The pronoun is that. Pronoun

Personal pronouns- I, you, we, you, he, she, they, it - indicate persons and objects in relation to their participation in speech.

1 person

Unit number: i - indicates the speaker.

Mn. number: we - indicates a group of persons, including the speaker.

2 person

Unit number: you - indicates the interlocutor to whom the speech is addressed.

Mn. number: you - indicates a group of people together with the interlocutor.

3 person

Unit number: he, she, it - indicate a person who is not participating in the speech, i.e., the one in question.

Mn. number: they - indicates a group of persons not participating in the speech, but which is being discussed.

Morphological features of personal pronouns

They do not have morphological: they are deprived of formal generic indicators, but depending on the context, they can acquire the meaning of any kind: you have come Ø - you came a (coordination in a single number).

By school (Shansky N. M., Tikhonov A. N., Ladyzhenskaya T. A.): personal pronoun he changes by birth: is he Ø (m. R.)- is he a (female)- is he about (cf. R.).

A characteristic feature of personal pronouns is the suppletivism of the basics: I - me, we - us, he - him.

I. p.	I	you	we
R. p.	me	you	us
D. p.	to me	you	us
V. p.	me	you	us
T. p.	me / me	you / by you	us
P. p.	(about me	(about you	(about Us

I. p.	you	is he	she is	they
R. p.	you	his	her	them
D. p.	to you	him	her	them
V. p.	you	his	her	them
T. p.	you	them	her	them
P. p.	(about you	(about him	(about her	(about them

According to "Grammar - 80", the pronouns I and we are morphemically inseparable, in the pronoun it is not phonetically realized in the forms R. p., D. p. and V. p. [j] (its):

I Ø - men I
ms Ø - n ace
t s - thoseb I

in s- in ace
aboutn Ø - [j] his
they - them

Syntactic features

In a sentence, personal pronouns most often perform the function of a subject or an object.

At dawn you her don't wake up
At dawn she is sleeping so sweetly.
(A. A. Fet)

Apart from direct meaning, personal pronouns can also be used in a figurative sense:

1. The pronoun "we" in the meaning of "I" is used in scientific and journalistic speech, as the author's "we".

We We propose to make the following changes to the manuscript.

2. "We" in the meaning of "you" or "you" is used to express sympathy, empathy.

Well how we do we feel?
(L. N. Andreev)

3. "We" in the meaning of "I" - imperial "I", used to exalt and give importance.

by the grace of God We, Alexander II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Tsar of Poland...
(Alexander II. Coronation of the monarch, 1856)

4. Very often used "you" in the meaning of "you" to express respect for the interlocutor.

5. The pronoun "he" or "she" is used in the meaning of "you" to express a dismissive attitude towards the addressee.

“I already know everything she is still not telling the truth. Here’s mom!” grumbled the annoyed son. (She does not speak = you do not speak.)

Meaning and grammatical features pronouns in Russian are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, negative, indefinite, attributive and demonstrative.

Table "Discharges of pronouns"

In order to correctly determine the category of pronouns, we will find out what meanings they have in speech, and highlight their main grammatical features.

Discharge	Examples	syntax function
Personal	I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they	I went to the window. My phone rang.
returnable	myself	Look at yourself in the mirror. Cats are able to live on their own.
Possessive	mine, yours, ours, yours	I know your opinion. His face became sad.
Interrogative	who? what? which? what? which one? whose? how much?	Who is knocking on the door? At whose window doves sit? How many apples are on the table?
relative	who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much	I don't understand what could have delayed them so much. This is the house where I spent my childhood.
Negative	nobody, nothing, nobody nothing, none none, not at all	Nobody answered me. Someone to ask now. There is no error here.
indefinite	someone, something, some someone, how much something, someone some, any, someone, someone, someone	Someone sang a song. Someone's voice was heard in the yard. Mark the seedling with something.
Determinants	himself, most, everyone, any, any, whole, other, all, other	We have another path ahead of us. Everything will look different tomorrow.
pointing	this one, that one, such, such and such, such and such, so much, so much	There is a cafe behind that house. There was so much joy in her eyes! The essence of the issue is that it is better to solve it together.

