Give the concept of the terms topic rhetorical appeal. Culture of speech and communicative culture

To be a prominent figure, along with numerous business qualities important to own correct speech although this is sometimes not enough. Since, even being literate, it is not given to every person to truly interest the listeners, completely and undividedly capturing their attention. Rhetorical address- a kind of play of intonation in speech talking people, with the help of which the performance becomes interesting, but not everyone is naturally given such abilities. However, everything can be learned, the main thing is to know the basic techniques for mastering the technique of persuasive colloquial speech, to be sure that everything will certainly work out as planned.

stylistic figure, most often found in monologues, is called rhetorical. The basis of such an appeal is conditional, where intonation plays the main role, and not the text itself. The purpose of such a speech is the desire to formulate an attitude to any object or person, to characterize it, to essentially make speech with the help of peculiar turns, as expressive as possible. Emotional appeal does not imply a question and does not require an answer, but is an expressive enhancer along with a rhetorical question and an exclamation. Thanks to such turns, the phrase becomes eloquent, its shade is emphasized, however, in this case exclamatory or interrogative intonation is used, where in essence there is no need for such a technique. Such conventionality is a distinctive feature of these speech turns. It should be noted that rhetorical appeal It is intended to express precisely the attitude towards someone or something, and not the mention of the addressee himself, to whom the speech is addressed.

The theory and skill of influencing (harmonizing, expedient, effective) speech is at the heart of modern rhetoric, with its general patterns speech behavior, which operate in a variety of areas of activity, communication situations and serve to make the performance as effective as possible. The message to the voters is more persuasive and is determined in the process of transferring the report from the speaker to the listeners, with minimal losses in all of the three existing types information contained in speech: emotional, evaluative, conceptual and logical. An expedient monologue corresponds to the intention of the speaker, his immediate goal. Inactive speech is capable of awakening feeling and mind, which at first inclines to listening, interests, and only then makes one accept the picture of the world proposed by the speaker. main goal harmonizing speech becomes the unification of participants in communication, the solution of emerging contradictions, ensuring a better mutual understanding between people.

“Why, Ukraine is impossible without Russia! Weren't Russian architects building in Kyiv? Surely, built by the son of the sculptor Petrovsky Rastrelli V.V., who was brought up in Russian architectural traditions, is St. Andrew's Church not one of the best architectural decorations in Kyiv? Don't different Ukrainian cities, including Kyiv in the first place, carry Russian traditions of urban planning? Ukrainian poetry unthinkable without Lermontov, without Pushkin, without Nekrasov!” (According to D.S. Likhachev)

Rhetorical address in the form of a rhetorical exclamation or a question (positive or negative), besides, intonationally colored, it is able to completely and completely capture the attention of the audience. People love to listen to fresh emotional speeches, carrying constructive ideas, and most importantly, it is that words do not diverge from deeds.

Rhetorical address

A rhetorical appeal is a stylistic figure: an appeal that is conditional. In a rhetorical appeal, the main role is played not by the text, but by the intonation of the appeal. Often found in monologues.

The main task of a rhetorical appeal is the desire to express an attitude towards a particular person or object, to characterize it, to enhance the expressiveness of speech. A rhetorical appeal does not require an answer and does not carry questions.

Rhetorical appeal is a kind of turn of speech that enhances its expressiveness. Distinctive feature of these turns is their convention, that is, the use of interrogative or exclamatory intonation in cases that essentially do not require it, thanks to which the phrase in which these turns are used acquires a particularly emphasized connotation that enhances its expressiveness.

An example of a rhetorical appeal:

“And you, arrogant descendants

By the well-known meanness of the illustrious fathers,

Fifth slave corrected the wreckage

The game of happiness of the offended childbirth!

"Death of a Poet", M.Yu. Lermontov

Rhetorical question

A rhetorical question (eroteme) is a rhetorical figure that is a question, the answer to which is known in advance, or a question to which the questioner himself answers.

A rhetorical question does not require an answer or does not expect it due to extreme obviousness. Interrogative statement implies a definite, well-known answer. In other words, a rhetorical question is a statement made in interrogative form. For example, asking the question "How much longer will we tolerate this injustice?" does not expect an answer, he emphasizes that "We tolerate injustice, and for too long" and, as it were, hints that "It is time to stop tolerating it and do something about it."

A rhetorical question is used to enhance expressiveness, highlight, underline, a particular phrase. characteristic feature of these revolutions is a convention - the use grammatical form and intonation of the question in cases that do not require it.

A rhetorical question, like a rhetorical exclamation and a rhetorical address, is a kind of speech turnover that enhances its expressiveness.

