Youth jargon in modern speech. Youth slang in modern speech culture

youth slang and features of its functioning: On the material of the speech of students of the Republic of Adygea ">

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Arustamova, Asya Artavazovna Modern youth slang and features of its functioning: On the material of the speech of students of the Republic of Adygea: dissertation ... Candidate of Philological Sciences: 10.02.01. - Maykop, 2006. - 260 p. : ill.

Introduction

Chapter 1. Youth slang in the system of social stratification of the modern Russian language 10

1.1. Changes in the functioning of the modern Russian language in the post-perestroika period 10

1.2. The concepts of "slang", "jargon", "sociolect", "slang" as a subject of scientific reflection in modern linguistics 24

1.3. The place of youth slang in the lexical system of the modern Russian language 32

1.4. Youth slang as an object of sociolinguistics research 44

Chapter 2. Youth slang in functional-stylistic, structural and semantic aspects 54

2.1. Genesis of youth jargon in linguistics 54

2.2. Student youth as a social group of slang carriers...59

2.3. Functional characteristics of slang as a reflection of the worldview of student youth 67

2.4. Sources and main ways to replenish slang vocabulary 73

Chapter 3. Youth slang: sociolinguistic and gender aspects of the study (analysis of the results of the survey) 94

3.1. Sociolinguistic features of the functioning of youth slang in the student environment 94

3.2. Features of the use of youth slang among students,

due to gender differences 121

Conclusion 133

Introduction to work

In any science, each period of time determines the most relevant areas of research, highlights certain of its problems, and even individual industries. In the science of the Russian language today, the development of social dialects of the language, stylistics and culture of speech are of particular interest. This is due to the rapid changes in our entire life and their reflection in the functioning of the language, and the task of researchers of the Russian language, firstly, is to record new phenomena, revealing trends emerging in the language, and secondly, to assess these trends - can they really be considered features of development language or they should be given a different qualification.

New forms public relations to a certain extent affected young people - the socially most promising stratum of society, language competence and whose speech behavior largely determines the direction of development of other social subsystems of the language, including colloquial speech and the literary language. Youth slang as an everyday language of communication of young people is a kind of indicator of their level of development, interests, tastes and needs. The speech of student youth is subject to the greatest influence and changes, actively reflecting changes in public life countries associated with socio-economic, political reforms in the country.

New conditions for the functioning of the language create a general impression of illiterate speech, incorrect word usage, "dominance" foreign words, "thieves" words and swear words, but this is not about destroying the integrity of the Russian language system, not about clogging it, it's all about the linguistic inability of the speakers, their linguistic incompetence, inability to use lexical units of that variant of the language that is necessary and appropriate in that or other communication situation.

Before talking about the impact on the Russian language of those innovations that have appeared in it in recent years, it is necessary to determine the nature of the identified characteristics and determine what role they play in common process linguistic evolution. The problem of linguistic evolution, comprehension and analysis of the current situation is one of the central topics of linguistics, one of the pressing problems facing modern linguistics. Therefore, the study of sociolinguistic and gender features of the functioning of youth slang in the student environment is promising and determines the relevance of the proposed dissertation research.

The interdisciplinary nature of our research on the functioning of youth slang in the student environment leads to an appeal to a number of areas scientific knowledge: linguistics, sociology, psychology.

The methodological basis of our study was the work of the classics of linguistics V.V. Vinogradova, I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay, L.V. Shcherba, R. Yakobson, L.P. Yakubinsky.

Different aspects of the problem of the development of the modern Russian language are especially intensively considered in the linguistic science of the last two decades in the works of N.Yu. Shvedova, L.P. Krysina, M.V. Panova, Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky, N.S. Valgina, M.V. Koltunova, A.V. Bondarko, V.G. Gaka, E.A. Zemskoy, M.N. Kozhina, Yu.N. Karaulova, O.B. Sirotinina, G.N. Sklyarevskaya and others.

Opposite subjective points of view are expressed in relation to the problem of the functioning of the language: its crisis or a new stage in development. A number of scientists (A.V. Bondarko, V.G. Gak, E.A. Zemskaya, V. Ivanitsky, M.N. Kozhina, O.B. Sirotinina, G.N. Sklyarevskaya and others) assess the state of modern Russian language as stable. They believe that it is impossible to speak of impoverishment, or decline, impoverishment, let alone its degeneration. Other researchers - N.S. Valgina, M.V. Ivanova, M.V. Koltunova, O.G. Revzina, Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky, L.O. Cherneiko and others - seriously provide

koens of the modern state of the Russian language. They argue that there is a general decline in culture, spirituality, which results in irreversible changes in the language.

Works devoted to the development of social dialects in the Russian language were of particular importance for the realization of the purpose of our study. The fundamental works in this area were the works of V.M. Zhirmunsky, E.D. Polivanova, A.M. Selishchev. Later, V.D. Bondaletov, Yu.D. Desheriev, K. Kostinsky, B.A. Larin, B.A. Serebryannikov, L.I. Skvortsov, A.D. Schweitzer and others. AT recent decades The close attention of researchers of the Russian language is attracted by the problem of interaction between language and society, which is clearly reflected in the functioning of youth slang. A significant contribution to the study of the topic we have chosen was made by the works of E.I. Beglova, E.M. Beregovskoy, E.G. Borisova-Lukashenets, T.M. Veselovskaya, SV. Vakhitova, M.A. Gracheva, K.N. Dubrovina, B.C. Elistratova, T.V. Zaikovskaya, M.M. Kopylenko, L.P. Krysina, O.D. Miralaev, V.M. Mokienko and others. The work of the SI was of great importance in the study of the youth subculture. Levikova, which characterizes youth culture in many aspects, in the variety of its manifestations.

A significant role in mastering the problem of the development and functioning of youth jargon was played by lexicographic works that reflect the empirical language material of the last decade: V.M. Mokienko (2001), SI. Levikova (2003), B.C. Elistratova (2000), T.G. Nikitina (2003) and others.

The direction of our research is predetermined by its insignificant elaboration. The opinions of scientists and the results of scientific research of the works we used turned out to be useful, only to a certain extent, since in the literature studied, the sociolinguistic and gender features of the functioning of youth slang specifically in the student environment were not considered. A number of topical issues remain unexplored.

6 questions related to the ratio of the use of slang of megalopolises and provincial cities from the point of view of sociolinguistics and lexicography.

In our work object of study is the speech of student youth. The age of the most active use of youth slang during the period of study in secondary and higher educational institutions was determined: from 14 to 26 years.

Subject of study are the features of the functioning of youth slang used in the student environment.

Purpose of the study: to identify and describe the sociolinguistic and gender features of the functioning of youth slang in the student environment of Maykop.

The implementation of the research goal involves the consistent solution of the following tasks:

To identify and substantiate the emerging trends in the development of the modern Russian language in conjunction with socio-economic changes in society.

To establish the place and role of youth slang in the language system, to study the nature of this phenomenon.

Describe the current state of youth jargon in the student environment, identify its subject-conceptual structure.

To identify and designate the functional features of youth slang in the student environment that distinguish it from other social dialects.

Study and describe the specifics speech behavior students, to identify the features of the functioning of youth jargon, due to sociolinguistic conditions and gender differentiation.

The tasks set in the work predetermined the choice of informants. Experimental research base were Adyghe State University, Maikop State Technological

University, Institute of Physical Education and Judo, College of Education them. X. Andrukhaeva. The study covered 460 students educational institutions. Students took part in the sociolinguistic survey full-time learning different courses.

Scientific novelty dissertation research lies in the fact that in it for the first time youth slang in the student environment is considered in complete system development of language and society in recent period; the sociolinguistic features of the functioning of the student sociolect at the regional level are revealed; specific features of slang due to gender differences are established.

Practical significance work is that the observations, conclusions and empirical material presented in the work can be used in the courses "Vocabulary of the modern Russian language", "Practical stylistics", "Social linguistics", "Culture of Russian speech", a special course "Speech youth subculture", and may also be useful for further development of problems of linguistic variation. Specific linguistic materials given in the appendices can be used to create special dictionaries of the youth sociolect.

Provisions for defense:

Youth jargon as a secondary form of existence of the language has system features and forms a separate social language subsystem.

A characteristic feature of youth slang in the student environment, which distinguishes it from other social dialects, is the performance of the following functions: identification, emotionally expressive, nominative, evaluative, ideological, creative.

Current state youth jargon in the student environment is characterized by:

The presence of two main subject-conceptual areas: the production core associated with learning, and the common vocabulary;

the existence of certain sources of replenishment of jargon vocabulary: a dictionary of the literary language, foreign vocabulary, actually jargon formations (slang), computer jargon, vernacular;

the development of productive word-formation models characteristic of the youth sociolect: truncation, substantiation, abbreviation, contamination, affix ways, combinations of truncation with suffixation, uni-verbation with suffixation, often also with the participation of metaphorical rethinking or a play on words.

4. Sociolinguistic features of youth functioning
go slang in the student environment:

youth slang in the student environment is widespread, allows you to establish informal contact between interlocutors, marks belonging to a certain social status, provides an opportunity to express interests, ideals, needs, etc.;

the studied jargon functions in the youth environment when students communicate on priority topics and is characterized by a high degree of expressiveness and evaluativeness;

a significant part of young people have a neutral attitude towards the use of jargon among students;

young people from 14 to 26 years old are the most active age group of slang users;

slang is an integral part of the vocabulary of most young people who use slang constantly, regardless of their emotional state;

the degree of use of slang depends on public environment, various parameters of the communicative situation.

5. Gender dichotomy in the use of youth jargon in stu
Dental environment manifests itself:

In the existence of certain priorities in vocabulary, topics,
frequency of use;

depending on the use of certain parts of speech;

in the difference in the emotional coloring of slangisms;

in the presence of qualitative differences in the use of slang units;

In connection with the communicative situation.
The dissertation research is complex. From one

On the one hand, we made a lexicological analysis of the student slang dictionary, on the other hand, we sought to establish the sociolinguistic and gender features of the functioning of jargon among students, to analyze the specifics of its use depending on the situation of communication. This approach involved the use of research methods, as analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, classification and generalization, which are subject to the methods of empirical research (observation, comparison); special methods (questionnaire, conversation); mathematical and statistical data processing.

Approbation of work. The main provisions and preliminary results of the work were presented in a number of reports heard during the regional scientific conferences of young scientists “Science. Education. The youth." (2004, 2005), traditional scientific and practical conferences young scientists and graduate students "Science-2003", "Science-2005", held at the Adyghe State University, as well as at the All-Russian conferences of students, graduate students and young scientists "Perspective-1999", "Perspective-2005", held in Nalchik. Theses and 6 scientific articles have been published on the topic of the dissertation.

Thesis structure defined by a general two-aspect goal-setting and specific tasks. The study consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications. The bibliographic list includes 260 titles.

Changes in the functioning of the modern Russian language in the post-perestroika period

An important feature of any language is its constant development. High level The functional development of the Russian language opens up wide opportunities for its diverse use in all spheres of public life. “To establish and fix our language forever, of course, is impossible in the form in which it was formed. In this case, he could not fulfill his main purpose - to reflect the changing world” (257, p. 7).

According to scientists, vocabulary is the most sensitive and changeable level of the language and is the most subject to transformations. The constant change and admission of alien elements are inherent in the very nature of the lexical system of the Russian language, which has such “defining qualities as dynamism, openness, unevenness, complexity of structure, suggesting the presence of internal systems and subsystems, asymmetric and unequal, which causes different rates of development and allows for inconsistency elements on separate sections systems. In other words, we can only talk about understanding its integrity and adequacy to itself at a particular stage of evolution” (150, p. 24).

Understanding the stability of the lexical system was substantiated by N.Yu. Shvedova: “We are convinced that the internal organization of the class as a whole is stably preserved for a long time and does not change either under the influence of the processes of formal or semantic word formation, or under the influence of intra-group movements, or under the pressure of extraneous occurrences. All such processes do not destroy the lexical system: they take place within it” (258, p. 4). “The stability of the lexical system,” as N.Yu. Shvedova, is realized and perceived through certain conditions, which can be called the conditions of linguistic stability:

1) the stepwise and gradual nature of the process of word formation, when word-formation derivatives are formed in stages in accordance with the usage, and the word-formation nest is formed over a sufficiently long time;

2) regulated (and in some cases controlled) nature of language contacts and borrowings, semantic stability, clarity of semantic boundaries and correspondence of speech practice to dictionary descriptions;

3) the obvious nature of stylistic stratification” (258, pp. 5-6).

