Examples of sentences with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Is the generalizing word always the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it? Cases where a comma is optional but preferred

Simple sentences with a complicated structure are diverse. They may contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) isolation;
3) introductory words and suggestions and insert structures;
4) appeals.

Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.

§one. Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous Members- these are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question. They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. Between themselves they are connected by a coordinating or non-union syntactic link.
The writing connection is expressed intonation and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The unionless connection is expressed intonationally.

I love ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part common sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part common sentence complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of the sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, additions, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is educated and well educated.

(educated and educated- homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, constructors and cartoons.

(books, designers, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all the days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- similar circumstances

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer - homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible, which are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically designed in different ways.

The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, in beautiful language.

(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we got wet to the skin and froze.

(homogeneous predicates, expressed phraseological turn soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently punctuated.

Homogeneous members of the sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and / or non-union connection. If these are secondary members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech shaped intonation, and writing punctuation.

In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya sat around the table in the dining room and drew.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sitting and drawing- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members

The series of homogeneous members can carry words with a general meaning, referring to all the words of the series. This is generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words denoting:

generic and specific concepts:
The room was furnished with plain furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.
(generalizing word - furniture);
the words: all, all, always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere etc., conveying the idea of universality:
Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can be both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.

The place occupied by generalizing words depends on the punctuation of sentences.

§3. Distinguishing between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the one hand, on one basis, for example, in size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject different parties, on various grounds.

A cheerful, laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

The vase contained red, orange and yellow flowers.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color)

The vase contained large red fragrant flowers.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are inconsistent definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November, the first light snow fell.

(the words first and easy refer to different parts speeches: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

Is it true that homogeneous members are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question?
Are homogeneous members of the sentence equal?
Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinate relationship?
Are proposals with several rows of homogeneous members possible?
Is the number of homogeneous members limited?
Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be joined by coordinating unions?
What is the name of a word with a generalizing meaning that homogeneous members can carry?
- generalizing word
- appeal
- circumstance
Is the generalizing word always the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?
Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions
What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, orange leaves.?
- homogeneous definitions
- heterogeneous definitions

We continue to explore the levels language system, relying on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of the proposal.

Lesson 28. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Homogeneous members, connected only by intonation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous are members of a sentence that are interconnected writing connection and have the following features:

1) often act as the same parts of speech, used in the same grammatical form;

2) are interconnected by a coordinative connection, therefore they are equal in rights and do not depend on each other, unlike the components of a phrase;

3) if these are secondary members, then they spread one member of the sentence and equally define it lexically;

4) in speech are often interconnected by a special enumerative intonation.

Exercise. Read two sentences and identify in them: a) grammatical basis; b) guided by the signs of homogeneity, which members of the proposal are homogeneous.

1) It was necessary to sell furniture, horses, cottages.(A. Chekhov)

2) Earth, air, month, stars are chained together, riveted by frost.(A. Pushkin)

The listed signs of homogeneity and the completed task show that:

a) each of the homogeneous members and all together act as the same members of the sentence: in the first example by additions, in the second by subjects and predicates;

b) any members of the sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.

I. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Members of the proposal that are not homogeneous

With homogeneous members connected by intonation, commas, semicolons and dashes are used in writing.

1. Comma- the most common punctuation mark that separates homogeneous members from each other, connected by the intonation of the enumeration (between them you can insert connecting union and), For example:

The embankment is crowded steamships, schooners, barges . (A. Serafimovich)

Sentences with homogeneous members can be complicated by isolated secondary members. When punctuating, watch the intonation of the statement, and then analyze the structure of the sentence, for example:

Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation to sentries who take his place.(A. Herzen)

Exercise. Explain all the punctuation marks in this sentence. Which parts of the sentence are homogeneous?

2. Semicolon common homogeneous members are separated, connected by the intonation of the enumeration, especially if there are commas inside them. As a rule, this happens if in speech the statement is divided into clear parts-pictures, for example:

Along the ravine on one side neat barns, cells with tightly closed doors; on the other side five six pine hut with shed roofs.(I. Turgenev)

Exercise. Prove it's incomplete sentence. Which part of the sentence is missing?

3. Dash is set if homogeneous members are connected by opposite relations, that is, they are opposed to each other, and unions can be inserted between them a or but. In speech, an intonation pause is made in place of the adversative union, for example:

Not fishing sail small - ships I dream.(N. Nekrasov)

Compare the synonymous sentence with the conjunction: Not a fishing sail, but (but) I dream of ships.

Exercise. Remember the figure of speech of non-union. What is its essence?