Therefore, a rhetorical question is a statement expressed only in an interrogative form, it follows from this that the answer to such a question is already known in advance.

This is a very ancient rhetorical figure, known since ancient rhetoric. According to the lexico-grammatical expression, it does not differ from common question. The specificity of a rhetorical question is that it does not require an answer, unlike the usual one. For example: The Golden Renaissance outlined Madonnas to humanity. And who depicted our barefoot Madonnas with a chopper in their hands or a sickle on their shoulders and a Persian child, which few silks knew, but only an unequal rough canvas? And will those who will no longer know the canvases and the shedding sadness of old understand this? (M. Stelmakh) Soul of the fields, do you remember the stubble? This sadness, this rejection? (L. Kostenko).

A rhetorical question does not require an answer in two cases. The first is the most common, because the answer is already known to all listeners, you just need to update it for the listener to perceive. Another case: a rhetorical question is one to which no one knows the answer or it does not exist at all, such as: Who is to blame? What to do? Where we are going? However, the author, without waiting for an answer, considers it necessary to raise a question in order to emphasize the unusual nature of the situation, its tragedy or comedy, to draw the attention of the interlocutors to it.

It should be noted that the figure of a rhetorical question is not as simple as it seems at first glance. Although the answer is known to everyone, the author can ask provocative questions, because he has a completely different answer to this question (everyone thinks so, but in reality everything is different). This creates a stylistic effect of false expectation. Therefore, E. V. Klyuev believes that a rhetorical question, like a rhetorical hail and a rhetorical appeal, are figures based on the criterion of sincerity. For example: Zhitechko-rye, who will mow you? Send your mowers to war, and only from beyond the horizon does the terrible mower of death make itself known; In memory and sadness of the earth, or have you passed? Or passed? For now the rye is turning gray from sadness ... (M. Stelmakh).

I peer into the autumn stubble -

Where are you going, dear?

And how do you wake up - with such dumbness?

My soul is burned

And how are you still alive?

(L. Kostenko)

Rhetorical address

Rhetorical appeal is also a figure of ancient rhetoric, which reveals not only the actual appeal, but also the reaction, the attitude of the speaker to the situation of communication, the subject, the ideas of the speaker, etc., that is, this figure also rests on the "principle of sincerity". It is in rhetorical appeals that the subject of appeal is, as a rule, not a specific person, but some things, ideas, concepts, global substances, and the like.

Home land! My mind is bright...

(V. Simonenko)

Probably, so mine my

................................................

My people, when will you be forgiven

death cry and heavy tear

shot, tortured, killed

Solovki, Siberia, Magadan?

Good morning my loneliness!

(L. Kostenko)

Rhetorical hail

A rhetorical call is a figure that expresses admiration that everyone should understand, join the speaker, and this figure also lives on the "principle of sincerity." For example:

Oh, how much joy when you love the earth,

When you are looking for harmony in life!

(P. Tychina)

In the sagebrush, gray sagebrush! Who sowed you on our land? Or were you sown on the unplowed steppes by the ancient Scythians? .. Or maybe you were sown all over our land in the old years of the Cossacks? ..

What amazing stamina, what vitality!

My husband, harness your horse!

This is not a horse, but a snake - stubble flickers.

(L. Kostenko)

However, in this rhetorical figure there may be a provocative element, when the speaker expresses with an exclamation for someone, a passion for something, but does not share it himself, may even be indignant.

Rhetorical comparison

Comparison is a figure in which the linguistic image of a person, object, phenomenon or action is transmitted through characteristics, with organically inherent in other objects or persons: the girl is slender, like a poplar; cornflowers blue as the sky; it's warm outside like in summer; hands like white swans; The day turns blue, like late cabbages (L. Kostenko).

Comparison is based on logical operations highlighting the essential features of the described subject and searching for another subject for which this feature is expressive, and then comparing with it and describing this feature: The expiration of September is blue as a thorn. October is blazing red like a hawthorn (O. Gonchar). In comparison, there are the subject of comparison (what is compared), the object of comparison (what is compared with) and the sign by which one object (subject) is compared with another (object). A trait can be defined by color, shape, size, smell, feel, quality, property, and the like.

Comparison is logical and figurative. In logical comparisons, the degree of similarity or difference between objects of the same type is established, all properties, qualities, signs of the compared objects are taken into account, but one thing stands out: The competition was organized, as in the past year; Everything worked out as well as ordered; Ivan's eyebrows are wide, which of his father, Boys, like adults, concentrated on digging a garden bed (Oral they say.) / In Ukraine, I am an orphan, my dear, as in a foreign land (T. Shevchenko).

