Definition of the term "logistics" by Russian scientists and specialists. Other inventory management systems

LOGISTICS

TEXTBOOK

Ed. Professor B. A. Anikin

Third edition, revised and enlarged

Ministry of Education

Russian Federation as a textbook

For university students

UDC (075.8)33

BBK b5.050ya73

Logistics: Textbook / Ed. B.A. Anikina: 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: L69 INFRA-M, 2002. - 368 p. - (Series "Higher education").

ISBN 5-16-000912-4

The textbook systematically presents knowledge about the rapidly developing new scientific and educational direction in the world - logistics, the science of organizing and managing processes and material flows in the economy. The authors analyze the conceptual apparatus, development factors, the concept of logistics. The main components of logistics in their interrelation are considered in detail - information logistics, inventory logistics, warehousing logistics, transport, organization of logistics management, controlling in logistics schemes, etc.

For university students, students of postgraduate education institutions, managers and specialists.

BBK 65.050ya73

in the following composition:

Anikin B. A., Doctor of Economics Sci., professor - textbook architectonics, preface, chapter 10, sections 3.3 and 13.2-13.3;

section 13.1 (together with V.I. Sergeev)

Dybskaya V. V., Doctor of Economics Sciences, Professor - Chapter 8

Kolobov A. A., Dr. tech.. Sciences, Professor - Chapter 11 (together with I. N. Omelchenko)

Omelchenko I. N., Dr. tech. Sciences, Professor - Chapter 11 (together with A. A. Kolobov)

Sergeev V.I., Doctor of Economics sciences, professor - section 6.3;

section 13.1 (together with B. A. Anikin)

Tunakov A.P., Dr. tech. Sciences, Professor - Chapter 12

Fedorov L. S., Doctor of Economics Sciences, professor - chapters 1-2 and 9, sections 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1-7.2

Naimark Yu. Yu., cand. economy sciences, professor - chapter 5

Sterligova A. N., cand. economy Sciences, professor - sections 4.4, 6.2 and 7.3-7.7

Chudakov S. K., cand. economy Sciences, Associate Professor - Sections 4.3 and 4.5

Anikin O. B.- sections 3.2 and 4.2

Reviewers:

Department of Production Management

Moscow State Technological

University "Stankin"

Doctor of Economics Sciences, Professor S. V. Smirnov

Preface to the first edition ..............................................................................………….. ............. 7

Preface to the second edition .................................................................. ………........ eight

Preface to the third edition ..............................................................................……… …........... nine

Chapter 1. THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS

AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT ..............................................… ……....... 12

1.1. Definition, concept, tasks and functions of logistics ..…….......... 12

1.2. Factors of development of logistics............................................................... ……... 22

1.3. Levels of development of logistics............................................................... ...…….... 27

Chapter 2. THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS .............................................. ... 34

2.1. Evolution of Conceptual Approaches to Logistics .......................... 34

2.3. Logistics as a boost factor

competitiveness of firms ..............................................................................…….. ... 48

2.4. Basic requirements of logistics...................................................……... 53

Chapter 3. INFORMATION LOGISTICS .........................…………..... 60

3.1. Information logistics systems .........................…….... 60

3.2. Information infrastructure.............................................................................................. 69

3.3. Goals and role of information flows

in logistics systems .............................................................. .....…….... 80

Chapter 4. PURCHASING LOGISTICS...........................................…………... .84

4.1. Tasks and functions of procurement logistics ............................................................... 84

4.2. The mechanism of functioning of procurement logistics....……..… 94

4.3. Procurement planning .................................................................. .......…….... 110

4.4. Vendor selection .................................................................. ...............……... 118

4.5. Legal basis Procurement ................................................. .…….... 122

Chapter 5. LOGISTICS OF PRODUCTION

PROCESS................................................... .......................……...... 130

5.1. Goals and ways to improve organization

material flows in production .............................................. 130

5.2. Requirements for organization and management

material flows .............................................................................. ...... 134

5.3. Laws of organization of production processes

and opportunities to optimize the organization

material flows in space and time .............................. 138

5.4. Organization of rational material

flows in non-linear production .................................................................. 152

5.5. Optimization of the organization of production

process over time .................................................................. ..........……...... 155

5.6. Rule 80-20.............................................. .........................……….. 164

Chapter 6. SALES (DISTRIBUTION)

LOGISTICS................................................. .........................………........ 169

6.1. Logistics and marketing .................................................................. .........……... 169

6.2. Channels of distribution of goods ...............................................……...... 176

6.3. Distribution Logistics Rules...................................…….. 186

Chapter 7. INVENTORY LOGISTICS....................................................… ………..... 192

7.2. Inventory management systems in firms ........................……... 198

7.3. Inventory logistics location

in the logistics system of the organization ...............................…….... 205

7.4. Stock types .................................................................. ......................……..... 208

7.5. Basic Inventory Management Systems............................................................. 213

7.6. Other Inventory Management Systems.......................................................…….. 221

7.7. Methodological foundations of design

efficient logistics system

inventory management ................................................................ ...........…….... 227

Chapter 8. WAREHOUSING LOGISTICS .......................................................... 235

8.1. Main functions and tasks of warehouses

in the logistics system ............................................... ......…….... 235

8.2. Problems of effective functioning of the warehouse ........…… .. 238

8.3. Logistics process in the warehouse...................................................……... 241

8.4. Warehousing system as the basis of profitability

Warehouse operation .................................................. .......................………….. 246

Chapter 9

9.1. The impact of logistics on transport...................................................……... 258

9.2. Transport company policy

and changes in the nature of their activities ....................................................................... 262

9.3. New logistics collection systems

and distribution of goods ............................................................... .........……... 266

Chapter 10. ORGANIZATION OF LOGISTICS

MANAGEMENT................................................... ......................………… 272

10.1. Basic forms of management

Logistics .......................................................... 272

10.2. Cross-functional coordination mechanism

management of material flows............................................... 285

10.3. Development of the logistics management system

organization: from functional aggregation

before information integration .......................................................……... 295

10.4. Controlling in logistics systems .............................................. 301

Chapter 11. SERVICE SERVICE LOGISTICS

SERVICE ............................................... ...............………..... 304

11.1. Classification of types of service

products ................................................. ...............................…….. 304

11.2. Satisfaction Service Criteria

consumer demand .................................................................. ....…….. 306

11.3. Service Criteria

industrial purpose ........................................................……. 308

11.4. After-sales Service Criteria.......................... 310

11.5. Information Service Service Criteria ..........…….. 312

11.6. Criteria for financial and credit service

maintenance ................................................. .....................…….. 313

Chapter 12. LOGISTICS CENTERS...................................…………... 315

12.1. Logistics centers of firms .................................................................. ..... 315

12.2. Regional Logistics Centers ..............................................……. 316

12.3. The composition of a typical regional center..........................…..... 317

12.4. Logistics centers in Russia ..............................................................….... 321

Chapter 13. LOGISTICS OF THE FUTURE .............................................………… ... 324

13.1. Global Logistics .................................................................. .........…….. 324

13.2. Integration of Russian organizations into the world

logistic network .................................................................. ...................... 329

13.3. Logistics of "harmonious" production............................................... 331

Preface to the first edition

Logistics- the science of planning, organizing, managing and controlling the movement of material and information flows in space and time from their primary source to the end user.

