Number of hours:

day department: lectures - 1 hour, practical - 1 hour, independent work– 7 hours Total – 9 hours

Extramural: lectures - 0 hours, practical - 0 hours, independent work - 9 hours. Total - 9 hours.

The concepts of "system" and "structure" in modern humanitarian research. Language and its place among system-structural formations. Definition of a sign in linguistic works of the XX-XXI centuries. Organization principles language structure. Sign properties. Types of sign systems. Specificity of language as a sign system. Functions of linguistic signs. The sign theory of language by F. de Saussure.

Key Concepts and terms: sign, language sign, signified, expression plan, signifier, content plan sign system, sign situation, semiotics.

Bibliography

1. Reformatsky A. A. Introduction to linguistics / A. A. Reformatsky / Ed. V. A. Vinogradova. - M. : Aspect Press, 2001. - 536 p. – P. 27–38.

2. Solntsev V. M. Language as a systemic structural education/ V. M. Solntsev. - M. : Nauka, 1983. - 301 p.

3. Saussure F. de. Course of general linguistics. Extracts / F. de Saussure // according to the book: Zvegintsev V. A. The history of linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries in essays and extracts. Part 1. - M., 1960 - S. 328-342.

form of control

Saussure F. de. Course of general linguistics. Extracts / F. de Saussure // according to the book: Zvegintsev V. A. The history of linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries in essays and extracts. Part 1. - M., 1960 - S. 328-342.

TOPIC 4. NATURE AND ESSENCE OF LANGUAGE. LANGUAGE AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL PHENOMENON. LANGUAGE AND MIND. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH

Number of hours:

Day department: lectures - 2 hours, practical - 1 hour, independent work - 7 hours. Total - 10 hours.

Extramural: lectures - 1 hour, practical - 0 hours, independent work - 9 hours. Total - 10 hours.

Nature, essence and functions of language. Philosophical concepts of the correlation of language and thinking. Psychophysiological and neurolinguistic studies of the problem of language and thinking. The question of the relationship between language and speech in modern linguistics. Development of the ideas of F. de Saussure in the concepts of L. V. Shcherba, E. Coseriou, L. Hjelmslev, G. Guillaume.

Key concepts and terms: communicative function of language, cognitive function of language, accumulative function of language, emotional-expressive function of language, voluntarily function of language, metalinguistic function of language, phatic function of language, ideological function language, nominative function of language, representative function of language, conative function of language, aesthetic function of language, axiological function of language, thinking, speech, speech activity.

Bibliography

1. Humboldt V. On the difference in the structure of human languages ​​and its influence on spiritual development of the human race // Humboldt V. background. Selected works on linguistics. 2nd ed. M., 2000. - S. 68, 100–101, 227.

2. Zvegintsev V.A. The distinction between language and speech as an expression of the duality of the object of linguistics // Language and Linguistic Theory. - M., 2001. - S. 233-243.

3. Coseriu E. Synchrony, diachrony and history (the problem of language change) - M .: Editorial URSS, 2001. - P. 30–40.

4. Popova Z. D. General linguistics / Z. D. Popova, I. A. Sternin. - Voronezh, 2004. - S. 68–92.

5. Potebnya A. A. Thought and language / A. A. Potebnya // Word and myth. – M.: Pravda, 1989. – P.17–200.

6. Linguistics: Large encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - 2nd ed. – M. : Bolshaya Ros. Encycl., 1998. - 682 p.

form of control- scientific note-taking; poll.

Article for scientific note-taking

Potebnya A. A. Thought and language / A. A. Potebnya // according to the book: Zvegintsev V. A. The history of linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries in essays and extracts. Part 1. - M., 1960 - S. 136-142.

TOPIC 5. LANGUAGE NORM AND ITS SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Number of hours:

Day department: lectures - 0 hours, practical - 1 hour, independent work - 7 hours. Total - 8 hours.

Extramural: lectures - 0 hours, practical - 0 hours, independent work - 8 hours. Total - 8 hours.