These conditions, having a relative nature, depending on extralinguistic reasons, can be violated, so the degree of stability of the lexical system at different stages of language development is different. The processes of language development proceed in stages, measuredly during periods of social and historical stability, then language changes affect individual elements of the system; speech is replenished with a small number of new words, some lexical units acquire additional semantics, a certain part of the dictionary goes out of active use, there are minor movements of vocabulary from one stylistic category to another, etc.

Historical and social upheavals accelerate the development of the language system, resulting in a greater number of language changes per unit of time, this leads to an unsuccessful layering of modifications in the lexical system, which creates the impression of disorder and instability in speech (154).

Many phenomena characteristic of the functioning of the Russian language of modern times were first noted as far back as c. the beginning of the era of perestroika M.V. Panov, who singled out and characterized the trends in the development of the Russian language: dialogism; strengthening of the personal beginning; stylistic dynamism; renaming phenomena (in the broadest sense); a combination of sharply contrasting stylistic elements not only within the text, but also within the phrase. Phrases gradually changed their structure and began to appear in live functioning as stylistic and semantic contrasts, which “shifts, changes the meaning of the word. It becomes metaphorical, metonymic, narrows or expands its meaning” (150, p. 23). The general thesis formulated by a scientist who compares the previous decade with the new time is significant: “In the 30-60s. such an attitude towards the literary language dominated: the norm is a ban. The norm categorically separates the appropriate from the unacceptable. Now the attitude has changed: the norm is a choice. She advises to take from the language the most suitable in the given context” (150, p. 23). At present, despite the existence of certain language laws, a significant part of society does not consider it necessary to adhere to strict language norms and treats vocabulary very freely, for example, use live instead of put, calls instead of call t, marker instead of marker, etc.

The genesis of youth jargon in linguistics

Youth jargon is not a new phenomenon in the historical development of the language. It is believed that it originates in the Middle Ages, in the language of Western European students. Interest in youth sociolect research emerged as early as jargon itself. Works on the analysis of "vernacular" (namely, linguists previously attributed jargon to this style of speech) were carried out as early as the 19th century. For the first time, an attempt to describe and classify Russian slang vocabulary was presented back in 1832 in the dictionary of S. Mikutsky (Mikutsky S. Materials for a comparative and explanatory dictionary of the Russian language and other Slavic dialects. - St. Petersburg, 1832.). In the slochar V.I. Dahl presents the following types of jargon: the language of the offen - wandering merchants - peddlers as the language of a "professional group", the fable language - the language of urban pickpockets as a cross between the language of a professional group and thieves' slang, and the language of declassed representatives of society, completely incomprehensible to the uninitiated (238).

In the post-October period, new works began to appear, devoted mainly to the "new proletarian language". In 1918, the Living Word Institute was opened, dealing with the problems of social dialectology. Along with a lot of "near-scientific" works, interesting and worthy scientific studies are published. For example, in 1926, the work of G. Vinogradov "Children's thug language (Argot)" was published, a year later, in 1927, a report by S.Ya. Kaporsky "Thieves' jargon among schoolchildren: Based on a survey of Yaroslavl schools", in 1929 the dictionary "From the lexicon of Rostov homeless children and tramps" was published. But by the mid-30s. this topic was declared "unworthy of attention" and interest in it gradually subsided. Some philologists interested in this problem nevertheless continued to study sociolects under the “cover of concern for the culture of speech of the younger generation or the desire to help the state”. The jargon of thieves and criminals was described in more detail, but the research was carried out not by linguists, but by legal workers who were not engaged in analyzing the vocabulary of asocial elements, but in fixing them (such works, as a rule, were distributed among the relevant institutions and were marked with the “Not subject to disclosure” stamp / In particular, "Dictionary of thieves' jargon: a manual for the operational staff of the police, places of detention and investigators of the MOOP. - Vilnius, 1965" and "Dictionary of thieves' jargon: a guide for operational and investigative police officers. - Kyiv, 1964". These are up to the general reader the materials either simply did not reach, or were accompanied by moralizing articles, mainly on the topic of the penetration of thieves' slang into the youth language (46, pp. 12-28).

In the 90s, interest in the study of youth jargon resumed, and moreover, the study of slang began to be given Special attention, since it was the speech of young people that fully reflected the social and social changes that took place at the end of the 20th century (11, pp. 32-41; 46, pp. 21-30).

Each historical era offers the young man his means of expression, and it becomes his business to choose from many things only what is needed or successfully expressed. In modern scientific literature, there are three periods of rapid development of Russian youth slang of the 20th century. (46), although back in the 19th century. he functioned in non-secular educational institutions - parochial schools - among teenagers. From the beginning of the century, the first period dates back to the 20s, when the revolution and civil war, having destroyed the structure of society to the ground, gave rise to an army of homeless children and the speech of students - adolescents and youth was colored with many "thieves" words (a few years later, dictionaries appeared reflecting new formations in the language resulting from social reforms). In the post-October period, jargon penetrated into the speech of schoolchildren through communication with homeless children. Hundreds of prisoners then left the places of deprivation of their 56

body, and with them the criminal language, which had a noticeable impact on the speech of the public, part of which are units of thieves' slang, for example, godfather "father", hillock "boss", to be on the lookout, to look out for "guard", etc. (155, pp. 152-160; 183, pp. 88-102).

The beginning of the second period falls on the 50s - this is the era of the end of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, amnesty, a difficult and stressful time for the whole country. During these years, “dandies”, hippies with a special worldview, lifestyle and communication, entered the streets and dance floors of cities. At this time, jargon in speech act as elements of freedom, emancipation in the behavior of the individual. It was then that youth slang becomes a social fun, a language game, subject to the principles of emotional expressiveness. Since about the mid-60s, linguists have been inclined to consider modern youth jargon as a reduced style of speech, a means of easy communication among peers, and "dude jargon" as the language of a closed group of young people (60, pp. 574-575).

Sociolinguistic features of the functioning of youth slang in the student environment

In the sociolinguistic approach, the object of study is the functioning of the language. The study of linguistic material in the sociolinguistic aspect involves the use of specific, first of all, survey methods: questionnaires, conversations. Since all sociolinguistic methods are characterized by subjectivism, then for the most accurate results work requires a complex application of methods and methods of research. In the dissertation research, we used the questionnaire method, which allows us to attract a large number of respondents to the study; method of third-party observation, when the researcher does not interfere in the course speech communication, but captures the ongoing events, and by the method of participant observation, which implies the researcher's own participation in the communication process through student slang. The object of our study was the jargon of student youth, the speech of a fairly large, active, mobile part of society.

To conduct an experimental study, we developed a questionnaire that assumes an anonymous nature and allows us to find out the opinion of respondents on the functioning of youth slang in a student environment, its place and role in the lives of young people; establish the degree of use of certain jargon; to reveal the variety of variability of slangisms, the correspondence of the meaning of slang words to the forms of the literary language. Attention is focused on the characteristic features of the lexical stock of student jargon, the socio-psychological characteristics of its carriers, the influence social factor to use slang.

The data obtained as a result of the survey were analyzed using methods mathematical statistics. Since the entire collected material of the lexical composition of students' speech is a large volume, only the most characteristic, vivid examples are given in the work. In full, the collected material is presented in the dictionary of youth slang at the end of the dissertation research.

Since the level of culture, education, age, occupation, gender differentiation leave an imprint on the language of communication and influence the choice of language means, in the passport of the questionnaire, the respondents had to indicate the information about themselves necessary for the study. The questions were both open and closed. It should be noted that the questionnaire also included 82 words from the literary language, for which it was necessary to write correspondences in youth slang used among friends and 9 slang terms to explain their lexical meaning.

As our observations have shown, training in a particular educational institution leaves its mark on the behavior, worldview, and especially the speech of young people. The study covered 460 respondents - students of secondary and higher educational institutions of the city of Maikop: Adyghe State University (hereinafter referred to as ASU) - 56%, Maikop State Technological University (hereinafter MSTU) - 20%, Institute of Physical Culture and Judo (hereinafter IFC and Judo) - 10%, Pedagogical College named after. X. Andrukhaeva (hereinafter referred to as the College) - 14%, which is 3% of the total number of full-time students studying in the city of Maykop (Fig. 5). As a result of the survey, we found that the slang of ASU and MSTU students is very similar and noticeably different from the jargon of IPC students, which was assimilated by the soldier's jargon as a result of teaching students, mostly males, at the military department. The slang of students of ASU, MSTU, IFC and judo differs significantly from the slang of students of the College, who are younger in age, and therefore, differ in psychological and age characteristics, whose speech is close to school jargon - more primitive and simplified. In other words, certain age groups of students use different slang vocabulary, coding the same concepts in their own way.

1. Basics of speech culture

The Russian national language is a combination of various phenomena, such as the literary language, territorial and social dialects (jargon), and vernacular. Literary language is a historically established highest form national language, which has a rich lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and a developed system of styles. This is an exemplary, standardized language, described by grammars and dictionaries. Territorial dialects (local dialects) are the language of a limited number of people living in the same territory. Jargon is the speech of individual professional, estate, age groups. Vernacular is the language of poorly educated, mostly non-urban residents, characterized by a deviation from literary norms.

The literary language serves such spheres of human activity as politics, culture, science, office work, legislation, official and unofficial communication, and verbal art. A person can equally master two or more forms of a language (for example, a literary language and a dialect, a literary language and vernacular), use them depending on the conditions. This phenomenon is called diglossia.

main feature literary language - normalization. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of elements of a language, the rules for their use in certain period. The norms are not invented by scientists, but reflect the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language, supported by speech practice. The main sources of the norm include the works of writers, the language of means mass media, generally accepted modern usage, scientific research linguists.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and comprehensibility, protect it from the flow of dialect speech, social jargon, and vernacular. However, language norms are constantly changing. This is an objective process that does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. According to researchers, this process has intensified in recent decades in connection with social transformations. In a critical era, the logosphere changes significantly, i.e. speech-cogitative area of ​​culture, which, in turn, testifies to changes in the public consciousness of the language community. Changes are determined by the new setting: "In a democracy, everything is possible!" However, emancipation as a feature of modern language taste is carried out in parallel with the desire for "booking", for the sophistication of speech, which is expressed, first of all, in the wide use of borrowed special vocabulary (leasing, holding, realtor, etc.). Within the literary norm, there are options (bookish, colloquial), one of them is preferred. These objective fluctuations in the norm are usually associated with the development of the language. Variants are transitional steps from an obsolete norm to a new one. The norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture.

2. Basic understanding of slang

Let's touch our speech and find out how sick it is. The real misfortune of our society and our language is foul language.

For some native language already turned into a fusion of jargon and obscenities. "Jargon" ( French) -tainted language . Jargon is spoken by people connected by one profession, social stratum. These are a kind of password words, in order to distinguish "one's own".

Jargon is a type of speech used mainly in oral communication, by a separate relatively stable social group that unites people on the basis of their profession (programmer jargon), interests (philatelic jargon) or age (youth jargon). Jargon differs from the national language in its specific vocabulary and phraseology and the special use of word-formation means.

Part of the slang vocabulary belongs not to one, but to many social groups. Passing from one jargon to another, the words of their "general fund" can change their form and meaning: "dark" - to hide prey, "cunning" in modern youth jargon - to speak unclearly, to evade the answer. The vocabulary of jargon is replenished by borrowing from other languages ​​("dude" - a guy from the gypsy language), but most of it is created by re-registration ("basket" - basketball), more often by rethinking commonly used words ("jerk" - go, "wheelbarrow" - automobile). The ratio of vocabulary, as well as the nature of its rethinking in jargon - from playfully ironic to rudely vulgar - depends on the value orientation and character social group: it has an open or closed character, organically enters society or opposes itself to it. In open groups (youth), the slang is "collective game". In closed groups, jargon is a signal that distinguishes between "one's own" and "alien", and sometimes a means of conspiracy. The vocabulary of jargon flows into the literary language through vernacular and language fiction, where it is used as a means of speech characteristics. The fight against jargon for the purity of the language and the culture of speech reflects the rejection of linguistic isolation by society as a whole. The study of jargon is one of the tasks of sociolinguistics. Sometimes the term "jargon" is used to refer to distorted incorrect speech. Therefore, in the proper terminological sense, it is often replaced by terms such as "student language", "slang", "slang".

3. Sources of replenishment of slang

For a long time, the basis of general slang was student slang. But at present this is far from the case. In the last decades of the twentieth century, the main source of replenishment of slang was slang (criminal language). This is largely due to the fact that the language of the Soviet prison became public: the taboo on prison topics in literature and cinema was lifted, and this was immediately reflected in the press. Many words have moved into common jargon from thieves' slang. Let's give some examples: "grandmother" - money, "wet" - to kill, "cop", "garbage" - a policeman, "shchipach" - a petty swindler, "raspberry" - a thieves' den, "arrow" - a meeting of thieves.