Logistics, although it has deep historical roots, is nevertheless a relatively young science. It received especially rapid development during the Second World War, when it was used to solve strategic problems and clear interaction between the defense industry, logistics and supply bases and transport in order to timely provide the army with weapons, fuels and lubricants and food. Gradually, the concepts and methods of logistics began to be transferred from the military to the civilian field, at first as a new scientific direction on the rational management of the movement of material flows in the sphere of circulation, and then in production. Logistics units have been created at industrial enterprises, the agro-industrial complex, transport, in the NATO apparatus, they are included in the organizing committees for major international competitions, etc.

By the end of the 20th century, logistics science acts as a discipline that includes purchasing, or supply, logistics, logistics of production processes, marketing, or distribution, logistics, transport logistics, information, or computer, logistics, and a number of others. Each of the listed areas of human activity has been sufficiently studied and described in the relevant literature; the novelty of the logistic approach itself lies in the integration of these, as well as other (unnamed) areas of activity in order to achieve desired result with minimal time and resources through optimal end-to-end management of material and information flows. Thus, logistics primarily works for the consumer, trying to satisfy his needs as much as possible.

All this allows us to conclude that although logistics has been known for a long time, nevertheless it claims to be the name of a scientific and educational discipline of the 21st century and, in our opinion, will eventually be introduced as a basic discipline in the program. high school and postgraduate education, and logistics specialists will be in demand in almost all areas of human activity.

Preface to the second edition

In preparing the second edition of the textbook, the authors eliminated a number of errors and inaccuracies, and also considered it necessary to make changes to its structure. The wishes of readers were taken into account, the circle of representatives of scientific schools in the team of authors was expanded.

The book includes two new chapters. In chapter 11 "Service Logistics", written by scientists of MSTU. N. E. Bauman, provides a classification of types of service maintenance of products, sets out the criteria for the level of service for each type of service, etc. A separate chapter is devoted to the logistics of the future. It deals with two areas of global importance related to global logistics and the logistics of "harmonious" production, as well as the problem of integrating Russian organizations into the global logistics network.

Almost all chapters include new illustrative material (diagrams and graphs), including the “golden” curve in production logistics, graphs of the impact of the quality of service to meet consumer demand on the profit of the enterprise, ensuring the optimal level of service depending on total costs, information flow diagrams when importing and transporting goods across Russia, the material flow from the supplier's warehouses to the customs terminal in Russia, distribution channels depending on the volume of production and demand, the driving forces of globalization, and a number of others.

Over the past two years since the publication of the first edition, the book has found a broad reader response in many regions of Russia and neighboring countries. In August 1999, the "Workshop on Logistics" was published as a practical supplement to the text of this textbook. The authors of the textbook will be grateful to readers for critical comments and suggestions, as well as suggestions for participation in the team of authors in order to further improve the text of the book, especially its sections devoted to the practical application of the concept of the logistic approach.

Preface to the third edition

Since the publication of the first edition of the textbook in Russia, a number of positive developments have taken place in the field of logistics. Firstly, most Russian universities have included logistics among the main basic disciplines. Secondly, since 2000, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation has been conducting an experiment to open the specialty "Logistics" in universities. The experiment is being carried out in seven universities - four in Moscow, two in St. Petersburg and one in Rostov (Rostov-on-Don). Thirdly, Russian scientists and specialists working in the field of logistics, representing different schools and trends, are gradually developing their own interpretation of concepts and definitions in logistics, taking into account European and American experience. Analyzing their definitions of the main term "logistics", we can come to the general conclusion that most Russian authors define logistics as the science of managing flow processes in the economy, which corresponds to the concept of the textbook (Table 0.1).

When preparing the third edition of the textbook, the authors introduced a number of necessary clarifications into the text. The structure of the book has undergone some changes. New material included ¾ chapter 12 and section 10.3. Chapter 12, Logistics Centers, provides information about the two main types of logistics centers: organization and region. Section 10.3 discusses the main stages in the development of organizational structures for managing a logistics organization, including the concept of a 21st century organization. As a practical supplement to the text of this textbook, the "Workshop on Logistics" (2nd ed.) was published in 2001.

Table 01

Definition of the term "logistics" by Russian scientists and specialists

Scientific school____	Author__________	Definition_________
Institute of World Economy and International Relations RAS	Fedorov L.S., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.	Logistics - improving the management of the movement of material flows from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer of finished products and related information and financial flows based on a systematic approach and economic compromises in order to achieve a synergistic effect Logistics - a form of optimizing market relations, harmonizing the interests of all participants in the distribution chain










St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance	Semenenko A.I., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.	Logistics is a new direction of scientific and practical activities, the target function of which is the end-to-end organizational and analytical optimization of economic flow processes





Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman	Kolobov A.A., Doctor of Engineering sciences, prof.; Omelchenko I.N., Doctor of Engineering sciences, prof.	Logistics is the science of planning, managing and controlling the movement of material and information flows in any systems
Kazan State Technical University (KAI)	Tunakov A.P., Doctor of Engineering sciences, prof.	Logistics - the science of managing material, information and financial flows


Moscow State Automobile and Road Institute (Technical University)	Mirotin L.B., Doctor of Engineering sciences, prof.; Tashbaev Y.E., Ph.D. Sciences, Assoc.	Logistics is the science of organizing joint activities of managers of various departments of an enterprise, as well as a group of enterprises for the effective promotion of products along the chain "purchase of raw materials - production - marketing - distribution" based on the integration and coordination of operations, procedures and functions performed within this process in order to minimizing the total cost of resources









State University - Higher School of Economics State University of Management	Sergeev V.I., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.; Sterligova A.N., Ph.D. Sciences, Assoc. Anikin B.A., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.	Logistics - the science of managing and optimizing material and related flows (information, financial, service, etc.) in micro-, meso- or macroeconomic systems Logistics - managing material flows, service flows and related information and financial flows in a logistics system to achieve its goals Logistics is the science of managing flow processes in the economy

Chapter 1

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The textbook systematically presents knowledge about a rapidly developing new scientific and educational direction in the world - logistics, the science of organizing processes and material flows in production and managing them. The authors analyze the conceptual apparatus, development factors, the concept of logistics. The main components of logistics in their interrelation are considered in detail - information logistics, inventory logistics, warehousing logistics, transport, organization of logistics management and controlling in logistics schemes.
For university students, students of postgraduate education institutions, managers and specialists.

Factors of development of logistics.
Interest in the problems of logistics development in industrialized countries has historically been associated primarily with economic reasons. In conditions when the growth of production volumes and the expansion of intranational and global economic relations led to an increase in the costs of the sphere of circulation, the attention of entrepreneurs was concentrated on finding new forms of optimizing market activity and reducing costs in this area.

In the same countries, the share of commodity circulation products is more than 20% of the gross national product. At the same time, in the structure of such expenses, the costs of maintaining stocks of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products account for about 44%, warehousing and forwarding - 16%, trunk and technological transportation of goods - 23 and 9%, respectively. The remaining 8% fall on the cost of marketing finished products.

