi. India on the world map is a federal state in which states are also usually divided into districts. Each of the states has its own elected government (a union territory may also have its own government). We will talk about the features of the administrative division in India, border disputes, language problems and separatism further.
Administrative divisions of India
India became an independent state in 1947, while the former British colony was divided into India proper and Pakistan, in accordance with the religious affiliation of the population. According to the new constitution, twenty-nine states appeared in the country. They were divided into three categories: A, B and C. Different types of states had different governments. In 1956, the country passed a law according to which Administrative division was reorganized. The category system has been eliminated, and if you ask yourself the question: “How many states are there in India?”, then you already know the answer to it, based on the information above. The border of administrative divisions was defined according to linguistic and ethnic areas.
State administration in India
The states have their own bodies responsible for the executive and legislative branches. Above all in the hierarchy of positions is the governor, who is appointed for five years. It is he who is engaged in the formation of the government, which is controlled by the prime minister. The latter is chosen from among the members of the party that wins the state elections. At the same time, each has its own unicameral or bicameral parliament. The lower one is called the "Vidhan Sabha" and its number can reach from sixty to 500 deputies. She is elected in a general election for a five-year term. The name of the highest house in the parliament is vidhan parishad, and its members have been in office for six years. But every two years, a third of the deputies are re-elected. The state parliament deals with any internal matters, but does not include foreign policy, the problem of defense and trade with other states, because all this is already in the jurisdiction central government countries.
India on the world map: union territories
Based on the information provided, it is already possible to get an idea of the administrative division of this state. But everything does not end with how many states in India, because in this country there are also union territories, while the latter do not have the same parliaments as the states, and they are controlled by the central government (or rather, by officials who are endowed with certain powers). Of course, there are some exceptions. Some union territories have their own parliament, but its power is largely limited, and small units do not have such parliaments at all, as already mentioned above.
Language problem in India
Some states and union territories recognize as official languages, except for English and Hindi, also those spoken by the local population in a particular region. These issues may influence the issue of administrative distribution in India. For example, in October 1956, in the state of Madras, in accordance with the principle of language, a new state was formed under the name of Andhra. However, on this this story didn't end. In November 1956, the state, called Andhra Pradesh, was already separated, when the territory of the state of Andhra was merged with Hyderabad. But this is not the only case with language problems. This question largely affects how many states there are in India. Interesting in this regard is the history of the division of the Punjab in 1966. Then in November, its part, in which the population speaks mainly in Hindi, was allocated to the state called Haryana. The border area between the new administrative unit and the Punjab was declared union.
Border disputes
In the 60s of the last century there was a conflict, which is called the border war between India and China. For the first state, the disputed region became the union territory of Arunachal Pradesh. Already in the 80s, the Indian government raised it to the status of a state. However, the Chinese today do not recognize such a division of the territory and insist on the recognition of the state in their jurisdiction, insisting on vague agreements between the British and Tibet at the beginning of the last century. Entry issue foreign citizens in Arunachal Pradesh is strictly regulated.
Separatism in India
For this state, the problem of separatism is still relevant today. Some territories, according to participants in such movements, should be singled out as separate states.
The Bodo people are the most active in this regard. In the state of Assam, guerrilla war for the secession of the new state of Bodopand. In fact, such separatism is quite unusual in world history. Because here the struggle is not for the independence of this or that territory, but only for the creation of a separate administrative unit. In 2014, the new state of Telengan was also formed from the protest movement. In addition, there are disputes about whether the metropolitan area should be divided.
a state in South Asia most peninsulas of Hindustan.
Official name India:
Republic of India. The official name of the country, India, comes from the ancient Persian word "Sindhu" - historical name river Indus. The Constitution of India also recognizes a second name, Bharat, which comes from the Sanskrit name of an ancient Indian king whose history was described in the Mahabharata. The third name, Hindustan, has been used since the time of the Mughal Empire, but has no official status.
Territory of India:
The area of the state of the Republic of India is 3287590 km².
Population of India:
The population of India is more than 1 billion inhabitants (1126000000 people).
Ethnic groups of India:
In India, there are several hundred nations, nationalities and tribes, the largest of them are: Hindustanis, Telugu, Marathas, Bengalis, Tamils, Gujaratis, Kannara, Punjabis, etc.
Average life expectancy in India:
The average life expectancy in India is equal to - 63.62 years (see. Rating of countries in the world by average life expectancy).
Capital of India:
New Delhi (Delhi).