Logical comparisons are used in scientific, official business, colloquial styles. They add new information to the subject.

A figurative comparison differs from a logical one in that it drops one expressive feature, sometimes unexpected, and makes it the main one, ignoring all the others.

A comparison can have the following grammatical expression:

1. Comparative turnover(non-common and common) with unions like, like, like, like, like, if, what, supposedly, like, like. For example: The girl was small in stature, but even, like a string, flexible, like a poplar, beautiful, like a red viburnum, long-faced, like red-sided apples, her lips were full and red, like a viburnum (I. Nechuy-Levitsky) The white foam of Greek stops me , fragrant, light, as if knocked down by the wings of bees (M. Kotsyubinsky) Like white peacocks, clouds float in the sky (M. Rylsky) Autumn floats over the world like a jellyfish ... (L. Kostenko).

2. Kind of instrumental case. For example: And the heart chirps and cries like a nightingale; The blue sea groans like a beast, then howls; I will bloom over them both with a flower and a viburnum (T. Shevchenko); The day rolled down like a red-sided apple... (M. Rylsky).

Comparative designs with instrumental have ancient origin. They found an echo of the metamorphic beliefs of the Proto-Ukrainians, that is, beliefs in the possibility of transformation (mothers - into a cuckoo, girls - into a lily, poplar, mermaid, brother and sister - into brothers-and-sisters flowers, a Cossack - into poplars, men - into a ghoul , tears - into flowers, etc.). The language of Ukrainian folklore has developed its own poetic style, in which it reflected and consolidated such and similar associations. This and syntactic parallelism of a comparative nature in folk songs like: The cuckoo flew and began to forge. Oh, it's not a cuckoo, it's a mother. Such figurative associations are most fully expressed by constructions with the instrumental case, which can hardly be called purely comparative, because they still retain that animistic metamorphosis: the tears of the mother became the flowers of oregano ( Ukrainian legend). Expressive are such constructions in the folk-poetic style of T. Shevchenko: / surprisingly in the field has become a poplar; And in the spring I [the girl] flourished in color near the valley ...; And swim out like a mermaid tomorrow night; His sweet flower will stand over him; Snuggle with a dove; Fly away as a bird.

Metamorphic constructions gradually acquired functions figurative comparisons and became productive stylistems. In the work of T. Shevchenko, such constructions of a comparative nature are actualized: a heart chirps and cries like a nightingale; red viburnum appeared on the grave; [Yarema] flies like a gray-winged eagle; howling co-vom; glory shone like a sun; the community buzzed with a buzz; Catherine's illegitimate locusts sat down. In comparisons of the viper type hissed, the degree of fusion of the components (semes) of the subject and object of comparison is high. Therefore, such comparative constructions with instrumental case were phraseologised: to stand as a wall, to look like a wolf [features]...

Built on the principle of negation, comparisons help to highlight a certain feature (seme) in the subject through its relationship with the object. The reception of negation seems to destroy this close relationship and thus sharpens the impressions. Mandatory in this comparative design proportion does not discriminate (based on common feature) subject and object and creates a resolution of a comparative situation, is expressed simultaneously by a rhetorical figure - syntactic (stylistic) parallelism:

NOT the little mermaid wanders.

So the girl walks...;

NOT sleep-grass on the grave

Thrives at night.

So the girl is engaged

Kalina is planted.

(T. Shevchenko)

In similar comparisons, often the subject means a being, and the object is taken from the natural world, or both subject and object are from nature. Comparison can have several types of grammatical expression.

1. Subordinate sentence: And the pale moon at that time from the cloud de de de looked like a boat in the blue sea, it flared up, then calmed down (T. Shevchenko); A rivulet appeared in the valley, as if someone had thrown a new blue ribbon on the green grass (M. Kotsiubinsky) Life has passed like leaves with water (L. Kostenko).

2. Constructions with forms of degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives: better than...; higher than...; blacker than black earth people wander (T. Shevchenko).

3. Descriptive comparisons of the type: A leaf similar to the earth, the wind rips off a tree, who forgets his mother's tongue, like an ungrateful son (V. Sosyura) Oh, you are a girl, a grain of nuts (I. Franko).

4. A sentence of a comparative structure, in which the object of comparison covers the entire predicative part: your blood is a precious ruby, your blood is the dawn star (Lesya Ukrainka) I am the unquenchable Fire Beautiful, Eternal Spirit (P. Tychina).

5. Comparative-connection structures built on the principle of figurative analogy: Luk a sh. Oh tell me, give me advice on how to live without fate! Fate. As a branch is cut off, fate rolls around!