In the table, we got acquainted with the categories of pronouns with examples of their use in Russian. We previously learned .

personal pronouns "I", "we", "you", "you", "he", "she", "it", "they" point to a person or thing.

Pronouns "I", "we" refer to the first person; "you you"- to the second; "he she it"- to the third.

I climbed a tall pine tree and began to scream (K. Paustovsky).

We walked along the moose trail (K. Paustovsky).

Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? (K. Simonov)

Have you seen how, under a coniferous roof, a saffiano mushroom walks in morocco boots ..? (A. Kovalenko)

Pronouns "he she it" masculine, feminine and neuter are defined.

He sang, and from every sound of his voice something familiar and immensely wide blew, as if the familiar steppe was opening before you, going into the endless distance (I.S. Turgenev).

After Masha rummaged through the compositions, she settled on novels (A. Pushkin).

To the left, a field began at the edge of the village; it was visible far to the horizon, and in the full breadth of this field, flooded with moonlight, there was also no movement, no sound (A. Chekhov).

Personal pronouns have the category of singular and plural.

Compare:

I, you - we, you;
he, she, it - they.

However, we keep in mind that the pronouns "I" and "we" , "you and "you" are not singular and plural forms of the same word. Pronouns "we" and "you" do not designate "a lot of me" or "a lot of you". They indicate the speaker or interlocutor along with other persons involved in a conversation or in a certain action.

All personal pronouns change by case. When they are declined in oblique cases, completely different words appear:

i - me;
you - you;
she her;
they are them.

As soon as I touch mathematics, I will again forget everything in the world (S. Kovalevskaya).

reflexive pronoun "myself" indicates the person they are talking about.

Do you look into yourself? There is no trace of the past (M. Lermontov).

I erected a monument to myself not made by hands (A. Pushkin).

This pronoun has no nominative form, grammatical categories of person, gender, number. It only changes in cases:

i.p. -
r.p. myself
d.p. yourself
c.p. myself
etc. yourself
p.p. About Me

horse (im.p.) (whose?) his (r.p.).

It happened that a nightingale flew to their noise (I.A. Krylov).

Noise (whose?) them- inconsistent definition.

Possessive pronouns "his", "her", "them" do not change.

Words that respond to nouns who? what?), adjectives ( which? whose? what? which one?) and numerals ( how much?) are interrogative pronouns.

Who's knocking at the gate? (S.Marshak).

What will I do for people? - Danko (M. Gorky) shouted louder than thunder.

Suddenly he turned to his mother: "Avdotya Vasilievna, how old is Petrusha?" (A. Pushkin).

"What don't you understand?" - Pavel Vasilyevich asks Styopa (A. Chekhov).

What news did you receive yesterday?

What is the answer to my question?

What is the number of math lesson?

The same pronouns, only without a question, serve to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one and are called relative:

Look how many flat-bottomed scows lie on my shore (A. Kataev).

A hundred paces from me a dark grove which I just got out (A. Chekhov).

He was not at all what Konstantin (L. Tolstoy) imagined him to be.

It was already getting dark, and Vasily could not understand who was coming (K. Paustovsky).

Often I wanted to guess what he was writing about (A. Pushkin).

I also thought about the person in whose hands my fate was (A. Pushkin).

Indefinite pronouns

Indicate unknown objects, signs and quantities:

"someone", "something", "some", "several", "someone", "something", "someone", "anyone", "someone", "some ”, “some”, “some”, “some”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, “any”, “so many”.

Someone played the violin ... the girl sang a soft contralto, laughter was heard (M. Gorky).

It became scary, as if some kind of danger silently lay in wait for him in this silence (V. Kataev).

In the living room, something small fell off the table and broke (A. Chekhov).

You are incapable of acting any motives (K. Fedin).

But, perhaps, in some ways he was right (M. Sholokhov).

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns "no one", "nothing", "no one", "nothing", "none", "no one", "not at all" serve to deny the presence of some object, attribute or quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the whole sentence.

I do not want to sadden you with anything (A. Pushkin).

Nobody really knew anything (K. Simonov).