Table of contents
Foreword
Chapter 1. THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
1.1. Definition, concept, tasks and functions of logistics
1.2. Factors in the development of logistics
1.3. Levels of development of logistics
Security questions for chapter 1
Chapter 2. CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS
2.1. The evolution of conceptual approaches to logistics
2.2. Category of economic compromises
2.3. Logistics as a factor in increasing the competitiveness of firms
2.4. Basic logistics requirements
Security questions for chapter 2
Chapter 3. INFORMATION LOGISTICS
3.1. Information logistics systems
3.2. Information infrastructure
3.3. Goals and role of information flows in logistics systems ""
Security questions for chapter 3
Chapter 4. PURCHASING LOGISTICS
4.1. Tasks and functions of procurement logistics
4.2. The mechanism of functioning of procurement logistics
4.3. Procurement planning
4.4. Supplier selection
4.5. Legal basis for procurement
Security Questions for Chapter 4
Chapter 5. LOGISTICS OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES
5.1. Goals and ways to improve the organization of material flows in production
5.2. Requirements for the organization and management of material flows
5.3. The laws of organization of production processes and the possibility of optimizing the organization of material flows in space and time
5.4. Organization of rational material flows in non-flow production
5.5. Optimization of the organization of the production process in time
5.6. 80-20 rule
Security questions for chapter 5
Chapter 6. SALES LOGISTICS
6.1. Logistics and marketing
6.2. Product distribution channels
Security questions for chapter 6
Chapter 7. STOCK LOGISTICS
7.1. Inventory category
7.2. Inventory management systems in firms
7.3. The place of inventory logistics in the logistics system of the organization
7.4. Stock types
7.5. Basic Inventory Management Systems
7.6. Other inventory management systems
7.7. Methodological foundations for designing an effective logistics inventory management system
Security questions for chapter 7
Chapter 8. WAREHOUSING LOGISTICS
8.1. The role of warehousing in the logistics system
8.2. The main problems of the functioning of warehouses
8.3. Logistics process in the warehouse
8.4. The warehousing system as the basis for the profitability of the warehouse
Security questions for chapter 8
Chapter 9. TRANSPORT IN THE CONDITIONS OF LOGISTICS
9.1. The impact of logistics on transport
9.2. Policies of transport enterprises and changes in the nature of their activities
9.3. New logistics systems for the collection and distribution of goods
Security questions for chapter 9
Chapter 10. ORGANIZATION OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
10.1. Basic control functions
10.2. The mechanism of interfunctional coordination of material flow management
10.3. Controlling in logistics systems
Security questions for chapter 10
List of recommended literature.

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«LOGISTICS TEXTBOOK Ed. Professor B. A. Anikin Third edition, revised and supplemented Recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation as ... "

-- [ Page 1 ] --

HIGHER EDUCATION

The series was founded in 1996.

State University management

Institute of World Economy and International

relations RAS

Moscow State Technical

Bauman University

LOGISTICS

TEXTBOOK

Ed. Professor B. A. Anikin

Third edition, revised and supplemented Recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions Moscow INFRA-M UDC (075.8) BBK b5.050ya L Logistics: Textbook / Ed. B.A. Anikina: 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: L69 INFRA-M, 2002. - 368 p. - (Series "Higher education").

ISBN 5-16-000912- The textbook systematically presents knowledge about a rapidly developing new scientific and educational direction in the world - logistics, the science of organizing and managing processes and material flows in the economy. The authors analyze the conceptual apparatus, development factors, the concept of logistics. The main components of logistics in their interrelation are considered in detail - information logistics, inventory logistics, warehousing logistics, transport, organization of logistics management, controlling in logistics schemes, etc.

For university students, students of postgraduate education institutions, managers and specialists.

Anikin B. A., Doctor of Economics Sci., professor - textbook architectonics, preface, chapter 10, sections 3.3 and 13.2-13.3;

section 13.1 (together with V. I. Sergeev) Dybskaya V. V., Doctor of Economics. Sci., Professor - Head Kolobov A. A., Doctor of Engineering. sciences, professor - chapter 11 (together with I.

N. Omelchenko) Omelchenko I. N., Doctor of Engineering. Sciences, Professor - Chapter 11 (together with A. A. Kolobov) Sergeev V. I., Doctor of Economics. sciences, professor - section 6.3;

section 13.1 (together with B. A. Anikin) A. P. Tunakov, Dr. Sci. Sciences, Professor - Head Fedorov L. S., Doctor of Economics. sciences, professor - chapters 1-2 and 9, sections 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1-7. Naimark Yu. Yu., Ph.D. economy Sci., Professor - Head Sterligova A.N., Ph.D. economy sciences, professor - sections 4.4, 6.2 and 7.3-7. Chudakov S. K., Ph.D. economy Sciences, associate professor - sections 4.3 and 4. Anikin O. B. - sections 3.2 and 4. Reviewers:

Department of Production Management, Moscow State technological university"Stankin"

Doctor of Economics Sciences, Professor S. V. Smirnov

Preface to the first edition

Preface to the second edition

Preface to the third edition

Chapter 1. THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

1.1. Definition, concept, tasks and functions of logistics ..…….......... 1.2. Factors in the development of logistics

1.3. Levels of development of logistics

Chapter 2. CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS

2.1. Evolution of conceptual approaches to logistics ........................................ 2.2. Category of economic compromises

2.3. Logistics as a factor in increasing the competitiveness of firms

2.4. Basic logistics requirements

Chapter 3. INFORMATION LOGISTICS

3.1. Information logistics systems

3.2. Information infrastructure

3.3. Goals and role of information flows in logistics systems

Chapter 4. PURCHASING LOGISTICS

4.1. Tasks and functions of procurement logistics

4.2. The mechanism of functioning of purchasing logistics....……..… 4.3. Procurement planning

4.4. Supplier selection

4.5. Legal basis for procurement

Chapter 5. LOGISTICS OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES

5.1. Goals and ways to improve the organization of material flows in production

5.2. Requirements for the organization and management of material flows

5.3. Laws of the organization of production processes and the possibility of optimizing the organization of material flows in space and time ............... 5.4. Organization of rational material flows in non-flow production

5.5. Optimization of the organization of the production process in time

5.6. Rule 8020

Chapter 6. SALES (DISTRIBUTION) LOGISTICS

6.1. Logistics and marketing

6.2. Product distribution channels

6.3. Distribution logistics rules

Chapter 7. STOCK LOGISTICS

7.2. Inventory management systems in firms

7.3. The place of inventory logistics in the logistics system of the organization

7.4. Stock types

7.5. Basic Inventory Management Systems

7.6. Other inventory management systems

7.7. Methodological foundations for designing an effective logistics inventory management system

Chapter 8. WAREHOUSING LOGISTICS

8.1. The main functions and tasks of warehouses in the logistics system

8.2. Problems of effective functioning of the warehouse ........…….. 8.3. Logistics process in the warehouse

8.4. The warehousing system as the basis for the profitability of the warehouse

Chapter 9. TRANSPORT IN THE CONDITIONS OF LOGISTICS ..............................………….. 9.1. The impact of logistics on transport

9.2. Policies of transport enterprises and changes in the nature of their activities

9.3. New logistics systems for the collection and distribution of goods

Chapter 10. ORGANIZATION OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

10.1. Basic forms of logistics management

10.2. The mechanism of interfunctional coordination of material flow management

10.3. Development of a logistics organization management system: from functional aggregation to information integration

10.4. Controlling in logistics systems

Chapter 11. SERVICE LOGISTICS

11.1. Classification of types of service maintenance of products

11.2. Service Criteria to Satisfy Customer Demand

11.3. Service criteria for the provision of services for industrial purposes

11.4. Criteria for after-sales service.......................................... 11.5. Criteria of information service service.......…….. 11.6. Criteria for financial and credit services

Chapter 12. LOGISTICS CENTERS

12.1. Logistics centers of firms

12.2. Regional logistics centers

12.3. Composition of a typical regional center

12.4. Logistics centers in Russia

Chapter 13. LOGISTICS OF THE FUTURE

13.1. Global logistics

13.2. Integration of Russian organizations into the global logistics network

13.3. Logistics of "slender" production

Preface to the first edition Logistics is the science of planning, organizing, managing and controlling the movement of material and information flows in space and time from their primary source to the end user.

