Bright adverb or adjective. Predicative adverbs or category of state

An adjective is easy to recognize in a sentence by how it affects the noun, changing its properties. For example:

“He bought a shirt.” The word shirt (shirt) is a noun, but it is not clear what kind of shirt it is. All we know is that someone bought the shirt.

“He bought a beautiful shirt.” In this example, the adjective beautiful (beautiful) appears, which changes the noun shirt, from which it becomes clear which shirt the person bought.

It is not difficult to recognize an adjective in a sentence - it, as a rule, answers the questions “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which one?”.

For example:

“The kind woman gave us a tasty cake.” What woman? Kind (kind). What pie? Tasty (delicious).

“The small boy is playing with a new toy.” The adjectives small (small) and new (new) tell us which boy and which toy it is.

So, the main thing to remember is the questions that the adjective answers in English:

Which?
Which?
Which one?

Adverb

If adjectives affect nouns by changing their properties, then adverbs affect verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. You can easily find an adverb in a sentence by suffix -ly, because most adverbs in English are formed just by adding it to an adjective. It is important to remember that the adverb answers the question "how?" or "how much?". Let's look at examples:

“The couple danced gracefully.” (The couple danced gracefully.) The adverb gracefully (gracefully) affects the verb to dance (to dance), as a result of which it becomes clear exactly how the couple danced.

“That man is very strong.” (That man is very strong.) In this sentence, the adverb very (very) affects the adjective strong (strong) and shows how and how strong the man is. Let's check by asking the question "how much?": "How strong is he? He is very strong." (How strong is he? He is very strong.)

“It was an extremely important meeting.” (It was an extremely important meeting.) The adverb extremely changes the adjective important. We ask the question "how much": "How important was it? Extremely important." (How important was it? Extremely important.) Now it is clear that the meeting was extremely important.

“She smiled amazingly.” (She smiled an amazing smile.) Here the adverb amazingly (surprisingly) affects the verb smile, and tells us how the girl smiled.

So, remember the main rule - the adverb most often answers the question "how?". At the same time, it can also answer the questions “when?”, “Where?” and why?".

Additional rules

In English, adjectives usually precede the noun they refer to. However, if one of the following verbs follows in the sentence, the adjective will be placed after its noun.

to be
to feel
to taste
to smell
to sound
to look
to appear
to seem

Consider examples:

“The sky is blue.” (The sky is blue.) The adjective blue refers to the noun sky, but comes after the verb is in a sentence, which is a form of the verb be.

“Diana looks happy.” (Diana looks happy.) The adjective happy also comes after the noun Diana.

“The music sounds loud.” (The music sounds loud.) The adjective loud (loud) follows the sentence after the noun music.

“The juice smells great.” (The juice smells great.) Once again, we see the noun juice first, and then the dependent adjective great.

Avoiding Common Mistakes

There are adjectives and adverbs in English that are difficult to distinguish by spelling. It is even more difficult to understand the difference in their use. Let's clarify these situations.

1. Adjective bad or adverb badly?

When you want to talk about your feelings or sensations, you should use the adjective bad. So when you feel bad or unwell, you will say “I feel bad”. However, if you say "I feel badly", it will mean that you feel dull, as if your hands were numb. Compare these examples:

“The horse smells badly.” Here the adverb badly means that the horse has a bad sense of smell, a poor ability to smell in general.

“The cat smells bad.” Thanks to the adjective bad, the sentence is no longer about smell, but about the fact that the cat is dirty, smells bad and needs to be bathed.

Note: In English there is also an expression "I feel badly". It is used when you need to apologize, to express regret. Imagine that you came to visit a friend and accidentally broke his favorite vase. Then you will say: “I feel really badly about the vase” (I feel really bad about the vase).

2. Adjective good or adverb well?

It's easy to remember a simple rule that works in grammar in English - adjective good should be used with the following verbs denoting feelings and states: feel, look, smell, be. While the adverb well is combined with the verbs live, do. Compare:

“I do well.” Use the adverb well to say that you are doing well and doing well.

