What are the particles for? Modal particles in Russian

By itself, the word "particle" says that it is a small part of something. Ever since school, we remember the concept of a particle from the Russian language, as well as an elementary particle from the course of physics and chemistry. Let's figure out what a particle is in a particular science.

What is a particle in Russian?

In Russian, a particle is a non-significant or auxiliary part of speech, which serves to give shade to various words, phrases, sentences, as well as to form words, for example. It is possible to distinguish particles, like other service parts of speech - a preposition, conjunctions, interjections, by the fact that it is impossible to ask a question to them.

There are several types of particles:

1. Formative - they serve to form a verb of a conditional and imperative form. For example, "would", "let", "let", "come on". Unlike other particles, they are components of the verb form and are the same sentence member as the verb.
2. Semantic particles - serve to express the shades of feelings of the speaking person. According to the semantic meaning, particles can be divided into negative (neither, not); interrogative (really, perhaps); index (here, this, that); clarifying (exactly, exactly the same); amplifying (even, after all, after all), and others.

Many philologists believe that particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections, as well as introductory words. The particle does not have its own meaning, but the meaning takes on the one that is expressed by it in the sentence.

What is an elementary particle?

Elementary particles are the smallest indivisible objects that make up the atom. Their structure is studied by elementary particle physics, and from 1932 to the present day more than 400 elementary particles have been discovered.

All elementary particles are usually divided into three large groups, which are distinguished depending on their electromagnetic and gravitational behavior.

• So, bosons are carriers of the weak electromagnetic interaction. Also, bosons are characterized by a half-integer spin. This group includes photons, neutrons, protons.
• Leptons are direct participants in the electromagnetic interaction. To date, about 6 leptons are known. The most famous of them is the electron (e), and this elementary particle has the smallest atomic mass.
• Hadrons are the heaviest elementary particles that also participate in electromagnetic and gravitational interaction. By mass, hadrons are divided into three groups - baryons, mesons and resonances. The most famous baryon is the proton.

Each elementary particle is characterized by mass, lifetime, spin and electric discharge. The discovery of elementary particles made it possible to make a big step both in nuclear physics and in molecular kinetics. Today it is believed that the true elementary particles are leptons and quarks.

So, now you know what a preposition, union, particle is, and how the particle differs from other service parts of speech. And, also, what characterizes elementary particles in physics.

A particle is a service part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but may be part of the members of a sentence.
The main sphere of particle use is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech gives the statements greater expressiveness, emotionality. Excessive use of particles leads to clogging of speech and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional shades to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of members of a sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

When parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Discharges of particles.

According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into categories.

• shaping,
• negative,
• semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that are involved in the formation of certain forms of various parts of speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, state names, pronouns).

• Particles that serve to form the mood forms of the verb:
  • imperative mood - yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
  • subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; what would did not happen.
    Particle would(b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I made more would it is better. I would did even better.

  Particles would, let, let, yes, let's (let's) are part of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb in the morphological analysis of the verb as a part of speech.

• Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, state names - more, less : more important, less important; more interesting, less boring.
  The value of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more and all : more scarier all more interesting.

When forming forms, particles approach morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya (s), -something, -either, -something and no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of continuous or separate spelling. Particle should be distinguished -then and -then : which -then, where -then ( ) - I -then I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In the complex of Babaitseva in the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where something, something, something - referred to derivational particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, someone, anyone; some - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles. not and neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles are converted into .
With a particle not Words with the opposite meaning are formed: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

negative particles

No, neitherare the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays the main role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

• negative value for the whole sentence: Do not be this.
• negative value to a separate member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.
• positive value, assertion (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not say.