Language and its social differentiation. Sociolinguistics as the science of language in its social context. Principles and methods of sociolinguistics. language interference. Vocabulary of limited scope. social regulation verbal communication.

Key concepts and terms: sociolinguistics, sociolect, language community, language interference, jargon, argotism, professionalism.

Bibliography

1. Zvegintsev V. A. Social and linguistic in sociolinguistics / V. A. Zvegintsev // Izvestiya AN SSSR. Literature and Language Series. - Issue. 3. - M., 1982. - S. 250-258.

2. Krysin L.P. On some changes in the Russian language of the late twentieth century / L.P. Krysin // Research on Slavic languages. - No. 5. - Seoul, 2000. - S. 63–91.

3. Mechkovskaya N. B. Social linguistics / N. B. Mechkovskaya. - M., 2000. - 208 p.

form of control- poll.

According to the textbook by M. V. Cherepanov. General linguistics.
The system and structure of the language Language as a system-structural formation with internal organization can be considered in several aspects: firstly, as a set of elements (elemental aspect), secondly, as a set of relations (structural aspect) and, thirdly , as a single coherent whole, a consistent set of elements and relationships (system aspect).
With the elemental approach, the focus is on separate, isolated fragments of the language: its units, phenomena, processes. Such an approach in the history of linguistics was affirmed by the representatives of neogrammatism. Their motto was the cult of a separate linguistic fact; according to their critics, they did not see the forest for the trees (that is, they did not see the theme of the language as a whole behind individual linguistic facts).
The structural approach to language is aimed at the study of linguistic structure, i.e. the totality of relationships between elements. In this case, the focus is not on the elements themselves with all their autonomous features, but on the relations (oppositions) between them. The extreme form of such an approach to language can be considered the result that the linguists of Danish structuralism came to: they saw in the language only a set of pure relations, a kind of "algebra of language".
Systems approach suggests that in the language both its individual elements and the relations (oppositions) that exist between these elements are studied. At the same time, neither the autonomous properties of the elements, nor those properties of linguistic units that are determined by their connections with other elements of the language are ignored.
The relations between elements within the system are the result of their interconnection, but the resulting connections and relations can have a reverse effect on the autonomous properties of the elements, adding something new to their own qualities. The structure is not a simple arithmetic set of elements, their sum: the structure is a qualitatively new formation, within which each element acquires a new quality. The dialectical unity of elements and structure constitutes the system of language.
Elements and structure (a set of structural oppositions) are in constant interaction: changes in the elements entail changes in the structure, and changes in the structure do not go unnoticed for its constituent components. There is a constant improvement, "self-adjustment" of the system under the influence of its functioning in society.
The functional development of the language system finds its specific historical implementation depending on the level of development of society, forms ethnic community and the degree of their unity, forms of statehood, level of culture, number and compactness of the people, ethnic environment, economic, political and cultural ties people, and the nature and pace of development of the system depend on the duration and range of literary traditions and on the degree of dialect dissection. With all this, the subjective factor also plays a certain role - the conscious influence on the language by public institutions.
Based on a lecture by O. I. Dmitrieva.
The language as a system was first stated in the work of F. de Saussure "Course of General Linguistics". “language is a system that obeys only its own order”, “language is a system of arbitrary signs”. It links language with other sign systems. Language is a system, all parts of the cat can be considered in their synchronic unity.
First of all, the systematic nature of the language is determined by its sign character. Language is a sign or semiotic system.
System - an integral material or ideal object, consisting of elements that are in interconnections and relationships.
Sys-ma - a set of elements of signs and relationships between them.
Language is a complex system, which consists of autonomous parts - subsystems, which are characterized by their elements (signs): phoneme, morpheme, lexeme, syntaxeme. Each unit characterizes its own level of the language system.
For example: a phoneme is a unit of a phonemic level. Morpheme - grammatical. Lexeme - lexico-semantic. Syntax - syntactic.
The concept of a subsystem is wider than the concept of a level. There is a word-formation subsystem, which is not the level of the language, because there is no level unit.
Between the units of the system, there are certain relations that characterize the devices of the organization of systems, i.e. its structure. T.arr. the structure of the language is determined by the nature of the relationship between the elements of the system, i.e. language units.
Structure - device, orderliness, organization of the system.
The elements of the language system are characterized by a number of properties:
Discreteness, i.e. separateness, separability (Nr, select the form from the composition of the sentence);
Linearity, i.e. the possibility of forming private subsystems from discrete elements;
Heterogeneity determines the possibility of different combinatorics of language elements;
Hierarchy, i.e. varying degrees sign complexity;
Arbitrariness.