The general jargon and the influence of the jargon of drug addicts have not escaped, but this vocabulary is not numerous in the general jargon: the jargon of drug addicts retains a certain caste, it is limited to a narrow circle of speakers, and only a few words go beyond this sphere. These are such words and expressions as: "nonsense", "weed" - marijuana, "sit on a needle", "jamb" - a cigarette with marijuana, "glitches" - hallucinations.

Some words of common jargon are professional expressions by their origin, for example, police expressions: "bytovuha" - a crime committed on domestic grounds, "dismemberment" - a dismembered corpse, "snowdrop" - a corpse found under the snow. For miners, for example, a pile of overturned wagons is called a "wedding", for pilots the frontal part of the aircraft is called a "muzzle". Instead of the word "anesthesia" dentists often use the word "freeze". Patients of hospitals, not knowing medical terminology, come up with names for procedures, tools themselves. A flexible probe inserted into the stomach is called "gut", fluoroscopy - "transmission" ... Such words fall into the language of physicians and become their jargon. Army - "grandfathers", "demobilization", "mow" (from the army); names borrowed from the jargon of the special services - "disinformation" - misinformation, and businessmen - "cash" - cash, "clearing" - cashless payment. Among the argotisms, one can single out intra-professional elements that do not go beyond one slang, and pronounced interargotisms, i.e. argotisms serving a whole range of slang. For example, the former include such words as "imperishable" - a work created not for commerce, but for the soul (among artists), "dollar" - a hook for hanging a bowler hat over a fire (among tourists), "charging a client" - making a promise to pay a certain amount of money, and then deceive (from speculators, resellers), etc. To the second - such a word as "teapot" - an unfavorable visitor to an institution (from waiters), a beginner, a bad driver (from drivers), an amateur athlete (for athletes), etc.

Throughout its existence, general jargon actively interacts with vernacular (the language of an uneducated part of society that does not know enough the norms of the literary language). In many cases, one can speak of a slang-colloquial lexicon zone: by origin it is vernacular (and sometimes dialectal) and continues to be used in vernacular, but at the same time has firmly "settled" in jargon. This is predominantly stylistically reduced vocabulary with a tinge of rudeness or familiarity, for example: "get drunk", "get drunk", "drunk", "whistling" - get drunk, "from a hangover" - from a hangover, "hit", "embed" - hit, " kumpol" - head. Neutral colloquial nominations such as "master" - husband, "play" - indulge in the game, "lay down" (instead of the lit. "lay") are not used in jargon.

Thus, a very active process of integrating common jargon with all areas of the profanity of the Russian language is currently taking place.

Common jargon is constantly influenced by other languages. And in former years, more than others, the English language enriched the jargons. At present, in connection with the facilitation of contacts with the United States, the influx of Americanisms into the common jargon has noticeably intensified. Here are examples of English (more precisely, American) borrowings that fell into the general jargon in different time: "gerla" - girl, "pop" - pop music, "face" - face. Much less in the general jargon of borrowings from other languages. Compare: "ksiva" - passport (Yiddish), "kaif" - pleasure (Arabic or Turkish), "fazenda" - a country house, country plot with a house (Spanish).

Jargon is constantly replenished as a result of semantic and word-formation processes.

4. Youth slang

Youth slang is a means of communication a large number people united by age, and even that is very conditional. The carriers of slang are, as a rule, people 12 - 30 years old. Slang covers almost all areas of life, describes almost all situations, except for boring ones, since the slang word is born as a result of emotional attitude speaker to the subject. Slang is a constant word creation, which is based on the principle of a language game. Often it is the comic, playful effect that is the main thing in the slang text. It is important for a young person not only "what to say", but also "how to say" in order to be an interesting storyteller. Slang is a living organism that is in the process of constant change and renewal. He constantly borrows units from jargons and other subsystems of the Russian language, and also becomes a supplier of words for colloquial, colloquial use - such a fate awaits popular slangism, which, due to repeated repetition, loses its expressive coloring.

In the use of jargon by young people, there is a tendency to use familiar vocabulary in relation to socially significant phenomena traditionally respected in society: parents (ancestors, skulls); dead and the very fact of death (blind man, freshman - dead man, grunt, inflate flippers, etc. - die); relationships between a man and a woman (glue, shoot - get acquainted, ring- marry, get married), etc. Phenomena that are significant from the point of view of social norms are often interpreted by young people as the values ​​of "fathers" and, therefore, are already perceived with skepticism.

The informal Mitkov group gives a great contrast to youth jargon. Mitki is an informal association of St. Petersburg artists who paint in a pseudo-Russian popular style, forming a new mass youth movement, including not only artists, but also people adjoining them. Mitki are distinguished by a special manner of behavior - deliberate benevolence and tenderness in address, expressed in particular in a predilection for diminutive forms. They have their own limited set of words and expressions; dress up in anything in the style of the beatniks of the 50s. (most often, in vests), wear beards. Mityok, like Ivanushka, is associated with the hero of the Russian folk tale, inclined to lie on the stove stupid, but actually savvy.

5. Schoolchildren's slang as a component of youth slang

The carriers of school slang are exclusively representatives of the younger generation - respectively, schoolchildren. Despite the absence of any cryptolality in this slang and the obvious intelligibility of most of its units to representatives of other social and age groups, the vocabulary of this slang subsystem is realized only in the speech of the specified contingent of speakers due to its irrelevance for the rest of the Russian speakers. Thus, school slang can be qualified as corporate youth slang. The vocabulary of schoolchildren's jargon contains words that are thematically related to the following four areas: the school area, the leisure area, the area of ​​everyday life, the area of ​​assessment.

School slang includes names subjects(matesha - mathematics, geos - geometry, physical education - physical education, liters etc.), school grades(slop, twix - score "2", trendel - score "3", etc.), some school premises (canteen - dining room, tubzik, tubarkas - toilet, etc.), individual school employees (teacher - teacher, sackcloth - director schools), types of educational activities (homework - homework, kontrosha - test) etc. lexical group can be considered as the "core" of school jargon - the units included in it are realized in the speech of most schoolchildren without any (for example, territorial) restrictions. The specified group is adjoined by units representing the names of pedagogical workers in the taught subject (physicist - teacher of physics, biologist - teacher of biology, Englishwoman - teacher of English, hysterical - teacher of history, algebroid etc.) or by gender professional activity(for example, the head teacher is the head of the educational department).

Separate consideration deserves such a specific part of school slang as the slang names of teachers and other school workers according to their specific characteristics. This group is quite extensive, but its constituent lexemes, even in the case of an abstract name for teachers of different subjects (for example, Kolba is a chemistry teacher, Brush is a drawing teacher, Pencil is a drawing teacher, Molecule is a physics teacher, Printer is a computer science teacher, etc. ) have a pronounced "local" character and are realized in the speech of students only in the school (or even within several classes of the school) where they were developed. Most of the units in this group nominate quite definite, specific people and already, therefore, it cannot be relevant for all schoolchildren as a whole. Otherwise, these lexemes fully correspond to the concept of jargon - they are expressive, reduced-familiar, and are realized only during intra-group communication of schoolchildren. The words of the evaluation sphere can be divided into two groups: vocatives and evaluative vocabulary proper. Vocatives are referred to the sphere of evaluation because jargon is always expressive and expresses an attitude towards the one who is called. The appeal as Lojidze is curious - the face of Caucasian nationality, it is also black, black -haired. In the youth environment, the appeal is popular - nike , by the name of the company that produces sportswear with patches of this word on English language: Nike. Appeals, such as: kents, peppers, dude, stick, brother, brother - are used by schoolchildren when communicating with each other and therefore are used most often.

The development of slang names for specific people is a specific feature of school slang, which is not typical for other slang formations. For example: in appearance (Exclamation Mark (tall), Torpedo Boat(lush bust), Two-story building (high hairstyle), Glass (slender figure), etc., as well as numerous names by external resemblance to the heroes of books, films, cartoons, television shows - Boniface, Pani Zosya, Kolobok, Leopold, Niels the Hedgehog , Commissar Cattani, Postman Pechkin, etc.), gait features (Ballerina (graceful gait), Broom (as if covering up traces), Paralytic (twitching gait), Goose (slow, waddling gait), etc. ), temperament (Cavalrywoman (stormy temperament), Pliers ("pinches" everyone), Wolfhound (evil disposition), etc.), manner of speaking (Gut (pulls words), Gnus (nasty voice), Camel (sprinkles in conversation saliva), etc.), habits, behaviors (Pike (likes to talk about his hikes), Brick (physical education teacher, comes to school on a bicycle, with a backpack in which bricks lie), Jumper (physical education teacher, loves beautiful jump over the "horse" in the presence of girls), etc.), various amusing occasions ev, episodes (Vatrushka (took away the cheesecakes that the students ate in the lesson), Mary the Artificer (wrote "artificial" instead of "skillful"), etc.) and other signs; morphonological deformation of personal names (Michael Makaronovich (Mikhail Mironovich), Lyaks Lyaksych (Alexander Alekseevich), Orekh Varenevich (Oleg Valerievich), Zhaba (Zhanna), Arkan (Arkady), Drozd (Andrey), etc.), abbreviations, addition basics, abbreviation (Beef (Boris Fedorovich), Eses (Svetlana Stepanovna), Myu (Marina Yuryevna), Tazikha (according to the initials T. A. Z.), Uazik (according to the initials U. A. Z.), Vasgav (Vasily Gavrilovich ), etc.), a combination of several techniques at once (Microphone (tall, thin, stooped + name "Mitrofan"), Kagorych (patronymic name "Egorovich" + likes to drink), Meridiashka (geography teacher + wears longitudinal striped dresses) , Lzhedmitrievna (patronymic "Dmitrievna" + history teacher), etc.), etc.)

As for the actual evaluative vocabulary, it is characterized by the presence of lexemes with a pronounced positive or negative assessment.

Expressive vocabulary is represented in the jargon of schoolchildren mainly by adverbs, words of the category of state and, to a lesser extent, by adjectives. For example: chic, shine, awesome, cool, super, crown, brutal, cool, monstrous, awesome, nishtyak - a positive assessment; primato, sucks, pazarno, left, dregs, mura - a negative assessment.

. student slang

The opinion that student slang is a general education and "absorbs" the slang of schoolchildren is not confirmed. Only two jargon - spur (cheat sheet) and bomb (a kind of cheat sheet containing full text answer) - are presented (in the same meaning) simultaneously in both jargons, while the remaining units of these subsystems are quite clearly delimited from each other. In literature, youth, especially student, slang is often identified with the slang of the city. Indeed, the speech-creative activity of students, youth, various youth associations is a kind of core of urban slang. The overwhelming majority of samples of student slang are borrowed either from other languages ​​through professional slang, or taken from "criminal music". Youth, in particular student jargon, does not have a more or less stable composition.

More stable argotisms: equator - time after the winter session in the third year, stipuha, step, stipa - scholarship, automatic - automatic offset, techie - technical school. Sometimes school and children's jargons are traced, often used by students as a kind of primitive game, in childhood (then the university becomes a school, teachers become teachers, couples become lessons, etc.)

7. Synonymy in youth slang

Synonymy in youth slang is represented quite widely (316 synonymic rows). The number of jargons included in the synonymic rows is over 1300 units, which significantly exceeds the number of jargons that do not enter into synonymous relations. It seems that the active creation of synonyms by speakers of youth jargon is dictated by the need for a variety of expressive means: the increased frequency of individual jargon units in speech reduces their expressiveness, while a significant quantitative stock of synonyms helps to avoid too frequent use of the same units. Thus, it can be assumed that there is a direct relationship between the number of synonyms that implement any meaning and the relevance of this meaning for jargon carriers (activity, frequency of implementation in speech). Based on this, we consider synonymous series.

