Rules for homogeneous sentences. What is a series of homogeneous members? A number of homogeneous members: definition and examples

Often in sentences there are homogeneous members. What are they and what is their function? This article is devoted to these questions.

What are homogeneous members

In the science of the Russian language, the conceptual basis of this phenomenon has long been developed.

So, homogeneous members are such parts in a sentence that perform the same function in a syntactic sense. In another way, you can say that they belong to some one common word or are dependent on it. For example, all adjectives in the sentence "White, blue and green balloons flew into the air" are homogeneous definitions. In writing, they are separated by punctuation marks, as a rule, commas, as well as unions. In speech, pauses form between them. Not always homogeneous members are the same parts of speech. An example of this is the sentence "The student answered correctly, sensibly, in beautiful language. Homogeneous members are equal, independent of each other. In addition to this, they answer the same question.

Signs of homogeneous members

Above have already been briefly indicated basic properties such words in sentences. Let's consider them in more detail with the given examples. First, homogeneous members always answer the same question. For example, in the sentence “Blue, yellow and pink flowers All definitions answer the question “what?”. Thus, they are homogeneous. Secondly, they are the same members of the sentence. So, in the sentence "Brother and sister met" homogeneous members are subjects. Thirdly, they have to do with a single specific word. So, in the phrase "they rested and worked" all verbs have a connection with the pronoun. And, finally, fourthly, homogeneous members are equal in rights and are connected by a coordinating connection. That is, you can always insert the union "and" between them.

Punctuation issues

How are homogeneous members indicated in writing? As mentioned above, they must be separated by something.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members are, as a rule, commas. They are placed in cases where these equal parts are not connected by unions. If such a situation exists, then there is no need for punctuation marks. Another thing is if adversarial or repetitive unions are used. An example of this would be the sentences "She felt happy but tired" and "In the evening they either dance or read."

The value of homogeneous members

The Russian language is rich and multifaceted. Some people have a question: "Why do we need homogeneous members of a sentence?" After all, from the whole wealth of words, you can choose the only true and necessary one. The most common answer to this question is that homogeneous members make speech more expressive. Without them, proposals are dry and lifeless. They are used to prevent speech from becoming poor and primitive. In addition, homogeneous terms are used for the purpose of more accurate description any objects or events. AT

The concept of homogeneous members of the proposal.

Homogeneous and two or more members of the sentence are called, bound friend with friend writing connection. The compositional connection consists in the fact that words are connected to each other as equal, independent of each other; neither serves to explain the other. Homogeneous members are:

a) two or more subjects with a common predicate for them, for example: Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Persians crowded in the wrong area (P.);

b) two or more predicates with a common subject for them, for example: Boiled, hurried, rumbled life (T.) ;

c) two or more minor members depending on the same member of the sentence and answering the same question, for example: The wind was blowing down the street feathers, shavings, dust.(M. G.) fast, furious the trio ran. (N.) Began to drip rare, small rain. (Ch.)

The writing connection is expressed either by conjunctions and intonation, or without unions, only by intonation. In a sentence The native Volga rolled in a wide veil straight, majestic homogeneous circumstances are connected only by the intonation of the enumeration;

they are pronounced in the same tone, each with its own logical stress, there is a pause between them. In a sentence That night I did not sleep and did not undress (P.) homogeneous predicates are connected by union and intonation; with a single union and there is no pause between homogeneous members; but if this union is repeated, then there is a pause: And for him they rose again And deity, and inspiration, And life, and tears, and love. (P.)

Unions connecting homogeneous members are called co-ordinators.

Homogeneous members usually have the same grammatical form, as in the above examples, but this is not necessary: for example, in a sentence She listened to him fear and greed(M. G.) homogeneous circumstances are expressed by a noun in indirect case with preposition and adverb.

Homogeneous members can be widespread, So, in a sentence Gloomy Forest sullenly silent or howls muffled(T.) homogeneous predicates are common circumstances.

Sometimes syntactically indecomposable combinations of words are homogeneous; for example in a sentence.

Wandered all day I room to room, roof to roof, stair to stair(P.) homogeneous circumstances are: 1) from room to room 2) from roof to roof, 3) with stairs to stairs.

A sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members, for example: Princess Mary at all didn't think and didn't remember about my face and hair.(L.T.) This sentence has two series of homogeneous members: predicates didn't think and didn't remember and additions about face and hair.

Unions connecting homogeneous members of a sentence.

Coordinating unions, which serve to connect homogeneous members, in their main meaning are connecting, separating, opposite and c o r a r a t i o n s.

1. Connecting unions and, no, no, yes (= and) and etc.

Union and can be single or repetitive. Single Union and , when there are several homogeneous members, it is placed before the last one and emphasizes that the enumeration is completed, for example: Arbs, carts, gigs creak endlessly and vans. (Seraph.) Repeating union and, as a rule, it is placed in front of each homogeneous member and gives the statement an additional enumerative enumeration meaning: Here already and knocking and cry, and do not hear bells. (T.)

Union no no used instead of conjunction and in negative sentences and can only be repeated. Wed:

He didn't have a brother and sisters.- He didn't have neither brother neither sisters. (L.)