Major cities in India:
New Delhi (Delhi), Kolkata (over 16 million inhabitants), Mumbai (Bombay) (over 15 million inhabitants), Chennai (Madras) (6 million inhabitants), Hyderabad (5 million inhabitants), Bangalore (4 .5 million inhabitants), Ahmedabad (4 million inhabitants).
State language of India:
Hindi, English. More than 30 different languages and 2000 dialects are spoken in India. The Constitution of India stipulates that Hindi and English are the two languages of the national government, i.e. state languages. In addition, there is an official list of 22 languages (scheduled languages) that can be used by Indian state governments for various administrative purposes.
It was planned that in 1965 English language will lose the status of the state and will be called "additional official language until the full transition to Hindi is completed. However, due to the protests of some states in which Hindi was not widely spoken, the situation was maintained when two languages are state. Due to rapid industrialization, and the multinational influence in the economy, English continues to be a popular and influential means of communication in government and business.
Religion in India:
Hindus - 81.3% of the population of India, Muslims - 12%, Christians - 2.3%, Sikhs - 1.9%, other groups (including Buddhists, Jains, Nestorians, Parsi, etc.) - 2.5%.
Geographic location of India:
India is a state in South Asia, occupying most of the Hindustan peninsula. India borders Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the northeast, Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In addition, India has maritime borders with the Maldives in the southwest, with Sri Lanka in the south and with Indonesia in the southeast. The disputed territory of the state of Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with Afghanistan.
India is a huge triangular country in southern Asia, bordered by the Himalayas on the north and washed by Indian Ocean.
Sri Lanka is located off the northern coast of India. India covers an area of 3,287,590 km, although this figure is not entirely accurate as parts of the border are disputed by China and Pakistan.
North India has the snowy peaks and valleys of the Himalayas and the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain that separates the Himalayas from the southern peninsula and stretches from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal. South of the plains, the landscape rises into the Deccan Plateau, which is triangular in shape and ranges from 300 to 900 meters above sea level. The plateau is bordered by the Eastern and Western Ghats, hills that run parallel along the eastern and western coasts of Hindustan and separate the fertile coastal regions from the interior.
Rivers of India:
Brahmaputra, Ganges, Godavari, Indus, Krishna (river), Sabarmati.
Administrative-territorial division of India:
India is made up of twenty-eight states (which in turn are divided into districts), six union territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Each state has its own elected government, while the union territories are governed by an administrator appointed by the union government. However, some union territories have their own elected governments.
States of India:
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttaranchal
Uttar Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Gujarat
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
West Bengal
Karnataka
Union Territories of India:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
National Capital Territory of Delhi
Pondicherry
Chandigarh
State structure of India:
The executive power in India is exercised by the president, vice president and government headed by the prime minister. The president is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college composed of members of both houses of parliament and members of the state legislatures. The president can be re-elected for a second term. The vice president is elected by an electoral college for a five-year period by members of both houses of parliament. The vice president is also chairman of the Council of States (the upper house of parliament). The prime minister is appointed by the president, but the leader of the party or coalition that has the majority of mandates in the lower house, to which the government is accountable, is nominated. Ministers, who are also officially approved by the president, are nominated by the prime minister. The government forms the Council of Ministers, which is responsible for the operation of the administrative machine and the determination of state policy.
The President of India appoints the Chairman Supreme Court, on the recommendation of the latter - members of the Supreme Court and high courts states, as well as other higher officials. All legislative acts of the Indian Parliament, and in part local acts, come into force after they are signed by the President. The President performs legislative activities during the breaks in the work of Parliament, which approves presidential decrees. The head of state has the right to declare a state of emergency in the states. The president can impose martial law in the country in the event of a serious security threat due to external aggression or armed rebellion. The corresponding presidential declaration needs to be approved by both houses of parliament within a month. The President has the power to issue laws during martial law that are binding on all states of the country.
The Parliament of India consists of two houses - the upper Rajya Sabha, or Council of States, and the lower Lok Sabha, or House of People.
The deputies of the Lok Sabha, who in 1998 numbered 545, are elected (except for two from the Anglo-Indian community) by direct, universal and secret suffrage in constituencies formed in the states and union territories. One of the members of parliament is also the president of the country. The quota of each administrative-territorial unit is proportional to the population. The Lok Sabha can pass a vote of no confidence in the government and demand its removal. The lower house is elected for a term of 5 years, but the president has the right to dissolve it earlier on the recommendation of the prime minister or in the event of the government being dismissed. Laws related to financial sector, only accepts the Lok Sabha.