“My grandmother looks good.” The adjective good says that the grandmother looks good, and not that the grandmother has good eyesight.

“My cat smells pretty good now.” Again, the adjective good does not mean that the cat has a good sense of smell, but that the cat itself smells good, like after bathing.

Note: In English colloquial speech with verbs of feelings and states, the use of the adverb well in such expressions as “I feel well” is allowed. This is due to the fact that many people confuse the adjective good and the adverb well in conversation. However, if we are talking about action verbs, only the adverb well should be used. For example:

“He plays football well.” (He is good at football.)

“The whole class did well on the exam.” (The whole class did well on the exam.)

3. Adjective sure or adverb surely?

Sure is an adjective and surely an adverb. Compare:

“She is sure about the decision.” (She is confident in her decision.) The adjective sure tells us that she is confident in herself, characterizing her condition.

“The soldiers were marching for sure.” (The soldiers marched confidently.) The adverb surely shows exactly how the soldiers marched.

Note: In English, the adverb surely can also be used as an adverb expressing the degree of certainty in a statement. For example: “Surely, you’re kidding on me.” (You must be kidding me.) Here the adverb surely characterizes the whole sentence you’re kidding on me and means “probably, should be, most likely”.

4. Adjective near or adverb nearly?

In English grammar, near can act not only as an adjective, but also as a verb, adverb, and even a preposition. The adverb nearly means "approximately", "almost, but not quite". For example:

“She likes walking in the near forest.” (She likes to walk in the nearby forest.) The adjective near characterizes the noun forest.

“He nearly bought the car.” (He almost bought a car.) Here the adverb nearly shows how close someone was to buying a car.

18427

In contact with

This is the second part of the lesson on the difference between adjectives and participles. Wait, you haven't watched the first one yet?! Then I'll wait, a link to the previous lesson will appear here now, I can pause for now .. Have you looked? Okay, now let's continue. How else can you recognize that we have an adverb? While adjectives can have an incredible variety of suffixes: ous (glamorous), ful (careful), y (heavy) and many, many more; then most adverbs are formed from the adjectives themselves using the LY suffix: glamorous - glamorously, careful - carefully (note that l is doubled for a reason, but because here one suffix (ful) ends in L, and the other (ly) in L begins, heavy - heavy (usually when adding a suffix, y is replaced by i) Do not forget that good is an exception, and the adverb “good” will be “well” But here, too, everything is not so simple, unfortunately. are adjectives, for example: Friendly, lovely, lonely, silly What to do? when they are used in direct meaning, we use the adjective and its place after the verb - be/look/feel/sound/taste+adjective. She beautiful looked - She looked beautiful. In Russian, we use the adverb in such cases! Be careful, the rules of the English language require an adjective. I am good - I'm good / I'm fine. That sounds great! - That sounds great! That's not all. There are three exceptions where many people make mistakes: Late - hard - fast These three words are both adverbs and adjectives. They don't change shape. That is, you can understand what we are dealing with by their position in the sentence: She came late - She came late. After the verb, there is an adverb. Excuse my late arrival. “Excuse my late arrival. – before a noun late is an adjective. He is a fast (adj) driver he is a fast driver - He drives fast (adv.). he drives fast My mom is a hard (adj) worker My mom works hard (adv.). my mother works hard You can add the suffix LY to the words late and hard and get adverbs, but then their meaning will be different: lately - recent times I have been getting tired a lot lately - I've been getting very tired lately. That's all for today. Let's recap what we've been through today. 1. Adjectives and participles have their own suffixes, by which you can guess which part of speech is in front of you. But don't rely on suffixes alone! They can also let you down, as with the words friendly, lovely, lonely and silly, which are adjectives. 2. After the verbs be/look/feel/sound/taste, when they are used in their basic meaning, we use an adjective. 3. Late-hard-fast is both adjectives and adverbs, depending on the place in the sentence, adverbs lately and hardly have other meanings. To test yourself, follow the link at the bottom of this video and do the exercises. Subscribe to our channel, put likes, leave comments and do not forget to be friends with us in social networks! Anastasia was with you! Bye Bye!