The longest synonymic chain is a number of adjectives of a positive assessment: cool, baldezhny, high, pull, etc. (23 units in total). This is followed by adjectives of emotional evaluation (atomic, freaky, cool, etc. - a total of 19 units) and adjectives of a negative assessment (gloomy, rotten, dumb, etc. - a total of 18 units). Then there are rows containing 16 units each - these are positive emotional exclamations (nishtyak, shocked, kle, etc.), verbs with the meaning "annoy, tire" (zamukat, get it, finish it, etc.) and nouns with the meaning " human face"(face, signboard, tambourine, etc.). A number of 15 units are synonyms for the general name of money (grandmothers, bashli, cabbage, etc.). There are two rows of 14 units each: verbs with the meaning "tired, tired" ( hesitate, wave, gore, etc.) and nouns with the meaning "fool, crazy" (fofan, dolbak, dodik, etc.) Further, in accordance with the number of units, the synonymic rows are arranged as follows: containing 13 units - "leave, run away" (dump, boil, wash off, etc.), "die" (hoof, grunt, inflate flippers, etc.), "child, baby" (motley, kinder, baby, etc.), " good, excellent" (cool, clear, zykansko, etc.), containing 12 units - "fight" (makhach, makhla, mochilovka, etc.), "something bad" - negative evaluative units (bullshit, fuflyak, crap, etc. .), "failure, bad luck" (jamb, bummer, span, etc.), "marijuana" (plan, grass, gange, etc.), containing 11 units - "feeling of depression, oppression" (crowbar, down, depressive etc.), "funny, funny case"(joke, joke, ukatayka, etc.), containing 10 units - "girl, woman" (dude, girl, woman, etc.), "get drunk drunk" (swell, drive off, go to the pampas, etc.), "madness, abnormality" (kreza, shiz, zadvig, etc.) Next are the rows containing less than 10 units in their composition.

The concepts nominated by more than ten synonyms cover a significant number of the most relevant topics of communication for most young people, which explains such a developed synonymy. Let's pay attention to three more important points. First of all, the given rows clearly indicate the predominantly “male” nature of youth jargon, the content of the attitude towards the realization of meanings that are relevant, first of all, for the male part of the carriers (in this sense, the rows “girl” and “have sex” (about male), falling into the category of the largest). Secondly, it should be noted that the synonymous series of jargons with the meaning ""child, baby"" fell into the group of series with the maximum number units, in general, randomly: 11 units of this series are derivational or phonetic variants of baby jargon (baby, baby, baby, baby, etc.). Thirdly, attention is drawn to a significant number of synonyms for the designation of the drug "marijuana" (12 units). The prevalence of this drug in the youth environment (not only in groups of drug addicts) determines the use of these words and, in this regard, the plurality of jargon synonyms with this meaning (note that the designations of other drugs do not have such a developed synonymy)

Often, phonetic or word-forming variants of a slang unit act as synonyms, for example: fan / fan - a fan, an adherent of something, someone; hangover / budun - hangover; urged / urged - a nickname; academician / academician - academic leave at the university; zapodly / zapodlyak / zapodlyanka / podlyanka / podlyak - intentional meanness, etc. And one more important point: a significant part of slang synonyms are absolute synonyms, that is, they do not have differences in their meanings, for example: mouth - mitten, beak, breadmaker, havalnik; to go - to saw, to go, to row, to rope, to heal, to chop; food, food - zhora, zhrachka, hawk, tochivo. In total, 284 synonymic chains were identified, consisting of absolute synonyms (the number of the latter is about 800 units). With the presence of such a large number of synonymous series, consisting of absolute synonyms, youth slang differs significantly from the literary language, in which different synonyms, "denoting one concept, characterize it from different sides" and the number of absolute synonyms in which is extremely small.

A certain part of synonymic pairs and series of jargons arose due to intra-slang social stratification, the heterogeneity of the composition of youth jargon carriers. It's about about those cases when different designations were developed in parallel for the same concept in different groups of young people, which can also be considered as a special case of synonymy. Examples of this kind are the rows: hip / hippan (common language) - people (self-name) - hippie guy; junkie (general) - junkie (self-named) - drug addict; depressive (common mol.) - down (hip.) - a feeling of oppression, depression, depression; ancestors, rodaks (common mol.) - olds, prints (hip.) - skulls (punk.) - laces (school) - parents, etc.

Another one interesting feature jargon synonymy manifests itself when considering the synonymous series of jargon in the temporal aspect. As observations show, some rows of synonyms are characterized by the fact that their constituent units came into use at approximately the same moment in time, while the other part of the synonyms demonstrates the sequence in the appearance of their units. In this regard, it seems to us legitimate to use, in relation to the indicated categories of synonyms, the definitions "synchronous synonyms" (i.e., synonyms that came into use at about the same time) and "diachronic synonyms" (i.e., those that appeared alternately, at different time periods). An example of synchronic synonyms is a number of jargons vidic / vidak / vidyushnik (video recorder, video player), all units of which arose simultaneously. The exponential diachronic series is formed by synonyms with the meaning ""thousand rubles"" (piece, piece, ton, oblique / mower), which appeared in youth jargon one after another in the order of enumeration.

With the growing popularity of bodybuilding (bodybuilding), jargon appears almost simultaneously in the youth environment, meaning "a person with a powerful, muscular figure" muscles), the latter is derived from the word "bodybuilder") - their synchronism is not in doubt. And in the synonymous series of ancestors - parents / parens / prints - olds - rodaks - boats - skulls - shoelaces (parents), the most "old" is obviously the jargon "ancestors" (1964), while "skulls" and "laces" appeared already in the 90s. This is a case of diachronic synonymy.

Youth argot should be considered in the context of youth culture. Researchers of youth culture are increasingly inclined to think that it is a significant factor cultural process. For example, I. Kon writes that "youth is not an object of education, but a subject of social action."

Youth culture and youth slang is not something complete and monolithic, it is not advisable to consider it as something isolated, specific, the topic itself is not relevant here, the kiniko-youth complex is relevant - one of the strongest "fermentation enzymes" in culture and language.

Speaking of slang, I would like to superficially touch on the problem of swearing.

Cursing the last words is now considered almost a "good" tone. Many people can no longer explain their thoughts without resorting to swear words, but a swear word is an unvarnished, petty muck, a sign of a wild, most primitive culture.

With the use of profanity, not only language, but also consciousness becomes more primitive. From bad thoughts to bad deeds. After all, everything starts with words… And when you can’t stand even a minute at bus stops without hearing a rotten word, when swear words and jargon burst from TV screens, it’s hard to understand what is “good and what is bad”. But the fact is that even an innocent passion for jargon bears fruit. And they taste bitter. Firstly, the jargon is simply impenetrably stupid and brings everything to the point of absurdity. Have you heard Rozovsky's parody of the tale of "Little Red Riding Hood"? Here she is. "All the way, walking with terrible force through the forest, the Gray Wolf stuck to the colossal dude - Little Red Riding Hood. She immediately caught on that the Gray Wolf was a weakling and suffocated, and began to push him about a sick grandmother." And here is how the description of the Dnieper from Gogol's work "Terrible Revenge" looks like in jargon: "Cool Dnieper in sticky weather, when, roaming and showing off, it saws its cool waters through forests and mountains. you don’t know whether he saws or not saws a mitten. A rare bird with a schnobel will comb to the middle. This is just nonsense, devoid of not only poetry, but, alas, of any meaning, which causes only fair laughter. And if the author of the immortal lines had ventured to write this, his name would never have been known. Sometimes it is almost impossible to understand what is said in jargon.

Imagine a person who walks up to a taxi driver and says, "Shake the scarecrow." "Shake" - bring you can still guess. What is a "scarecrow"? Turns out it's a local history museum.

How long can you decorate your speech by inserting into it these universal words that mean absolutely nothing? What, for example, is the meaning of the word "goofy"? Enjoy reading, taking a bath, watching TV…?

Bibliography

1. Elistratov V.S., Dictionary of Russian Argo: Materials, M., "Russian Dictionaries", 2000

2. Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A., Rozina R.I., Words we met: Explanatory Dictionary of General Jargon, M., "Azbukovik", 1999

Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G., Big Dictionary of Russian Jargon, St. Petersburg, "Norint", 2000

Nikitina T.G., So the youth says, St. Petersburg, "Foliopress", 1998

Nikitina T.G., Explanatory dictionary of youth slang, M., "Astrel: AST: Transitbook", 2005

Russian language jargon youth slang

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1. Basics of speech culture

The Russian national language is a combination of various phenomena, such as the literary language, territorial and social dialects (jargon), and vernacular. The literary language is the historically established highest form of the national language, which has a rich lexical fund, an ordered grammatical structure and a developed system of styles. This is an exemplary, standardized language, described by grammars and dictionaries. Territorial dialects (local dialects) are the language of a limited number of people living in the same territory. Jargon is the speech of individual professional, estate, age groups. Vernacular is the language of poorly educated, mostly non-urban residents, characterized by a deviation from literary norms.

The literary language serves such spheres of human activity as politics, culture, science, office work, legislation, official and unofficial communication, and verbal art. A person can equally master two or more forms of a language (for example, a literary language and a dialect, a literary language and vernacular), use them depending on the conditions. This phenomenon is called diglossia.

The main feature of the literary language is normalization. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of elements of a language, the rules for their use in a certain period. The norms are not invented by scientists, but reflect the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language, supported by speech practice. The main sources of the norm include the works of writers, the language of the mass media, generally accepted modern usage, and the scientific research of linguists.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and comprehensibility, protect it from the flow of dialect speech, social jargon, and vernacular. However, language norms are constantly changing. This is an objective process that does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. According to researchers, this process has intensified in recent decades in connection with social transformations. In a critical era, the logosphere changes significantly, i.e. speech-cogitative area of ​​culture, which, in turn, testifies to changes in the public consciousness of the language community. Changes are determined by the new setting: "In a democracy, everything is possible!" However, emancipation as a feature of the modern linguistic taste is carried out in parallel with the desire for "learning", for the sophistication of speech, which is expressed, first of all, in the wide use of borrowed special vocabulary (leasing, holding, realtor, etc.). Within the literary norm, there are options (bookish, colloquial), one of them is preferred. These objective fluctuations in the norm are usually associated with the development of the language. Variants are transitional steps from an obsolete norm to a new one. The norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture.

2. Basic understanding of slang

Let's touch our speech and find out how sick it is. The real misfortune of our society and our language is foul language.

For some, their native language has already become a fusion of jargon and obscenities. "Jargon" ( French) -tainted language . Jargon is spoken by people connected by one profession, social stratum. These are a kind of password words, in order to distinguish "one's own".

Jargon is a type of speech used mainly in oral communication, by a separate relatively stable social group that unites people on the basis of their profession (programmer jargon), interests (philatelic jargon) or age (youth jargon). Jargon differs from the national language in its specific vocabulary and phraseology and the special use of word-formation means.

Part of the slang vocabulary belongs not to one, but to many social groups. Passing from one jargon to another, the words of their "general fund" can change their form and meaning: "dark" - to hide prey, "cunning" in modern youth jargon - to speak unclearly, to evade the answer. The vocabulary of jargon is replenished by borrowing from other languages ​​("dude" - a guy from the gypsy language), but most of it is created by re-registration ("basket" - basketball), more often by rethinking commonly used words ("jerk" - go, "wheelbarrow" - automobile). The ratio of vocabulary, as well as the nature of its rethinking in jargon - from playfully ironic to rudely vulgar - depends on the value orientation and nature of the social group: whether it is open or closed, organically enters society or opposes itself to it. In open groups (youth), the slang is "collective game". In closed groups, jargon is a signal that distinguishes between "one's own" and "alien", and sometimes a means of conspiracy. The vocabulary of jargon flows into the literary language through the vernacular and the language of fiction, where it is used as a means of speech characteristics. The fight against jargon for the purity of the language and the culture of speech reflects the rejection of linguistic isolation by society as a whole. The study of jargon is one of the tasks of sociolinguistics. Sometimes the term "jargon" is used to refer to distorted incorrect speech. Therefore, in the proper terminological sense, it is often replaced by terms such as "student language", "slang", "slang".

3. Sources of replenishment of slang

For a long time, the basis of general slang was student slang. But at present this is far from the case. In the last decades of the twentieth century, the main source of replenishment of slang was slang (criminal language). This is largely due to the fact that the language of the Soviet prison became public: the taboo on prison topics in literature and cinema was lifted, and this was immediately reflected in the press. Many words have moved into common jargon from thieves' slang. Let's give some examples: "grandmother" - money, "wet" - to kill, "cop", "garbage" - a policeman, "shchipach" - a petty swindler, "raspberry" - a thieves' den, "arrow" - a meeting of thieves.

The general jargon and the influence of the jargon of drug addicts have not escaped, but this vocabulary is not numerous in the general jargon: the jargon of drug addicts retains a certain caste, it is limited to a narrow circle of speakers, and only a few words go beyond this sphere. These are such words and expressions as: "nonsense", "weed" - marijuana, "sit on a needle", "jamb" - a cigarette with marijuana, "glitches" - hallucinations.