Vladik stood silently, not bullying anyone and not answering anyone's questions (A. Gaidar).

They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- or shock attachment not-.

Pronouns "no one", "nothing" do not have a nominative case.

They were silent, because there was nothing to tell each other (I.A. Goncharov).

There is no one to ask when he himself is to blame (proverb).

Pronouns "no one", "none", "no one", "no one", "nothing" can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix:

from no one, on nothing, under no one, behind anyone, from no one, not because of anything, etc.

In nothing is the folk character so freely manifested as in song and dance (A. Fadeev).

I don’t want to think about anything, interfere in anything (M. Prishvin).

An attempt to intercept Masha on the way did not lead to anything (A. Fadeev).

“that”, “this”, “such”, “such”, “so much” serve to distinguish among others some specific object, attribute, quantity.

I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals at a shot! (A. Griboedov).

All this would be funny if it were not so sad (M. Lermontov).

How many heads, so many minds (proverb).

In the dark, I climbed into such a windbreak, from which you will not soon get out even during the day. However, I managed to get out of this maze (V. Arseniev).

Definitive pronouns - “all”, “every”, “himself”, “most”, “each”, “any”, “other”, “other”, “whole”.

Everyone who is young, give us a hand - into our ranks, friends! (L. Oshanin).

Every work of the master praises (proverb).

Learn to control yourself; not everyone will understand you like me; inexperience leads to trouble (A. Pushkin).

To the right, the whole village was visible, a long street stretched for five miles (A. Chekhov).

These pronouns change in gender, number and case like adjectives.

Video lesson in Russian for students of the 6th grade “Pronoun. Ranks of pronouns»

The pronoun is independent part speech, which combines words that, in their semantics, are oriented towards the names of objects, but do not name them. Pronouns in a sentence can replace adjectives, numerals, nouns and adverbs.

However, unlike these parts of speech, the pronoun does not name objects, but points to them. For example: Sasha thought for a long time what would be better to give his mother for her birthday. After much deliberation, he settled on the most successful gift option.

We see that the pronoun "is he" in the second sentence, replaces the noun "Sasha", which is the subject of the first. Thus, we know who is being discussed in the second sentence, while avoiding repetition of the noun "Sasha".

Ranks of pronouns

All pronouns are divided by category into the following groups:

Personal pronouns: you, I, he, she, they, it. Such pronouns indicate participants in a speech or action that was conducted before, is happening now, or will happen in the future.

Reflexive pronouns: yourself, you, them. Pronouns that indicate the addressee, identified with the actor.

Possessive pronouns: yours, hers, mine. They indicate an affiliation to a particular person.

Demonstrative pronouns: that, so much, this. Identifies the person that is (was, will be) discussed in the sentence.

Definitive pronouns: most, all, any, any. They cover a person, object or sign, often performing a clarifying role.

Negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one. Indicate the negative characteristics of a person and an object.

Indefinite pronouns: something, someone. Indicate intentionally concealed or undefined objects or persons.

Grammatical properties of pronouns

When declining pronouns, non-standard paradigms and suppletive forms are used. For example: the pronoun "nothing" cannot be in the nominative case, while the pronoun "someone" exists only in nominative case. Pronouns are divided into three grammatical category: pronominal nouns, pronominal adjectives and pronominal numerals.

Pronominal nouns include such categories of pronouns as reflexive, personal, negative and interrogative-relative. Such pronouns are considered as similar to a noun, since they have the same category of case, as well as a syntactic function.

Pronominal adjectives are made up of demonstrative and attributive pronouns. Such pronouns have the forms of numbers, cases and gender, perform the function of a definition in a sentence.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

To the pronoun, you can ask questions: who? what? (I, he, we); which? whose? (this one, ours); as? where? when? (so, there, then), etc. Pronouns are used instead of nouns, adjectives or numerals, so some pronouns correspond to nouns ( me, you, he, who, what etc.), part - with adjectives ( this one, yours, mine, ours, yours, anyone etc.), part - with numerals ( how many, how many, several). Most pronouns in Russian change by case, many pronouns - by gender and number. Specific lexical meaning pronouns acquire only in context, speaking in the meaning of the word instead of which they are used.