The maximum number of members of the Rajya Sabha is 245.
Almost all of them (with the exception of 12) are elected in the legislatures of the states and union territories. The rest are appointed by the president, taking into account their contribution to literature, science, art and their social activities. The Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved, but at the end of every second year there is a one-third rotation of the House. As a result, the deputy corps is completely replaced every 6 years.
Legislative acts must pass through both houses of parliament.
The Rajya Sabha has veto power over those relating to financial matters, although the House may not rule out a recommendation for reconsideration. Other discrepancies are discussed in joint session, in which the members of the chambers have one vote each, which ensures the advantage of the Lok Sabha.
The Government Civil Services of India includes three blocks:
at the level of the country as a whole, the states and within the framework of the all-Indian departments, which have their leading divisions in the center, states and union territories. Until 1961, only the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service belonged to such departments. Subsequently, the Indian Engineering Service, the Indian Health Service and the Indian Forest Service were also established.
The Constitution of India contains a provision for independent commissions in the departments government controlled who should carry out attestation and approve the positions of officials in civil institutions. Central organizations, for example, in the areas of taxation, postal services, customs operations, and the Central Secretariat rely on its own rules and procedures for the selection of personnel.
The Indian Administrative Service of India (IAS) has approximately 3,000 senior staff.
It is replenished annually by 100 college graduates, of which 75% are accepted on the basis of a tough competition and 25% - on the recommendation of local branches of the IAS. IAS personnel hold important positions in the districts and work in national and state government agencies.
The Planning Commission was created by a decision of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1950 as an advisory body on planning issues. economic development India, led by the Prime Minister.
The system of government in the states of India.
The executive power in the states is represented by the governor, who is appointed by the president for a five-year term. The Governor appoints the chief minister of the state, who is the leader of the majority party or party coalition in the legislature, and entrusts him with the formation of the state council of ministers. In his actions, the governor is guided by the recommendations of the council of ministers headed by the chief minister. Ministers are collectively responsible to the state legislature, which is elected for 5 years by popular vote in the territorial districts. Most states have small upper houses, or legislative councils. Their members are either chosen by a specially agreed electorate or appointed by the governor.
Before being signed by the governor, laws must be approved in both chambers.
In the event of a divergence of their positions, the constitutional procedure leaves final decision behind the lower house. It is she who has the right to legislative disposal of finances. It is the responsibility of the Governor to send some of the laws passed to the President of India for approval.
Center and states: the division of power.
The division of power between the capital and the states is governed by three registries. The first one lists approx. 100 functions assigned to federal agencies, including defense, foreign policy, money circulation and taxation. The second contains 66 articles reflecting the tasks entrusted to state administrations, incl. maintaining public order, policing, judiciary, local government, ensuring the development of education, health, social services and Agriculture. In addition, the national government depends on the province for nearly all rural development programs. The third register indicates those areas of activity for which both the center and the states are responsible.
The collection of the most important taxes in India is the responsibility of the central government, which strengthens its position in considering the distribution of the proceeds between the capital and the states, to which it allocates grants and loans for various development projects. However, the balance of power is only favorable to the Indian government when the state is in the same party that governs the country, and the prime minister is popular and can appeal directly to the electorate.
The balance of power between the center and the periphery changes when a state of emergency is declared in India.
Introducing it by decree in any state, the president (together with the Indian Parliament, if events occur during the session) gets the opportunity to issue legislative acts for that state. Parliament must approve the decision of the head of state within two months and then confirm its previous position every six months. State of emergency may be entered for a period not exceeding three years. In the 1970s and 1980s, the removal of state governments by the President of India and the establishment of direct rule from Delhi were used more than once on the ground in order to prevent opposition parties from coming to power.
Local government in India.
During the years of British rule, the district (zila), headed by an official from the Indian Administrative Service, became the main administrative unit. The districts, numbering at least 1.3 million inhabitants, retained their importance in independent India. However, the key structure was the "development block" (there are about 6,000 of them in the country), covering approximately 100 villages with a total of 100,000 inhabitants. These blocks are headed by approx. 6,000 officials who are subordinate to the staff of specialists for engineering work and the dissemination of advanced business practices. In addition to this, since the late 1950s, the government has been encouraging the formation of local self-government bodies based on village councils - panchayats. New system acquired a standardized structure: the lower level - panchayats formed by voting in the villages, the middle - panchayat committees elected indirectly in "blocs", and the top - district councils (zila parishad), to which these committees send their representatives in order to coordinate action programs.
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