(Lesya Ukrainka) As a cautious hunter, long-term hunter, grey-haired ranger closes with a warm ear to hear the distant noise, to the gentle earth, so you, poet, listen to the voices of human life, catch new rhythms and divergent, free waves, chaos of lines, put the smoke of searching into the armor of thought (M. Rylsky).

Don't be angry with me, children!

I became old, sad, angry.

I'm afraid of dumb loneliness

When there's nowhere to go

And no one to lean on...

Such a steppe autumn bird

Waving a wounded wing

Following the joyful together,

What sails into the blue distance ...

(M. Rylsky)

In Ukrainian folklore, there are negative comparisons (Oh, this is not a star - my girl was walking with new buckets of water) and vague comparisons (such that you can’t say in a fairy tale, you can’t describe with a pen; a girl - there’s no painting or describing).

Accumulation (from Latin Akkumulatio - accumulation, collection) is a rhetorical macrofigure in which several actions and concepts are accumulated with parallel pictures, additional descriptions, side remarks, and as a result a whole artistic canvas is obtained. As a rule, this figure is used in epic discourses. For example: Daniil loved how, bending, striking the alarm, half the fields up to the sky, and had joy when June put gray hair on rye, and Zolotin on wheat; he loved when at the dawn of July he riveted his scythes, when August quietly sowed grain and hopes in the Rakhmanny land all day long, and September slowed down the half-asleep song of the bumblebee; he loved how summer evenings sounded like domes, and autumn ones kept stars in their nests; he loved the smell of fresh bread and the golden design of the sunflowers; gullible and vulnerable, he anxiously listened to someone's life, and to the flow of water, murmurs and plays in the roots, and to the entire agricultural side, rests on gray rye and kind, calm plowmen (M. Stelmakh).

Expletion (Gr. Ehriege-fill) - a rhetorical macrofigure of the accumulation of inserted and inserted words, turns, clarifications, exceptions, as a result of which the main formulation is dispersed and the opinion is weakened. For example: of course, perhaps you will allow, if you like, then after which our conversation could take place (instead of a short and specific statement: we need to talk).

Concatenation (lat. Concatenado - chain) - a rhetorical macro-figure of accumulation by stringing subordinate clauses Each other. As a result, the entire content of the text can be contained in one complex sentence with a consistent sequence. Such figures are used in epic texts to create the effect of flatness, a wide space of thought, or in games, ingeniously linking the entire text in one consecutive linking word or some other.

For example: To the ear, to the king of the ear, Daniel had an invariable trepidation of the soul, he was waiting for a meeting with him even then, / when he only guessed in green spring diapers, admired, / how color and dew quietly sounded on his girlishly delicate eyelashes, rejoiced , / when he gained strength and bowed his head in quiet thoughtfulness (M. Stelmakh).

Meaning of rhetorical address in the Dictionary literary terms

rhetorical address

- (from the Greek rhetor - speaker) - a stylistic figure: an underlined, but conditional appeal to someone (something). In form, being an appeal, R. o. serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards this or that object or phenomenon: to give it an emotional assessment, to give the speech the intonation necessary for the author (solemnity, cordiality, irony, etc.).

Flowers, love, village, idleness,

Fields! I am devoted to you in soul.

A.S. Pushkin

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

"rhetorical appeal" in books

Appeal

From the book Writers Club author Vanshenkin Konstantin Yakovlevich

Appeal In the initial so-called perestroika times, I accidentally stumbled upon a television program about LN Gumilyov. About him scientific papers, about the fate of his parents and his own fate. In conclusion, the correspondent asked: - And now, Lev Nikolaevich, maybe you wanted to

82. Appeal

From the book of Nikola Tesla author Nadezhdin Nikolay Yakovlevich

82. Address These farewell addresses to Slavic peoples became Tesla's spiritual testament. Small newspaper articles, the texts of which are very difficult to find in the archives, testify to the fact that, even clearly fading away, Nikola thought about the world, about the fate of mankind, about what had befallen

APPEAL

From the book Sakharov Collection author Babenyshev Alexander Petrovich

APPEAL Tolya Marchenko has been arrested again. This news is so terrible that it is difficult to keep in mind. Marchenko's life is known to readers of his magnificent books - "My testimony" and "From Tarusa to Chuna", they are a burning accusation of the stupid cruelty of the repressive machine and at the same time

Appeal to "you"

From the book Real Lady. Rules of good tone and style the author Vos Elena

Appeal to "you" Appeal to "you" or "you" is a direct tool for establishing contact between interlocutors, expresses attitude towards a person, determines status and prestige. Speech etiquette determines the level of communication between people: friendly, business,

Business Image Indicator No. 4. Expressing gratitude for contacting the company (for contacting you)