Union yes (==and) can be both single and repetitive;

when repeated, it attaches to the statement, like the union and, enumerative value, but cannot stand before the first homogeneous member: 1) Pines only Yes spruce tops rustled. (P.) 2) Let him serve in the army Yes pull the strap Yes sniffs gunpowder, Yes there will be a soldier ... (P.)

2. Separating unions or (il), either, then - that, not that - not that and etc.

Divisive unions or and or show that one of the listed homogeneous members is possible;

they can be either single or repeated, for example: 1) Sometimes a pole will float like a dead snake or log. (M. G.) With a stranger I or shy, or put on airs. (M. G.) In the case of repetition, they often give the sentence an additional enumeration value, for example: Evseich or entertained us with stories or played with us or listened to my reading. (BUT.)

Union then - then can only be repetitive; it indicates the alternation of actions or objects: Wind then howled dully, then whistled impetuously. (T.) That the seal will call then deer (Chuk.)

Difficult dividing union not that - not that also only repetitive, indicates the uncertainty of the impression produced by the action, the object, the quality of the object, etc., for example: Upstairs behind the ceiling someone not that groans not that laughs. (Ch.) Not that fog, not that smoke enveloped the entire grove.

3. Opposing alliances a, but, yes (= but), however, but etc. point to the opposition of one to the other and therefore are not repetitive: 1) We will not bring our cart, a let's roll. (Cr.) 2) His face had a rather pleasant expression, but picaresque. (P:) 3) Good singer Yes puffy. (M. G.) 4) I hesitated a little but sat down (T.) 5) They are[singers] tear a little but they don’t take intoxicating things in their mouths. (Cr.)

4. Double comparative conjunctions how-so and not only - but and, not so much - how much, if not - then, although - but (a). The first part of the union is placed in front of one homogeneous member, the second - in front of another.

Union not so much as used to compare actions or properties according to their degree, for example: He thought not so much about the upcoming holiday how many about meeting his old friend soon. He not so much cowardly, how many timid.

Union as - so and serves only for matching, for example: Siberia has many features as in nature, so in human manners. (Hound.) All other comparative conjunctions have different additional meanings.

Union not only but emphasizes that, in addition to what is indicated by the first homogeneous member, there is another thing that the speaker, when compared with the first, considers it more important, for example: The partisans had Not only rifles, but also machine guns.

Union if not - then has an additional conditional value, and the union although and (but)- concessive, for example: 1) Most of their faces expressed if not fear, then anxiety. (L.T.) 2) It [the bridge] looks though and simple a has a wonderful property. (Cr-)

Punctuation marks between homogeneous members of a sentence.

1. Between homogeneous members, not connected unions, a comma is placed, for example: The steppe groaned under the sound of checkers, under the whistle of bullets, under the peals of gun thunder. (Furm.)

2. Before a single union, connecting or divisive (and, yes(==and), or, or), connecting homogeneous members, the comma is not put.

EXAMPLES: The clear sky, the freshness of the morning, the dew, the breeze, and the singing of the birds filled Lisa's heart with childlike gaiety. (P.) Ryazan sawyers trudged slowly Yes glaziers. (Leon.) There was no excitement in his movements or fear.

3. Before repeated connecting and separating unions and -and, neither - neither, yes - yes, or - or, either - either, then - that, not that - not that, standing between homogeneous members, a comma is placed.

EXAMPLES. Forgive the fever young years and youth heat, and young bastard. (P.) He loved thick groves, solitude, silence, and night, and stars, and moon (P.)(commas are placed between all homogeneous members: the first two - because there is no union, the last three - because the union is repeated). They seem to me then noisy feasts, then military camp, then combat fights. (P.)

N o t e. It should be noted that some difficult cases setting (or absence) of punctuation marks with homogeneous members.

In the example The local fevers are similar to the Crimean and Moldavian ones and are treated in the same way (P.) no commas were included because one and connects predicates (similar and treated) and does not repeat, another and connects definitions (Crimean and Moldovan) and also does not repeat.

When homogeneous members are combined in terms of meaning into links, when punctuation marks are set, each link is taken as one homogeneous member:

a) In the endless, in the free space glitter and movement, rumble and thunder(Tyutch.) - four homogeneous members are connected in pairs by an alliance and into two links between which there is no union; therefore, the links are separated by a comma;

b) I love the magnificent withering of nature, forests dressed in crimson and gold, in their vestibule the wind noise and fresh breath, and the skies are covered with mist, and rare sun Ray, and first frosts, and distant gray winter threats (P.) - additions noise and breath have a common circumstance (in their hallway) and definition (wind) and are one link; therefore they are not separated by a comma, although further union and repeats;

in) At the Ivashins, he was his man and he had a tender paternal feeling for Zina and admired her (Ch.) - the last two homogeneous predicates (had a paternal feeling and admired) in meaning they make up one link, as they talk about the attitude towards Zina; Therefore, a comma is not placed between the predicates.

4. Never separated by a comma integral expressions with repeated union: and this and that, neither this nor that, and this and that, and this and that, and here and there, neither here nor there, and day and night, and cold and hunger, neither fish nor meat, nor light nor dawn, give or take and the like.