Lecture, abstract. Language as a system-structural formation. iconic character language. Types of linguistic signs, their nature and interaction. - concept and types. Classification, essence and features.

book title open close

The history of linguistics as a deepening and expansion of linguistic theory, methods of scientific and educational analysis of the language.
An early stage in the development of linguistics.
Comparative-historical linguistics: prerequisites for development, founders of the method.
The origin of comparative - historical linguistics in Russia.
Comparative-historical method of studying languages. Genealogical typology of world languages. Genealogical classification of languages
The emergence of theoretical (philosophical) linguistics. The concept of the language of W. Humboldt.
The development of comparative historical linguistics in the 19th century. Naturalistic direction in the science of language.
Neogrammatism as a linguistic school of the 19th century, its principles.
Kazan Linguistic School I.A.Baudouin de Courtenay, N.V.Krushevsky, V.A.Bogoroditsky.
Moscow Linguistic School. F.F. Fortunatov, A.A. Shakhmatov, A.A. Peshkovsky.
The linguistic concept of F. de Saussure and its influence on modern linguistics.
Structuralism as a leading trend in linguistics of the 20th century. Structural typology of languages.
Structural-typological classification of world languages ​​(morphological, syntactic).
Language as a system-structural formation. The symbolic nature of the language. Types of linguistic signs, their nature and interaction.
Language as a system of signs. iconic situation.
System-structural character of the language. Paradigmatics and syntagmatics of language units.
System-structural character of the language. Oppositional relations of linguistic units and types of linguistic oppositions. Variation of language units.
Structural-semantic methods and techniques of language learning: distributive analysis, analysis by direct components, transformational, component.
Sociolinguistics, its problems. Language situation and language policy.
Language and society. main aspects of this problem. The main functions of the language (basic and derivatives).
Forms of language existence in society (dialect and supra-dialect) and their specificity. Literary languages ​​and their typological originality.
Social typology of languages. Types of language situations.
Language and society. Language policy. Typological features of language policy.
language norm. The specifics of the norms of the literary language.
The development of domestic linguistics in the 20-40s and 50-70s. XX century
ON THE TRIPLE ASPECT OF LANGUAGE PHENOMENA AND ON THE EXPERIMENT IN LINGUISTICS
Linguistic views of V.V. Vinogradova
Language as a historical phenomenon. Antinomies of speaker and listener, usage and possibilities, code and text, signifier and signified.
Language universals and their types.
Typology of methods of linguistic analysis.

1.Linguistics, or linguistics, is the science of language, its public nature and functions, its internal structure, the patterns of its functioning and the historical development and classification of specific languages.

The subject of linguistics- human language in its various aspects, namely: language as a sign system, as a reflection of thinking, as an obligatory feature of society (the origin of language, its development and functioning in society), language and speech. Applied linguistics is the application linguistic theory to solve specific practical problems. Applied linguistics has the following areas of application: language teaching methods, speech therapy, translation, annotation and abstracting of information, creation of writing for non-literate peoples, improvement of writing.

theoretical linguistics considers the most important general issues in relation to language in general and to specific languages.

General linguistics studies the general and essential that is characteristic of all languages ​​of mankind. This is the science of language in general. It systematizes data for all languages ​​and develops a theory applicable to any language. Figuratively speaking, general linguistics is a compass to be used in order not to drown in a sea of ​​private languages.