From the book Business e-mail correspondence. Five Rules for Success author Vorotyntseva Tamara

Business Image Indicator No. 4. Expression of words of appreciation for contacting the company (for contacting you) Words of appreciation are a sign of good taste and common culture business communication. Letter-response to the client / partner, starting with the phrase “Thank you for your

Appeal to "you"

From the book All best practices parenting in one book: Russian, Japanese, French, Jewish, Montessori and others author Team of authors

Appeal to "you" Not so long ago, the time has passed when it was customary in families to address parents as "you", who, in turn, also turned to "you" to a child who has reached the age of seven. Sociologist Monique Pinson-Charlot claims that in France there are more than 20,000

Appeal

From the book Alive. Slavic healing system the author Kurovskaya Lada

Message Brothers and Sisters! Masters of spiritual practices, healers and just people good will! All of you can see that today humanity as a form of life is going through a serious crisis. The fact is that modern civilization has exhausted the existing ecological niche and swiftly

APPEAL

From the book Secrets of UFO author Varakin Alexander Sergeevich

APPEAL to the Coalition of Participants of the International Symposium "Natural space anomalies, problems global ecology and the survival of Mankind.” 67 years have passed since the Third Appeal of the Coalition to Mankind, which sounded in 1929 on the radio in the main languages

Appeal

From the book Two Images of Faith. Collection of works author Buber Martin

Appeal

From the book Mass and Power author Canetti Elias

"For the food that a man eats in this world, he eats in another world." This strange and mysterious phrase is recorded in the Satapatha Brahmana, an ancient Hindu sacrificial treatise. But even more mysterious is the story told in the same place about the journey of the clairvoyant Brigu to

Appeal

From the book Clarification of Pranayama. Pranayama Deepika the author Iyengar B K

Invocation to Lord Hanuman I salute Lord Hanuman, the God of Breath, the Son of the Wind God - Who has five faces and dwells within us In the form of five winds or energies, Filling our body, mind and soul, Who reunited Prakriti (Sita) with Purusha (Rama) - May He bless

Question 243 Prerequisites for the emergence of the right to apply to the court and the conditions for its implementation, the consequences of their absence (non-compliance).

From the book The Author's Lawyer Exam

Question 243 Prerequisites for the emergence of the right to apply to the court and the conditions for its implementation, the consequences of their absence (non-compliance). The right to appeal to an arbitration court follows from the general

APPEAL TO YANUKOVYCH APPEAL TO YANUKOVYCH 12.12.2012

From the book Newspaper Tomorrow 993 (50 2012) author Tomorrow Newspaper

Rhetorical digression: on military and anti-war eloquence

From the book Russian Patriarchs 1589-1700. author Bogdanov Andrey Petrovich

Chapter XVI. Paul in Lystra and Derbe and Troas (1-8). Vision of a Macedonian husband and journey to Macedonia (9-11). Paul in Philippi, conversion of Lydia (12-15). The expulsion of the divining spirit (16-18). Imprisonment, miracle, conversion of guardian, release from prison (19-40)

From book Explanatory Bible. Volume 11 author Lopukhin Alexander

Chapter XVI. Paul in Lystra and Derbe and Troas (1-8). Vision of a Macedonian husband and journey to Macedonia (9-11). Paul in Philippi, conversion of Lydia (12-15). The expulsion of the divining spirit (16-18). Imprisonment, miracle, conversion of the guard, release from prison (19-40) 1 About Dervia and Lystra

Give the concept of the terms topic rhetorical appeal. Culture of speech and communicative culture

Rhetorical address

Rhetorical question

Rhetorical address

Rhetorical hail

Rhetorical comparison

Meaning of rhetorical address in the Dictionary literary terms

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is rhetorical address in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

"rhetorical appeal" in books

Appeal

82. Appeal

APPEAL

Appeal to "you"

Business Image Indicator No. 4. Expressing gratitude for contacting the company (for contacting you)

Appeal to "you"

Appeal

APPEAL

Appeal

Appeal

Appeal

Question 243 Prerequisites for the emergence of the right to apply to the court and the conditions for its implementation, the consequences of their absence (non-compliance).

APPEAL TO YANUKOVYCH APPEAL TO YANUKOVYCH 12.12.2012

Rhetorical digression: on military and anti-war eloquence

Chapter XVI. Paul in Lystra and Derbe and Troas (1-8). Vision of a Macedonian husband and journey to Macedonia (9-11). Paul in Philippi, conversion of Lydia (12-15). The expulsion of the divining spirit (16-18). Imprisonment, miracle, conversion of guardian, release from prison (19-40)