5. Before opposing alliances ah, but, yes (==but) a comma is placed.

EXAMPLES. I will put not the clan, but the mind into governors. (P.) The proclamation was written in rough, but strong expressions. (P.) Small spool, Yes roads. (ate)

In the absence of an opposing union between homogeneous members, a dash is placed, not a comma: Here they do not live - paradise. (Cr.)

6. If homogeneous members are connected by a double union, then a comma is placed before its second part (between homogeneous

members): Sanin felt in his whole being if not fun, then some lightness. (T.)

On the conjunctive meaning of some coordinating conjunctions.

Some of the unions (and, Yes in meaning and ) are used in an adjunctive sense. In this case, they add what came to mind when the thought had already been expressed. or add an unexpected consequence. Before unions with this value, the voice is lowered and a pause is made. Union yes and has only an associated value.

Before at connecting unions a comma is placed; instead of a comma, there can be a dash and even a period.

EXAMPLES. 1) Fedotik (Irine). Just bought some colored pencils for you from Pyzhikov at Moskovskaya. And here is the knife. (H) Oh knife Fedotik remembered when the thought had already been expressed. Union and in this example has a conjunctive meaning.

2) The caretaker stood, stood - yes and gone. (P.) The caretaker, pushed out by the lackey, in bewilderment, bewildered, stood for a moment, stood at the closed door, and then, having thought of nothing, left. The additive character of the predicate gone shown by union yes and and a pause in front of it, which is indicated by a dash in the letter.

3) Lizaveta Ivanovna was a domestic martyr. She spilled tea and was reprimanded for spending too much sugar; she read novels aloud, and was to blame for all the mistakes of the author; she accompanied the countess on her walks, and in charge of the weather and for the bridge. (P.) In this example, in three sentences, the union and has an associated value. He attaches a predicate, which means something completely unexpected, which does not follow from what was said.

Alliances with specified values heterogeneous members can also be attached, for example: But I give him a job, and a very interesting one. (Sharp)

Homogeneous definitions.

1. Definitions are considered homogeneous if they characterize the subject from any one point of view, according to any one sign (i.e., they are logically and in meaning homogeneous). Each of homogeneous definitions is directly associated with the noun being defined, and therefore a conjunction can be inserted between them and . Homogeneous definitions have

the following values:

a) serve to list the varieties of objects by indicating their hallmarks, For example: The store received woolen, silk, linen fabrics (both woolen, and silk, and linen);

b) list the features of the object, forming, as it were, one series of synonyms, for example: Finally comes the long, boring, stormy winter (A.) (and long, and boring, and stormy).

2. It is necessary to distinguish heterogeneous from homogeneous definitions. Heterogeneous definition refers to a combination of a definable noun and a definition attached to it, as a complex name for an object, for example: walked long commodity a train. (Ch.) In this sentence, the first definition long refers to more than one word a train, but to the combination freight train, as to the complex name of the subject. Another example: He studied in higher education institution. Such definitions are not separated by a comma.

Definitions that characterize an object with different parties, for example, its size, shape, color, material, etc. Compare: a wide asphalt highway, a large rectangular stone slab, a long red scarf. In this case, no comma is placed between the definitions.

Note: Some of the Examples allow for different understanding, resulting in different pronunciation and different punctuation. Let's take an example:

1) Silently smoldered it tiny, motionless eyes. (T.) 2) Deaf smoldered his tiny motionless eyes. This example can be understood so that the definitions list the attributes of the subject, and separate them with commas; It can also be understood that the first definition (tiny) refers to the combination of the defined with the second definition (fixed eyes) and don't put a comma.

The first understanding is more appropriate artistic descriptions, striving for clarity, and the second - prosaic accurate speech, striving for generalization.

Let's take another example: 1) I need other, sharp knife. 2) I'm low another sharp knife. If this example is to be understood in such a way that the second definition clarifies the first (you need another one, but exactly sharp knife, since the first knife turned out to be blunt), then a comma should be put, if it is to be understood in such a way that the first definition another refers to the combination sharp knife(one sharp knife is available, another one is needed), then a comma should not be put.

Agreement in number in sentences with homogeneous members.

I. When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects are in the plural, the predicate is also put in the same number. Fun on the other side curled up willows, young oak trees and willows. (Kor.) Questions, exclamations, stories rained down vying. (T.)

When the subject closest to the predicate or all subjects stand in singular, agreement depends on the meaning of conjunctions and word order.

If homogeneous subjects are connected by connecting unions or only intonation, and the predicate follows them, then it is usually put in the plural: Youth and nature accelerated my recovery. (P.) When the predicate stands before homogeneous subjects, it is placed either in the singular, agreeing with the nearest subject, or in the plural: Forgotten camp noise, comrades and brothers. (Gr.) On all faces expressed excitement and anxiety. (L.T.) However, in this position, the predicate, which denotes an action performed by several persons (for example, gathered, gathered, gathered etc.), must be put in the plural. In summer usually came together and brother Nikolai, and sister Elena, and uncle Vanya with his wife.

When homogeneous subjects are connected by divisive unions, the predicate is often put in the singular to show that at any given moment it is connected with one of the subjects: 1) Experienced fear or momentary

vein fright in a minute seems and funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. (Furm.) 2) Sometimes a dead snake will float pole or log. (M. G.) If they want to attribute the predicate to all subjects, it is put in the plural: That loud laughter, that song resounded in the living rooms of an old house.

