Insert structures.

Plug-in structures introduce additional information, incidental remarks, clarifications, explanations, amendments, and so on into the main proposal . Plug-in constructions, on the one hand, are common in oral speech, and on the other hand, they are widely used in the language of fiction.

Plug-in constructions are less closely related to the sentence than introductory ones, and therefore fall sharply out of its structure. They are more intonationally isolated by significant pauses characteristic of the so-called inclusion intonation:

There were about three hours left to the castle, the cannibal walked confidently and quickly ( he remembered the road very well), only occasionally stopping to take a breath.

According to the structure, the plug-in structure is either single word, or with phrase, or offer, simple or complex:

The ogre has not come here (to the castle) for many years.

He approached from the side of the garden, climbed over the fence ( from the north side) and moved to the door.

Of course, no one was waiting for the cannibal in the castle, but ( there are still smart people!), the first minister, it turns out, warned the king that such a visit was very likely.

Plug-in structures can

Turn on title or description any object, person mentioned in the proposal:	All tennis rackets and balls ( mostly royal orange) lying on the floor and window sills.
	Cannibal all my life he recently turned twenty-eight) dreamed of visiting the royal castle on all holidays. All in the castle including all service) adored royal holidays
	The ogre was very fond of fairy tales ( he always listened to them ), and now he inappropriately remembered one, rather terrible.
Serve for explanations the content of the entire sentence or its individual parts:
To express reason actions, events, phenomena described in the proposal:	The cannibal grimaced ( he didn't like sports, especially tennis) and went on through the next door.
can express emotional evaluation statements or parts thereof:	Suddenly the ogre saw a passage and a door leading - what an unexpected stroke of luck! - to the kitchen.

Plug-in constructions can only be in the middle and less often at the end of the main sentence, but not at its beginning.

In speech, insert constructions are distinguished intonationally from the composition of the sentence: they are pronounced in a lowered tone, at an accelerated pace, usually without a logical stress on any words. The intonation of the sentence is, as it were, “opened” by an insert construction.

Inserted constructions stand out in writing

brackets

Dash

commas

The ogre looked around in confusion

( there were about a dozen doors in the hall) , then turned sharply to the left

and entered the small door.

This hall - in the castle it was called the Small Sports Hall - was completely empty.

Door , as the cannibal later found out, led to the tennis court.

1. Explaining individual words in the main sentence;

3. Supplementing or explaining the content of the main sentence.

1. Supplementing or explaining the main sentence, expressing the feelings of the author;

2. If there should be no sign at the insertion point.

Very rarely.

Parentheses act as a universal punctuation mark in this case: they highlight the inserted construction both inside the sentence and at the end of it. Dash can also highlight an insertion construction only in the middle of a sentence. Parentheses are more distinctive than the dash, which is a multifunctional sign.

The text of the inserted construction retains all the characters necessary for it (comma, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, colon):

It turned out that in the villages close to Gradov - n i.e. talking about the distant, which is in the wooded side, - until now in the spring, on the new moon and on the first thunder, they swam in rivers and lakes.

Trying not to show it and collecting all the excerpt for this ( because it is not known what kind of people!), the forester invited us to the house.

He stood up and, limping - he was on a prosthesis , - went to the window.

Additionally

Usually, insertive constructions are included in a sentence without the help of special words, but sometimes the insertive construction is preceded, for example, union or allied word:

Usually in royal kitchens, howeveryone knows very well, there is a lot of the most delicious food.

In the presence of unions or allied words, insert constructions are similar to the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, but, unlike them, they do not form a syntactic unity with the sentence, and in content they represent an additional message that does not merge with the main statement.

Compare with the previous example:

When you're lucky to get to the royal kitchen, - if you're lucky, - don't get lost and try all the most delicious.

In this sentence, we are not dealing with a plug-in structure, but with adnexal conditional (if you're lucky , must not get lost...).

Bibliography

Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M.: CheRo, 1999 ().
Introductory and plug-in designs (collection of material) ().

Complete academic reference book edited by V.V. Lopatina ( .

Homework

Set up punctuation marks.

My arrival, I could notice this, at first somewhat embarrassed the guests of Nikolai Ivanovich. (I. Turgenev)
Caesar was the name of the lion in the menagerie sleeping and squealing softly in his sleep. (A. Kuprin)
And every evening at the appointed hour, or is it only a dream to me? a girlish figure caught in silks in a foggy window moves. (A. Blok)
When it was all over and the battle lasted about an hour, the commander mounted his horse and rode at a pace across the plain. (A.N. Tolstoy)
If Pierre was often struck by the lack of the ability of dreamy philosophizing in Prince Andrei, to which Pierre was especially inclined, then in this he saw not a lack but strength. (L. Tolstoy)
Kalinich, as I found out, after every day went hunting with the master. (I. Turgenev)
And the hermit, as you remember, he knew how not only to be sad, but also to think, began to think.

