What does actual character mean. How to Distinguish Factual Character from Theoretical Statements
What is the specificity of tasks for determining evaluative, factual judgments and the nature of theoretical statements?
Exercise 19
Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A normal good is a good whose demand increases as the income of buyers increases. (B) It is quite natural that the population seeks to acquire more high-quality food, clothing, household appliances, cars. (C) Inferior goods are bought more when incomes fall, and people refuse to purchase them as incomes rise. (D) Thus, with the growth of consumers' incomes, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products. (E) This pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel.
Determine which positions of the text have:
1) actual character;
The word "fact" comes from the Latin faktum - "done, accomplished."
Fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. Facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A factual judgment fixes a real fact, a phenomenon of reality that has already taken place, which took place in real time. Judgments that are factual in nature cannot be challenged.
Science distinguishes three kinds of social facts:
Actions, deeds of people, individuals or large social groups. Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
Verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, evaluations. Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov's passage through the Alps, the pyramid of Cheops, the words spoken by Archimedes: "Give me a point of support, and I will move the globe."
So, those events that really happened and are only material for further analysis, further value judgments are of an actual nature. For example, the text states “with increasing consumer income, they are less likely to repair clothes and shoes, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food.” The position does not give ratings. The same is true in the sentence - "this pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel" - a fact is stated.
Therefore, in our example, the propositions of a factual nature will be judgments (D) and (D).The scientific explanation of the fact is connected with its evaluation. A person who cognizes social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied, he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statement, opinion about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express attitude towards facts, evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), as well as an attitude towards a phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its impact on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, in the text a value judgment contains the following speech turns:
“in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “it was believed”, “it seemed”, “as stated”, “as he said”, “as noted” etc. Therefore, one should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment.Analyzing the above text, we can conclude that provision (B) is of an evaluative nature.Thus, facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A scientifically established fact is the basis of science, it is recognized as a given, as an indisputable truth (one of the meanings of the word "fact" is "true knowledge"). Whereas explanations of the facts, attitudes towards them, assessments of their role may be different.
To perform such tasks, many reference books recommend using the following recommendations:
Examples of value judgments are:
arose
It is considered to
include
From the point of view of researchers
Numbers - (volume)
Apparently
decide
I think
Destined
In our opinion
This is (some fact)
Seems
At all times there was
Need to recognize
Provide
According to a number of researchers
Therefore (statement)
From our point of view
accepted, approved
Most likely
However… (some fact)
In our opinion
Have a shape
According to another point of view
Recognizes
It can be assumed
Forbid (statement)
An understatement…unjustifiably
Delivered (fait accompli)
It is quite active (some kind of process)
Entered the top ten
However…
bind
Has a strong tendency to keep
took place
announced a merger
Something tonight is in decline
Graduated from the Institute
All this has a detrimental effect on…
Wasting a lot of time
This is the greatest achievement of civilization
More and more use
This year it got a topical focus
Diagnosed
The level has risen significantly
Experts recorded
This has caused a significant increase
Shares of an oil company become a "locomotive"
The next International Design Festival took place
It is unlikely that stocks will be stable
In the studytook part 30,000 men
She does the right thing
the date
Habit can lead
Actually happened
It got a topical focus and became more modern
Happened
The level of submitted works has increased significantly
The gap that existed before between the "medal" projects and all the rest could not be considered acceptable
We believe that such distribution of dutiesnegatively affects family relationships
This opinionmay be due to low level of education
A theoretical statement is such an initial statement of a unified general theory or such a statement, deduced in the process of consistent reasoning from previously established statements of this theory, which does not contradict all the initial and derivational statements of a unified general theory adjacent to it.
So the correct answer is:
And now let's decide?Examples of tasks B5
№1.
(A) In modern society, situations arise when a person consciously participates in various cultural traditions. (B) Obviously, they are connected with population migrations, modernization. (C) The consequence may be psychological splitting, the formation of a "split" type of personality. (D) Sociologists call the position of such a person marginal. (E) The danger of a marginal position is the impact on a person of conflicting norms of values.
1) actual character
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
2. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) A group of scientists led by A. Peccei organized the so-called Club of Rome - an international non-governmental organization whose goal is to study the problems of the modern world. (B) Uncontrolled population growth, environmental problems, modern advances in science and technology have posed the problem of assessing the direction of the quality of social progress. (C) The aggravation of global problems testifies, in our opinion, to the crisis of modern civilization. (D) At the same time, we admit that attempts to solve global problems strengthen the unity of countries and peoples. (E) Experts from different countries take part in the work of the Club of Rome.