In the case of connecting homogeneous subjects by adversaries

by unions, the predicate agrees in gender and number with the closest homogeneous member to it: Me oppressed not pain, but heavy dull bewilderment. (M. G.) Not knowledge, but intuition prompted me the right decision.

II. A definition referring to several homogeneous definables agrees with them in number in the same way as a predicate with homogeneous subjects. It should be noted that adjectival definitions are more likely to agree with the nearest defined, for example: Her magnificent fur coat and hat made no impression. (Ch.) Enmity and captivity old one let Finnish waves forget. (P.)

N o t e. This does not apply to separate definitions A: They tend to. put in the plural: these dispatches already had some thoroughness and accuracy, so necessary in the matter of war. (S.-C.)

III. If a noun has several homogeneous definitions that list the varieties of objects, then this noun is usually put in the singular, for example:

1) The success of students in the first and second quarters were very average. 2) Number of students in primary and secondary school increased sharply. Plural it is preferred if the noun comes before adjectives or if it is necessary to emphasize that there are several objects: 1) There were factories aviation, machine-building, metallurgical. 2) He walked on the threshing floor, cattle and horse yards.(L.T.)

Exercise 76 Write by inserting the missing letters. Set up punctuation marks. Underline the homogeneous members of the sentence (if there are several rows of homogeneous members in the sentence, then emphasize the homogeneous members of one row with one line, the other with two, etc.).

1) The first snow flickers in ... 2) The wagons were loaded with hay, straw, bags of flour, pots, bricks ... and firewood. 3) Near them, the Nogai guides in cloaks and with lassoes were skating. 4) He was tall, thin and about thirty years old. 5) For two days, the secluded fields seemed new to him, the coolness of the gloomy oak forest, the murmur of a quiet stream. 6) In the window, Tatiana saw in the morning the whitened courtyard of the curtain, the roof and the fence on the glass, light patterns of trees in winter silver, forty cheerful in the yard and softly carpeted mountains of winter with a brilliant carpet. 7) In front of the house, multi-colored lights flashed, spun, rose up with ears of palm trees, fountains, rained down with stars, fading ... they flared up again.

77. Read, indicate the meaning of the unions that stand with homogeneous members; Explain the arrangement of punctuation marks for homogeneous members. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) Mature pines with pale yellow trunks, dark oaks, magnificent ash-trees lifted high here and there their lonely tops. 2) The gloomy forest is sullenly silent or howls deafly. 3) And it smells of smoke, and grass, and a little tar, and a little skin. 4) The sky was either clouded over with loose white clouds, then it suddenly cleared in places for an instant. 5) The last waves of warm fog either roll down and spread out like tablecloths, or wriggle and disappear into the deep. gently with and flowing height. 6) Felled aspens crushed both grass and small shrubs. 7) Tchertop-hanov was known throughout the neighborhood as a dangerous and extravagant, proud and bully of the first hand. 8) I could not discover passions in him neither to food neither to the hunt. 9) He would he himself came to you, but he was afraid. 10) I also try to get something by correspondence and lessons. 11) The sun shone and warmed, but not hell.

78 . Write with punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

1) The bushes of the rapids are covered by a snowstorm ... s deep into the snow immersed ... s. 2) In the snowdrifts in front of her, a seething dark and gray stream rustles and swirls with its wave. 3) The moon took off and with a languid light ... lit up Tatyana's pale beauty and loose hair and drops of tears. 4) I love furious youth and crampedness and brilliance and joy. 5) In harmony, my rival was the noise of the forests, or a violent whirlwind, or the orioles singing live, or at night, the sea, the noise is deaf, or the sh ... the sweat of the river is quiet ... jet. 6) He [the poet] will pick up new thoughts and feelings and pass them on to us. 7) I remember mountains high peaks and running waters cheerful jets and shade and noise and red lengths. 8) Between the highlanders ... the captive watched their faith, morals, upbringing, loved their lives, simplicity of hospitality ... property, thirst for war, free movements, speed and lightness of the legs and the strength of a fallow deer. 9) On the way ... I thought of both for deliverance poor girl. 10) My progress, although slow, was good ... reliable.

(From the works of A.S. Pushk and n.)

79. Read the examples and indicate where the definitions are used to list varieties of objects, where they list the characteristics of the object, where one explains the other, where the first definition refers to a combination of a noun with an adjective. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) Amusingly colorful with their pink, purple, fawn hats, they looked out and earthy raw well ki. 2) Only in some places between the bushes stood out tiny clearings with emerald green, silky fine grass. 3) In the sky, in some places, motionless noctilucent clouds. 4) It was a beautiful July day. 5) Gemma put on a big straw nn wow hat. 6) her not the large, rosy, pretty face exuded irrevocable determination. 7) She was not it is unpleasant to show oneself before me in this new, unexpected light. 8) Deaf, restrained sobs suddenly struck me. 9) Suddenly there was a loud moo from the yard well voice. 10) I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long nn oh mess nn oh beard. 11) Here we need a different, fresh look.

(From the works of I. S. Turgenev a.)