Plug-in constructions (words, phrases, sentences) comment on the content of the sentence or its individual members, explain it, clarify, justify, provide additional information, passing instructions. They sharply fall out of the syntactic structure of the whole, stand out intonationally, breaking and violating the intonational unity of the sentence.
Unlike introductory constructions, insert constructions do not express modal meanings, do not contain an indication of the source of the message, a connection with other messages, etc., and cannot be at the beginning of the main sentence.
Plug-in constructions can be formed as members of a sentence or predicative parts of a complex sentence, but they can syntactically act as an “alien” body in the main sentence; can be included with the help of unions and allied words or without their intermediary: This word means a woman who is overly ticklish in her concepts of honor (female) - touchy (A. Pushkin); While such conversations were taking place in the waiting room and in the princess's rooms, the carriage with Pierre (who was sent for) and Anna Mikhailovna (who found it necessary to go with him) drove into the courtyard of Count Bezukhov (JI. Tolstoy); On the same day, I was already at the apartment of Nikitin (name of son-in-law) (V. Korolenko).
Plug-in constructions are distinguished by pauses, pronounced with a decrease in tone and an acceleration of the tempo of speech.
Plug-in designs differ in structure. They can be expressed in the smallest and simplest unit (for example, an exclamation or question mark that conveys an attitude to a thought), a word, a phrase, a sentence (including a complex one), and even a whole paragraph: It was a magnificent (/) spectacle, as I later reported, but no one had fun (A. Chekhov); Journals of foreign literature (two) I ordered to be sent to Yalta (A. Chekhov); Approximately in the middle of the street (more than a mile long) stood a large wooden church (V. Korolenko); Of all the districts of Moscow, the area of Kalanchevka and Komsomolskaya Square (it is also called the area of \u200b\u200bthree stations) was the least familiar to him (A. Ananiev); The audience (among them was an old barman, nicknamed Uncle Tail, to whom everyone reverently turned for advice, although they only heard from him that: that's how it is, yes! yes, yes, yes!) began with the fact that just in case, for safety, they locked the Captain in a closet with a water-purifying machine... (JI. Tolstoy).
According to the way the plug-in construction is included in the main sentence, there are plug-in constructions that are non-union, with a coordinating union, with a subordinating union or an allied word: Lukin still could not completely disconnect from his affairs and after dinner (we dined in a restaurant at the hotel) went to Voskoboinikov (A . Ananiev); An exception is the first call of tomorrow's (or yesterday's) rule (M. Ancharov); I stood idle for a long time at the gate to watch how Zhitkov would bend over the learned dog, take from her the violin that she was carrying behind him, tell her some word (as if in secret), and she would immediately rush without looking back along Pushkinskaya (K . Chukovsky).
They differ in meaning:

Plug-in constructions that supplement or explain the content of the main sentence: And only much later (I went to school for more than a year) this fairy tale began to haunt me, I began to unravel it (S. Zalygin); Petya was not at home (he went to a comrade with whom he intended to move from the militia to the active army) (JI. Tolstoy).
Plug-in constructions, which are incidental author's remarks: Believe me (conscience is a guarantee), marriage will be flour for us (A. Pushkin); I did not understand (now I understand) what I was doing with the creatures close to me (V. Garshin).
Plug-in constructions explaining individual words in the main sentence: He had not yet had time to look closely and rejoiced at everything that was new to him (the well-forgotten old, as he would later tell Pavel) and worried him (A. Ananiev); And where is the old one (as he used to call his wife)! (N. Gogol).
Plug-in interrogative and exclamatory constructions expressing the author's emotions or his attitude to statements, words, quotes: And now the frosts are cracking and silvering among the fields ... (the reader is already waiting for the rhyme of the rose; here, take it soon!) (A. Pushkin ); We learned from himself that he, Mr. Savelyev, decided to devote all his abilities (whose?) to the development (elaboration?) of national history (V. Belinsky).

Plug-in structures and their varieties

A simple sentence can be complicated by words and structures that, being included in its composition for one reason or another, do not enter into a subordinate relationship with the members of this sentence, i.e. do not form phrases with them and do not show grammatical dependence on them. In this sense, introductory constructions are considered grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence.