Ranks of pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns - a part of speech, a type of pronoun that expresses an attitude towards two or more persons or objects. For example: "They have known each other for a long time." (meaning two people), "They often see each other." (meaning several people).

Reciprocal pronouns in Russian are extensive due to various prepositions:

each other; friend (oh, in) friend; one (at, behind, on, from, under, for) another; a friend (at, behind, in front of) a friend; friend (at, for, on, from, from under, for) a friend; friend (with, behind, over, under, in front of) a friend; friend (oh, in) friend; one (at, for, on, from, for) another; one (in, for, on) one; one to one (other); one (in, for, on) one; friend (with, behind, under, in front of) boyfriend; friend (from, from, from under) friends; on each other; time after (on) time [th]; from time to time; once in a while; from time to time; each (at, for, on, from, for) each; each behind (above, under, in front of) each. each in each; that (at, in, for, on, from, from under, for) [e] that; from that to [e] that; eventually; from beginning to beginning; from first to second; from opposite to opposite;

AT English language there are only two reciprocal pronouns: "each other" (one of the other; refers to two persons or objects) and "one another" (each other; refers to more than two persons or objects), which can indicate two or more persons or objects , but the distinction between these pronouns is often not respected - a preposition referring to "each other" or "one another" is placed before "each" or "one": "about each other" (about each other), "for each other" (for each other). Examples:

* "We seldom write to each other." (We rarely write to each other.); * "We know everything about each other." (We know everything about each other.).

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Notes

Literature

Pronoun//Russian language. - Printhouse: Astrel Publishing House, 2003. - P. 3. ISBN 5-271-06781-5