Each of us from the school bench is familiar with such a part of speech as an adverb. We actively use them in daily speech, not at all thinking about any rules or foundations of the theory.

However, it is necessary to understand the concept itself: what is an adverb in Russian? According to the rules of literature, this term is defined as denoting a sign of a completed action, the state of an object or the quality of an object, and plays the role of a circumstance in sentences or inconsistent definition. Answers the question "how"?

Adverbs bring more meaningfulness, accuracy and expressiveness to our speech. For the correct construction of a sentence, inside which is this part speech, it is necessary to take into account its stylistic significance and semantic role.

Writing a particle is not with adverbs in -o (-e). Consolidated use

Consider the spelling of the particle not- with adverbs ending in -o (-e). The role of the particle in the non-Russian language is manifested in negation and word formation.

A particle not with adverbs in -o (-e) is written together if a new word is formed with opposite meaning. Instead, you can substitute a synonym in which it is not missing. List of adverbs: not bad (originally the word is bad); illiterate (the original word is competent); not far (the original word is far). The exceptions are the words: not soon (soon), not in vain (in vain), not by chance (accidentally), not on purpose (on purpose).
The particle does not join indefinite and negative adverbs. Examples: there is no need (why), nowhere (where).
In the event that the word cannot be used without a particle: absurd, inadvertently, carelessly, unexpectedly, clumsily, sloppily.
If the sentence contains opposition and union but: speak quietly, but expressively.

Separate use

Consider another spelling of adverbs in -o (-e):

Separate spelling occurs if the sentence contains opposition and union a: I thought about it not well, but badly; fly not high, but low; visited not often, but rarely; it was not loud, but quiet.
If the adverb is connected with words: far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc. Examples: not stupid at all, far from reliable, not too late.

Role in the phrase

Word combinations with adverbs are found in almost all lexico-grammatical types. Depending on the part of speech that occupies the main role, there are: verb, nominal and adverbial phrases.

In verb phrases, the main role is assigned to the verb. There are also cases in which the secondary word is the adverb itself. Example: threesome, decide fairly.
In nominal phrases, the main role can be given to several parts of speech. Word combinations with adverbs minor members, may include nouns and adjectives. An example of a combination of a construction with a noun: walking, plov in Korean. An example of a combination of a construction with an adjective: unbearably hot, surprisingly sensitive.
What occupies the main (and secondary) position in adverbial phrases is no longer in doubt. An example of a construction with two adverbs: very stupid, still not bad. An example of a phrase with one noun: not far from the park, shortly before the weekend, alone with the father.

Adverb and adjective - what's the difference?

An important issue in the study of adverbs is the question of their similarity and difference with the adjective.

So, how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective?

First, by the absence of dependent and defined words. In a verb copula, the adverb, as a rule, plays the role of a circumstance. The adjective has several dependent words with it, which are consistent with it. Also, adjectives are easily omitted because standing side by side prepositions do not belong to them, but to nouns.

Secondly, one adverb with similar meaning can take the place of another: then - then, in vain - in vain, first - first, etc. Replace only with another adjective, or with another nominal parts speech: to an empty house - to a free house.

So, we figured out how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective in Russian. The same provisions work in the case when it is necessary to distinguish it from a noun, pronoun and numeral. Unions are distinguished by their connecting function between homogeneous members, as well as parts of a complex or whole sentence.

Degrees of comparison

If qualitative adjectives participated in the creation of adverbs, then

Superlatives and its education

Adverbs have a compound form. It usually combines comparative and two pronouns - everyone and everything.

Qualitative adverbs

The two most important categories of adverbs are called qualitative and circumstantial. The first can determine the quality of the action being performed (the so-called adverb of action), or a sign that is expressed by adjectives.

Consider the list of adverbs included in the qualitative category and examples of their use:

Talented singing, contemptuous grin, brilliant defense, deliberately quiet, spring-like warm, caring, cautious, etc.
Qualitative adverbs often play the role of an epithet that figuratively reflects the actions of verbs: "The night stood solemnly and regally" (from the story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev).
Qualitative adverbs can form subjective assessments, meaning amplification, diminutiveness, petting or weakening of a sign. This form, as a rule, is typical for colloquial speech, for example: recently, far, far, hard, not good, etc.