80. Write by punctuating and inserting missing letters.

1) White red blue shirts flashed everywhere between the trees. (T.) 2) The whole river was dammed by small solid ice soaked with water. (T.) 3) I turned into a long fake a...her. (Ch.) 4) In the distance, the clearing was cut ... by a high railway embankment. (Ch.) 5) It was lunar clear evening. (Ch.) 6) To the right ... there was a continuous white ... translucent darkness. (Ch.) 7) It began to drip ... fine rare rain. 8) All around was the same gloomy strict wild nature. (L.T.) 9) He fixed on ... a moving gaze at a distance .. the bulk of gray-haired ruddy blue mountains. (P.) 10) The need for a new a better life n...tolerably painful to defend...sweet heart. (Ch.) 11) Nekhlyudov inhaled the strong smell of a young birch leaf. (L.T.)

81 . Write off by inserting the missing letters; explain the agreement in the number of predicates with homogeneous subjects, definitions - with homogeneous defined.

1) In the village ... heard ... clatter and screams. (L.T.) 2) Noise and shouting were heard everywhere. (P.) 3) All faces expressed animation and anxiety. (L.T.) 4) Sometimes you hear ... the crackling of a gun, the vague din of battle. (T.) 5) In all her movements, one could see either ... then negligence, or ... then fatigue. (T.) 6) They [children] are worried not only about the present, but also about the future of the kittens. (Ch.) 7) Cooked a large fork and a maple spatula made me suspect that boiled sterlet was hardly cooked. (L.T.) 8) His calmness and ease of handling surprised Olenin. (L.T.) 9) She so carefully wiped every thing, as if the vase or the book were alive. (M. G.)

82. In the sentences given below, to the existing main and secondary members, add others that are homogeneous with them.

Sample. The factory needs locksmiths. ... - The plant needs locksmiths, turners, electricians.

1) Boards were brought to the warehouse, ... 2) The boy loved to craft: plan, ... 3) He had an old briefcase, ... 4) Snow lay everywhere: in the fields, ... 5) In our forest not only spruces and pines grow, but also ... 6) The wind either died down, then ... 7) He did not receive letters from anyone: not from his brother, ... 8) Cheerful ... voices are heard from the street children. 9) Pavel tried to help his mother in everything: he sawed firewood, ... 10) The silence of the night was sometimes broken by the cry of an owl, ... 11) The visitor turned out to be a man of average height, ... 12) Athletes from all over the planet came to the Olympics: from France, ...

Generalizing words with homogeneous members of the sentence.

A general word is a sentence member that is more general designation for all homogeneous members adjacent to it.

In the example In the basket was game: two black grouse and a duck (Beagle) the general word is the subject game.

A generalizing word can be any member of a sentence, for example: predicate - Homestead location was good: friendly, secluded and free (T.), circumstance - The bird was everywhere: in the garden, in the garden, on the threshing floor, on the street (A.), definition - Headquarters in Taginka village two divisions: Iron and Penza (Mal.) etc.

Generalizing can be combinations of words, for example:

K. chernoles also belong berry trees: bird cherry and rowan. (BUT.)

Very often, generalizing words are expressed by definitive and negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs: everything, nobody, nothing, always, never, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere, nowhere etc.

Homogeneous members answer the same question as the generalizing word in which they stand: In the field, in the grove, in the air -everywhere silence reigned.

Generalizing words are the same members of the sentence as the homogeneous members that stand with generalizing words, for example:

1) All of a sudden all revived: and forests, and ponds, and steppes.(G.)(All the highlighted words are subject.) 2) In the forests, on the mountains, by the seas and by the rivers - everywhere we find brothers. (OK.)(All the highlighted words are the circumstances of the place.)

Note. With homogeneous subjects, there may be nominal predicates with a generic value, for example: Apples, pears, oranges, tangerines, grapes - fruits.

Colon and dash with homogeneous members.

1. When the generalizing word is in front of the homogeneous members of the sentence, then a pause is made before the homogeneous members, and a double dot is put on the letter, for example: Everything changed around: and the weather, and the nature of the forest.(L.T.)

2. If the sentence does not end with homogeneous members, then a dash is placed after them: Everything This: flowers, sparkles, sounds and smells- put pressure on the eyes. (M. G.)

If a comma is required after homogeneous members with a preceding generalizing word according to the conditions of the context (for example, before an adversative conjunction), then a dash after homogeneous members is usually omitted, for example: Many natural disasters were experienced by people: fires, drought, floods, but this did not break the will of man in his struggle with nature.

3. After a generalizing word, a union or

an introductory word warning about an enumeration: somehow, for example and etc.; a comma is placed before such a union or introductory word, and after it a double dot: He was served the usual in taverns dishes, such as: cabbage soup, brains with peas. sausages with cabbage. (G.)

4. If the generalizing word is after the homogeneous members of the sentence, then a pause is made in pronunciation after the homogeneous members, and a dash is put in the letter: In the steppe, across the river,

on the roads - everywhere it was empty. (L.T.)

5. Before the generalizing word, there may be an introductory word:

in a word, in a word, in general and etc.; a dash is placed before the introductory word, and after it, a n - i t and i: But common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people's troubles and joys - in a word, all her virtues were definitely born with her. (T.)

Note. Sometimes a colon is placed in front of homogeneous members of a sentence in the absence of a generalizing word in front of them; this is usually the case in business and scientific speech.