Some words of common jargon are professional expressions by their origin, for example, police expressions: "bytovuha" - a crime committed on domestic grounds, "dismemberment" - a dismembered corpse, "snowdrop" - a corpse found under the snow. For miners, for example, a pile of overturned wagons is called a "wedding", for pilots the frontal part of the aircraft is called a "muzzle". Instead of the word "anesthesia" dentists often use the word "freeze". Patients of hospitals, not knowing medical terminology, come up with names for procedures, tools themselves. A flexible probe inserted into the stomach is called "intestine", fluoroscopy - "transmission" ... Such words fall into the language of physicians and become their professional jargon. Army - "grandfathers", "demobilization", "mow" (from the army); names borrowed from the jargon of the special services - "disinformation" - misinformation, and businessmen - "cash" - cash, "clearing" - cashless payment. Among the argotisms, one can single out intra-professional elements that do not go beyond one slang, and pronounced interargotisms, i.e. argotisms serving a whole range of slang. For example, the former include such words as "imperishable" - a work created not for commerce, but for the soul (among artists), "dollar" - a hook for hanging a bowler hat over a fire (among tourists), "charging a client" - making a promise to pay a certain amount of money, and then deceive (from speculators, resellers), etc. To the second - such a word as "teapot" - an unfavorable visitor to an institution (from waiters), a beginner, a bad driver (from drivers), an amateur athlete (for athletes), etc.

Throughout its existence, general jargon actively interacts with vernacular (the language of an uneducated part of society that does not know enough the norms of the literary language). In many cases, one can speak of a slang-colloquial lexicon zone: by origin it is vernacular (and sometimes dialectal) and continues to be used in vernacular, but at the same time has firmly "settled" in jargon. This is predominantly stylistically reduced vocabulary with a tinge of rudeness or familiarity, for example: "get drunk", "get drunk", "drunk", "whistling" - get drunk, "from a hangover" - from a hangover, "hit", "embed" - hit, " kumpol" - head. Neutral colloquial nominations such as "master" - husband, "play" - indulge in the game, "lay down" (instead of the lit. "lay") are not used in jargon.

Thus, a very active process of integrating common jargon with all areas of the profanity of the Russian language is currently taking place.

Common jargon is constantly influenced by other languages. And in former years, more than others, the English language enriched the jargons. At present, in connection with the facilitation of contacts with the United States, the influx of Americanisms into the common jargon has noticeably intensified. Here are examples of English (more precisely, American) borrowings that fell into the common jargon at different times: "girl" - a girl, "pop" - pop music, "face" - a face. Much less in the general jargon of borrowings from other languages. Compare: "ksiva" - passport (Yiddish), "kaif" - pleasure (Arabic or Turkish), "fazenda" - a country house, country plot with a house (Spanish).

Jargon is constantly replenished as a result of semantic and word-formation processes.

4. Youth slang

Youth slang is a means of communication for a large number of people united by age, and even then it is very conditional. The carriers of slang are, as a rule, people 12 - 30 years old. Slang covers almost all areas of life, describes almost all situations, except for boring ones, since the slang word is born as a result of the speaker's emotional attitude to the subject of conversation. Slang is a constant word creation, which is based on the principle of a language game. Often it is the comic, playful effect that is the main thing in the slang text. It is important for a young person not only "what to say", but also "how to say" in order to be an interesting storyteller. Slang is a living organism that is in the process of constant change and renewal. He constantly borrows units from jargons and other subsystems of the Russian language, and also becomes a supplier of words for colloquial, colloquial use - such a fate awaits popular slangism, which, due to repeated repetition, loses its expressive coloring.

The informal Mitkov group gives a great contrast to youth jargon. Mitki is an informal association of St. Petersburg artists who paint in a pseudo-Russian popular style, forming a new mass youth movement, including not only artists, but also people adjoining them. Mitki are distinguished by a special manner of behavior - deliberate benevolence and tenderness in address, expressed in particular in a predilection for diminutive forms. They have their own limited set of words and expressions; dress up in anything in the style of the beatniks of the 50s. (most often, in vests), wear beards. Mityok, just like Ivanushka, is associated with the hero of a Russian folk tale, who tends to lie on the stove as a klutz, but is actually savvy.

5. Schoolchildren's slang as a component of youth slang

The carriers of school slang are exclusively representatives of the younger generation - respectively, schoolchildren. Despite the absence of any cryptolality in this slang and the obvious intelligibility of most of its units to representatives of other social and age groups, the vocabulary of this slang subsystem is realized only in the speech of the specified contingent of speakers due to its irrelevance for the rest of the Russian speakers. Thus, school slang can be qualified as corporate youth slang. The vocabulary of schoolchildren's jargon contains words that are thematically related to the following four areas: the school area, the leisure area, the area of ​​everyday life, the area of ​​assessment.

School slang includes the names of subjects (matesha - mathematics, geos - geometry, physical education - physical education, liters etc.), school grades (slop, twix - grade "2", trendel - grade "3", etc.), some school premises (canteen - dining room, tubzik, tubarkas - toilet, etc.), individual school employees ( teacher - teacher, sackcloth - school director), types of educational activities (homework - homework, kontrosha - test), etc. This lexical group can be considered as the "core" of school jargon - the units included in it are implemented in the speech of the majority schoolchildren without any (for example, territorial) restrictions. The specified group is adjoined by units representing the names of pedagogical workers in the taught subject (physicist - teacher of physics, biologist - teacher of biology, Englishwoman - teacher of English, hysterical - teacher of history, algebroid etc.) or by the type of professional activity (for example, head teacher - head of education).

Separate consideration deserves such a specific part of school slang as the slang names of teachers and other school workers according to their specific characteristics. This group is quite extensive, but its constituent lexemes, even in the case of an abstract name for teachers of different subjects (for example, Kolba is a chemistry teacher, Brush is a drawing teacher, Pencil is a drawing teacher, Molecule is a physics teacher, Printer is a computer science teacher, etc. ) have a pronounced "local" character and are realized in the speech of students only in the school (or even within several classes of the school) where they were developed. Most of the units in this group nominate quite definite, specific people and already, therefore, it cannot be relevant for all schoolchildren as a whole. Otherwise, these lexemes fully correspond to the concept of jargon - they are expressive, reduced-familiar, and are realized only during intra-group communication of schoolchildren. The words of the evaluation sphere can be divided into two groups: vocatives and evaluative vocabulary proper. Vocatives are referred to the sphere of evaluation because jargon is always expressive and expresses an attitude towards the one who is called. The appeal as Lojidze is curious - the face of Caucasian nationality, it is also black, black -haired. In the youth environment, the appeal is popular - nike , by the name of the company that produces sportswear with patches of this word in English: nike. Appeals, such as: kents, peppers, dude, stick, brother, brother - are used by schoolchildren when communicating with each other and therefore are used most often.

The development of slang names for specific people is a specific feature of school slang, which is not typical for other slang formations. For example: in appearance (Exclamation Mark (tall), Torpedo Boat (lush bust), Two-story building (high hairstyle), Glass (slender figure), etc., as well as numerous names according to their resemblance to the heroes of books, movies, cartoons , telecasts - Boniface, Pani Zosya, Kolobok, Leopold, Niels the Hedgehog, Commissioner Cattani, Postman Pechkin, etc.), features of gait (Ballerina (graceful gait), Broom (as if covering up traces), Paralytic (twitching gait ), Goose (slow, waddling gait), etc.), temperament (Cavalier (stormy temperament), Pliers ("pinches" everyone), Wolfhound (evil disposition), etc.), manner of speaking (Gut (pulls words), Gnus (nasty voice), Camel (splashes saliva in conversation), etc.), habits, behaviors (Pike (likes to talk about his hikes), Brick (physical education teacher, comes to school on a bicycle, with a backpack , in which bricks lie), Jumper (physical education teacher, loves beautifully burp through the "horse" in the presence of girls), etc.), various funny cases, episodes (Vatrushka (took away the cheesecakes that the students ate in class), Mary the Artificer (wrote "artificial" instead of "skillful"), etc. e) and other signs; morphonological deformation of personal names (Michael Makaronovich (Mikhail Mironovich), Lyaks Lyaksych (Alexander Alekseevich), Orekh Varenevich (Oleg Valerievich), Zhaba (Zhanna), Arkan (Arkady), Drozd (Andrey), etc.), abbreviations, addition basics, abbreviation (Beef (Boris Fedorovich), Eses (Svetlana Stepanovna), Myu (Marina Yuryevna), Tazikha (according to the initials T. A. Z.), Uazik (according to the initials U. A. Z.), Vasgav (Vasily Gavrilovich ), etc.), a combination of several techniques at once (Microphone (tall, thin, stooped + name "Mitrofan"), Kagorych (patronymic name "Egorovich" + likes to drink), Meridiashka (geography teacher + wears longitudinal striped dresses) , Lzhedmitrievna (patronymic "Dmitrievna" + history teacher), etc.), etc.)

As for the actual evaluative vocabulary, it is characterized by the presence of lexemes with a pronounced positive or negative assessment.

Expressive vocabulary is represented in the jargon of schoolchildren mainly by adverbs, words of the category of state and, to a lesser extent, by adjectives. For example: chic, shine, awesome, cool, super, crown, brutal, cool, monstrous, awesome, nishtyak - a positive assessment; primato, sucks, pazarno, left, dregs, mura - a negative assessment.

. student slang

The opinion that student slang is a general education and "absorbs" the slang of schoolchildren is not confirmed. Only two jargons - a spur (cheat sheet) and a bomb (a kind of cheat sheet containing the full text of the answer) - are presented (in the same meaning) simultaneously in both jargons, while the remaining units of these subsystems are quite clearly delimited from each other. In literature, youth, especially student, slang is often identified with the slang of the city. Indeed, the speech-creative activity of students, youth, various youth associations is a kind of core of urban slang. The overwhelming majority of samples of student slang are borrowed either from other languages ​​through professional slang, or taken from "criminal music". Youth, in particular student jargon, does not have a more or less stable composition.

More stable argotisms: equator - time after the winter session in the third year, stipuha, step, stipa - scholarship, automatic - automatic offset, techie - technical school. Sometimes school and children's jargons are traced, often used by students as a kind of primitive game, in childhood (then the university becomes a school, teachers become teachers, couples become lessons, etc.)

7. Synonymy in youth slang

Synonymy in youth slang is represented quite widely (316 synonymic rows). The number of jargons included in the synonymic rows is over 1300 units, which significantly exceeds the number of jargons that do not enter into synonymous relations. It seems that the active creation of synonyms by speakers of youth jargon is dictated by the need for a variety of expressive means: the increased frequency of individual jargon units in speech reduces their expressiveness, while a significant quantitative stock of synonyms helps to avoid too frequent use of the same units. Thus, it can be assumed that there is a direct relationship between the number of synonyms that implement any meaning and the relevance of this meaning for jargon carriers (activity, frequency of implementation in speech). Based on this, we consider synonymous series.

The longest synonymic chain is a number of adjectives of a positive assessment: cool, baldezhny, high, pull, etc. (23 units in total). This is followed by adjectives of emotional evaluation (atomic, freaky, cool, etc. - a total of 19 units) and adjectives of a negative assessment (gloomy, rotten, dumb, etc. - a total of 18 units). Then there are rows containing 16 units each - these are positive emotional exclamations (nishtyak, shocked, kle, etc.), verbs with the meaning "annoy, tire" (zamukat, get it, finish it, etc.) and nouns with the meaning "human face" (face, signboard, tambourine, etc.). A number of 15 units are synonyms for the general name of money (babki, bashli, cabbage, etc.). There are two rows of 14 units each: verbs with the meaning "get tired, tired" (to hesitate, wave, gore, etc.) and nouns with the meaning "fool, crazy" (fofan, dolbak, dodik, etc.). Further, in accordance with the number of units, the synonymic rows are arranged as follows: containing 13 units. - “leave, run away” (fall down, boil, wash off, etc.), “die” (hoof, grunt, inflate flippers, etc.), “child, baby” (motley, kinder, baby, etc.), “well , excellent" (cool, clear, zykansko, etc.), containing 12 units. - "fight" (makhach, makhla, mochilovka, etc.), "something bad" - negative evaluative units (bullshit, fuffle, crap, etc.), "failure, bad luck" (jamb, bummer, flight, etc.), "marijuana" (plan, grass, ganj, etc.), containing 11 units. - "feeling of depression, oppression" (crowbar, down, depressive, etc.), "funny, funny incident" (joke, joke, ukatayka, etc.), containing 10 units. - “girl, woman” (dude, girl, woman, etc.), “get drunk drunk” (swell, drive off, go to the pampas, etc.), “madness, abnormality” (krez, shiz, push, etc.). Next come rows containing less than 10 units in their composition.