The place of quantitative adverbs within qualitative ones

Quantitative adverbs, as a subgroup within qualitative ones, means:

Degree or measure of action and sign: little to do, a little hurry, much older.
Intensity of action: tie tightly.
Accuracy: exactly at midnight, almost a centimeter.

This adverb answers the questions:

How much?
How much?
To what extent?

A list of adverbs and examples of their use: three times older, slightly lower, too late, etc. In addition to verbs, nouns can also be defined: almost a teenager, twice awarded, etc.

Adverbs

With the help of circumstantial adverbs, you can express the circumstance of time, space, cause and purpose. They give explanations to verbs, adjectives and nouns: in the afternoon, in the morning, of old, everywhere, on the right, from ancient times, on purpose, from afar.

Qualitative and adverbial adverbs form another category - qualitative-adverbial, located somewhere in the middle. In this case, the questions are:

How?
How?

They also include adverbs that correlate with numerals and denote comparison and likeness. A list of adverbs that fall under the qualitative circumstantial category: at random, swimming, out loud, together, five, alone, honestly, in your opinion, in my opinion, in a comradely way.

Predicative adverbs or category of state

Predicative adverbs are a large group of parts of speech that have the meaning of a state and play the role of a predicate. As a rule, such predicates "live" inside impersonal sentences.

The state refers both to living beings (honestly, sadly, drearily), and to the world around (stuffy, narrow, spacious, rainy). Adverbs can, unfortunately, cannot, once (and a number of others) are proper predicative adverbs.

The correct use of adverbs will help to make your speech competent and beautiful.

Comparison of adverbs different categories helps to understand the rules for their use in writing, as well as orally. Them misapplication can lead to some pretty funny situations. In the speech of the older generation, one can meet obsolete words, as well as words specific to certain rural settlements: from there (instead of from there), theirs (instead of them), nonche (instead of today), inside (instead of inside) and many others.

Many problems can arise when using interrogative and relative adverbs "where". Instead of where, another interrogative and relative adverb is often used - "where". So, the phrases "Where have you gone?" "Where have you gone?", "Where did you go?" change to "Where have you gone?", "Where have you gone?" and "Where did you go?".

The situation is the same with the adverb "terribly": its use does not bring any additional expressiveness to our speech, as it might seem at first glance, but, on the contrary, spoils it. This is especially noticeable when using the adverb "creepy" with words that mean something positive: terribly beautiful, terribly beautiful, terribly pleasant, etc. In such phrases there is a shade of jargon and mannerisms. Typically, writers resort to this technique to add a negative or ironic character to their work and characters.

The adverb "strongly" will not give you anything useful if you constantly replace others with it. important words. For example: "hit hard" (instead of "hit hard"), "had a good lunch" (instead of "had a good lunch"), "you are well versed in this topic" (instead of "you are well versed in this topic"), etc.

If you want to use these adverbs in speech, then you should take into account their features. So, the adverb “strongly” has the right place only in descriptions of a person’s thoughts and feelings: you think hard, you miss you deeply, you strongly doubt, etc.

It is worth mentioning the tautological phrases in which the adverb stands next to the personal pronoun of the first person: "I personally consider this inappropriate"; "I personally don't care"; "We personally are going to go on vacation"; “I personally think that you are lying now,” etc.

It is known that such an adverb in Russian as "silently", formed from the adjective "tacit", can replace the gerund participle silently. A person whose speech contains such a substitution is likely to appear illiterate, and his phrases are meaningless.

Examples: "She silently went to the table and took a book"; "The hunter silently followed the prey"; "The police silently conducted the search," etc.

Thus, it becomes clear that such a dismissive use of adverbs can only spoil our speech. The Russian language is difficult but beautiful, so arm yourself with the knowledge you have gained and speak and write with confidence!