EXAMPLE The meeting was attended by director of the Institute S. I. Ivanov, deputy director I. T. Protsenko, deans of the faculties P. M. Simonov and M. S. Uspensky, scientific secretary P. M. Timofeev.

Stylistic differences in structures with homogeneous members.

Homogeneous members used without unions or connected by unions and or but , Dont Have stylistic coloring and common to all functional styles. Constructions with homogeneous members connected by an union Yes, more characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of folklore. Wed: Blue and scarlet banners flutter over the stadium. - Raincoats of only two colors - blue and gray(from colloquial speech); He small in stature, but physically very strong(book design).- Mal, yes removed. Small spool but precious(sayings); You talk a lot, but you do little(from colloquial speech).

Constructions with unions and ... and, not only ... but and, as ... So and close in meaning. Wed: He came both yesterday and today. - He came not only yesterday, but also today. - He came both yesterday and today. At the same time, constructions with a repeating union and stylistically neutral, and constructions with unions not only ... but and, as ... So and gravitate toward written language. Both parts in each of these unions are constant and cannot be replaced by other words. For example, wrong:

"She loves not only literature, but also physics" or: "not only literature, but also physics"; "He came both yesterday and also today." Similar constructions in Russian literary language are not allowed.

Exercise 83. Write by inserting the missing letters. Explain punctuation marks.

1) Everything around suddenly ... suddenly turned ... growled: trees, grasses and earth. 2) In the house, the morning was still sleeping ... they were in a dead sleep. 3) The whole mustache ... Chertopkhanov's house consisted of four log cabins of different sizes, namely: from an outbuilding, a stable, a barn and a bathhouse. 4) Everything in his house: music, and furniture, and food, and wine - n ... only n ... could be called ... paramount, but even in the second degree it was not ... good. 5) These lengthy readings, this silence, this snail-like hidden life - all this went on just in tune with his mental structure. 6) Tchertop-hanov covered his ears with ... their hands and ran. And hops, and anger, and self-confidence ... awn - everything flew out at once. 7) We will not play only comedies, we will all play: dramas, ballets and even tragedies. 8) Thin eagle nose with open translucent nostrils, bold outline high eyebrows, pale, slightly sunken cheeks - all the features of her face expressed wayward passion and carefree prowess. 9) On the red ... cotton grass, on the blades of grass, on the straws - everywhere they shone ... lay and ... fluttered without ... numerical threads of autumn cobwebs.

(From the works of I. S. Turgenev a.)

84. Write with punctuation marks. Explain the spelling of words in all marked cases.

1) A Circassian hangs around his ancient roots on branches his armor, a shield, a cloak, a shell, and a quiver and a bow with a helmet. 2) Everything is alive there and the poplars are cool in the shade of the olives, the herds that have fallen asleep around the houses have decided yo bunches of grapes. 3) We were two brother and I. 4) Neither you nor she will forget what happened.

5) And with it they put a military shell not a loaded squeaker, a quiver and a bow, a Georgian dagger and checkers of crosses? Steel.

6)Neither muses neither works neither pleasures of leisure nothing is not will replace the only friend. 7) Something native is heard in the long songs of the coachman, then reckless revelry, then heartfelt anguish.

(From the works of A.S. Pushk and n.)

II. 1) Hunting with a spear requires three conditions dark night clear water and perfectly clear weather. 2) It beats sharp big fish like pike, catfish, asp, zander. 3) At this time of the year, large fish somehow no longer took chub and tench.

(S. T. A k s a k o v.)

85. Write with the missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

What could be more remarkable and interesting than underground caves? Narrow winding entrance. Dark and damp. Gradually you get used... to the light of a trembling... candle. The passages are stretching... branching... suddenly expanding... expanding... going into whole halls, then going down steeply... going down somewhere and suddenly breaking off... in abysses. No ropes, no hooks, no rope ladders, which does not help goodness ... going to ... unknown depths, in order to explore the underground labyrinth to the end.

In the echoing emptiness of the caves one hears... different sounds and the rustle of bats and the quiet measured noise of falling drops and the dull peals of stones breaking underfoot. For a long, long time they roll ... until somewhere far ... easily ... you hear ... a splash of water. You try ... to guess ... to give what a lake is there underground river or a waterfall.

Especially remarkable in the caves is the magnificent decoration either from bizarre white ... snow patterns, or from long tall columns, or from icicles, garlands and curtains hanging from above. Sometimes the walls of the caves are covered with deposits of white yellow red minerals. The strange forms of these deposits resemble either the figures of some giants or the bones of giant ... lizards.

(According to A. E. Fersman.)

86. Write with the missing punctuation marks.

All species of resinous trees, such as pine, spruce, fir, and others, are called "red forest" or "red forest". All other tree species that lose their leaves in autumn and renew them in spring, such as oak, elm, aspen, linden, birch, aspen, alder, and others, are called "black forest" or "black forest". It is also necessary to rank among the black forest those species of bushes that also lose their leaves in winter, viburnum, hazel, honeysuckle, wolf's bast, wild rose, black-tailed ordinary willow and others.

(S. T. A k s a k o v.)