An excerpt characterizing the Pronoun

“But how could it be otherwise? he thought. - Here it is, this capital, at my feet, waiting for its fate. Where is Alexander now and what does he think? Strange, beautiful, majestic city! And strange and majestic this minute! In what light do I present myself to them! he thought of his troops. “Here it is, the reward for all these unbelievers,” he thought, looking around at those close to him and at the troops approaching and lining up. “One word of mine, one movement of my hand, and this ancient capital des Czars. Mais ma clemence est toujours prompte a descendre sur les vaincus. [kings. But my mercy is always ready to descend to the vanquished.] I must be magnanimous and truly great. But no, it's not true that I'm in Moscow, it suddenly occurred to him. “However, here she lies at my feet, playing and trembling with golden domes and crosses in the rays of the sun. But I will spare her. On the ancient monuments of barbarism and despotism, I will write great words of justice and mercy ... Alexander will understand this most painfully, I know him. (It seemed to Napoleon that the main significance of what was happening was his personal struggle with Alexander.) From the heights of the Kremlin - yes, this is the Kremlin, yes - I will give them the laws of justice, I will show them the meaning of true civilization, I will force generations boyars lovingly commemorate the name of their conqueror. I will tell the deputation that I did not and do not want war; that I waged war only against the false policy of their court, that I love and respect Alexander, and that I will accept peace conditions in Moscow worthy of me and my peoples. I do not want to take advantage of the happiness of war to humiliate the respected sovereign. Boyars - I will tell them: I do not want war, but I want peace and prosperity for all my subjects. However, I know that their presence will inspire me, and I will tell them, as I always say: clear, solemn and great. But is it really true that I'm in Moscow? Yes, here she is!
- Qu "on m" amene les boyards, [Bring the boyars.] - he turned to the retinue. The general with a brilliant retinue immediately galloped after the boyars.
Two hours have passed. Napoleon had breakfast and again stood in the same place on the Poklonnaya Hill waiting for the deputation. His speech to the boyars was already clearly formed in his imagination. This speech was full of dignity and that grandeur that Napoleon understood.
The tone of generosity in which Napoleon intended to act in Moscow captivated him. In his imagination, he appointed the days of reunion dans le palais des Czars [meetings in the palace of the tsars.], where the Russian nobles were to meet with the nobles of the French emperor. He mentally appointed a governor, one who would be able to attract the population to him. Having learned that there were many charitable institutions in Moscow, he decided in his imagination that all these institutions would be showered with his favors. He thought that just as in Africa one had to sit in a burnous in a mosque, so in Moscow one had to be merciful, like tsars. And, in order to finally touch the hearts of Russians, he, like every Frenchman, who cannot imagine anything sensitive without mentioning ma chere, ma tendre, ma pauvre mere, [my dear, tender, poor mother,] he decided that in all in these establishments, he orders to write in capital letters: Etablissement dedie a ma chere Mere. No, just: Maison de ma Mere, [Institution dedicated to my dear mother... My mother's house.] - he decided to himself. “But am I really in Moscow? Yes, there she is in front of me. But why is the deputation of the city not appearing for so long? he thought.
Meanwhile, in the back of the emperor's retinue, an excited conference was taking place in a whisper between his generals and marshals. Those sent for the deputation returned with the news that Moscow was empty, that everyone had left and left it. The faces of those conferring were pale and agitated. Not that Moscow was abandoned by the inhabitants (no matter how important this event seemed) frightened them, but they were frightened by how to announce this to the emperor, how, without putting his majesty in that terrible situation called by the French ridicule [ridiculous] , announce to him that he waited in vain for the boyars for so long that there are crowds of drunks, but no one else. Some said that it was necessary at all costs to collect at least some kind of deputation, others disputed this opinion and argued that it was necessary, having carefully and cleverly prepared the emperor, to declare the truth to him.
- Il faudra le lui dire tout de meme ... - said the gentlemen of the retinue. - Mais, messieurs ... [However, you must tell him ... But, gentlemen ...] - The situation was all the more difficult because the emperor, considering his plans for generosity, patiently walked back and forth in front of the plan, occasionally looking from under his hand on the way to Moscow and cheerfully and smiling proudly.
- Mais c "est impossible ... [But awkward ... Impossible ...] - shrugging their shoulders, the gentlemen of the retinue said, not daring to pronounce the implied terrible word: le ridicule ...
Meanwhile, the emperor, tired of vain waiting and feeling with his acting instinct that the majestic minute, lasting too long, was beginning to lose its majesty, gave a sign with his hand. A lone shot of a signal gun rang out, and the troops, with different sides surrounded Moscow, moved to Moscow, to the Tver, Kaluga and Dorogomilovskaya outposts. Faster and faster, overtaking one another, at a quick step and at a trot, the troops moved, hiding in the clouds of dust they raised and filling the air with merging rumbles of screams.
Fascinated by the movement of troops, Napoleon rode with his troops to the Dorogomilovskaya outpost, but there he again stopped and, dismounting from his horse, walked for a long time at the Chambers of the collegiate rampart, waiting for the deputation.