The concepts nominated by more than ten synonyms cover a significant number of the most relevant topics of communication for most young people, which explains such a developed synonymy. Let's pay attention to three more important points. First of all, the given rows clearly indicate the predominantly “male” nature of youth jargon, the content of the attitude towards the realization of meanings that are relevant, first of all, for the male part of the carriers (in this sense, the rows “girl” and “have sex” (about male), falling into the category of the largest). Secondly, it should be noted that the synonymous series of jargons with the meaning ""child, baby"" fell into the group of rows with the maximum number of units, in general, by accident: 11 units of this series are word-forming or phonetic variants of baby's jargon (baby, baby, baby, baby, etc.). Thirdly, attention is drawn to a significant number of synonyms for the designation of the drug "marijuana" (12 units). The prevalence of this drug in the youth environment (not only in groups of drug addicts) determines the use of these words and, in this regard, the plurality of jargon synonyms with this meaning (note that the designations of other drugs do not have such a developed synonymy)

Often, phonetic or word-forming variants of a slang unit act as synonyms, for example: fan / fan - a fan, an adherent of something, someone; hangover / budun - hangover; urged / urged - a nickname; academician / academician - academic leave at the university; zapodly / zapodlyak / zapodlyanka / podlyanka / podlyak - intentional meanness, etc. And one more important point: a significant part of jargon synonyms are absolute synonyms, that is, they do not differ in their meanings, for example: mouth - mitten, beak, breadmaker, havalnik; to go - to saw, to go, to row, to rope, to heal, to chop; food, food - zhora, zhrachka, hawk, tochivo. In total, 284 synonymic chains were identified, consisting of absolute synonyms (the number of the latter is about 800 units). With the presence of such a large number of synonymous series, consisting of absolute synonyms, youth slang differs significantly from the literary language, in which different synonyms, "denoting one concept, characterize it from different sides" and the number of absolute synonyms in which is extremely small.

A certain part of synonymic pairs and series of jargons arose due to intra-slang social stratification, the heterogeneity of the composition of youth jargon carriers. We are talking about those cases when for the same concept in different groups of young people, different designations were developed in parallel, which can also be considered as a special case of synonymy. Examples of this kind are the rows: hip / hippan (common language) - people (self-name) - hippie guy; junkie (general) - junkie (self-named) - drug addict; depressive (common mol.) - down (hip.) - a feeling of oppression, depression, depression; ancestors, rodaks (common mol.) - olds, prints (hip.) - skulls (punk.) - laces (school) - parents, etc.

Another interesting feature of jargon synonymy manifests itself when considering the synonymic rows of jargon in the temporal aspect. As observations show, some rows of synonyms are characterized by the fact that their constituent units came into use at approximately the same moment in time, while the other part of the synonyms demonstrates the sequence in the appearance of their units. In this regard, it seems to us legitimate to use, in relation to the indicated categories of synonyms, the definitions "synchronous synonyms" (i.e., synonyms that came into use at about the same time) and "diachronic synonyms" (i.e., those that appeared alternately, at different time periods). An example of synchronic synonyms is a number of jargons vidic / vidak / vidyushnik (video recorder, video player), all units of which arose simultaneously. The exponential diachronic series is formed by synonyms with the meaning ""thousand rubles"" (piece, piece, ton, oblique / mower), which appeared in youth jargon one after another in the order of enumeration.

With the growing popularity of bodybuilding (bodybuilding), jargon appears almost simultaneously in the youth environment, meaning "a person with a powerful, muscular figure" muscles), the latter is derived from the word "bodybuilder") - their synchronism is not in doubt. And in the synonymous series of ancestors - parents / parens / prints - olds - rodaks - boats - skulls - shoelaces (parents), the most "old" is obviously the jargon "ancestors" (1964), while "skulls" and "laces" appeared already in the 90s. This is a case of diachronic synonymy.

Youth argot should be considered in the context of youth culture. Researchers of youth culture are increasingly inclined to think that it is a significant factor in the cultural process. For example, I. Kon writes that "youth is not an object of education, but a subject of social action."

Speaking of slang, I would like to superficially touch on the problem of swearing.

Cursing the last words is now considered almost a "good" tone. Many people can no longer explain their thoughts without resorting to swear words, but a swear word is an unvarnished, petty muck, a sign of a wild, most primitive culture.

With the use of profanity, not only language, but also consciousness becomes more primitive. From bad thoughts to bad deeds. After all, everything starts with words… And when you can’t stand even a minute at bus stops without hearing a rotten word, when swear words and jargon burst from TV screens, it’s hard to understand what is “good and what is bad”. But the fact is that even an innocent passion for jargon bears fruit. And they taste bitter. Firstly, the jargon is simply impenetrably stupid and brings everything to the point of absurdity. Have you heard Rozovsky's parody of the tale of "Little Red Riding Hood"? Here she is. "All the way, walking with terrible force through the forest, the Gray Wolf stuck to the colossal dude - Little Red Riding Hood. She immediately caught on that the Gray Wolf was a weakling and suffocated, and began to push him about a sick grandmother." And here is how the description of the Dnieper from Gogol's work "Terrible Revenge" looks like in jargon: "Cool Dnieper in sticky weather, when, roaming and showing off, it saws its cool waters through forests and mountains. you don’t know whether he saws or not saws a mitten. A rare bird with a schnobel will comb to the middle. This is just nonsense, devoid of not only poetry, but, alas, of any meaning, which causes only fair laughter. And if the author of the immortal lines had ventured to write this, his name would never have been known. Sometimes it is almost impossible to understand what is said in jargon.

Imagine a person who walks up to a taxi driver and says, "Shake the scarecrow." "Shake" - bring you can still guess. What is a "scarecrow"? Turns out it's a local history museum.

How long can you decorate your speech by inserting into it these universal words that mean absolutely nothing? What, for example, is the meaning of the word "goofy"? Enjoy reading, taking a bath, watching TV…?

Bibliography

1. Elistratov V.S., Dictionary of Russian Argo: Materials, M., "Russian Dictionaries", 2000

2. Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A., Rozina R.I., Words we met: Explanatory Dictionary of General Jargon, M., "Azbukovik", 1999

Mokienko V.M., Nikitina T.G., Big Dictionary of Russian Jargon, St. Petersburg, "Norint", 2000

Nikitina T.G., So the youth says, St. Petersburg, "Foliopress", 1998

Nikitina T.G., Explanatory dictionary of youth slang, M., "Astrel: AST: Transitbook", 2005

Russian language jargon youth slang

“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language - this is a treasure, this is a property handed down to us by our predecessors! Treat this mighty weapon with respect!”

I. S. Turgenev

1. Introduction At school, the Russian language is one of the most difficult school subjects. But no one doubts that it is necessary to study the Russian language. Who needs? Me, my friends, classmates. For those who come to school after us. To my children, grandchildren. My friends' children. To all of us Russian people. I think that the words about the greatness of the Russian language, about its beauty and richness, written in every textbook of the Russian language, are not an empty phrase, not a set beautiful phrases. I personally sincerely believe that the Russian language is “great and powerful”. Unfortunately, this is a difficult time for the Russian language. The rapid negative changes that are taking place in it make many scientists and researchers more and more often say that it is depleted, losing its brilliance and depth. What is the reason for the negative trends in the development of the Russian language? There are two points of view on this issue. First, the Russian language is losing its position in the world.

Here are the facts and figures that support this opinion:

In the USSR, 286 million people spoke Russian. At present, the population of the 14 former republics of the USSR is 140 million people, of which 63.6 million people are active in Russian, 39.5 million people are passive, and almost 38 million people do not speak Russian. According to forecasts, in 10 years the number of people who do not speak Russian will increase to 80 million people. The number of those who speak Russian among the younger generation is declining especially rapidly. There is a reorientation of young people to European, English and Turkish. These processes in some new states - the former republics of the USSR - in the zeal to "rewrite history" go beyond the legal, decent and reasonable - millions of our compatriots are subjected to linguistic pressure, for example, in the Baltic countries, where the concept of "linguistic inquisition" has already arisen in relation to Russian language.

By 1990, the number of Russian speakers in the world reached 350 million people. In 2005, it decreased to 278 million people.

In terms of prevalence, it will be ahead of French, Hindi, Arabic, Portuguese and Bengali. Russian is the only one of the world's leading languages ​​that has been losing ground over the past 15 years, and this trend may continue in the next 20 years if measures are not taken to support the Russian language, culture and science.

At present, the Russian language is native to 163.8 million people in the Russian Federation, countries - the former republics of the USSR, Germany, the USA, Israel; 114 million people speak Russian as a second language. In the countries of the near abroad, the majority of those who actively speak Russian are in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine; the least Russian speakers are in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Lithuania, Uzbekistan and Georgia.

But still, the assertions of those scientists who say: "The authority of the Russian language is still very high in the world" remain significant, backed up by facts.

Here are just a few figures and facts.

The Russian language, as before, remains the key to knowledge in all branches of science and technology;

Speaking about the place and role of the Russian language in modern Turkey, Professor H. Arslan notes: “Knowledge of the Russian language has become an important factor for the successful professional activities of many Turkish citizens, which served as an impetus for the start of teaching the Russian language in public and private universities”;

Russian language teacher at the University. Jawaharlal Nehru (in India) Manu Mittal talks about the work of the Center for Russian Studies, one of the most advanced centers where the Russian language is taught, for forty years has been graduating specialists in the Russian language and literature, translators who work in various fields around the world;

After some lull in Slovakia, there is a real explosion of interest in the Russian language: in the new economic conditions, it becomes vital, in demand for many, many people;

At the University of Nantes (France), the desire to learn to speak Russian embraces an increasing number of young people. Over the past two years, the number of students studying Russian has more than tripled;

AT general education schools Russian is studied in Germany, France, England, Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Iceland, Spain. The Russian language is also studied in higher educational institutions;

The Russian language is taught in China, Mongolia, North Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines;

Thanks to graduates of Russian (Soviet) universities, the Russian language is preserved in lyceums, schools and universities in African countries, such as Egypt, Mali, Senegal, etc.;

In the countries of America, where small groups of the population consider Russian as their native language, there is a growing demand for Russian-speaking specialists for business and government agencies;

In Cuba, Russian is still the most widely spoken foreign language;

Knowledge of the Russian language provides each person with the opportunity to communicate with people of other nationalities and opens up new prospects for international and interethnic cooperation.

If we conditionally combine these opinions, we can conclude that the Russian language has largely lost its significance in the world community, but there are opportunities to restore these positions. Most researchers agree that the problem is based on too active penetration into the literary language of the colloquial, colloquial language. Particularly distinguished "youth slang", considering him "the culprit »that the Russian language is in danger of dying, and calling for a resolute struggle against it. Is it so? Or is it, according to others, that youth slang is just a natural phenomenon in the development of Russian society and should we treat it calmly? The ability to answer this problematic issue became the basisrelevance of my research.

Objective: How widely is youth slang used among my peers? What is their attitude towards youth slang?

Tasks:

1. study theoretical sources about youth slang.

2. study, comparative analysis of the attitude towards youth slang of my peers, adults based on a survey, analysis of data posted on the Internet;

3. generalization and systematization of data, formulation of conclusions and proposals on the stated problem;

4. registration of the results of the study in the form of a written work and multimedia presentation.

2. Youth slangSo, what is Russian youth slang? Slang - these are words and expressions used by people of certain age groups, professions, classes, living in modern language full life, but considered undesirable for use in the literary language. Slang are words that are often seen as breaking the rules standard language. These are very expressive, ironic words that serve to designate objects that are spoken about in everyday life. It should be noted that some scholars refer jargon to slang, thus not singling them out as independent group, and slang is defined as a special vocabulary used to communicate a group of people with common interests. Slang is now called the most interesting linguistic phenomenon, the existence of which is limited not only by certain age limits, as its name implies, but also by social, temporal, and spatial limits. It exists mainly among young students, but is also understandable for the rest.

2.1 Stages in the development of youth slang

History reference

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, there have beenfour turbulent waves in the development of youth slang.

First dates back to the 20s, when the revolution and the civil war, having destroyed the structure of society to the ground, gave rise to an army of homeless children, and the speech of adolescent and youth students, who were not separated from the homeless by impenetrable partitions, was colored with many "thieves" words.

Second wave falls on the 50s, when "dudes" took to the streets and dance floors of cities.