4. There are words and expressions that are not homogeneous members, they are used mainly in colloquial, artistic and artistic journalistic functional styles and give form to speech. Such words and expressions can generally be used without punctuation marks, separated by a comma and a hyphen.

no signs punctuation is not separated:

1) two verbs included in the complicated simple verbal predicate. The predicate in this case is a single semantic whole, for example:

I'll go horse with oatsfeed ;

2) repeated identical forms of words included in the complicated predicate, connected by particles no, so (believe it, don’t believe it, you don’t want to, write like that, you have to write it like that), For example:

Like it or not , but you will have to make a concession.

Comma is placed between repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, etc. These words act as one member of a sentence, for example:

White fragrant chamomile flowers run under his feet back, back. (A. Kuprin)

Hyphen put:

1) between repeated words, if the repetition is intended to enhance the action or feature; however, they are pronounced with a single intonation, different from the enumeration intonation, for example:

By blue-blue clouds float in the sky.(A. N. Tolstoy);

2) between paired combinations-synonyms (to know the truth-truth), antonyms (terms of sale), associative combinations (pick mushrooms and berries), which represent a single concept, for example:

We called a neighbor from the other side and went more than once, this and that tasted, but soberly.(N. Leskov)

II. Homogeneous and heterogeneous single agreed definitions

Before you begin to study the paragraph, remember:

a) which adjectives are qualitative, which are relative;

b) what definitions are called agreed;

c) reasons for separating agreed definitions.

In the neighborhood of single agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is quite difficult to establish their homogeneity and heterogeneity, since a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, and not between heterogeneous ones.

Definitions are homogeneous (a comma is put)

Definitions are heterogeneous (no comma)

1. When reverse order words when agreed definitions are after the word being defined, for example (watch the intonation):

Alyosha gave him a mirror, small, foldable, round.

2. When direct order words, when agreed definitions stand before the word being defined, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them are combined according to some common features (in appearance, similarity of the impression made, causation, etc.). Then:

1) each definition directly refers to the noun being defined;

2) there are synonymous relations between the definitions, the intonation of the enumeration arises when the conjunction is allowed and.

For example: Big, fat, fat the boar was digging with its nose in the ground right next to the house.

The boar is big and fat and well-fed; all definitions characterize the noun being defined as " appearance subject".

3. In direct word order, if this definition is an epithet:

Gloomy, homeless night found the travelers in the forest.

4. In direct word order, if the first definition is an adjective, and the second is a participle:

It was kinda sad about that. old, already touched by autumn garden.

In direct word order, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them characterize the subject from different sides, that is, they represent signs related to different concepts. Then:

1) the preceding definition refers to the combination of the subsequent definition with the noun being defined;

2) there are no synonymous relations between definitions, the intonation of enumeration does not arise and it is impossible to insert a union and.

For example: Alyosha gave him small folding round mirror on the chest of drawers.(F. Dostoevsky)

Three Definitions Related to Supplement mirror, heterogeneous: a) the adjectives expressed by them characterize the subject from different angles: small indicates the size of an object folding- on the property, what can be done with this item, plump- on appearance; b) each previous definition refers to the combination of the following definition(s) + noun: small folding round mirror(folding round mirror could be large), folding round mirror(a round mirror could not be folding).

Exercise. Homogeneous definitions-epithets serve education stylistic figure gradation. What stylistic meaning gradations?

It can be seen from the examples in the table that homogeneous definitions are most often expressed by qualitative adjectives. Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives because they represent different features.

A comma between definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories is placed if there is proximity lexical meanings, and refers to optional punctuation marks, for example:

ended summer, warm night.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) - Here, in the author's opinion, the concept warm speaks integral part concepts summer.

Exercise. Read the sentences in which the definitions are after the word being defined and therefore are homogeneous. Rewrite each sentence so that the definitions come before the word being defined. Analyze the phrasal intonation in both cases and evaluate the stylistic meaning of word order.

1. Katya quickly took off her glove, beautiful, velvet. 2. Women rushed to the soldier, wounded, walking in front. 3. After a few steps, a tree, large, like a huge giant, blocked our path. 4. There was an oak tree by the road itself, clumsy, old, squat. 5. Boys, not tanned, who had just arrived for the holidays, were fishing from a boat.

In Russian between heterogeneous definitions comma not
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is placed.
Several agreed definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions are directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while they are in relation to each other
enumerations (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can put the union and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Red
and yellow tulips.

Heterogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumeration
intonation, it is usually impossible to put a union between them and.
Heterogeneous definitions are otherwise related to the defined (main)
word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the composition closest to the main word is associated with
its definition is short.
The definition of short is associated with the whole phrase - passenger
composition (Passenger composition is short).

Definitions are homogeneous if:

Identifies distinguishing features various items;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls - blue and white balls; the balls were blue; the balls were
white.

Denote various features of one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn - wooden and burnt barn; barn was
wooden; the barn was burned down.

Characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context
united somehow common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - "cloudy, and therefore dreary."

In context, synonyms are created between definitions.
relations;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the forms are acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words that are close in
value.

Represent artistic definitions- epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval cat eyes.

They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the sign they express;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.

A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by the participial
turnover, that is, participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Grey, neatly combed hair.

Stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Hair gray, combed.

The second definition clarifies the first - between the definitions you can put the union that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.

Definitions are heterogeneous if they:

They characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, that is, they express signs related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed - "size and material",
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds - "color and shape",
the oval clouds were grey;
pot-bellied walnut bureau - "form and material",
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;

Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:

Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.

Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.

Relative adjective and single participle;
A neglected orchard.

Without definitions explaining the property and quality of an object, human speech would be "dry" and uninteresting. Everything that has a sign is conveyed in sentences with the help of definitions. It is the description of objects that creates our knowledge about it and attitude towards it: a tasty fruit, a bitter experience, beautiful person, white and fluffy rabbit, etc. Similar explanations characterizing objects help to better understand them.

The concept of homogeneous members

For greater disclosure of the content of a sentence or to strengthen any part of it, homogeneous members of sentences are often used. They answer the same question and explain or refer to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are absolutely independent and are connected in a sentence either by enumerative intonation or by coordinating conjunctions. Rarely can they be linked subordinating conjunctions, conveying the meaning of concession or the reasons for what is happening.

For example:

All members of the sentence, both secondary and main, can be homogeneous equally. Difficulties in punctuation often raise doubts about their uniformity. To know when commas are needed and when not, you need to understand what distinguishes between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions.

Definitions heterogeneous and homogeneous

Homogeneous are definitions that refer to one member of the sentence or that characterize it, and answer one question. Commas are placed between homogeneous definitions, as they describe an object from any side or list its varieties, for example:

Heterogeneous definitions give a description of the subject from different angles, characterizing it according to its various qualities.

This is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Examples have shown that homogeneous are divided according to the characteristics and conditions that they characterize. They also have an enumerative intonation.

Heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions can be divided according to the way of expressing signs and according to the place in the sentence.

Non-homogeneous include:

Definitions that characterize or reveal the properties of an object from different angles. At the same time, its various qualities can be listed - shape, color, width, height, material, etc. For example: a long black scarf was wrapped several times around the neck (definitions indicate the length and color of the object).
Definitions consisting of a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example: a girl took off a red woolen mitten from her hand and stroked a kitten (“red” is a qualitative adjective characterizing the color, “woolen” is a relative one, indicating the material).
Definitions represented by qualitative adjectives included in different semantic groups. For example: his cheerful green eyes squinted (two quality adjectives characterize the word being defined from different angles).

Another feature that distinguishes homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (examples clearly demonstrate this) is the absence of a listing intonation when they reveal their various properties in objects.

Main signs of homogeneity

In order to determine what type definitions in a sentence belong to, one should know what particular features of an object they can characterize. In the section "Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions" (grade 8), the main features indicating homogeneity are given:

They also distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions of punctuation marks in a sentence. With homogeneous secondary terms, they are always put.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

It is important to correctly determine whether or not to put punctuation marks when the sentence has homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Lesson (grade 8) on this topic gives the following examples of comma placement:

Commas are not put if homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are separated by a coordinating union and. For example: red and yellow balls (uniform definitions); the house was large and stone (heterogeneous definitions).

Additional signs of homogeneity and heterogeneity

In addition to the main ones, there are additional signs indicating that the definitions are homogeneous. This is characteristic either of poetic forms bound by the requirements of rhyme or terminology. In such speech constructions, definitions, even after the object they define, may be undefinable. For example:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions (the exercises confirm this) can move from one quality to another. For example, when one definition stands in front of another, which makes up a single phrase with the subject: a long train.

A special kind of definitions

A special variety includes definitions that connect explanatory relationships. In this case, it is easy to determine where homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions are. The test for their difference lies in the substitution of conjunctions "namely" and "that is".

A completely different, interesting time has come (another, namely interesting).
The play received a new, original sound (new, that is, original).