Logistics, although it has deep historical roots, is nevertheless a relatively young science. It received especially rapid development during the Second World War, when it was used to solve strategic problems and clear interaction between the defense industry, logistics and supply bases and transport in order to timely provide the army with weapons, fuels and lubricants and food. Gradually, the concepts and methods of logistics began to be transferred from the military to the civilian field, first as a new scientific direction on the rational management of the movement of material flows in the sphere of circulation, and then in production.

Logistics units have been created at industrial enterprises, agro-industrial complex, transport, in the NATO apparatus, they are included in the organizing committees for major international competitions, etc.

By the end of the 20th century, logistics science acts as a discipline that includes purchasing, or supply, logistics, logistics of production processes, marketing, or distribution, logistics, transport logistics, information, or computer, logistics, and a number of others. Each of the listed areas of human activity has been sufficiently studied and described in the relevant literature; the novelty of the logistics approach itself lies in the integration of the listed, as well as other (unnamed) areas of activity in order to achieve the desired result with minimal time and resources through optimal end-to-end management of material and information flows. Thus, logistics primarily works for the consumer, trying to satisfy his needs as much as possible.

All this allows us to conclude that although logistics has been known for a long time, nevertheless it claims to be the name of a scientific and educational discipline of the 21st century and, in our opinion, will eventually be introduced as a basic discipline in the program of higher education and postgraduate education. and logistics specialists will be in demand in almost all areas of human activity.

Preface to the second edition In preparing the second edition of the textbook, the authors eliminated a number of errors and inaccuracies, and also found it necessary to make changes to its structure.

The wishes of readers were taken into account, the circle of representatives of scientific schools in the team of authors was expanded.

Preface to the third edition Since the publication of the first edition of the textbook in Russia, a number of positive developments have taken place in the field of logistics. Firstly, most Russian universities have included logistics among the main basic disciplines. Second, since 2000

The Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation is conducting an experiment to open the specialty "Logistics" in universities. The experiment is being carried out in seven universities - four in Moscow, two in St. Petersburg and one in Rostov (Rostov-on-Don).

Thirdly, Russian scientists and specialists working in the field of logistics, representing different schools and trends, are gradually developing their own interpretation of concepts and definitions in logistics, taking into account European and American experience. Analyzing their definitions of the main term "logistics", we can come to the general conclusion that most Russian authors define logistics as the science of managing flow processes in the economy, which corresponds to the concept of the textbook (Table 0.1).

When preparing the third edition of the textbook, the authors introduced a number of necessary clarifications into the text. The structure of the book has undergone some changes.

Included new material chapter 12 and section 10.3. Chapter 12 Logistics Centers provides information on the two main types of logistics centers:

organization and region. Section 10.3 discusses the main stages in the development of organizational structures for managing a logistics organization, including the concept of a 21st century organization. As a practical supplement to the text of this textbook, the "Workshop on Logistics" (2nd ed.) was published in 2001.

Definition of the term "logistics" by Russian scientists and specialists sciences, prof. Improvement St. Petersburg Semenenko AI, Logistics - new State Doctor of Economics. sciences, prof. Direction Scientific University of Economics of Practical Activities, State Doctor of Techn. sciences, prof.; planning, management and technical Omelchenko IN, traffic control University Dr. tech. sciences, prof. material and state doctor of tech. sciences, prof. material management, state doctor of tech. sciences, prof.; organization of a joint automobile-Tashbaev Y.E., activities of road managers cand.tech. Sciences, Assoc. various divisions of the University - Higher Dr. of Economics. sciences, prof.; Management and Optimization School of Economics Sterligova AN, Material and University Doctor of Economics. sciences, prof. streaming management

THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS

AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

AT last years Significant transformations took place in the sphere of commodity circulation in a number of countries. In economic practice, new methods and technologies for the delivery of goods began to be used. They are based on the concept of logistics.

Logistics comes from the Greek word "logistike", which means the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of practical logistics goes far into the past. Professor of the University of Hamburg G. Pavellek notes that even in the period of the Roman Empire there were ministers who bore the title of "logistics" or "logistics"; they were engaged in the distribution of food1. In the first millennium of our era, in the military lexicon of a number of countries, logistics was associated with the activity of providing the armed forces with material resources and maintaining their stocks. Thus, during the time of the Byzantine king Leon VI (865-912 AD), it was believed that the tasks of logistics were arming the army, supplying it with military equipment, timely and fully caring for its needs and, accordingly, preparing each act of a military campaign2.

According to a number of Western scientists, logistics has grown into a science thanks to military affairs. The creator of the first scientific works on logistics is considered to be the French military specialist of the early 19th century A. Jomini, who gave the following definition of logistics: "the practical art of maneuvering troops." He argued that logistics includes not only transportation, but also a wide range of issues, such as planning, management and supply, location The realities and challenges of European logistics into the 90s. - Milan, 6th European Logistics Congress. November 1988, p. 12.

Handling equipment and warehouses. - 1989, No. 1, p. 58.

deployment of troops, as well as the construction of bridges, roads, etc. It is believed that some of the principles of logistics were used by Napoleon's army. However, how military science logistics was formed only to mid-nineteenth century.

Logistics began to be actively used during the Second World War, and primarily in the logistics of the US Army in the European theater of military operations3. The precise interaction of the military industry, rear and front supply bases and transport made it possible to timely and systematically provide the American army with the supply of weapons, fuels and lubricants and food in the required quantities.

That is why, in many Western countries, logistics has been put at the service of the efficiency of material management in the economy. Like other methods of applied mathematics (operations research, mathematical optimization, network models, etc.), logistics gradually began to move from the military field to the sphere of economic practice. Initially, it took shape as a new kind of theory about the implementation of the management of the movement of commodity and material resources in the sphere of circulation, and then production. Thus, those that arose in countries with market economies even before and during the period economic crisis distribution systems, in which the functions of supplying materials and raw materials, production, storage and distribution would be linked, were transformed into independent areas scientific research and a form of economic practice - logistics.

Russia has made a significant contribution to the development of logistics. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, professors of communications in St. Petersburg published a work called "Transport Logistics". On its basis, models for the transportation of troops, their provision and supply were built. These models have received practical use when planning and conducting a number of campaigns of the Russian army during the First World War.

In the USSR during the years of the first five-year plans, on the basis of the principles of transport logistics, schedules were developed for the supply of goods for the most important construction projects, polar and other expeditions. During the Great Patriotic War, military communications services organized the movement of front-line cargo by all modes of transport4. AT post-war period logistics received further development. In particular, in 1950 the work of B.G. Bakhaev "Fundamentals of operation navy". In this work, the main creed of logistics is formulated, the essence of which was reduced to the requirement of rational organization of transportation and skirmishing of goods in the required quantity and required quality to a given destination with minimal cost within a stipulated time.

In the late 1970s, the logistics Smekhov A.A. was developed in Leningrad. Introduction to logistics. - M.: Transport, 1993, p. 5.

Pluzhnikov K.N. Transport forwarding. - M.: Russia, Consultant, 1999.

technology, i.e., the operation of modes of transport according to the method of the transport hub, where their interaction was carried out. The concepts of domestic scientists were studied by Western experts. At present, they form the basis for the development of a unified European transport system of the EU countries. At the end of the 1980s, an attempt was made in the USSR to introduce the Rhythm intersectoral system, which operates on the principles of logistics. A unified intersectoral technology for sustainable transportation of iron ore raw materials combined train schedules, the work of stations, enterprises - senders and recipients of goods to organize the promotion of technological routes. A logistics chain of delivery was developed and implemented hard coal from Kuzbass to one of the CHPPs in Moscow.