87. According to the program and textbook of the Russian language for grade III, establish which homogeneous members and unions students get to know with them elementary school. Come up with eight sentences yourself with such homogeneous members and conjunctions. In doing so, use the list of words that are difficult to write, available in the program.

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In Russian, there are often sentences with words that give an answer to the same question and refer to the same part of speech.

The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence

Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have an equivalent meaning and are interconnected by intonation and coordinative communication. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous sentence members:

The old green poplars rustled, groaned, stirred anxiously. In this sentence, homogeneous members are predicates.

The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, homogeneous members are circumstances.

Let's analyze what are the main features of homogeneous members. First, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly related. There are exceptions in which the homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.

For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.

Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting unions

Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the unions “and this, and that”, “and neither, nor”, “also, too”, “not only ..., but also”.

Before unions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a divisive and singly connecting union of homogeneous members of the proposal. For example:

1.1. Crucians and carp splashed in the pond.

1.2. In the pine forest you can see a woodpecker or a squirrel.

2. If unions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of the proposal. For example: In the collection of Uncle Vanya there were many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeated unions, and thus form sustainable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of colorful flags: red, green, and yellow.

Notes. It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double unions and homogeneous members of a sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double unions:

I like to walk in the forest quietly, with stops.

Vivid examples of combinations with double unions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of the sentence - and laughter and sin, neither fish nor meat, etc.

Relationships of heterogeneity are also often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, quality characteristics one item. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.

In some sentences, we meet words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the proposal. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word "waited" is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the coming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of the sentence.

When you need to more accurately characterize an object or phenomenon (or their properties), describe them more specifically and expressively, intelligibly, so that the interlocutor more fully understands your thought, homogeneous members of the sentence come to your aid. Without them, your thought will lose its completeness and clarity.

Homogeneous Members─ these are characteristics that are related exclusively to one object, in a sentence they will be subordinated to only one word. They describe different aspects of the same person, action or quality.

I love bread, especially wheat and rye.

In this simple sentence with homogeneous members they are adjectives"rye" and "wheat". In another example:

The street got brighter sunlight and smiles.

─ this nouns.

But homogeneous members may be any part of speech verb, noun, adverb.

We worked, strained and worked hard at this construction site of the century.

How to identify homogeneous groups of sentence words in a simple sentence

It is very easy to define such members of a sentence. They are subordinate only to the word that characterizes, they can be attributed the same question. However, they are independent of each other.

Lena loves dancing, rhythmic music and fitness.

AT this case, these are words related to the subject "Lena" and answering the question of what exactly she likes. They are nouns. If one or another addition is removed from the example, the meaning of the sentence will not change, but we will learn less about Lena's tastes. At the same time, homogeneous members can be main in the sentence or secondary.

For example:

Isolation of homogeneous members

In a sentence, homogeneous words can be distinguished using:

It is important to remember that commas must be placed before the second union when you write a sentence in which the words are connected in this way!

How to emphasize homogeneous members?

When analyzing a sentence in a written text, homogeneous members are emphasized in the same way, depending on what function they perform in the sentence. Predicates are underlined as predicates (double solid line), definitions are underlined as definitions (wavy), and so on.

It is important to remember that in the analyzed text in one phrase there may be several groups of homogeneous words at once, and they may well be various parts speech.

Hyacinths, crocuses and azaleas in this park were fragrant and intoxicated my head with their smell.

In this simple phrase, quickly two groups are defined: three subjects and two predicates. The first group should be underlined as subjects (nouns, color names), the second group of words ─ as predicates, with two solid words.

Phraseological turns

With phraseological turns more is waiting for you difficult case in terms of punctuation. Remember that commas are never used in fixed phrases. There are not so many of them, you can just memorize them:

Both old and young.
Neither fish nor fowl.
Etc.

You just need to analyze the text very carefully and train your own memory on phraseological units. Not such a difficult thing!

Comments of the teacher on the studied material

Possible difficulties

good advice

How to properly punctuate the following cases?

The sun rose higher_ and the beach began to bake.

It was already dawn_ and the air was noticeably warmer.

Note that both sentences are complex. Some of the simple sentences in their composition do not have a subject, but this does not make the predicates homogeneous. Commas before and in these sentences are required.

The sun rose higher, and the beach began to bake.

It was already dawn, and the air was noticeably warmer.

Everyone already knew that a girl_ was born and that she was named Masha.

The paint on the walls peeled off from moisture and the frames swelled.

Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two homogeneous clauses (these clauses belong to one main part and answer the same question). There is no comma between them.

Everyone already knew that a girl was born and that she was named Masha.

Single conjunctions and, or, or can link two sentences that have a common minor member. There is also no comma between them.

The paint on the walls peeled off from moisture and the frames swelled (a common secondary term is the circumstance of the cause from moisture).

Do I need to put a comma before and in the following cases?

What a clear smile_ and what huge eyes this girl has!

Single conjunctions and, or, either can connect two exclamatory or two interrogative sentences. There is no comma between them.

Who is he and what is he doing here?

What a clear smile and what huge eyes this girl has!

Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous are such members of the proposal that:

1) play the same syntactic role in the sentence;

2) are connected with the same main word through the same question;

3) are interconnected by a coordinating connection, which indicates their semantic equality in the sentence;

4) are often expressed by the same part of speech.