Most often a negative particle not is included in the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I Don't know. (Don't know- saying)

Particle NI gives:

• negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
• strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither cloud. Sometimes neither used without not : In the sky neither cloud.
• strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle is used in the subordinate clause neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
• When repeating a particle neither becomes important coordinating (connecting) union : Neither sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
• Negative particles include the words no. It is used in the negative answer to the expressed or unspoken question: Want? Not . To reinforce the negation word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don't want to.
  Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes .
• not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish nor (not) prefix, particle and union. The prefix is ​​written together ( someone, no one, no one). Particle and union are written separately: no not a soul (particle, reinforces negation); Neither (union) rain, neither The (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Sense Particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various semantic shades into the sentence (clarify, emphasize, reinforce), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Groups of particles by value:

• Contribute semantic shades:
  • interrogative —whether (l), is it, really :
    Really This is true? Truth whether This? Is don't you agree with me?
    Is and really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it) did not you recognize me? But, they can also have different meanings.
    In offers with unless doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to argue with the interlocutor, he is sure of the inadmissibility of the fact: Is can you lie?
    In offers with really there is doubt and surprise: Really did he deceive us?
  • index — here (and here), out (and out), here and, there and .
    Highlight the subject to which you need to pay attention: Here my village.
  • specifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
    Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
  • express selection, limitation(restrictive-excretory) - only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively : I am not sick, only) tired a little.
• particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
  • exclamatory particles - what the how , Well: What a soul! That's lovely! oh well!
    These particles express admiration, surprise, indignation.
    Particle as has a homonym as - pronoun as and union as .
    Particle as usually used in exclamatory sentences: how delightful evenings in Russia!
    Pronoun-adverb as used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the sentence : How do you feel? how - circumstance.
    Union as - in complex sentences: I will tell you, as to live on.
  • express doubt —hardly, hardly Barely whether it will do. Unlikely he will agree.
  • amplifying particles - even, even, not, well, really, after all, after all, only, only and etc.
    Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha is familiar only famous monuments. ( Only - amplifying particle, in the sentence is part of the definition only known).
    Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon got brighter, the stars same just turned blue. Particle same highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
  • express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
    In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

• And day and night the cat is a scientist all walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - amplifying value
• Well what the neck, what theeyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
• Yeshello sun,Yesthe darkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the form of the imperative mood of the verb
• Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. forms the subjunctive mood of the verb.
• What we've been talking about before only thought, now realized. Just thought -only not an adverb, not a union, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not). Therefore, it is a particle.

Particles do not have lexical meanings (and this is how they differ from significant parts of speech) and do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences (and this is how they differ from service parts of speech).

Particles are:

Amplifying (or, even, then, and, neither, after all, etc.)

Restrictive (only, only, etc.)

Index (here, there, this)

Interrogative (whether, really, really, really, but)

Exclamatory (what for, how, etc.)

Negative (not, not at all, far from, not at all)

Formative particles that serve to form word forms and new words occupy an intermediate position between function words and prefixes and suffixes:

1) particles would, let, let, yes, -ka, it was, serving to express moods or shades of moods in verbs;

2) undefined particles: something, something, something, something;

3) negative particle "not" serves not only to express negation, but also to form words with the opposite meaning. In this case, it acts as a prefix:

friend - foe, cheerful - sad, smart - stupid.

Separate writing of particles

1) Particles would (b), same (g), whether (l) written separately:

I would read it if, here, what kind, however, however, hardly, hardly.

The rule does not apply to cases where these particles are part of the word: to, also, too, really, or and etc.

2) Particles after all, out, here, even, they say written separately:

so after all, over there, like this, even he; brought, they say.

Hyphenating Particles

1) Particles are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, something- (koi-), (-kas - dial.), -either, -something, -s, -tka, -tko, -that:

you-de, she-de, na-ka, nate-ka, look, someone, something, someone, some, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look- tko, somewhere, sometime, something.

Particle -de(colloquial) is used when transmitting someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they say) and in the meaning of the particles "say", "say":

And if I see, de, that the execution is small for him, I will immediately hang all the judges around the table.

My countryman turned to the commander at a halt: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, the case is expensive, they say, since a local resident, it’s within easy reach of the yard.

2) Particle say(colloquial) was formed by the merger of two words: de and say.

3) Particle -with(derived from the word sir) gives a shade of servility, obsequiousness:

Chatsky. Caught honors and nobility?