A comma is placed between homogeneous definitions connected by explanatory conditions.

Note

As the rules show, they may have exceptions or notes, which confirms the study of the topic “homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions”. A lesson in grade 11 introduces students to a note on this topic. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions tend to change the meaning of the sentence, for example:

New, yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the former ones were not yellow).
New yellow taxis appeared on the streets of the city (the number of yellow taxis increased).

In the first example, the emphasis is on the fact that taxis in the city have become yellow. In the second, new cars appeared among the yellow taxis.

double punctuation

Depending on what intonation the speaker uses, in some phrases the definition following the first one may become not homogeneous, but explanatory. For example:

New proven methods led to the result (before these methods did not exist).
New, proven methods resulted (previous methods were not proven).

In the second example, you can substitute the unions "that is" and "namely", so a comma is placed and the intonation changes.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Agreed definitions relating to one defined word can be both homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Homogeneous definitions each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumeration intonation and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to designate hallmarks different objects (varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels of light fall on passers-by, slide along facades (Cat.));

b) to designate various, logically one-dimensional, signs of the same object (the signs of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on the one hand, for example: Loved Chapaev strong, decisive, hard word(Furm.)).

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression made by the signs, appearance, etc.), for example: Napoleon made an interrogative gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L.T.).

In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the sign they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, incomparable look (Aks.).

Between homogeneous definitions, since they form a coordinative series and are in a logically and semantically identical relation to the word being defined, one can usually insert a coordinating union: cheerful and open smile, open and charming smile etc. (Heterogeneous definitions do not allow this: one cannot say: climbed the creaky and wooden stairs, put on a new and red dress.)

Usually, the adjective and the participial phrase following it (or just participle) act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow sad in this small garden, already touched in late autumn (Hump.); clean, ironed shirt; grey, dull day.

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined, for example: The sun disappeared behind an advanced low broken cloud (L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an oblong pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. But, if it is possible to bring such signs under a common generic concept, the definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks, huts blackened here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is marshy).

Definitions expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives are heterogeneous, since they are not in the same relation to the noun: the relative adjective extends the noun, and the qualitative one joins the phrase (relative adjective + noun) as a whole name: sunny autumn day.

Also, the definitions expressed are not homogeneous:

1) pronoun and adjective: your new hat, this wooden casket;

2) ordinal number and adjective: second stone house;

3) participle and adjective (in that order): purely washed wooden floor, tanned cheerful face.

Specifying definitions are not homogeneous either (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limits the sign expressed by it), for example: Only narrow, three hundred fathoms, a strip fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous definitions?

lady nee

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of a sentence are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from heterogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

First of all, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of the homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting, exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And the definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day, that is, the definition good does not refer to the word day, but to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relations are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (a large glass vase, a new leather bag), while the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of a complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; each interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: the first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: showered autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) quality adjective and relative: big stone house; bright morning dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions denote different attributes of an object: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions are semantically diverse. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Heterogeneous definitions always characterize one subject, but from different angles: There were old hanging wall clocks in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects are indicated that differ in any one respect: in color, purpose, material, geographic location etc.

For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions that characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

A) synonymous definitions (the uniformity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, that is, they characterize an object from one side): a sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

B) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;

3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is a single, and the second is a participial turnover (a single definition precedes the common one): they walked through a quiet taiga illuminated by stars (but: they walked through a quiet taiga illuminated by stars).

Tell me what is heterogeneous definitions?

kitty

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, indicate different features of an object, for example, its size, shape, color, material, location, etc. For example: that the forest was cut down in winter (V. Soloukhin). 2) Bestuzhev removed a green knitted (color and material) glove from her hand and kissed her cold fingers (K. Paustovsky). 3) A thick rough (size and purpose) notebook, in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches, was placed at the bottom of the suitcase (V. Kaverin). 4) Around noon, a lot of round high (shape and location) clouds usually appear ... (I. Turgenev).
As a rule, definitions expressed by a combination of a qualitative and relative adjective are heterogeneous.

mire kim

Designate the defined words, underline homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo painted clay toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, came to her in our days. Indeed, today there is an acute shortage of good.

For a long time, no attention was paid to the Dymkovo painted clay toy. Interest, and then real world recognition, came to her in our days. Indeed, today there is an acute shortage of good.
Dymkovka is a children's joyful optimistic view of the world. Here are caring serious nannies with children; graceful playful water carriers; funny colorful rams with golden horns; harmless nobles - arrogant and funny. These are happy young people riding a boat; funny moving buffoons on horseback; shy young ladies with umbrellas. And how amusing in his arrogant majestic pose is the rider on the spotted horse!
Halftones and imperceptible transitions are alien to the famous Dymkovo toy. These are catchy optimistic toys burning with colored spots.