In entrepreneurial activity, economic and scientific literature, foreign experts distinguish two fundamental directions in the definition of logistics. One of them is related to the functional approach to product distribution, that is, the management of all physical operations that must be performed when goods are delivered from the supplier to the consumer.

Another direction is characterized by a broader approach: in addition to managing the operations of goods distribution, it includes the analysis of the market of suppliers and consumers, the coordination of supply and demand in the market of goods and services, as well as the harmonization of the interests of participants in the process of goods movement.

Within the framework of the noted approach to logistics, there are many various interpretations. Analyzing them, it is easy to notice a number of aspects through the prism of which logistics is considered. The most widespread are managerial, economic and operational-financial aspects. Thus, Professor G. Pavellek5 and employees of the US National Council for the Management of Material Distribution6, defining the essence of logistics, focus on the management aspect. Logistics, in their opinion, is the planning, management and control of the flow of material products entering the enterprise, processed there and leaving this enterprise, and the corresponding information flow7.

Many specialists in the field under study, including French ones, prefer the economic side of logistics and interpret it as “... a set of various activities in order to obtain, at the lowest cost, the required quantity of products at a specified time and in a specified place in which there is a specific need in Logistics. - 1990, No. 1, p. 63.

transportation research. - 1985, 19A, No. 5-6, p. 383; Mcigee J., Capacino W., Rosenfield D.

Modern Logistics Management. - N.Y., 1985, p. 4.

Logistics. - 1990, No. 1, p. 63.

this product"8. In the guide issued by Danzas (one of the largest German freight forwarding companies), logistics is defined as a certain system developed for each enterprise with the aim of optimally, from the point of view of making a profit, accelerating the movement of material resources and goods inside and outside the enterprise, starting from the purchase of raw materials and materials, passing them through production and ending with the supply of finished products to consumers, including the information system linking these tasks9.

Some definitions of logistics reflect both managerial and economic aspects. The most typical in this regard is the characteristic of logistics given by Professor Pfol (Germany), who links together the processes of planning and controlling the movement of material assets with reducing the costs of their movement and information support10.

A number of definitions of logistics emphasize its operational and financial aspect. In them, the interpretation of logistics is based on the time of calculation of the partners in the transaction and activities related to the movement and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products in economic circulation from the moment the money is paid to the supplier until the moment the money is received for the delivery of the final product to the consumer11.

Other definitions of logistics reflect the views of specialists who focus on individual functions in the cycle under consideration. Logistics in these cases is reduced to a very narrow range of operations: transportation, loading and unloading, warehousing, etc. Summarizing the above definitions of logistics, it can be characterized as the science of managing material flows from the primary source to the final consumer with minimal costs associated with the movement of goods and related information flow.

Of course, in the above interpretations of logistics, one or another of its aspects is rightly singled out, however, the most important, in our opinion, aspect of logistics is overlooked - the ability to influence the strategy of the corporation and the creation of new competitive advantages of the company in the market, i.e., its final goals. This aspect, in essence, is reflected in the second approach to the definition of logistics.

The first to predict the practical potential of logistics were the American Laplaze M., Meunier J., Weil J. Logistique d'entreprises et politique commerciale de la SNCF.

Revue generale des chemis de Fer, 1984, No. 11, p. 55.

Handling equipment and warehouses. - 1989, No. 1, p. 59.

Journal of Busuness Logistics. - 1986, vol. 7, No. 2, p. 3.

experts Paul Converse and Peter Drucker. They identified its potential as "the last frontier of cost savings" and "the unidentified mainland of the economy"12. Subsequently, their point of view was shared by many theorists of logistics. Such American researchers as M. Porter, D. Stock and some others believe that logistics has gone beyond its traditional narrow definition and is of great importance in the strategic management and planning of the company13.

The French specialists E. Mate and D. Tixier are also adherents of the broad interpretation of logistics, who mean by it “the ways and methods of coordinating the relations of the company with partners, the means of coordinating the demand presented by the market and the proposal put forward by the company ... a way of organizing the activities of an enterprise that allows you to combine efforts various units producing goods and services in order to optimize the financial, material and labor resources used by the firm to achieve its economic goals”14. E. Mate and D. Tiksier believe that “...logistics is at the very heart of the choice made by the company in various areas, at the center of the actions taken; Undoubtedly, it is an important factor in the development general policy firms” 15. English scientists D. Benson and J. Whitehead also belong to the supporters of the broad interpretation of logistics. In their opinion, logistics covers market research and forecasting, production planning, the purchase of raw materials, materials and equipment, includes inventory control and a number of sequential goods-movement operations, and the study of customer service16.

From the above definitions of logistics by foreign experts, it follows that it is a broader category than marketing, many of the main functions of which have been transferred to logistics. One of the confirmations of this can be the creation of logistics structures at a number of firms that absorbed the previously functioning marketing units.

Moreover, English researchers M. Christopher and G. Wils believe that logistics is effective not only at the level of firms, but also at the industry level. Yei, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logic Management. - 1990, No. 7, p. 53.

Mate E., Tiksier D. Material and technical support for the activities of enterprises.

M.: Progress, 1993, p. 11 I2.

Nikolaev D.S. Transport in international economic relations. - M.:

International relations, 1984, p. 26-35.

they believe that decisions on the general economic process of the industry, including questions of the location of enterprises and warehouses, should belong.

The difference in the definition of logistics is due to a number of reasons17. One of them lies in the specificity and difference in the scale of the tasks that individual firms are trying to solve in the field of product marketing, its transportation, warehousing, etc.

Another reason is the existing differences in national systems for organizing and managing the movement of goods, as well as in the level of research on logistics problems in different countries. The third reason is the multiplicity of functional areas of activity in the external environment of the logistics system (Fig. I.I).

The novelty of logistics lies, firstly, in the change of priorities in the economic practice of firms, which assigns a central place in it to the management of flow processes, and not to production management. Secondly, the novelty of logistics lies in a comprehensive integrated approach to the issues of the movement of material values in the process of reproduction.

Rice. 1.1. Functional "environment" of the logistics system:

1 - logistics and electronic data processing; 2 - purchase of raw materials and materials; 3 - logistics planning;

4 - production planning; 5 - improvement of product quality; 6 - planning and production management; 7 - warehouse systems; 8 - sales planning; 9 - sales market, marketing; 10 - service structure; 11 - organization of customer service; 12 - finance planning;

13 - current financial activity; 14 - the structure of the personnel system;

15 - planning and personnel management Smekhov A.A. Introduction to logistics. - M.: Transport, 1993, p. 56.

If, with a fragmented method of managing material flows, coordination of actions is clearly insufficient, the necessary sequence and coordination in the actions of various structures (divisions of firms and their external partners) is not observed, then logistics involves the coordination of processes related to material and information flows, production, management and marketing. Thirdly, the novelty of logistics lies in the use of the theory of trade-offs in the economic practice of firms. As a result, during the movement of material and information flows, directly opposite goals of the participants in the logistics chain (suppliers, consumers and intermediaries) are often achieved, which indicates that logistics performs the function of balancing, optimizing and coordinating various kinds of relations (loading production capacities and capacities of purchases and sales, financial and information relations, etc.). This made it possible to move away from the separate management of various functions of product distribution and to integrate them, which made it possible to obtain a general result of activity that exceeds the sum of individual effects.