Adjectives and adverbs, perhaps the most relaxing section English grammar. Nothing at all: the degrees of comparison and the order of adjectives, but there is no need to talk about adverbs at all. After all, the main difficulty with them is their formation from adjectives. But it is also easily overcome: add -ly to the adjective and you have an adverb!

But it was not there. First of all, there are words that sound the same as an adjective and as an adverb, that is, you do not need to add -ly to them. Secondly, there are some adverbs that have 2 forms: one is the same as the original adjective, and the second is c -ly. However, both of these forms differ in meaning.

But there are few such adverbs, so remembering them, as a rule, is not difficult. So, adjectives that do not need to be changed in any way to make an adverb out of them (the asterisk indicates those adjectives to which -ly can be added, but the resulting adverb will sound more formal than without - ly). By the way, you can notice for yourself that in most cases you used these adverbs with -ly:

best- best/better
Better better (adjective), better (adverb)
Big- big, much
Cheap*- dear, dear
Clean*- clean, pure
Clear*- clear / clear
close* - close, close
Cold- cold, cold
Daily- daily, daily. (In general, all adjectives ending in -ly, have the same adverb form. After all, the second -ly don't add any more!)
Dead- dead, dead
Dear* expensive, expensive
deep- deep, deep
direct- straight, straight
Dirty- dirty, dirty
Early- early, early
Easy- light, easy
Extra- additional, optional
Far- distant, far away
Fast- fast, fast
Fine*- good, good
Free- free, freely
Further- further, in the future
Hard- hard, heavy
high- high, high
Hourly- hourly, hourly
Inside- inside, within
Kindly- good-natured, good-natured
Last- last, last
late- late, late
Long- long, longest
Loud* - loud, loud
low- low, low
Monthly- monthly, monthly
Past- past, in the past
Quick*- fast, fast
Quiet*- quiet, quiet
Right- right, correct
Slow* - slow, slowly
Straight- straight, straight
Sure- confident, confident
Thin*- thin, thin
Thick- fat, fat
Tight- tight, tight
Weekly- weekly, weekly
Well- good, good
Wide- wide, wide
Wrong- wrong, wrong
Yearly- yearly, yearly

And now about adverbs with two forms (with the suffix -ly and without it) and with differences in meanings:

Table. English dialects on -ly

WITHOUT -LY	WITH -LY
deep- deep	Deeply= greatly
direct- straight	directly- immediately, immediately
Easy= slowly	Easily= easy
Free- for free	Freely- freely
Full- exactly, very	Fully- fully
Hard- hard	Hardly- unlikely
high- high	Highly- very, very
Last- after all	Lastly- eventually
late- late	Lately- recently
near- close	Nearly- almost
Pretty- quite, almost enough	Pretty- nice
short- suddenly, suddenly	shortly- soon, soon
Sure- exactly, obviously	Surely- confident
Wide- fully	Widely- widely
Wrong- not right	Wrongly- not fair

As a bonus, here are 15 English dialects that everyone should know!

Russian language is difficult to learn, vocabulary is estimated in millions of words, some of which are adverbs. Consider what an adverb is in Russian and how it is formed.

In contact with

Description

An adverb is a part of speech that indicates a sign of an action or a circumstance in which an action is performed. In sentences, they are most often associated with a verb. They do not have gender, number, endings, case. Those who are formed from quality adjectives, have a degree of comparison: quiet - quieter, deep - deeper.

Words related to this part of speech are divided into six large groups, each of which has its own questions. Adverb questions in:

modes of action, they are put next questions: “how?”, “in what way?”, “how exactly?”;
measures and degrees, questions are posed to them: “how much?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”;
time, their questions: “when?”, “how long ago?”, “how long?”, “since when?”;
places, you can ask questions: “where?”, “From where?”, “Where?”;
reasons - “why?”, “why?”;
goals, you can ask questions: “why?”, “for what?”, “for what purpose?”;

There are five ways of education:

by adding a prefix to the main word - prefix,
by adding a suffix - suffixal,
prefix-suffix,
word formation,
by converting one part of speech into another.

The prefix method of formation means adding a prefix. For example: easy, not easy, weak - not weak, there - from there.