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
3. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) Sociologists identify several factors of social mobility. (B) Some of them are objective - the state regime, the socio-economic and political situation in society, the processes of modernization. (C) Some factors are associated with the activity of the individual himself - the level of education, career, etc. (D) But no matter how external circumstances develop, individual mobility is obviously determined by the level of claims and activity of a person. (E) In modern society, a person probably has every chance to realize himself, to achieve a high social position.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
4. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) Ivan successfully passed the interview for a job as a lawyer. (B) But the employer refused to conclude an employment contract with him, having learned that he was 48 years old. (B) In the advertised vacancy, the age of the applicant was not specifically specified. (D) It would be right for Ivan to appeal this decision in court. (E) Labor disputes are considered by courts of general jurisdiction in the framework of civil proceedings.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
5. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) The global problems of the modern world threaten the survival of humanity as a biological species. (B) Downplaying the danger of a new world war in modern conditions is unjustified. (B) Officially, there are about 70,000 nuclear weapons on Earth. (D) Calculations performed show that this arsenal is capable of completely destroying life on the planet. (E) We believe that an appeal to the world community with a call for disarmament is extremely necessary.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
6. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) The family as a social institution ensures the reproduction and primary socialization of new generations. (B) The study involved 1503 people - boys and girls over 18 years old. (C) They were asked various questions: about marriage, divorce and raising children. (D) Every second respondent stated that early marriages often end in divorce. (E) In our opinion, such marriages destabilize society and exacerbate the crisis of family values.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
7. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) The emergence of family legal relations is connected with the official registration of marriage in the manner prescribed by law. (B) Adults Ivan and Natalya came to the registry office to apply for state registration of marriage. (C) The registry office officer refused to accept this application because Ivan was declared legally incompetent by the court. (D) Natalya, who knew about this and was guided by the desire to register in Ivan's apartment, acted immorally. (E) Ivan's guardians should keep a better eye on him.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) actual character
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
8. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) The middle class in modern Western societies is the most numerous part of society. (B) Apparently, it is impossible to single out a single, universal criterion for belonging to the middle class. (C) Both the level of income, and standards of consumption, and the level of education, and the ability to skilled work are used as criteria. (D) The middle class includes small entrepreneurs, highly skilled workers, service professionals, administrative staff, intellectuals, and other groups. (E) The middle class is seen as the basis for the stable development of society.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
9. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.(A) The process of depreciation of money, i.e. inflation, manifested in price increases, not justified by an increase in the quality of goods and services (B) The increase in prices in country Z in the winter months turned out to be “more modest” than the forecasts of most economists. (C) Inflation was 2.1% (3.4% over the winter of the previous year). (D) Most likely, the decline in oil prices on world trading floors contributes to the slowdown in the indicator. (E) Perhaps the stabilization of gasoline prices in the domestic market also played a role in the statistics.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
According to the FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Examination in 2012 in social studies, the average performance of tasks in group B in the sections "Man and Society", "Economics", "Social Relations" is 60-61%. The indicators for the components "Law" - 55% and "Politics" - 53% are somewhat worse.
The fulfillment of group B assignments requires graduates not only theoretical knowledge, but also the ability to transform them, to correctly use concepts in a certain semantic context, to classify concepts, to correlate them with each other. Let us turn to the most characteristic tasks from this point of view.
Task B5 contains as a condition a small complex of interrelated judgments. Graduates are tested for the ability to distinguish between objective statements and subjective-evaluative components in any messages of a social orientation. In 2012, the fulfillment of task B5 was 60% (in 2011, the indicator was higher - 86%). Task for differentiation of facts and opinions in social information (refers to the basic level of complexity).
The correct performance of this task is assessed as follows: complete correct performance of the task - 2 points; completion of the task with one error (one incorrectly indicated symbol) or incomplete completion of the task (absence of one symbol with correctly indicated other symbols) - 1 point; incorrect performance of the task (when specifying two or more erroneous characters) - 0 points. Each task of part 2 is considered completed correctly if the correct answer is written in the form indicated in the instructions for completing the task.
In 2013, the task model B5 will be more complicated, it is planned to include the third component in the mini-text - a judgment - a theoretical postulate. This will allow us to identify the ability to distinguish in the texts of a social orientation an important and widely represented component in them - the provisions of the theory on which modern scientific social science is based.
What is the specificity of tasks for determining evaluative, factual judgments and the nature of theoretical statements?