Based on the above, the following can be given general definition logistics. Logistics is a form of optimizing market relations, harmonizing the interests of all participants in the process of commodity circulation. Logistics is an improvement in the management of material and related information and financial flows on the way from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer of finished products based on a systematic approach and the use of economic compromises in order to obtain a synergistic effect.

AT modern conditions Western experts distinguish several types of logistics: logistics associated with the provision of production with materials (purchasing (marketing, or distribution, logistics). They also distinguish transport logistics, which, in essence, is an integral part of each of the three types of logistics. An integral part of all types of logistics is also the mandatory presence of a logistics information flow, which includes the collection of data on the flow of goods, their transfer, processing and systematization, followed by the issuance of ready-made information.This logistics subsystem is often called computer logistics.If you follow the logic of Western experts, then the number of types of logistics could be proceed.

It seems that the operation of such concepts has not only a purely terminological meaning. It is reflected in the expansion of the scope of logistics, in the creation of appropriate new organizational structures for managing firms, special units to manage the movement of goods in the warehouses of the enterprise, marketing and Magee J., Capacino W., Rosenfield D. Modern Logistics Management. - N.Y., 1986, p. 7.

material distribution in the sale of finished products. Therefore, in our opinion, it would be more correct to talk not about the types of logistics, but about its functional areas.

Between the indicated areas of logistics there is a connection and interdependence. For example, if a technology is used in the main production that does not require the presence of significant intermediate stocks of materials and raw materials, then, in accordance with the logistics, it is planned to carry out deliveries at a strictly defined time at short intervals. In order to fulfill irregular orders in the shortest possible time, when the main production is characterized by a spatial concentration of equipment, the creation of reserves of production capacities (the so-called systems of "production islands"), in the field of procurement, appropriate methods are used to purchase a variety of material resources in order to fulfill individual orders .

In the logistics chain, i.e., the chain along which the commodity and information flows from the supplier to the consumer, the following main links are distinguished: the purchase and supply of materials, raw materials and semi-finished products; storage of products and raw materials; Production of goods;

distribution, including the dispatch of goods from the warehouse of finished products;

consumption of finished products (Fig. 1.2). Each link in the logistics chain includes its own elements, which together form the material basis of logistics. The material elements of logistics include: vehicles and their arrangement, storage facilities, means of communication and control.

The logistics system, of course, also covers personnel, i.e. those workers who perform all sequential operations.

Source: The realities and challenges of European logistics into the 90s. Milan, 6th European Logistics Congress. November 1988, p. ten.

The possibility of planning various operations and analyzing the levels of elements of the logistics system predetermined its division into macro- and micrologistics. Macrologistics solves issues related to the analysis of the market of suppliers and consumers, the development general concept distribution, placement of warehouses at the service site, choice of the mode of transport and vehicles, organization of the transport process, rational directions of material flows, points of supply of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, with the choice of a transit or warehouse scheme for the delivery of goods.

Micrologistics solves local issues within individual firms and enterprises. An example is intra-production logistics, when various logistics operations are planned within the enterprise, such as transport and storage, loading and unloading, etc.

Micrologistics provides operations for the planning, preparation, implementation and control of the movement of goods within industrial enterprises. The difference between macro- and micrologistics also lies in the fact that, on the scale of the first, interaction between the participants in the process of commodity circulation occurs on the basis of the sale of goods, and within the framework of the second, on non-commodity relations.

The complication of production and the intensification of competition in the 1980s and 1990s required a more accurate linkage of logistics with the strategic goals of firms, as well as the activation of the role of logistics in increasing the flexibility of firms, their ability to quickly respond to market signals. In this regard, the main task of logistics was to develop a carefully balanced and reasonable proposal that would help achieve the greatest efficiency of the company, increase its market share and gain advantages over competitors. For, as practice has shown, underestimation close connection the concept of logistics with an active market strategy has often led and leads to the fact that the purchase of raw materials, semi-finished products and components in itself becomes an incentive to start the production of a particular product without proper demand for it. In the current market situation, such an approach to product release is fraught with commercial failure.

Of course, the focus on minimizing costs remains valid, but only if the optimal level of combination of costs and profitability of fixed and working capital involved in the market strategy is found.

One of the main tasks of logistics is also to improve the management of goods movement, to create an integrated effective system for the regulation and control of material and information flows, which ensures high quality of product delivery. This task is most closely associated with the solution of such problems as: the correspondence of material and information flows to each other;

control over the material flow and transfer of data about it to a single center;

determination of the strategy and technology for the physical movement of goods;

development of ways to manage the operations of the movement of goods; establishment of norms for standardization of semi-finished products and packaging; determination of the volume of production, transportation and storage; discrepancy between the intended goals and the possibilities of procurement and production. This task can be accomplished by solving scientific problems of the development of logistics itself, starting from the structuring of the technology of its chains and ending with various local tasks.

In accordance with the modern tasks of logistics, two types of its functions are distinguished: operational and coordination. Operational functions are associated with the direct management of the movement of material assets in the field of supply, production and distribution and, in essence, differ little from the functions of traditional logistics. Purchasing functions include managing the movement of raw materials, individual parts, or stocks of finished products from a supplier or point of purchase to manufacturing plants, warehouses, or retail stores. In the production phase, inventory management becomes a logistics function, including control of the movement of semi-finished products and components through all stages of the production process, as well as the movement of finished products to wholesale warehouses and retail markets. Product distribution management functions cover operational organization flows of final products from the manufacturer to consumers.

The functions of logistical coordination include: identification and analysis of the needs for material resources of various phases and parts of production;

analysis of the markets in which the enterprise operates and forecasting the development of potential markets; processing data relating to orders and customer needs (Fig. 1.3). The listed functions of logistics are to coordinate the supply and demand of goods. In this sense, marketing and logistics are closely interrelated, and the established formula - "marketing creates demand, and logistics realizes it" - has a weighty basis. To a certain extent, the formula is applicable to the coordination of the relationship between logistics and production. Thus, logistics is engaged in the "docking" of two areas:

Source: Motoryzacja. - 1988, No. 2, S. 27.

demand presented by the market and the proposal put forward by the company, based on relevant information.

As part of the coordination functions of logistics, one more of its areas has emerged - operational planning, dictated by the desire to reduce stocks without reducing the efficiency of production and marketing activities of firms. Its essence lies in the fact that, based on the forecast of demand, adjusted later when actual orders are received, transportation schedules and, in general, the procedure for managing stocks of finished products are developed, which ultimately determines production planning, the development of programs for supplying it with raw materials and components.

A deeper disclosure of the essence of logistics and its relationship with the processes taking place in various areas of activity of industrialized countries is the analysis of factors contributing to the development of logistics.

Interest in the problems of logistics development in industrialized countries has historically been associated primarily with economic reasons. In conditions when the growth of production volumes and the expansion of intranational and global economic relations led to an increase in the costs of the sphere of circulation, the attention of entrepreneurs was concentrated on finding new forms of optimizing market activity and reducing costs in this area.

In Western countries, about 93% of the time of movement of goods from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer falls on its passage through various channels of logistics and mainly for storage. The actual production of goods takes only 2% of the total time, and transportation - 5%19. The share of goods distribution products in these countries is more than 20% of the gross national product. At the same time, in the structure of such expenses, the costs of maintaining stocks of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products account for about 44%, warehousing and forwarding - 16%, trunk and technological transportation of goods - 23 and 9%, respectively. The remaining 8% fall on the cost of marketing finished products20. Operations for the movement of goods within the global market are more expensive and complex than in smaller national markets. Their costs amount to about 2535% of the cost of sales of export-import products compared to 810% of the cost of goods intended for shipment on the domestic market.