Let's explain this with a diagram:

She loved dancing, books and romantic encounters.

Before us is a line homogeneous additions(dances, books, meetings), they all depend on the same predicate, answer the same question and are equal in meaning.

Homogeneous members of a sentence (OCHP) can be interconnected both by an allied connection and with the help of coordinating unions:

Communication facilities between PSOs
Homogeneous members are connected by an unionless bond	Aibolit walks through the forests, through the swamps.
Homogeneous members are connected by connecting unions and yes(in meaning and), neither - nor, not only - but also, how - so and, not so much - how much and etc.	Long live soap fragrant and a towel fluffy and tooth powder! (K. Chukovsky). Neither countries, nor I don't want to choose!(I. Brodsky). He is not so much poor as greedy.
Homogeneous members are connected by opposing unions ah but yes(in meaning but), but	The stars are falling for them on the shoulders, not in the palm of your hand. Mal spool yes dear. Flea small, but evil.
Homogeneous members are connected divisive unions or (il), either, then - that, not that - not that	I or I will cry, or I will scream, or I will faint. There somewhere is city or village with that name.

Complex sentences. The main types of compound sentences

Compound sentences are such complex allied sentences in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

There was a knock on the door, and everyone immediately fell silent.

Let there be no money, but conscience does not hurt.

By conjunctions and by meaning, compound sentences are divided into three types.

Type and main unions	Basic values of this type
Compound sentence with connecting conjunctions and yes(in meaning and), neither, nor, too, also.	A list of events that occur simultaneously or sequentially.	The hole was patched up, and the captain's assistant was already checking the navigational instruments. The sailor was silent, the cabin boy also did not say a word.
Compound sentence with disjunctive conjunctions or (il), or - or, either, either - or, then - then, not that - not that.	The alternation of phenomena, the possibility of one phenomenon out of several.	Either the store was already closed, or Oska was simply too lazy to buy bread. Either the battery does not heat up, or the frost has increased.
Compound sentence with adversative conjunctions ah but yes(in meaning but), however, but, with particle same in the union function.	One phenomenon is opposed to another.	The wind has died down, but the waves are still high. Andrei came home late, but the children had not yet slept.

Punctuation marks with homogeneous members

A comma is placed between homogeneous members in the absence of a union.

The wind rushed through the yards, pounded on the windows, burrowed into the leaves.

Answers should be complete, clear and concise.

In some sentences, words may be repeated for greater expressiveness. A comma is also placed between them, but they are not considered homogeneous members.

She walked and walked and finally came.

And he felt sorry, sorry for his passing life.

For homogeneous members connected by coordinating unions, there are the following punctuation rules:

Cases where homogeneous members are separated by a comma

Cases where homogeneous members are not separated by a comma

With single unions, a, but, but, yes (in the sense of but).

Small spool but precious.

With single unions and, or, or, yes (in the meaning and).

There was the sound of the forest_ and the crackling of boughs in the fire.

Inside groups of homogeneous members connected in pairs by unions and, or, or, yes (in the sense and ).

He walked like this in summer and winter, autumn and spring.

With repeated unions and - and, neither - neither, then - then, not that - not that, or - or, either - either, yes - yes.

Neither I nor my friend got tired.

With all double alliances: as - and, not only - but also, where - there and, as much - as far as, although - but etc.

He was respected by both friends and enemies.

Although he was old, he was strong.

Note!

A repeating union can be located in different ways relative to a number of homogeneous members. Usually the union is placed in front of each member homogeneous series. In this case, a comma is placed between all homogeneous members, including after the first of them:

He knew the work, and loved it, and knew how to do it.

The stars either barely burned, then disappeared, then suddenly flashed brightly in the sky.

Sometimes there is no union in front of the first member of a homogeneous series.

In such cases, a comma is also placed between all homogeneous members, including after the first of them.

He left himself only a saber, and a pipe, and his father's gun.

He then frowned with displeasure, or frowned, or pursed his lips.

In the Russian language there are many phraseological units built on the basis of a number of homogeneous members. Commas are not used in such phraseological units. Remember the main ones:

and this and that;

neither this nor that;

and so and so;

neither light nor dawn;

and hither and thither;

neither fish nor fowl;

neither day nor night;

neither give nor take;

neither back nor forth and etc.

Punctuation marks for single conjunctions AND, OR, OR in simple and complex sentences

As part of simple sentence single unions and, or, or connect homogeneous members. In this case, there is no comma before these conjunctions.

He just made a mistake_ or did not have time to complete the calculations.

Single unions and, or, or can link parts complex sentence. In this case, they are preceded by a comma.

Everyone arrived on time, and the bus started moving.

Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two homogeneous clauses (these clauses belong to one main part and answer the same question). In this case, there is no comma between them.

Everyone already knew that a girl_ was born and that she was named Masha.

Single conjunctions and, or, or can link two sentences that have general part or general subordinate clause. In this case, the comma between them is also not put.

The paint on the walls peeled off from moisture and the frames swelled.

While the kettle was boiling, Stas cut the sausage_ and we started dinner.

Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two exclamatory or two interrogative sentences. In this case, the comma between them is also not put.

Who is he and what is he doing here?

What a clear smile_ and what huge eyes this girl has!