Private linguistics is the science of individual languages or groups related languages: Japanese studies, Slavic studies, Roman studies, Turkology, for example, Russian studies - the science of the Russian language. Phonetics. Grammar. Syntax.Semantics. Semiotics. Phraseology. Lexicology. Lexicography.

2. Language as a general phenomenon. The main functions of the language. Language and thinking

What language has in common with other social phenomena is that language is necessary condition existence and development of human society and that, being an element of spiritual culture, language, like all other social phenomena, is unthinkable in isolation from materiality. Language is the property of the collective, it communicates among the members of the collective and allows you to communicate and store the necessary information about any phenomena material and spiritual life of man. And language as a collective property develops and exists for centuries.

Language Features:-Communicative f.i.- to be a means of human communication.

Emotionally expressive f.i. The purpose of language is to be one of the means of expressing feelings and emotions. Voluntary (Calling-incentive) - One of the sides of the communicative function) Serves as a means of appeal, inducement . Axiological – evaluation function Metalinguistic f. I. -The purpose of the language to act simultaneously as a means of research and description of the language. The use of language to describe the language itself. Metalinguistic F.I. interpretation of linguistic facts Ideological F.I. - the use of any language to express ideological preferences. Aesthetic F.I. - the purpose of the language is to be a spokesman for artistic creative potential, realized in art literature.

3. Language and speech. The concept of the norm.Language penetrates a person "from outside" and the mastered language may not necessarily be native. A language can be forgotten if it is not used, that is, one can talk about the true existence of a language if it is used. Language exists because it functions, but it functions in speech.

The distinction between the concepts of "language" and "speech" was first clearly substantiated and described by a Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure(1857-1913), the largest linguist, the founder of a new stage in the development of linguistics. Later, these concepts were more deeply developed by Russian and Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (1880-1944).

Norm- these are accepted among the majority of Russian speakers, consciously supported educated people and exemplary ways of using words, forms of words and individual sounds prescribed by grammarians and dictionaries.

4, Language as a system-structural education

The system is understood whole, dominating over its parts and consisting of elements and relationships connecting them. The totality of relations between the elements of the system forms its structure. The totality of the structure and elements makes up the system.

everything I found

5. Sign. Sign character of language units.

A sign is an agreement to assign a specific meaning to something. A mark is also called a specific case of using such an agreement to convey information.

The language sign can be code and text. Code signs exist in the form of a system of opposing unit language, connected by a significance relation, which determines the content of signs specific to each language. Text signs exist in the form of formally and semantically linked sequences of units, including the text itself as a whole. The simplest independent code sign is a word. Not all language units are signs. Sounds, phonemes, syllables are not signs.

6.The difference between language and artificial sign systems. Signs of a language sign

Language – This system of signs and ways of their connection, which serves as an instrument for expressing thoughts, feelings and wills of people and is the most important means of human communication. Like any sign system, a language has two mandatory components: a set of characters and rules for using these signs, i.e. grammar. Along with natural languages ​​that have arisen in the process of human communication, there are artificial sign systems- signs traffic, mathematical, musical signs, etc., which can transmit only types of messages limited in their content related to that subject area for which they were created. Natural human language capable of transmitting messages of any, unrestricted types of content. This property human language you can call it versatility. A linguistic sign is a unit of language that serves either to designate objects or phenomena of reality and their relations, or to designate relations between elements of a language as part of complex signs; exponent of a given linguistic meaning. A linguistic sign connects not a thing and not a name, but a concept and an acoustic image. Only meaningful units can be considered linguistic signs: a word (lexeme) and a morpheme. Properties of a linguistic sign: 1. A linguistic sign is material and ideal at the same time; represents the unity of the sound shell - the signifier (form), and what it denotes - the signified (content). The signifier is material (sound, letters), the signified is ideal (what is embedded in our metaconsciousness). 2. The linguistic sign is primary, the signs of other sign systems are secondary. 3. Arbitrariness. 4. Motivation - the presence of logical connections between the signifier and the signified. 5. Variability

Language is a historically developed, specifically human system of signs and ways of connecting them, which serves to convey thoughts, feelings, the will of people and is the most important means of human communication.