In our opinion, the development of logistics, in addition to the desire of firms to reduce the time and cost associated with the movement of goods, was determined by the following two factors:

Complication of the system of market relations and increased requirements for the qualitative characteristics of the distribution process;

creation of flexible production systems.

A significant impact on the development of logistics was the transition from the seller's market to the buyer's market, accompanied by significant changes in the production strategy and distribution systems. If in the pre-transitional period the decision to release products preceded the development of a marketing policy (strategy), which actually implied the “adjustment” of the sales organization for production, then in the conditions of a glut of the market, the imperative became the requirement to form production programs depending on the volume and structure of market demand. Adapting to the interests of the clientele in a highly competitive environment, in turn, required manufacturers to respond adequately to these conditions, and the result was an increase in the quality of service, primarily a reduction in lead time and unconditional adherence to the agreed delivery schedule.

Thus, the time factor, along with the price and quality of products, has become an economic and social council UN. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee. - Geneva, 1990.

Kearney A.T. Logistics Productivity: the Competitive Edge in Europe. - Chicapo 1994, p. 39.

determine the success of the enterprise in the modern market.

Further, it is necessary to point out the complication of implementation problems with a simultaneous increase in the requirements for the quality of the distribution process. This caused a similar reaction among manufacturing firms regarding their suppliers of raw materials and materials. As a result, a complex system of relations between various market entities was formed, which required the modification of existing models of organization in the field of supply and marketing. Works on optimizing certain areas of commodity circulation were actively developed.

Problems were solved for the optimal placement of warehouses, determining the optimal size of consignments of goods, optimal schemes for transportation routes, etc.

As you know, the replacement of traditional conveyors by robots has led to significant savings in human labor and the creation of flexible production structures that have made the work of manufacturing small batches of products cost-effective. There was an opportunity for large enterprises to restructure their work with mass production to small-scale production with minimal costs, small firms have gained chances to increase their flexibility and competitiveness. In turn, work on the principle of "small batches"

led to corresponding changes in the system of providing production with material resources and marketing of finished products. In many cases, the supply of large volumes of raw materials, semi-finished products and final steel products is not only not economical, but simply not needed. In this regard, there was no need to have large storage capacities at enterprises and there was a need to transport goods in small batches, but on a tighter schedule. At the same time, increased transportation costs were largely covered by a reduction in storage costs.

In addition to the above factors that directly determined the development of logistics, it is necessary to note the factors that contributed to the creation of opportunities for this. These should probably include:

using the theory of systems and trade-offs to solve economic problems;

Acceleration of scientific and technological progress in communications, introduction into the economic practice of firms of the latest generations of computers used in the field of commodity circulation;

Unification of rules and norms for the supply of goods in foreign economic activity, elimination of various kinds of import and export restrictions, standardization of the technical parameters of means of communication, rolling stock and handling facilities in countries participating in intensive world economic relations.

The formation of the concept of logistics was accelerated by the development of systems theory and the theory of trade-offs. In accordance with the first, the problem of commodity circulation began to be considered as a complex one, which, among other things, meant that a satisfactory result cannot be obtained with an emphasis on any one of the aspects of the activity of the sphere of interest to us. The most important requirement of the theory is the mandatory analysis of all components of the commodity circulation system, their internal and external relationships.

The settlement of relationships within the framework of logistics became possible with the help of the theory of compromises. It is on its basis that the effect that suits the system as a whole is achieved. With regard to product distribution, decisions are chosen that have a positive impact on reducing overall costs or increasing total profits, even to the detriment of the activities of individual divisions of the company. In intercompany relations, a similar result is obtained by harmonizing the interests of all participants in the logistics process, seeking compensation for additional costs by achieving an out-of-sector effect. For example, the increased costs of transport due to the transition to the transportation of goods in small lots are covered by an increase in tariffs, to which the clientele agrees, counting on obtaining an out-of-transport effect.

Undoubtedly, an important role in creating objective opportunities for the development of logistics was played by technical progress in communications and informatics. It allowed at a higher level to control all the main and auxiliary processes of commodity circulation. The automatic control system clearly monitors such indicators of processes as the availability of semi-finished products and the release of finished products, the state of inventories, the volume of supplies of materials and components, the degree of fulfillment of orders, the location of goods on the way from the manufacturer to the consumer.

Application modern means information tracking of material flows contributes to the introduction of "paperless" technology. Its essence lies in the fact that, for example, in transport, instead of numerous documents accompanying the cargo (especially in international traffic), information is transmitted synchronously with the cargo through communication channels, containing all the details about each dispatched unit necessary to characterize the goods.

With such a system, on all sections of the route, at any time, you can get comprehensive information about the cargo and, on the basis of this, take management decisions. With the help of "computer logistics" throughout the entire service chain, an analysis of the company's activities is carried out and an assessment of its position in comparison with competitors is given. The very structure of the initial data system used for automatic control depends on the characteristics of each enterprise for which the logistics chain is compiled, indicating all the nodal points, input and output routes to them and the corresponding information flows. Information systems also provide data on the size of the market and its saturation with goods.

An important role is played by the computerization of operations related to the issuance of accounts. The speed and accuracy of such transactions affects the cash flow portion of a firm's balance sheet and ultimately affects capital turnover.

Recognition of the importance of all types of information, its internal and external flows, control over them and their use has led many corporations to change the forms of activity of units responsible for the functioning of information systems. Data processing departments became known as information departments or information services. At the same time, their management functions were changed. Information departments or information services currently operate all types of information flows and are responsible for the activities of all control systems of corporations and firms. And the heads of such departments or services have risen to the highest rung of the hierarchical ladder of corporations.

The positive impact of the use of communications on the development of logistics is probably indirectly evidenced by data on improving the quality of information and the increased volume of its exchange between all firms participating in the logistics process in the late 1970s and mid-1980s (Table 1.1).

Around the same time, measures were taken to regulate the international movement of goods in order to simplify, minimize or eliminate factors that complicate the passage of goods flows, such as:

differences in national standards for products, long distances for the transmission of information and transportation, an excessively expanded volume of documentation on international transactions with goods and financial settlements for them, the presence of import quotas and export restrictions, very stringent requirements for packaging and labeling of goods, a variety in the technical parameters of transport means and ways of communication, etc.

Manufacturer's departments:

Capital Planning Department Source: Transportation Journal. - 19S8, vol. 27, no. 3, p. 6.

As a rule, these measures concerned customs barriers, control and technological procedures at border crossings, and the introduction of new transportation technologies (for example, intermodal). As a result, the time spent in transit was reduced, the accuracy of their delivery and safety was increased, and the stocks of material assets at border terminals were reduced.

At the same time, international distribution centers were created, warehouse layouts were changed, there was a concentration of reloading warehouse points in the context of the integration of the economies of Western European countries and the creation of a single market. The packaging, rolling stock and technical parameters of the means of communication were unified, and this made it possible to use automatic systems for reading and addressing goods. Moreover, the approval of certain norms and standards passed from individual countries to the common market, which stimulated innovation in the EU economy and brought considerable savings (120 billion marks, or 2.1% of the GNP of EU countries)21. The increase in the volume of material flows in international communications dictated the need to eliminate excessive detail in the rules and norms established on a bilateral basis. The process of coordinating investments in the creation of an international logistics infrastructure has begun.