Molchalin. No, sir, everyone has their own talent ...

Chatsky. You?

Molchalin. Two-sir: moderation and accuracy.

If a between the particle koe- (koi-) and the pronoun there is a preposition, then the whole combination is written apart:

from someone, on something, someone with someone, something with someone.

4) Particle still("still", "however", "nevertheless", "indeed", "in the end") is written with a hyphen:

after verbs - persuaded, nevertheless, appeared;

after adverbs - true, long, again, again;

after the particles - after all, quite, really, downright.

In other cases, the particle is still written separately:

The secretary, although he felt his slight dissatisfaction, nevertheless rejoiced at the presence of such old women among the district's assets.

But although the temptation was great, I still managed to overcome myself.

5) Particle -then is added with a hyphen to pronouns and adverbs both to express uncertainty and to give the statement an emotional coloring:

Why is your heart broken?

Note 1. Separately, the combination is written like that ("namely") before listing homogeneous members:

In mixed forests there are various trees, such as: birch, aspen, cedar, pine.

Note 2. If the particle "-then" is inside a compound word written with a hyphen, then the hyphen is placed before the particle, and after it is omitted:

Bandage something crosswise (compare: crosswise);

Exactly exactly, but that's not the point (compare: exactly the same).

Note 3. If a particle that is written with a hyphen comes after another particle, then the hyphen is not written:

all the same, somewhere; with whom, they say, this does not happen (compare: after all, with someone, they say, this does not happen).

Exception: before the particle -с, the hyphen is preserved: Do you have a bite-s?

Particles "not" and "neither" - in the next post.

Service. It is intended to denote various emotional and semantic shades. Also, with its help, completely new words and their forms are formed.

All particles in Russian are divided into two large categories:

1) those that express shades of various meanings and emotions (modal);

2) formative and word-forming.

Such a division is based on what meaning and what role this part of speech plays in the sentence.

Modal particles in Russian

Depending on the shades of meanings and emotions they express, the particles, in turn, are divided into the following groups:

1) incentive: let, well, -ka, well, let's, come on;

2) negative and affirmative: no, yes, not, exactly, not at all;

3) exclamatory-evaluative particles: well, still, what kind, oh how, oh what;

4) interrogative: what, really, really, whether;

5) intensifying particles: yes and, and, even, even;

6) concessive at least, nevertheless, nevertheless;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, as if;

8) excretory-limiting particles: only, only, only, exclusively, almost;

9) clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, precisely;

10) demonstrative: here and, out and, here, this, out, that.

Formative and word-forming particles in Russian

The latter are:

1) particles neither and not, if they are used as prefixes to form adjectives, nouns, adverbs, as well as pronouns (indefinite and negative): not true, someone, nothing, etc .;

2) particles - either, - something, - something, something. They are used as affixes. With their help, indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed: something, somewhere, somewhere, etc.

The shaping particle would be. With its help, the mood of the verb can be changed to the subjunctive: I would help, I would win.

Particles in Russian. Origin Classification

In Russian, some particles originate from various parts of speech, while others do not. On this basis, they are classified as follows:

1. Derivatives. They can come from adverbs: barely, directly, only, etc.; from verbs: let, let, see, etc .; from pronouns: -something, everything, -what, it, etc.; from unions: and, yes, the same, but, whether, -or, etc.

2. Non-derivative particles. Their origin is not connected with any parts of speech: -ka, out, here, etc.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" is merged with words

The unstressed particle is not used when one intends to express negation. It is written together with words only in the following cases:

a) if it serves as a prefix for nouns, adverbs and adjectives: unkind, sad, failure;

b) if the word without it is not found in use: ridiculous, out of place, slob;

c) if the forms of indefinite and negative pronouns are unprepositional: nobody, somebody, nothing, somebody;

d) if there are no dependent words with full communion: unheated sun, uncorrected mistake.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "ni" is merged with words

This unstressed particle is used to express amplification. It is written together with words in those cases when it acts as a prefix:

a) in negative adverbs: not at all, nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, nowhere;

b) in negative pronouns (in their non-prepositional forms): I did not have a chance to take anyone on the road.