The emergence of the third wave is connected not with the era of turbulent events, but with a period of stagnation, when the suffocating atmosphere of public life in the 70s and 80s gave rise to various informal youth movements and “hippie” young people created their own “systemic” slang as a linguistic gesture of opposition to the official ideology.

The beginning of the fourth wave It is now customary to associate with the beginning of computerization.

2.2 Reasons for the emergence of youth slang

According to linguists, most new slang words arise quite naturally from specific situations, reflecting the emergence of new objects, things, objects, ideas or events. As an example, considerreasons for the rapid formation of computer slang:

First the reason for such a rapid emergence of new words in computer slang is, of course, the rapid, "jumping" development of the computer technology. If you look at the numerous magazines that cover the latest computer technology market, we will see that more or less significant developments appear almost every week. And in the conditions of such a technological revolution, each new phenomenon in this area should receive its verbal designation, its name. And since almost all of them appear in America, they naturally receive it in English. When, after some time, these developments become known in Russia, then for their vast majority, of course, there is no equivalent in the Russian language. And so Russian specialists have to use original terms. Thus, English names fill the Russian language more and more.

Another reason is that many of the existing professional terms are quite cumbersome and inconvenient in daily use. There is a strong tendency to shorten, simplify words. For example, one of the most frequently used terms is "motherboard", it has such a correspondence in Russian as " motherboard". In slang, this word corresponds to "mother" or "matryoshka". Or another example: "CD-ROM Drive" is translated into Russian as "laser disc drive", in slang it has the equivalents "sidyuk", "sidyushnik". Recently, there has also been a craze for young people in computer games. This again served as a powerful source of new words.

Special mention should be made of linguistic phenomena in the Internet. Becoming an integral part of our modern life, along with the progressive Internet community uses the telegraphic style of communication. Over the past few years, there has been a lot of talk about such a phenomenon as the “Albanian” (“Albanian”) language of communication on the Internet. A joking, but cutting eye appeal, “Foreward, kag dila?” or the expression "I like it" and a host of others. This language causes many fears and gloomy forecasts among philologists. But it is encouraging that not all the Internet community happily switched to "Albanian". Several actions were held, the meaning of which is united by the motto "I can speak Russian!". Signs “I am writing in Russian, please don’t disturb “Afftaram”, “I want to read texts in the correct Russian language” have adorned many diaries of live journals and personal pages of users. Some not very literate schoolchildren, who, however, entered the struggle for the purity of the Russian language, suddenly sat down at explanatory dictionaries, so as not to accidentally “blurt out” something on their live journal page and not be ridiculed by the “bear” who wandered there.

2.3 Functions of youth slang

What kind functions of youth slang allocate?

First of all , it acts as a means of informal communication of young people: it helps to assert themselves, to feel their unity. That is, it becomes a kind of protest against formalism, a way of opposing oneself to the older generation. It is now obvious that full-fledged communication among young people is impossible without knowing its language. Secondly , the phrases used by young people sound more playful than usual, giving the speech a humorous character and turning into a “collective game”. "Do not show off, toads, the whole swamp is ours!". Further. If 20-30 years ago the existence of youth slang was spoken about only occasionally and not very confidently, now they are talking about it openly and loudly. I found many theoretical articles about slang and its classifications. There is already a whole series of dictionaries-books and virtual dictionaries.

For example, I found a site on the Internet where more than 60,000 slang words have already been collected, and anyone can replenish the dictionary. The comments say that this dictionary has existed for 9 years, and all readers are given advice: “Enter words, read what others have entered, and think. Think not only about what you say, but also about how you say it. AND LET YOU ALWAYS UNDERSTAND!”. Personally, I took great interest in this dictionary and I think that this is a very good thing.

Researchers note that the fate of slang words and expressions is not the same: some of them take root so much over time that they turn into common speech; others exist only for some time together with their speakers, and then are forgotten even by them, and, finally, the third slang words and expressions remain slang for a long time and the life of many generations, they never completely pass into our language, but at the same time, they are not forgotten at all. So, for example, the earlier slang words “shrink” (in the sense of being embarrassed), “pickle” (in the sense of: “intentionally delaying someone, postponing a decision for a long time, doing something”), “disguise” (in the sense of: “doing something, someone imperceptible”), “to joke” (in the sense of: “to joke”) have passed into common speech, and we rarely think about their slang past; such slang words of the second half of the 20th century as “limita”, “dandies”, “coffin” (in the sense of: “civil defense”), “net” (in the sense of: “truant, shirking a person”), “ firma” and others, although they are still used from time to time, they practically become a thing of the past; the same words as “jiving”, “to kick”, “to get high” remain slang for a long time and are unlikely to ever enter into common speech.

2.4 Arguments for and against youth slang

Summing up the theoretical research, I want to give the prevailing arguments "for" and "against" youth slang.
"Behind"

1. Slang is a mask, a game, an attempt to overcome the dull routine.

2.Slang is constantly updated.

3. Slang has within itself a certain lexical and derivational richness.

4. Slang is emotionally colored.

"Against"

1. Slang is limited thematically.

2. Slang cannot be the basis of national culture.

3. Slang words are blurry lexical meaning and cannot convey accurate information

4. Slang has a limited emotional coloring, does not convey the full range of emotions.

5. Slang reduces communication to primitive communication.

This analysis shows that the existence of youth slang has its positive aspects, although they are less than negative ones.

2.5 Results of the survey

To get a more objective idea of ​​the use of slang expressions, I conducted a survey among my peers and teachers of the school where I study. Many conclusions support the above thoughts. But still, there are some interesting data that I would like to dwell on in more detail.

45 students of grades 8-9 of the Chkalov school and grades 10-11 of the Komsomol secondary school and 12 teachers were interviewed. To the question of the questionnaire “How do you feel about the fact that there are a lot of slang words in the speech of young people?” The answers were distributed as follows:

Extremely negative - 33.2%;

Negatively, but you have to put up with it - 58.1%;

Let them talk, as long as they understand each other - 8.3%;

I don't pay attention 0%

40% of students and 33% of teachers now use these words, because they give speech a liveliness, a humorous meaning. I was very surprised to learn that parents are the ones who monitor the speech of children most of all. Teachers take part only in 22% (according to schoolchildren). Perhaps most of the teachers themselves were brought up in a slang environment. Therefore, they are relatively calm about this phenomenon. By the way, only 14% of students called the speech of teachers a standard.

The vast majority of respondents, although they use slang words in their speech, want to get rid of it. Isn't this fact reassuring? I.e most of young people still understands the advantages of the literary language, makes, albeit for the time being, a choice in the direction of correct, clear, beautiful speech. It seems to me that my peers are not cunning when they say that now there is no reference speech (38%). There is a lot of evidence for this. All media are saturated with slang (100% believe that the media has an impact on speech). Few people now do not use slang words in their speech (among the teachers surveyed, only 33% categorically do not use slang words in their speech). This fact makes us think and look for a solution to this problem. Can, indeed, reconcile - as suggested by 58% of teachers? Why do 83% have doubts that it is necessary to fight this phenomenon in the language culture? It is still difficult to answer these questions. According to my observations, the culture of speech depends on the general culture, development and literacy of its speakers. It turns out that the presence or absence of slang expressions in the speech of young people is directly related to their academic performance. As a rule, there are a lot of slang words in speech for those who are not attracted to study as such, who perceive it as a duty.

3.Conclusions: 40% of students and 33% of teachers use slang words in their speech because they give liveliness, humorous meaning to speech. The overwhelming majority of them, although they use slang words in their speech, want to get rid of it. And 83% of respondents consider it necessary to fight this phenomenon.

Isn't this fact reassuring? That is, most young people still understand the advantages of the literary language, make, albeit in the future, a choice in the direction of correct, clear, beautiful speech.. How should one treat manifestations of slang? Slang was, is and will be in the vocabulary of youth. Is this good or bad? The issue appears to be debatable. Slang can neither be banned nor abolished. It changes over time, some words die, others appear, just like in any other language. Of course, it’s bad if slang completely replaces normal speech for a person. But it is impossible to imagine modern youth without slang at all. The main advantages here are expressiveness and brevity. It is no coincidence that slang is currently used in the press and even in literature (and not only the detective genre) to give liveliness to speech. Even statesmen high-ranking people use slang expressions in their speeches. Therefore, one cannot treat slang as something that only pollutes the Russian language. It is an integral part of our speech. But lowering your eyes, closing your ears, hiding from this problem is also not worth it.

The most effective, according to the majority of respondents, will be campaigning and educational activities. In fairness, it should be noted that in our village and even at school, if such events are held, they are one-time. But it is well known that only the action that is performed in the system has a significant result.

Don't encourage young people to make a "solemn promise" to never use youth jargon. It is much more important, in my opinion, to make every young person think about how he speaks, what words he uses, how appropriate it is to use slang words in his speech.

The Federal Target Program "Russian Language" for 2006-2010, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, is working in Russia, aimed at maintaining the Russian language culture. But most of the youth do not know about this program. But everyone is intensively learning to solve tests in the Russian language for successful delivery Unified State Examination, which the leading people of the scientific and pedagogical community evaluate as a national catastrophe.

I think that:

· at the state levelit is necessary to put a legal barrier to slang words in literature, on television, in cinema, in theatrical productions, in the media, in advertising, etc.;

· at the regional and regional levela special program is needed that could really help young people make a choice between slang and beautiful language;

at the school level systemic measures are needed that would be aimed at fostering love for a pure language;

If the activities are carried out in the system by knowledgeable and interested people, then the youth will make their choice towards the purity of the language not when they actually cease to be youth (after 25-30 years old), but at an earlier age. Hence, the Russian language is more likely to restore the level of its greatness.

Sources and used literature:

1. Zapesotsky A. S., Fain L. P. This incomprehensible youth. M.: 1990.2.

2.Beregovskaya E. M. Youth slang: Formation and functioning // Problems of linguistics. - M., 1996.-N 3.-S.32-41

Appendix 1

Questionnaire

1. How do you feel about the fact that there are a lot of slang words in the speech of young people?

A. extremely negative

B. Negative, but you have to put up with it

V. Let them talk, as long as they understand each other.

G. I do not pay attention.

2. Do I need to fight jargon?

B. Yes, but I doubt it

V.yes

Oppression

3 .Whose speech is the standard for you?

A. My friends

B. My parents

V. TV presenters

G. Politikov

E. Such speech is presented only in textbooks.

E. Draw

J. Teachers

6. Does the media influence speech?

A. no

B. yes.

B. Difficult to answer

7. How often do you use slang and slang words in your own speech?
A. Often use
B. I use
B. Rarely use
G. Never use

8. What measures, in your opinion, can save the purity of the Russian language?

Every language has its own slang for teenagers. Films, music, media, social networks and the Internet abound. come into the lexicon of teenagers from the lips of famous actors, pop artists, especially in the stand-up genre.

What is slang

Slang is called non-standard vocabulary used in casual communication. Almost all professions have their own professional slang. Lawyers and doctors are even required to communicate in it in the presence of a client, as ethics require. Moreover, in each family, their own words are passed from generation to generation, the authors of which were sometimes children. They twist words in a way that makes sense to them. Examples:

• String beads (of course, on a thread).
• Kolotok (they are also beaten).
• Mazeline (it is smeared).

Similar creativity of words is demonstrated by the slang of teenagers, examples:

• Beautiful - well done. It's like "handsome" and "ah, well done!" combined together.
• Bratella - brother or peer. The root remains, and the word itself has an Italian connotation. And already something criminal looks through. The word "brother" is used between gang members. In general, it is used in the Mitki community.
• Brake is dumb. The one who slows down "does not catch up" with the rest in quick wits. Often used in relation to a computer or the Internet when there is a slow transfer of information.

Teenage slang doesn't just come out of nowhere. It, like real languages, has the origin of words: borrowing from professional slang, new Russian and thieves Fenya, Anglicisms, newly formed words by combining two words or a root and a suffix.

Often, when the literary language does not have a word denoting a particular concept of teenage subculture, a new word enters the language. It can even pass into the category of literary, if it describes this concept quite fully.

There are many examples of this from the language of programmers. For example, the word "hang". At first it was used in relation to the violation of the computer boot. Later, the meaning "stay somewhere" was added. This is how Wiktionary defines it.

Whether we like it or not, teenage slang has an impact on the Russian language. That is how it should be viewed.

Slang as a means of communication

The language of the teenage subculture is highly expressive, saturated with metaphors, it tends to reduce words (people, inet, comp). Intentional distortion of verbal forms is a protest and a way to get away from frankly foul language, covering the meaning of what was said with a slang shell.