Task B5 1
Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A normal good is a good whose demand increases as the income of buyers increases. (B) It is quite natural that the population seeks to acquire more high-quality food, clothing, household appliances, cars. (C) Inferior goods are bought more when incomes fall, and people refuse to purchase them as incomes rise. (D) Thus, with the growth of consumers' incomes, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products. (E) This pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel.
Determine which positions of the text have:
1) actual character;
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Let's try to figure out which judgments are factual, which are evaluative, and which statements are theoretical.
The word "fact" comes from the Latin faktum - "done, accomplished."
Fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. Facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A factual judgment fixes a real fact, a phenomenon of reality that has already taken place, which took place in real time. Judgments that are factual in nature cannot be challenged.
Science distinguishes three kinds of social facts:
Actions, deeds of people, individuals or large social groups. Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
Verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, evaluations. Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov's passage through the Alps, the pyramid of Cheops, the words spoken by Archimedes: "Give me a point of support, and I will move the globe."
So, those events that really happened and are only material for further analysis, further value judgments are of an actual nature. For example, the text states “with increasing consumer income, they are less likely to repair clothes and shoes, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food.” The position does not give ratings. The same is true in the sentence - "this pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel" - a fact is stated.
Therefore, in our example, the propositions of a factual nature will be judgments (D) and (D).
The scientific explanation of the fact is connected with its evaluation. A person who cognizes social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied, he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statement, opinion about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express attitude towards facts, evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), as well as an attitude towards a phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its impact on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, in the text a value judgment contains the following speech turns: “in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “it was believed”, “it seemed”, “as stated”, “as he said”, “as noted” etc. Therefore, one should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment.
Analyzing the above text, we can conclude that provision (B) is of an evaluative nature.
Thus, facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A scientifically established fact is the basis of science, it is recognized as a given, as an indisputable truth (one of the meanings of the word "fact" is "true knowledge"). Whereas explanations of the facts, attitudes towards them, assessments of their role may be different.
To perform such tasks, many reference books recommend using the following recommendations:
| Factual judgments may contain the following phrases: | Examples of value judgments are: |
|---|---|
| arose | It is considered to |
| include | From the point of view of researchers |
| Numbers - (volume) | Apparently |
| decide | I think |
| Destined | In our opinion |
| This is (some fact) | Seems |
| At all times there was | Need to recognize |
| Provide | According to a number of researchers |
| Therefore (statement) | From our point of view |
| accepted, approved | Most likely |
| However… (some fact) | In our opinion |
| Have a shape | According to another point of view |
| Recognizes | It can be assumed |
| Forbid (statement) | An understatement…unjustifiably |
| Delivered (fait accompli) | It is quite active (some kind of process) |
| Entered the top ten | However… |
| bind | Has a strong tendency to keep |
| took place | If preserved, then we can assume |
| announced a merger | Something tonight is in decline |
| Graduated from the Institute | All this has a detrimental effect on… |
| Wasting a lot of time | is the greatest achievement of civilization |
| More and more use | This year it got a topical focus |
| Diagnosed | The level has risen significantly |
| Experts recorded | The gap could not be considered acceptable |
| This has caused a significant increase | Shares of an oil company become a "locomotive" |
| The next International Design Festival took place | It is unlikely that stocks will be stable |
| In the study took part 30,000 men | She does the right thing |
| the date | Habit can lead |
| Actually happened | It got a topical focus and became more modern |
| Happened | The level of submitted works has increased significantly |
| The gap that existed before between the "medal" projects and all the rest could not be considered acceptable | |
| We believe that such distribution of duties negatively affects family relationships | |
| This opinion may be due to low level of education |
A theoretical statement is such an initial statement of a unified general theory or such a statement, deduced in the process of consistent reasoning from previously established statements of this theory, which does not contradict all the initial and derivational statements of a unified general theory adjacent to it.
So the correct answer is:
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
And now let's decide?
Examples of tasks B5 2
№1.
(A) In modern society, situations arise when a person consciously participates in various cultural traditions. (B) Obviously, they are connected with population migrations, modernization. (C) The consequence may be psychological splitting, the formation of a "split" type of personality. (D) Sociologists call the position of such a person marginal. (E) The danger of a marginal position is the impact on a person of conflicting norms of values.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) actual character
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 2. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A group of scientists led by A. Peccei organized the so-called Club of Rome - an international non-governmental organization whose goal is to study the problems of the modern world. (B) Uncontrolled population growth, environmental problems, modern advances in science and technology have posed the problem of assessing the direction of the quality of social progress. (C) The aggravation of global problems testifies, in our opinion, to the crisis of modern civilization. (D) At the same time, we admit that attempts to solve global problems strengthen the unity of countries and peoples. (E) Experts from different countries take part in the work of the Club of Rome.