Language as a sign system of a special kind:

Communication is the exchange of information. We need language to communicate. The word replaces the object. The word is symbol objects of reality, i.e. sign.

Words are the most numerous and main characters in the language. Other units of the language are also signs. A sign is a substitute for an object for the purposes of communication; a sign allows the speaker to evoke in the mind of the interlocutor the image of an object or concept. The sign has the following properties:

the sign must be material, accessible to perception; the sign is directed to the meaning; the content of the sign does not coincide with its material characteristics, while the content of the thing is exhausted by its material properties; the content and form of the sign are determined by distinctive features; a sign is always a member of the system, and its content largely depends on the place of the given sign in the system.

Meaning is the content of a linguistic sign, which is formed as a result of the reflection of extralinguistic reality in the minds of people. The value of a language unit in the language system is virtual, i.e. determined by what the unit can stand for. In a concrete utterance, the meaning of the linguistic unit becomes relevant, since the unit is related to a specific object, with what it actually means in the utterance. Distinguish subject and conceptual meanings. Objective meaning consists in correlating a word with an object, in denoting an object.

The conceptual meaning serves to express a concept that reflects an object, to specify a class of objects denoted by a sign.

In our speech, we also use gestures, facial expressions ( non-verbal communication) along with the use of language.

Language differs from gestures and facial expressions in that it is more important. Facial expressions and gestures are secondary. Language is a tool for knowing the world (to name means to know). The language performs the function of preserving and transmitting any knowledge.

Books collect and transmit information, so language is also a means of developing culture.

Language as a system-structural formation:

Language is a complex multi-level organism, a system in which larger units (sounds-letters-words) are formed from smaller units.

Language levels:

1) phonetics - the lowest language level(studies sounds, stresses, syllables, intonation, orthoepy)

2) morphemic (the science of the minimally significant parts of a word - root, suffix, prefix, etc.) and word formation (the science of how individual words are obtained from morphemes).

3) lexicology - the science of vocabulary language. He studies the meaning of the word, its functioning, origin (=etymology), the activity of using the word.

4) morphology (the science of structure) - the science of grammatical categories and word forms.

5) syntax - the science of the structure of phrases and sentences.

Language functions: communicative (means of communication), integrating (means of communication of several nations), cognitive, cumulative, naming, reproduction, expression of will, emotional, aesthetic, educational, index.

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More on the topic 3.1 Language as a system-structural formation and as a sign system of a special kind.:

1. №1 The system of teaching foreign languages. System approach as a method of scientific knowledge. Signs and systems of education and its structural organization.
2. 29. Russian vocabulary as a system. Argumentation of its systemic nature.
3. Topic 3. Man as an object and the psyche as a subject of psychology study (preliminary system presentation)

PLAN Plan 1. The concept of "system" and "structure". controversial issues linguistics in the definition of "system" and "structure". The main directions of language learning and their systemic representation. System principles. 2. Units of the language from the standpoint of system-structural relations. Essential features of language units. Types of language units. 3. Structural levels of the language system. Principles of distinguishing levels. List of levels. properties of each level. Analysis of levels in three aspects: substantive, formal, functional. 4. Relationships in the language system. Types of relationships.

A system is understood as a set of elements, which is characterized by: a) regular relationships between elements; b) integrity as a result of this interaction; c) autonomy of behavior; d) non-summarity (non-additivity) of the properties of the system in relation to the properties of its constituent elements.

The structure is considered as a more abstract concept than the system: it is a set of connections and relationships that organizes the elements of the system. Subsequently, two views on the language developed: - as the unity of certain parts, i.e. like a system with internal structural properties; - as part of the unity, i.e. as part of a supersystem, which was understood as a system with external properties.

V. Humboldt works of I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay and F. de Saussure The language is studied from different positions of its structure - composition, structure, purpose (functions). System (from the Greek. whole, made up of parts, connection) - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity and unity.