A.M. Peshkovsky considers introductory constructions to be foreign, "internally alien to the proposal that sheltered them." However, their heterogeneity lies only in the isolation of the position, intonational and grammatical emphasis in the composition of the sentence. In semantic terms, they are closely and directly related to the content of the statement.

Plug-in structures contain additional messages, incidental information. They explain, interpret, comment in various respects on the main sentence.

Both introductory and plug-in constructions stand out intonationally in the sentence, delimited from it. They are characterized by a special intonation of introduction, which is concretized as intonation of inclusion or intonation of exclusion. The introductory intonation is characterized by a lowering of the voice and an accelerated pronunciation rate compared to the pronunciation intonation of the rest of the sentence.

Plug-in structures

Plug-in constructions comment on the content of the sentence or its individual members, explain it, clarify, justify, provide additional information. In any case, they have the character of incidental remarks about the content of the main sentence and stand out intonationally, breaking and violating its intonational unity.

The pronounced general functional purpose of insert constructions combines units of various grammatical design: from the minimal and simplest (for example, only an exclamation or question mark that conveys an attitude to a thought) to a complex sentence and even a whole paragraph.

For example:

It was a magnificent (!) spectacle, as I was later told, but no one had fun-inserted sign;

Journals of foreign literature (two) I ordered to be sent to Yalta (Ch.)-expletive;

Approximately in the middle of the street (more than a mile long) stood a large wooden church (Kor.)-insert phrase;

... The fishermen drank in the evening, ate (and it was already a bit dark), went to bed (Sol.)-insertion simple sentence;

The audience (among them was an old barman, nicknamed Uncle Tail, to whom everyone reverently turned for advice, although they only heard from him that: that's how it is, yes! yes, yes, yes!) began with the fact that just in case, for safety, they locked the Captain in a closet with a water treatment machine ... (T.)-insertable complex sentence;

Tomorrow, when you open your eyes and stretch sweetly in your warm beds, these eccentrics with boxes will already be sitting on the ice, on the pond, meeting the winter dawn. (Many, many thousands of eccentrics on all kinds of water bodies near Moscow within a radius of at least two hundred kilometers.) (Sol.)-insert to a paragraph as a self-formed construction;

“Dear sir, Count Alexei Andreevich.

(He wrote to Arakcheev, but he knew that his letter would be read by the sovereign, and therefore, as far as he was capable of doing so, he considered every word.)

I think that the minister reported on the abandonment of Smolensk to the enemy ”(L. T)-insertion paragraph;

Many people die not so much from diseases, but from an irrepressible, eternal passion that gnaws at them - to pretend to be more than they are. (Who doesn’t want to be known as smart, worthy, beautiful and, moreover, formidable, fair, decisive? ..) (Aitm.)-plug-in self-formed sentence (rhetorical question).

Inserts, by virtue of their purpose in speech - to convey additional information - can only be located in the middle of a sentence or at the end. They cannot start a sentence, unlike introductory words, combinations and sentences.

Plug-in structures can be designed in different ways:

1) as members of a sentence, while maintaining the syntactic connection, such "members of the sentence" are excluded from its composition, for example: This word means a woman who is overly delicate in her concepts of honor (female) - touchy (P.);

2) as clauses of a sentence:While such conversations were taking place in the reception room and in the princess's rooms, the carriage with Pierre (who was sent for) and Anna Mikhailovna (who found it necessary to go with him) drove into the courtyard of Count Bezukhov (L. T.).

In other cases, insert structures devoid of structural connection with the proposal, they are independently designed and do not reflect the grammatical connection with the members of the main sentence. As a rule, these words and combinations are put in the nominative case, for example: On the same day, I was already at the apartment of Nikitin (the name of the son-in-law) (Kor.).

Thus, many plug-in constructions are functionally and syntactically close to sentence members, subordinate clauses of a complex sentence, and connecting constructions. And their specificity consists only in an interstitial character, in violation of the syntactic unilinearity of the sentence.

Plug-in structures can perform not only additional message function, but also modal-evaluative functions, in this case approaching the introductory constructions. However, these inserts, complicated by the estimated value, retain their main functional quality - they are additional units included in the proposal, destroying its syntactic one-dimensionality. These are introductory words, combinations and sentences, designed as plug-in constructions, for example: That seemingly insoluble knot that tied Rostov's freedom was resolved by this unexpected (as it seemed to Nikolai), unprovoked letter from Sonya (L.T.).

Finally, insert structures can perform purely service function, for example, when making links to a citation source, etc.