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 3. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) Sociologists identify several factors of social mobility. (B) Some of them are objective - the state regime, the socio-economic and political situation in society, the processes of modernization. (C) Some factors are associated with the activity of the individual himself - the level of education, career, etc. (D) But no matter how external circumstances develop, individual mobility is obviously determined by the level of claims and activity of a person. (E) In modern society, a person probably has every chance to realize himself, to achieve a high social position.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 4. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) Ivan successfully passed the interview for a job as a lawyer. (B) But the employer refused to conclude an employment contract with him, having learned that he was 48 years old. (B) In the advertised vacancy, the age of the applicant was not specifically specified. (D) It would be right for Ivan to appeal this decision in court. (E) Labor disputes are considered by courts of general jurisdiction in the framework of civil proceedings.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 5.
(A) The global problems of the modern world threaten the survival of humanity as a biological species. (B) Downplaying the danger of a new world war in modern conditions is unjustified. (B) Officially, there are about 70,000 nuclear weapons on Earth. (D) Calculations performed show that this arsenal is capable of completely destroying life on the planet. (E) We believe that an appeal to the world community with a call for disarmament is extremely necessary.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 6. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The family as a social institution ensures the reproduction and primary socialization of new generations. (B) The study involved 1503 people - boys and girls over 18 years old. (C) They were asked various questions: about marriage, divorce and raising children. (D) Every second respondent stated that early marriages often end in divorce. (E) In our opinion, such marriages destabilize society and exacerbate the crisis of family values.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 7. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The emergence of family legal relations is connected with the official registration of marriage in the manner prescribed by law. (B) Adults Ivan and Natalya came to the registry office to apply for state registration of marriage. (C) The registry office officer refused to accept this application because Ivan was declared legally incompetent by the court. (D) Natalya, who knew about this and was guided by the desire to register in Ivan's apartment, acted immorally. (E) Ivan's guardians should keep a better eye on him.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) actual character
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 8. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The middle class in modern Western societies is the most numerous part of society. (B) Apparently, it is impossible to single out a single, universal criterion for belonging to the middle class. (C) Both the level of income, and standards of consumption, and the level of education, and the ability to skilled work are used as criteria. (D) The middle class includes small entrepreneurs, highly skilled workers, service professionals, administrative staff, intellectuals, and other groups. (E) The middle class is seen as the basis for the stable development of society.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 9. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The process of depreciation of money, i.e. inflation, manifested in price increases, not justified by an increase in the quality of goods and services (B) The increase in prices in country Z in the winter months turned out to be “more modest” than the forecasts of most economists. (C) Inflation was 2.1% (3.4% over the winter of the previous year). (D) Most likely, the decline in oil prices on world trading floors contributes to the slowdown in the indicator. (E) Perhaps the stabilization of gasoline prices in the domestic market also played a role in the statistics.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Answers: 3
| job number | BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| № 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| № 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| № 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| № 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| № 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| № 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| № 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| № 8 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| № 9 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
According to the FIPI analytical report on the results of the USE in 2012, task B6 is also difficult for graduates, which involves the inclusion of concepts and terms in a certain semantic context. The results of the USE in 2012 show that this applies to all sections of the course. The greatest difficulty is the use of legal terms. The average percentage of completion of task B6 is 45.4% 4 . This is the lowest rate of completion of Part 2 assignments by graduates. The extremely low result of completing task B6 indicates the lack of systemic knowledge of the course and the low communicative culture of this group of graduates.
The issue of this type of assignment has already been considered. Information can be viewed.
Notes:1 USE - 2013: Social science: the most complete edition of typical assignments / ed. - comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2003. (FIPI).
2 Ibid.
3 USE - 2013: Social science: the most complete edition of typical assignment options / ed. - comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2003. P. 146 - 148
4 Analytical report on the results of the USE in 2012 p.6.
When compiling the article, materials were used:
1. Analytical report on the results of the USE in 2012 (http://www.fipi.ru).
2. Unified State Examination - 2013: Social science: the most complete edition of typical assignment options / ed. - comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2003. (FIPI)
Actual natureinherent in events that have already taken place. In the future, these circumstances will be the basis for analysis and value judgments. You will learn about how events are evaluated and what statements are factual in nature in our article.
What is actual character?
A factual judgment states an event that has already taken place. That is why an opinion that is factual in nature cannot be refuted.
Don't know your rights?