System View language can be defined in terms of the main areas of language learning: Semasiological direction: language - a system of signs. Language is a kind of code designed for the formation, transmission and storage of messages. Dynamic Direction: Language is a special kind of adaptive self-organizing device. Inventory-taxonomic direction: language system characterized by a set of elements and relationships that form a functional integrity. Functional direction: language is defined as a system of means of expression that serves a specific purpose. Language is a means of communication.

Structural direction proper: the language system is based on structure, that is, on a network of relationships and connections. Stratification direction: the language is represented through the stratification of its system into certain subsystems, through an indication of their multi-level hierarchy.

The structure is represented by a number of forms of connections in the language: oppositions; representation, which means ascending from a lower to a higher tier. Representation has seven varieties - diversification, neutralization, zero, empty, complex, fused representation and syntax; manifestation or actualization - this type of relationship is typical for the relationship of elements within the same level.

Language units are those elements of the language that are reproducible, distinguished by their relatively constant features in the language system, or are formed directly in speech acts according to the rules and models developed in the language. There are several types of language units, the main of which are: Limiting (decomposable into components): in speech: allophones, morphs, words, phrases, sentences; in language: phonemes, morphemes, block diagrams phrases, block diagrams of sentences.

Unlimited (incompletely decomposable into components): differential features of the syllable (prosody); the words; quasi-morphemes (for example, Russian xp - boar, grunt, horseradish; anl, sp- speak, spit; sn - snow, snake, etc.); analytical forms of the word (Russian I will read, Eng, written); phraseological units; complex sentences.

Language is a structural formation, which is recognized by all scientists. level differential signs; phoneme level; level of morphemes; word level; the level of phrases; level simple sentences, i.e. the smallest predicative units that can function both as independent sentences and as predicative parts complex sentences; the level of complex sentences; the level of superphrasal units.

Principles for distinguishing language levels: units of the same level must be homogeneous; unit lower level must be included in the units. top level; units of any level should be distinguished by segmenting structures more complex than themselves; units of any level must be signs of the language. from simple to complex: phonemic-phonemic, morphemic-morphological, lexico-semantic syntactic, textual.

Each level is characterized by properties necessary and sufficient for its selection. These include: autonomy: each of the tiers of the language is formed according to its own laws indecomposability / indivisibility of an element of any level into smaller units of the same level

Autonomous mechanism of phonemes Autonomous mechanism of morphemes Autonomous mechanism of words Autonomous mechanism morphological categories Autonomous syntactic category engine All structural levels can be considered from the point of view of three aspects: substantive, formal and functional

Morphological level: 1.specific morphemes, allomorphs; 2. formal types of morphemes, general models of phonemic combinations in the composition of morphemes (hand - pen); 3. functioning as part of words. Verbal level: 1. specific lexemes and their variants; 2. models of word formation and inflection; 3.functional types of word forms as components of phrases and sentences

Complex units of the same level must be amenable to a common structural characteristic in relation to their constituent elements, and the general functional characteristic in relation to units higher order in which they are included. Units of the same level are with each other in paradigmatic and semantic relations Units different levels do not enter into either paradigmatic or syntagmatic relations with each other. They are in a hierarchical relationship.

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations oppose each other according to the following criteria: logical simultaneity: for paradigmatic relations, when units are combined associatively according to common ground, form, function; for syntagmatic relations - a logical sequence when the combinatorics of larger units is formed from smaller ones (F. de Saussure, L. Hjelmslev);

Types of relationships between language units: Distribution - a set of environments in which linguistic unit can occur in speech, in contrast to those environments where it cannot occur. Types of distribution: additional: two units never meet in the same environments contrasting: units occur in the same environments and at the same time distinguish sound shells of a word or meaning, for example, cancer, rock, rivers, hands; suffering, suffering;

Free variation: units occur in the same environments and do not distinguish between sound shells of words or meanings, for example, the explosive "r" in different dialect dialects Russian language; with you - with you, underground - underground. Opposition is a linguistically significant difference between the units of the expression plane, which corresponds to the difference between the units of the content plane. Opposition members containing a feature are called marked, and opposition members not containing a feature are called unmarked.