July 17, 2015

Incorrect punctuation is one of the common mistakes allowed in writing. The most complex punctuation rules usually include the placement of commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear idea of their features and differences helps to make the record correct and well readable.

What is a definition?

This is minor member sentences denoting a sign, property or quality of the object denoted by the noun. Most often expressed as an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our house), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "what?" "whose?". However, there are cases of using a noun as a definition ( plaid dress), an infinitive verb ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( Hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of a simple (or predicative part of a compound) sentence. Homogeneous members are expressed by words of one part of speech and the same shape, depend on the same word. Therefore, they will respond to general question and perform in the sentence the same syntactic function. Homogeneous members are interconnected by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that it is usually possible to rearrange them as part of a syntactic construction.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered above their fellow flowers.". Homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize an object on the same basis. Or another example: Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city, languishing from the heat.". In this sentence, one feature is logically related to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinguishing features

This question is often difficult. To understand the material, let us consider in more detail what features each group of definitions has.

Homogeneous	Heterogeneous
Each definition refers to one word being defined: Cheerful, uncontrollable laughter of children was heard from all sides.»	The nearest definition refers to the noun, and the second to the resulting combination: " On this frosty January morning, I did not want to go outside for a long time.»
All adjectives are usually qualitative: " A beautiful, new bag hung on Katyusha's shoulder.»	Combination quality adjective with a relative or with a pronoun, participle, numeral: large stone castle, my good friend, the third intercity bus
You can insert a connecting union AND: " For crafts needed white, red,(AND) blue sheets of paper»	It is impossible to use with And: " In one of Tatiana's hands was an old straw hat, in the other she held a string bag with vegetables»
Expressed in one part of speech. Exception: adjective + participial phrase or inconsistent definitions, after a noun	Refer to different parts of speech: Finally got to the first light frost.(numeral + adjective) and hit the road»

These are the main features, the knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means correct punctuation.

In addition, performing syntactic and punctuation analysis suggestions, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always homogeneous

The adjectives standing next to each other characterize the object according to one attribute: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " In the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, French culture in advance».
A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature in different ways. " From early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news.».
Definitions after a noun, with the exception of terms such as overhead clamshell crane. For example, in A. Pushkin's poem we find: “ On the winter road, a boring trio of greyhounds runs". In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, with each definition logically distinguished.
Homogeneous members of the sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the sign in ascending order. " The sisters, seized with a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions.».
Inconsistent definitions. For example: " Entered the room cheerfully A tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

The combination of a single adjective and participial turnover

We must also stop at next group definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Homogeneous almost always are definitions corresponding to the scheme "single adjective + participle turnover". For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen.". However, if the participial turnover is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the whole combination, the rule “punctuation marks with homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly descended on the damp earth.».

One more point must be taken into account. Consider this example: In the midst of the thick, spreading fir-trees darkened at dusk, one could hardly see a narrow path leading to the lake.". This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed participle turnovers. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word "thick". Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, it is distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases where a comma is optional but preferred

Homogeneous definitions (examples can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying, causal features. For example, " at night,(can be inserted BECAUSE) the deserted streets were clearly visible long shadows from trees and lanterns". Another example: " Suddenly, the old man heard deafening,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at Luzhin's large, pale face, she... was filled with... pity."(V. Nabokov). Or A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has come».
When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): " Timothy's large, fish-eyed eyes were sad and attentively looked straight ahead.».

Similar homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional Cases

Sometimes in speech one can meet sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood on this site, but now new, high ones flaunted.". As shows given example, in such a case there are two groups of definitions related to the same noun, but having the opposite meaning.

Another case concerns definitions linked by explanatory relations. " Quite different, alien to the boy sounds were heard from the open window". In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is”, will be appropriate.

Punctuation rules

It all depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are placed in case of unionless connection. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door.". In the presence of coordinating unions ("as a rule", "and") punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them.". Therefore, these proposals are subject to punctuation rules applicable to all syntactic constructions with identical members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. The exception is sentences with combinations that allow a double interpretation. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods.". AT this case it all depends on the meaning of the sacrament. A comma is placed if "namely" can be inserted before the word "verified".

Conclusion

Analysis of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy in more depends on the knowledge of specific theoretical material in terms of syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.