§one. General characteristics of particles

A particle is a service part of speech.

Once upon a time, the linguistic tradition contrasted particles of speech with parts of speech (small auxiliary words - large words with independent meaning) and included all auxiliary words. Then it was understood that prepositions and conjunctions are separate classes of words, each with its own functions. And the term particle began to use in a new way, in a narrower sense.

Like all "small" words, particles have a number of important features:

1) do not change themselves,
2) are not members of the proposal (but some particles may be included in their composition).
They are distinguished from other non-independent words by the fact that they serve to convey a wide range of additional meanings, emotions, feelings, assessments of the speaker. Without particles, which are especially often represented in colloquial speech, the Russian language would be less rich. Compare:

Really did he not call? (surprise) ≠ He didn't call? (question)
Just I dreamed about this! (clarification, underlining, expression) ≠ I dreamed about this (neutral message)
What the night! (exclamation, evaluation) ≠ Night. (name offer)

Even from these examples it is clear that the particles are very diverse. At the same time, as for all service words, for particles their function (role) is determining, according to which they are divided into formative and semantic.

§2. Shaping particles

There are very few shaping particles.
These are particles: would, let, let, yes, come on (those). They serve to form the forms of conditional and imperative moods.

Not it would rain, we would spend all day outside.

Particle would serves as an indicator of the conditional mood of the verb. It is a component of the verb form. The particle is included in the predicate along with the verb form. This means that the shaping particles will be included in the members of the sentences.

Let's go out of town!

Particle let's - imperative indicator. let's go It is an incentive for joint action. Here it is the predicate of a definite-personal sentence.

This means that the formative particles are the particles involved in the formation of the forms of the conditional and imperative moods of the verb. In a sentence, they act together with the verb, even if they do not stand side by side, and are one member of the sentence (separate particles cannot be members of the sentence).

§3. semantic particles. Ranks by value

The bulk of Russian particles are semantic particles. Since they can express a wide range of meanings, it is important to know what value digits they are divided into.

Ranks by value:

1. Negative: not, not at all, far from, not at all
2. Interrogative: really, really, whether (l)
3. Indicative: this, out, here, in (colloquial)
4. Clarifying: exactly, just, exactly, exactly, exactly
5. Restrictive excretory : only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively
6. Exclamation points: what for, well, how
7. Amplifying: well, after all, even, really, after all, not, well, still, and, yes, but
8. Doubts: whether, hardly, hardly
   

Do not confuse:

1) Particles and, uh, yeah- homonymous with coordinating conjunctions.
And do not say! And do not ask! And do not wait! (here and- amplifying particle)
Yes do not say! Yes do not ask! Yes don't wait for him, he won't come! (yes - amplifying particle)
BUT, let it be! ( a- amplifying particle)

2) Particle -then homonymous with the suffix -to in indefinite pronouns: someone, some etc.
He -then knows what he's talking about! We- then we know... Ivan -then knows... (here -then- particle)

3) Particle as homonymous with pronoun as.
how breathe well after a thunderstorm!, how it's horrible!, how I feel bad! (here as- exclamatory particle)
how the word is written? (interrogative pronoun)
I don't know, as this word is written. (relative pronoun)

Attention:

Some particles may belong not to one, but to different categories, for example: whether or not and others. Compare:
In home neither soul (= no one, negative) ≠ There was no room neither souls (amplifying)
Say you called whether anyone? (interrogative) ≠ Will come in whether is he today? will have time whether? (doubt)

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to consider particles as an independent part of speech?

2. Is the part of speech of the particle changeable?

3. Can particles be part of sentence members?

4. What particles can be part of the sentence members?

   • semantic
   • Form-building

5. What particles help form the imperative and conditional moods?

   • semantic
   • Form-building

6. Particles are formative or semantic not and neither?

   • semantic
   • Form-building

7. Form-forming or semantic particles are: would, let, let, yes, come on -?

   • semantic
   • Form-building