Modern teen slang is, in fact, a code language. Everything in it is subject to obfuscation and obscuration of a clear meaning. Teenagers would burn with shame if they knew that the teacher or parents understood their speech. Despite their apparent adulthood, they are not ready to take responsibility for their words.

Slang turns what is said into a game, something frivolous, a hobby of youth. In fact, it wears off over time. There is no need to encrypt your actions, an adult calls a spade a spade. But for teenagers, it is still important that adults "do not poke their nose into their affairs."

Consider the modern slang of teenagers: a dictionary of the most common expressions.

• Ava - avatar, picture under the username. There is an abbreviation of the word.
• Go - from the English "go", start, give, call to action. Compare "let" s go "(English) - let's go. Explicit anglicism.
• Zashkvar - from prison word"to get dirty", that is, to use the dishes of the lowered (passive bugger), shake his hand, smoke his cigarette, or simply touch him. In teenage slang, it means "madness", something unfashionable, inconsistent with conventional wisdom.
• Poch - why.
• Pal is fake. Obviously, from "singed" - fake.
• Nyashny - cute, charming.
• Mimic - extremely delightful.
• Top - from the English "top", something better.
• You drive - you cheat.
• Gamat - from the English "game", to play.
• Funny is a joke.
• A bummer - to get into an unpleasant position.
• Carrots - love.

Processes taking place in the Russian language

The language changes in the lifetime of one generation. And this despite the fact that each generation has its own teenage and youth slang. journalism, modern literature and numerous blogs are now picking up and spreading slang words.

The writer, bringing a teenager on stage, studies his speech for a realistic reflection. Here there is a gradation of terms and the words characteristic of certain social groups are defined.

Obviously, more educated teenagers use less jargon, as they have a larger vocabulary. The vocabulary of teenage slang for rural and urban groups is also different.

Philologists have an opinion that new words appear mainly in two capitals - Moscow and St. Petersburg. Within six months, they spread to the periphery.

Reasons for the origin of teenage slang

Each subculture has its own language. Teenagers are no exception. Her area of ​​interest defines the vocabulary used to denote concepts:

• Studying at school, college, technical school, university.
• Clothing.
• Music, popular bands, the style of their clothes and behavior.
• Communication with friends, opposite sex, parents, teachers.
• Leisure activities - discos, walks, meetings and dates, concerts of your favorite bands, attending matches of your favorite sports teams.

Reasons for the entry of new words into the lexicon of adolescents:

1. A game.
2. Finding yourself, your I.
3. Protest.
4. Poor vocabulary.

Youth slang as a form of self-affirmation of adolescents, it can be considered as a stage of growing up. Where do these words come from? They are invented in passing, trying to explain something, choosing a suitable expression or comparison. If a new word finds a response, is successful in the team, it will almost certainly spread.

The replenishment of slang comes from professional jargon, for example, computer jargon:

• Broken link - 404 error.
• Glitch is a glitch.
• Save video - upload a video file.
• Copy-paste - "Copy" - copy, "Paste" - paste.
• Bug is a mistake.
• Fix - fix bugs.

Many words have roots in thieves' slang:

• Raise the market - become the initiator of a serious conversation.
• Bulkotryas - dancing at the disco.
• Sitting on treason is something to be afraid of.
• Shmon - search.
• Chepushil - a person who does not follow the speech.
• To score an arrow - make an appointment.

The words of drug addicts are also reflected in teenage slang:

• Gertrude, white, main - heroin.
• Marusya, milk, plasticine - marijuana.
• Cupcake, flour, nose, accelerator - cocaine and crack.
• Get up-grass, dad, shnyaga - raw opium.
• Wheels - tablets.
• Wheel - take pills.
• Bang, rub in, get stoned - make an injection.
• Chpoknutsya, shirnutsya - enter into a state of drug intoxication.

Jargon heard in time will help to understand what a teenager is interested in and help the child if necessary.

Teenage slang of the 21st century comes from the TV screen. Movies about gangsters, action movies, trailers replenish the baggage of new words. Unfortunately, negative characters are imitated willingly. They are cool". Curses, which were previously purely American, penetrate into the Russian language. Along with them come obscene gestures. All this is sad.

Teenage slang and its meaning

It is worth noting that not all teenagers let slang into their speech. Some use it as a joke. Such guys are usually not considered "their own", although they may be treated with respect.

The use of slang words begins as a game: they don’t understand us, you can talk about anything. Then comes the transitional age, when a person seeks himself, accepts or rejects generally accepted norms. As an alternative to the boring life path of parents, boring teachers and narrow-minded neighbors, a teenage subculture comes.

This limited world is not difficult to comprehend. The vocabulary of teenage slang is small, anyone can master it. Here everyone is on an equal footing, you can talk about topics that would make parents' hair stand on end in horror. This seeming freedom so attracts the young heart!

It is worth bringing teen slang, a list of everyday words:

• To score - came from prison jargon, discarding the three-letter swear word. Now they score not something, but something: to score on homework is not to do homework.
• Damn - replacement obscene expression to the corresponding letter. Means annoyance.
• Kidalovo - from the jargon of scammers, scammers who change money. Means cheating.
• Cool is an old Offen word. Means "good".
• Cool - funny
• Dumb - ashamed, awkward, old-fashioned.
• A feature is a highlight, something that surprises, a feature.
• Chmo is an outcast.
• Shnyaga - something bad.
• Shukher - “we run!”, Also from the language of criminals.

Summing up, we can say that the meaning of using teenage slang is as follows:

1. The desire to stand out from the crowd, the gray mass. In this case, the teenage subculture is perceived as avant-garde.
2. The desire for freedom, the abolition of prohibitions. To such an extreme as changing the common language to slang, children rush out of the tight grip of their parents. They even intentionally shock with their behavior.
3. A protest against the hypocritical system of adults, when some can do everything, while others are responsible for other people's misdeeds.
4. Slang helps with the poverty of the vocabulary, obscene speech helps to express thoughts. Communication often takes place in half hints and jokes.

Youth slang, its influence on the speech of adolescents

It would be possible to treat slang as a temporary and easily passing phenomenon if it were not for its deep rooting. Having begun to use slang speech turns, a teenager begins to think the same way. As you know, a person does not have imaginative thinking, like animals. The thought is closely connected with the word.

As a result, modern teenage slang is starting to seep into writing. Soon such a teenager needs an interpreter. Nevertheless, slang is a limited language, without nuances, highlights and subtle shades. To accept it instead of literary means to impoverish not only one's own life, but also the very thoughts about life.

There is a mirror effect of the word: after introducing it into the lexicon, thoughts use it for their expression. Then, according to the principle “out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks”, the language brings out the thought already in slang form. Getting rid of is not easy, it will take conscious effort. If you leave nourishment, that is, communication in slang, it will become impossible to get rid of it.

The Consequences of Passion for Slang

During the formation of personality, and this is just the teenage years, there is also an installation of patterns of behavior or problem solving that will arise already in adulthood. The influence of slang on the speech of adolescents is very great.

Not having enough life experience, teenagers are trying to learn everything about life. And they think they can do it. Being in their circle, they can look wise in their own eyes. But this wisdom is shattered by the waves of adulthood.

It is impossible to use slang without accepting its ideology. He will definitely influence actions and decision-making. The bravado that comes through in the slang only seems to be "cool."

Teenage slang, dictionary:

• dose - homework;
• dzyak - thank you;
• Dostoevsky - the one who got everyone;
• email - email address;
• tin - horror;
• fat is the highest class;
• lighter - a girl who likes to have fun;
• ambush - an unexpected obstacle in business;
• shy - quickly getting drunk;
• zoo - insult;
• bend - do something unusual;
• imbitsil - retarded;
• jock - a person with developed muscles;
• kipish - disorder;
• kiruha - a drinker;
• sausage - cool music, cool music;
• mow for someone - to be like;
• the rat is a traitor;
• ksiva—document;
• cupcake - kid;
• smoke bamboo - do nothing;
• labat - play a musical instrument;
• lave - money;
• the fox is a fan of the Alisa group;
• lokhovoz - public transport;
• loser - loser;
• burdock - fool;
• major - a boy with money;
• mahalovka - a fight;
• frost - talking nonsense;
• mulka is a cool little thing;
• stir up - meet;
• mersibo - thank you;
• run up - ask for trouble;
• nane - no (Gypsy);
• nishtyak - very good;
• dump head - highest degree admiration;
• glasses - to be afraid;
• fall - sit down;
• drove - nickname;
• pepper is a tough guy;
• bathe - worry;
• turnip - rehearsal;
• to steer - to be the most-most;
• ramsit - have fun;
• session - concert, meeting;
• banter - to joke, to mock;
• move out of the market - change the topic of conversation;
• one hundred pounds - for sure;
• studen - student card;
• type - like;
• torch - pleasure;
• trouble - a nuisance;
• junkie - drug addict;
• tip-top - everything is fine;
• frenzy - funny;
• fak - curse;
• flood - chatter;
• bullshit - nonsense;
• hut - housing;
• xs - hell knows;
• hi-fi - hello;
• civil - good conditions;
• chika - dear girl;
• chiksa - girl;
• spur - cheat sheet;
• user - computer user;
• yahu - cheers.

These are just a few that make up the slang of teenagers, the vocabulary of expressions is far from complete. Excluded obscene expressions and describing sexual activities, the administration of natural needs. Yes, the kids talk about it too. But even this is enough to understand the danger of accepting the subculture of adolescents for life.

What else is fraught with the use of slang

If you do not get rid of this speech, problems will not keep you waiting. It will be difficult to get a decent job, it will be difficult to hold on to it because of the use of certain words. Suddenly, the teenager will feel that he cannot explain what is happening to him to the doctor. He will find that the postman, the social worker, the seller do not understand him.

To live in the world of people and speak in a language that they do not understand is loneliness in the crowd. For a child in a difficult situation, this can end badly. Depression is a frequent visitor in this case.

Parents can help by explaining that slang is a game. You can't play all your life. They will try to find contact with their child, go through this period of growing up together. Trust at this time can do a lot.

How to solve the problem

Parents are very annoyed by the slang of teenagers. Especially when they don't understand what they said own child. At the same time, parents often forget themselves at a young age. They also used buzzwords, and their parents were at a loss.

First of all, to solve the problem, you should start with yourself. How often do informal words fall from the lips of the older generation? They are sometimes not noticed. Surely you have heard (or even used) such expressions:

• Nafig.
• Get hurt.
• To die is not to rise.
• Otpad.
• Covered with a copper basin.
• Flew like plywood over Paris.

These are once fashionable words of the end of the 20th century that have already gone into circulation. If parents use such jargon, it is not surprising that their child will look for his own vocabulary that matches the time. A teenager will not even understand that he is doing something wrong. He just wants to be modern. Do not communicate with him "old slang"?

The trouble is that often the child uses words whose meaning he does not fully understand. In the group of his communication, often, too, no explanation can be found. It's just that everyone says it. This is where sensitive parents can help. They will try to convey to the teenager the meaning of some jargon. Tell about their belonging to the criminal world, for example.

Some words can be used, the main thing is to know: when, where and with whom. The girl, having called the molesting young man a goat, may not know anything about this humiliating word for criminals. But in the code of honor of a thief - immediately hit the person who called the goat. Whether it's a girl or an old man, it doesn't matter.

street language

Unfortunately, the boundaries between literary and obscene expressions are blurred in society. Swear words attack from all sides: in public transport, in the store, on the street and even from the TV screen. If everyone says so, then this is the norm - this is what a teenager thinks.

In this case, it's time to sound the alarm. To bring to the attention of the child that a free society is not the freedom of vice, but a conscious choice of actions. There is an elementary ethic when it cannot be uttered in the presence of women, children and the elderly, in in public places. Only marginals do this.

Like the cannibal Ellochka, there are people who operate in their lives with a few swear words. They turn them into different parts of speech, decline and combine. This is enough to communicate with their own kind at the level of a monkey trained in sign language.

Parents should not be afraid that their expression of contempt for profanity will offend, make the child withdraw. And, of course, it is not permissible to use "salty words" ourselves.

Set out to explore what words come out of your mouth. literary characters during the height of passion. Share this with your children. Generally, good literature- This is an inoculation against obscene language.

Tell your child about the danger that awaits those who use the words drug addicts, homeless people, punks. What impression is created about a person who uses such words in social networks. Give examples of how photos posted on the Internet and captions to them ruined the reputation of a young man or girl.

Tell us that expressions of national, racial, social and religious intolerance are criminal acts. If a child propagates extreme views, it is necessary to find out who their ideologue is. Maybe a teenager imitates someone? In any case, measures should be taken to prevent the child from being immersed in this subculture.