At suffix way a number of suffixes are added to an adjective or verb. For - these are suffixes o / e: fast - quickly, smooth - smoothly, funny - funny. To relative adjective the suffix "and" is added: every kind - in every possible way, masculine - courageously, heroic - heroically. From verbs, they are formed using the suffixes a / ya, uch / yuchi s, added to the stem: to be silent - silently, to love - loving, to play - playfully.

With the help of the simultaneous attachment of a suffix and a prefix, the formation occurs as follows:

the prefix “in-” plus the suffixes “-th / him-”: in a new way, in a good way;
the prefix "po-" together with the suffixes "-i / ski-": in Russian, in Indian.
prefixes "to-", "from-", "is-", "co-", "s-" and the suffix "-a-": askance, from afar, late, on the left.
bases of adjectives with the addition of prefixes "in-", "on-", "for-" and the suffix "-o-": again, darkly, left, right.
nouns and prefixes "on-", "in-", "from-", "on-", "from-" with the addition of the suffix "-y-": from below, above, in the morning.
collective numerals using the prefixes "in-", "on-" and the suffixes "-o-", "e", "eat": three times, three times.
ordinal numbers using the prefixes "in-", "in-" and the suffixes "-th / their-": secondly.

Formation method - a method in which a part of speech is formed by merging two words (in this case using a suffix). Examples of this method are the words barely, in passing.

By moving from one part of speech to another, words are formed: home, spring, step, a little.

Kinds

Classified into two large groups: definitive and circumstantial. Determinatives, denoting the way of performing this or that action, are combined in a sentence or phrase with nouns, as well as verbs and (these types can be attributed to - mode of action, measure and degree). The circumstantial ones focus on the circumstances under which the action was performed (place and time, purpose and reason). Most often they are used with the verb

relative

Relative adverbs perform the functions of allied words in a sentence. Orthographically, these are the same questions, but the lexical meaning is to reveal the main part of the sentence. For example: we do not know where Vasily Ivanovich lives.

Important! In this case, the word "where" is not a question, but a link between the main and the dependent part and indicates what exactly the speakers do not know.

Examples are word forms: where, when, why, why, from where.

quality

AT school curriculum qualitative adverbs are not distinguished in separate group- they are part of the adverbs of mode of action. They are formed from quality adjectives by adding suffixes o / e, they can be asked the question “how?”: loud, weak, cheap. They can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. For example: loud-louder, weak-weaker, cheap-cheaper.

Predicative

Predicative adverbs are often used in simple impersonal sentences, performing the function of a predicate. They indicate the state: “difficult”, “quiet”, “calm”, “possible”, “impossible”, “necessary”.

Compare: “Mathematics is very difficult for me” (here the word “difficult” is connected with the verb “is given”) and “Vanya lost his family in the war. It is very difficult for him” (the word “difficult” describes the boy’s condition – this is a predicative nar.).

Use in speech

Important! The use of adverbs makes our speech richer, more expressive and beautiful, gives the interlocutor Additional information, and the narrator - the opportunity to accurately describe the events taking place. Without them, modern dialogue would be impossible. Their absence makes our speech dry, causing a feeling of understatement.

Compare two examples:

I finished writing and went to bed.
Yesterday I finished writing late and slowly went to sleep.

In the second case, the interlocutor sees the picture of what happened more clearly. Tired in the evening, the author worked until late, and even more tired went to bed. AT individual cases without adverbs, the existence of sentences is completely impossible. This applies to predicative species that are predicates. Thus, the sentence “It became quiet in the forest” loses its meaning if the word “quiet” is absent in it, which is a predicative adverb.

How are they different from adjectives?

Those who are fluent in Russian know how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective, because finding the differences will not be difficult at all. adjective gives qualitative characteristic subject: sweet tea, blue sky, wooden bridge, new furniture. Syntactically, it is associated with a noun, with which it must be in the same case. The adjective name changes according to gender, cases and numbers: southern-southern, southern, southern. It has characteristic endings: -th, -th, -oh, -th, -yah, -th, -ee.