Those events that have already happened are subject to analysis and subsequent evaluation. An example of judgments that are factual in nature can be the following phrases: “the crisis in the economy leads to an increase in the percentage of unemployed citizens”, “after the end of the war, the costs of restoring destroyed cities will be required.” These statements do not carry an emotional coloring, they only state the onset of events and what will happen after them.
What is a value judgment?
Any fact that has taken place is subject to evaluation by each person. Opinion can be both evaluative - for example, expressed by the words "bad", "good", and explaining the position of a person. The nature of value judgments can also be of an indifferent orientation.
A value judgment, as a rule, is expressed using the following phrases “in my opinion”, “I believe”, “as the speaker noted”, etc. But sometimes such judgments are the basis for explaining the impact of an event on other objects, for reasoning about the reasons the event that has occurred. In this case, the following phrases will be used in the narrator's speech: "this event can be an example"; “this fact is an explanation”, etc.
In the examination work, the most difficult tasks for students are tasks for determining the nature of judgments - 25.
This task involves the distribution of judgments into two groups: judgments - facts, judgments - estimates. The goal is to highlight an important component on which modern social science is based. It is important to understand well the criteria according to which a judgment can be assigned to one group or another.
What is a fact
Fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. A factual judgment fixes a real fact, a phenomenon of reality that has already taken place. Judgments that are factual in nature cannot be challenged. For example: “Inflation in 2010 was 6.8%”, “The theory of social stratification in the first half of the 20th century was developed by the great Russian sociologist P. A. Sorokin.” Science distinguishes two kinds of social facts:
- Actions, deeds of people, individuals or large social groups.
- Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov's passage through the Alps, the pyramid of Cheops, the words spoken by Archimedes: "Give me a point of support, and I will move the globe." So, those events that really happened and are only material for further analysis, further value judgments are of an actual nature. For example, the text states “with increasing consumer income, they are less likely to repair clothes and shoes, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food.” The position does not give ratings. The same is true in the sentence - "this regularity was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel" - a fact is stated.
What is fact assessment
Evaluation of the fact - a positive or negative attitude. Judgments include:
- evaluative component ("wonderful", "bad", "aggressive", "immoral" or an association - an image, for example, "Revolution is the locomotive of history");
- attitude as an explanation of the causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its influence on other phenomena (“The aggravation of global problems indicates, according to scientists, the crisis of modern civilization”, “Apparently, it is impossible to single out a single, universal criterion for belonging to the middle class.”)
The scientific explanation of the fact is connected with its evaluation. A person who cognizes social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied, he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statement, opinion about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express attitude towards facts, evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), as well as an attitude towards a phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its impact on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, in the text a value judgment contains the following turns of phrase: “in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “it was considered”, “it seemed”, “as he claimed”, “as he said”, “as he noted”, etc. Therefore, one should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment. In the text, as a rule, a value judgment contains such phrases as “It is believed that ...”, “Apparently, it is impossible ...”, “From the point of view of researchers ...”, “It can be assumed that ...”, etc.
| Factual judgments may contain the following phrases: | Examples of value judgments are: |
| arose | It is considered to |
| include | From the point of view of researchers |
| Numbers - (volume) | Apparently |
| decide | I think |
| Destined | In our opinion |
| This is (some fact) | Seems |
| At all times there was | Need to recognize |
| Provide | According to a number of researchers |
| Therefore (statement) | From our point of view |
| accepted, approved | Most likely |
| However… (some fact) | In our opinion |
| Have a shape | According to another point of view |
| Recognizes | It can be assumed |
| Forbid (statement) | An understatement…unjustifiably |
| Delivered (fait accompli) | It is quite active (some kind of process) |
| Entered the top ten | However… |
| bind | Has a strong tendency to keep |
| took place | If preserved, then we can assume |
| announced a merger | Something tonight is in decline |
| Graduated from the Institute | All this has a detrimental effect on… |
| Wasting a lot of time | is the greatest achievement of civilization |
| More and more use | This year it got a topical focus |
| Diagnosed | The level has risen significantly |
| Experts recorded | The gap could not be considered acceptable |
| This has caused a significant increase | Shares of an oil company become a "locomotive" |
| The next International Design Festival took place | It is unlikely that stocks will be stable |
| In the study took part 30,000 men | She does the right thing |
| the date | Habit can lead |
| Actually happened | It got a topical focus and became more modern |
| Happened | The level of submitted works has increased significantly |
A selection of didactic material "entertaining tasks in the Russian language"
Children's fairy tales online Read fairy tale White duck
About space and astronautics