Plug-in constructions are separate words, phrases or additional sentences that represent a kind of comments, make additional amendments, clarifications, explanations to the main idea expressed in the whole sentence.

Characteristic features of plug-in structures:

They cannot be at the very beginning of a sentence;

In writing, plug-in constructions are separated by brackets or dashes, but not by commas;

In the places where the insert structure is placed, a pause is observed during the pronunciation of the phrase, the tone of speech usually decreases. Examples:

Late in the evening (it was about eleven) we were awakened by a light knock on the window pane.
Many young girls (like Chekhov's "sisters") try to find luck and happiness in Moscow.
Obeying a strange whim, as well as the innate instinct of a buffoon, a comedian, he gave himself away - and not just anywhere, but in Paris! - for an Englishman. (Dode)
By the innocence of his nature - this was his hallmark - he could trust the first person he met.
Meanwhile, twilight was gathering rapidly (it was winter), and the contours of objects became more and more blurry.

Plug-in constructions can function as predicative parts of a sentence, that is, they can be in a single semantic and syntactic integrity with a complex sentence.

You will (as I have already noted) be present along with the rest of the congregation.
The rain (and it had been going on for three hours) didn't seem to stop all night.

A fairly large group is made up of inserts in which the date is indicated: year, century, etc.

It was just the time (60s) of disputes between "physicists and lyricists".
Bramante was seventy years old when he died (1514), without completing the work on the reconstruction of the Vatican.

Plug-in constructions, examples of which are given below, are connected to the main sentence using conjunctions and allied words.

He did not object to the reproach addressed to him (because he had not managed to do anything), but the mood was spoiled for the whole day.
Mikhail was always attracted by architecture (and he dreamed of the profession of an architect since childhood), and he always began his acquaintance with a new city with architectural monuments.

It is necessary to distinguish between introductory and plug-in structures. Unlike the latter, introductory constructions are not formally associated with. They can express various emotional meanings: surprise, joy, regret, irony, etc. (to surprise, to horror, to luck, to chagrin, fortunately, to be honest):

To be honest, he had little interest in housekeeping.

They mean a sequence of actions or a statement of thoughts (firstly, secondly, first of all, in conclusion, finally):

Firstly, I have already seen this film, secondly, I prefer melodrama

They can also perform a modal function, giving an assessment in terms of the reality of the event in question (undoubtedly, probably, definitely, of course, of course, perhaps):

Perhaps you should not go fishing because of the promised hot weather.

Plug-in designs and enrich both making it more expressive and bright, and the author's style of the writer. However, it should be remembered that the use of these structures should not be abused.

Plug-in structures can be designed in different ways:

1) as members of the sentence, while maintaining the syntactic connection, such "members of the sentence" are excluded from its composition,.

2) as subordinate clauses of a sentence.

In other cases, insert constructions are devoid of a structural connection with the sentence, they are independently designed and do not reflect the grammatical connection with the members of the main sentence. As a rule, these words and combinations are put in the form of the nominative case.

Plug-in constructions can perform not only the function of an additional message, but also modal-evaluative functions, in this case approaching introductory constructions. However, these insertions, complicated by evaluative meaning, retain their main functional quality - they are additional units included in the sentence, destroying its syntactic one-dimensionality. These are introductory words, combinations and sentences, designed as plug-in constructions.

Finally, insert constructions can perform a purely auxiliary function, for example, when making links to a citation source, etc.

SEPARATION

Plug-in constructions (words, word combinations, sentences) are distinguished by brackets or dashes. They contain additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments to what has been said; explain, interpret the main part of the statement.

In the text of the inserted construction, all the characters necessary for it (comma, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, colon) are preserved.

Brackets are the strongest distinguishing punctuation mark: they highlight an insertion within a sentence or at the end of it (at the beginning of a sentence, an insert, being an additional message, is not used).

Inserted constructions are distinguished in brackets, which are used as exclamation or question marks, conveying the author's attitude to the expressed thought or its assessment - surprise, bewilderment, approval, doubt, irony, etc.

If there is already a dash inside the insertion structure, then only brackets can be a common distinguishing mark.

Insert constructions can perform a purely auxiliary function, for example, when making links to a citation source. After a citation followed in parentheses by a reference to the source of the citation, the dot is omitted and placed after the reference outside the parentheses.

Square brackets can be combined with round brackets in double selection conditions (square brackets for outer selection, round brackets for inner selection).

Angle brackets are used to restore abbreviated words in quoted text. Eg. , the author who quotes or publishes the text of A. Akhmatova, restores the parts of the words abbreviated by her.

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Insert structures.

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