Moscow meanwhile was empty. There were still people in it, a fiftieth of all the former inhabitants remained in it, but it was empty. It was empty, as a dying beehive that has become matless is empty.
The matted hive is no longer alive, but on the surface it seems as alive as the others.
Just as merrily, in the hot rays of the midday sun, bees curl around a matted hive, as they do around other living hives; in the same way it smells of honey from afar, in the same way bees fly in and out of it. But it is worth taking a closer look at it in order to understand that there is no longer life in this hive. Not like in living hives, bees fly, not the same smell, not the same sound strikes the beekeeper. To the knock of the beekeeper on the wall of the diseased hive, instead of the former, instantaneous, friendly answer, the hissing of tens of thousands of bees, menacingly squeezing their backs and producing this airy vital sound with a quick beat of wings, he is answered by scattered buzzing, echoing loudly in different places of the empty hive. The entrance does not smell, as before, of the alcoholic, fragrant smell of honey and poison, it does not carry the warmth of fullness from there, and the smell of emptiness and rot merges with the smell of honey. The notch has no more guards preparing for death for protection, raising their backsides, trumpeting the alarm. Not Moreover an even and quiet sound, the fluttering of labor, similar to the sound of boiling, and an incoherent, scattered noise of disorder is heard. In and out of the hive, timidly and evasively, black oblong, honey-smeared robber bees fly in and out; they do not sting, but elude danger. Previously, only with burdens they flew in, and empty bees flew out, now they fly out with burdens. The beekeeper opens the lower well and peers into lower part hive. Instead of the black lashes of succulent bees that previously hung to the tie (lower bottom), pacified by labor, holding each other by the legs and pulling the foundation with a continuous whisper of labor, sleepy, shriveled bees wander in different directions absent-mindedly along the bottom and walls of the hive. Instead of a floor that was cleanly glued up with glue and swept away by fans of the wings, crumbs of foundations, bee stool, half-dead, slightly moving legs and completely dead, untidy bees lie at the bottom.
The beekeeper opens the upper well and inspects the head of the hive. Instead of continuous rows of bees, clinging to all the gaps of the combs and warming the children, he sees the skillful, complex work of the combs, but no longer in the form of virginity in which she used to be before. Everything is up and running. Robbers - black bees - darting quickly and stealthily to work; their bees, shriveled, short, lethargic, as if old, wander slowly, not bothering anyone, wanting nothing and losing consciousness of life. Drones, hornets, bumblebees, butterflies stupidly knock on the walls of the hive in flight. In some places, between foundations with dead children and honey, an angry grumbling is occasionally heard from different directions; somewhere, two bees, out of old habit and memory, cleaning the nest of the hive, diligently, beyond their strength, drag away a dead bee or a bumblebee, without themselves knowing why they are doing it. In another corner, two other old bees are lazily fighting, or cleaning themselves, or feeding one another, not knowing themselves whether they are hostile or friendly. In the third place, a crowd of bees, crushing each other, attacks some kind of victim and beats and strangles it. And a weakened or killed bee slowly, easily, like fluff, falls from above into a pile of corpses. The beekeeper unrolls two medium foundations to see the nest. Instead of the former solid black circles back and forth of thousands of bees sitting and observing the highest secrets of their native business, he sees hundreds of dull, half-dead and dormant skeletons of bees. Almost all of them died without knowing it, sitting on the shrine, which they guarded and which no longer exists. They smell of rot and death. Only some of them move, rise, fly languidly and sit on the enemy's hand, unable to die, stinging him - the rest, dead, like fish scales, easily fall down. The beekeeper closes the well, marks the block with chalk and, having chosen the time, breaks it out and burns it out.

The name of this part of speech speaks for itself. The place of the name, that is, instead of the name. It is immediately clear that those parts that are called nominal can be replaced by a pronoun. The proposal from this replacement will not suffer, but will only benefit. Nouns and adjectives, and other parts with them, may not be repeated, a synonymous pronoun will cope with this.

specific conversation about each

There are not so many types of pronouns, they are easy to remember. Each category name is bright and telling. For clarity, you can disassemble each of them.

personal, indicate persons (I, he, you), they most often replace nouns.
returnable, return to themselves (themselves), it cannot have any grammatical category except for the case.
possessive, attract to a specific person, it becomes mine, yours, his, theirs. They successfully replace the adjective.
interrogative, contain a question (who?, what?, how much?), are used in interrogative sentences.
relative,
indexes, give an installation on a certain object (that, this, there).
defining,
negative, deny the object and its existence (no one, there is no need).
Indefinite, they cannot decide who the conversation is about at all (something, someone), they are formed from pronouns containing a question, in a prefixed way.

Features of pronouns

Some pronouns are unusual and do not seem to be inflected. For example, third person personal pronouns he, she, they in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases have an additional letter H to the word: to him, about her, with them.

In negative pronouns, the presence of prefixes non- and ni- completely depends on the stress of the syllable. In shock strong position the letter E is inserted, in the unstressed position the letter AND For example, SOMEONE, but NOBODY.

Indefinite pronouns have their own spelling rule. The prefix KOE- and suffixes -THAT, -OR, -EVER, participating in the formation, have a hyphen: someone.

The language has such a form as pronouns by reciprocity. There are a great many of them, which appeared due to the abundance of pretexts and the meaning of the relationship to several, and most often, to two objects or personalities. An example of this are those beloved by a Russian person the following expressions: from case to case, from time to time, from each other.

The pronoun always indicates, but does not specifically name anything. This feature does not allow to give the pronoun complete freedom. This part of speech often performs a substitute function.