In a real economy, logistics systems within various production associations, for objective reasons, are at different stages, or levels, of development. There are separate stages, through Smekhov A.A. Introduction to logistics. - M.: Transport, 1993, p. 21.

which logistics functions must inevitably go through before they reach a high level of development. Analysis of leading industrial companies of various capitalist countries made it possible to identify within their framework four successive stages in the development of logistics systems as of the late 1980s - early 1990s (Fig. 1.4).

The first stage of development of logistics is characterized by a number of the following points. Companies work on the basis of the implementation of shift-daily planned targets, the form of logistics management is the least perfect. The scope of the logistics system usually covers the organization of storage of finished products sent from the enterprise, and its transportation (see Fig. 1.4).

The system operates on the principle of direct response to daily fluctuations in demand and disruptions in the distribution process. The work of the logistics system at this stage of its development in a company is usually estimated by the share of the costs of transportation and other operations for the distribution of products in the total amount of sales proceeds.

Companies with Level 2 logistics systems typically manage the flow of goods produced by enterprises. Source: Canadian Transportation and Distribution Management. - 1988, No. 12, vol. 91, p. 23.

the last item of the production line to the final consumer. Logistics system control covers the following functions: customer service, order processing, storage of finished products in the enterprise, stock management of finished products, advanced planning operation of the logistics system. Computers are used to perform these tasks, but the corresponding information systems are usually not very complex. The work of the logistics system is evaluated based on a comparison of cost estimates and real costs. However, the desire to reduce costs in order to meet the estimate is not the best guideline in the operation of the system and in customer service.

Logistics systems of the third level control logistics operations from the purchase of raw materials to the service of the final consumer of products. Additional functions of such systems include: delivery of raw materials to the enterprise, sales forecasting, production planning, extraction or purchase of raw materials, management of stocks of raw materials or work in progress, design of logistics systems. The only area that is not controlled by the logistics manager is the day-to-day management of the enterprise. The activities of the logistics manager are usually carried out on the basis of an annual plan. The performance of the system is not evaluated by comparing last year's costs or cost estimates, but by comparison with a service quality standard. At the same time, companies seek to increase system performance, and not reduce costs, as is typical for second-tier systems.

Management is not carried out on the principle of direct response, but is based on the planning of preventive actions.

Logistics systems of the fourth level of development became widespread in the second half of the 1990s. The scope of the logistics functions here is basically similar to that of logistics systems of the third stage of development, but with one important exception.

Such companies integrate the processes of planning and controlling logistics operations with marketing, sales, production and finance operations. Integration helps to link the often conflicting goals of different departments of the company. The system is managed on the basis of long-term (more than one year) planning. The operation of the system is evaluated taking into account the requirements of international standards. Companies generally operate globally, not just nationally or regionally. They manufacture products for the global market and manage part of the world's production and distribution systems to optimize costs and meet customer requirements.

The management of global distribution functions and the flow of materials and information places new, increased demands on logistics managers. For example, a strategy for organizing logistics and storing products in warehouses requires knowledge of the legal framework, tax systems, and government regulation features. The inventory management strategy is associated with certain packaging and labeling requirements, and language differences must be taken into account. The effectiveness of customer service is determined by the efficiency of preparing and processing complex documentation, as well as the results of actions to eliminate customs barriers. There is a growing need to involve other firms (“third parties” - customs and forwarding agencies, banks) to participate in logistics processes.

In industrialized countries, the distribution of logistics development levels by company is not the same. A survey of 500 large Western European companies (it covered 26% of German companies, 20% of Holland, 17% of Great Britain, 16% of France, 11% of Belgium and 10% of Italy), representing 30 different sectors of the economy, showed that at the first 57% of surveyed firms are at the level of development. At the second level - 20%, at the third and fourth levels - 23% of the companies taken together22.

The practical experience of firms in different countries of the world has shown that the ascent from the lower stage of development of logistics systems to higher ones occurs both gradually and - when favorable conditions arise - abruptly. Such conditions may be a merger of enterprises, the new Kearney A. T. Logistics Productivitv: the Competitive Edge in Europe. - Chicago, 1994, p. 37.

management regime, political initiatives (for example, the adoption of a law on free trade). Switching to more high level at best, it usually lasts from six months to two years, and the transition from the first stage of development to the fourth takes about 20 years. However, it is expected to be reduced to 10 years due to the increased pressure of international competition and opportunities to use the experience of firms that have already traveled this path. An analysis of the levels of development of logistics also showed that companies where an integrated approach to logistics management has been established improve their performance. Thanks to the use of logistics, the productivity of employees of firms engaged in the transportation of goods increased by 9.9% in general. 60% of the surveyed firms managed to improve the quality transport service.

The analysis also revealed that firms with different levels of development of logistics differ significantly in the target direction of investment. As a rule, at the lowest level of development, large capital investments are directed to neutralize negative impacts, and at a higher level - mainly on the formation of a logistics infrastructure. The results of the above survey, for example, showed that first-tier firms spent 44% of their funds on debottlenecking the logistics system or its individual links, 32% on the introduction of standard labor productivity, and 24% on the use of incentive pay. Firms that have reached the second level of logistics development directed 47% of their funds to the mechanization of warehouse work, 30% to the construction of warehouses, and 23% to the automation of technological processes23.

In recent years, in countries with market economies, the development of logistics is characterized by the transfer of control over the distribution of finished products from manufacturing firms to specialized firms, i.e.

external agents. This trend manifested itself first in Western Europe and Japan and later in the USA. It is expected that the development of this trend will lead to significant changes in the organization of work on the movement of products.

Contractual or third party logistics involves the involvement of an independent wholesaler to perform all or part of the company's functions for the distribution of products, including transportation, storage, inventory management, customer service and the creation of logistics information systems. This is one of the manifestations of the continuous process of deepening the social division of labor. The inclusion of specialized firms in the logistics system is due, firstly, to the fact that they have such experience in the field of services that is not available in a manufacturing company; secondly, the desire of the latest Kearney A. T. Logistics Productivitv: the Competitive Edge in Europe. - Chicago, 1994, p. 39.

reduce their overheads and focus on core business profitable functions.

Most of the existing specialized logistics companies were formed by the spin-off of logistics departments from large corporations.

Another part of them arose from the reorganization of some transport companies, which took over such functions as, for example, packaging, assembly, labeling, sorting, storage, inventory management, strategic planning of product distribution. In order to master logistics and improve it in economic practice, consultative departments on this problem began to be created at firms in some industrialized countries. For example, by the mid-1980s, French enterprises had about 500 departments involved in logistics24. As a rule, such departments focus their activities on one of the links in the logistics chain (for example, transport) or two or three links, but in conjunction with the totality of its other elements. The administration of firms uses advisory departments to obtain a diagnosis of the state of logistics in the enterprise. They also carry out research in the field of logistics, develop proposals for its improvement, conduct classes on the study of logistics problems, adopt the experience of other companies.

The issues of generating ideas, exchanging experience and developing scientific and practical approaches to the strategy and tactics of logistics in industrialized countries are dealt with by national and international specialized societies and associations that unite industrial firms and scientific organizations. Associations of this kind have their own research centers with a well-established methodology for analyzing the situation in industry, advisory departments, information banks, training centers, etc. In some countries there are several national associations. At present, only in Europe there are more than 20 national associations that are members of the European Association of Logistics.

The development of logistics systems is carried out in conjunction with the evolution of the concept of logistics and its principles, which have been formed in countries with market economies for a very long time.

Manutention/Stockage. 1990, r. 58.

Control questions 1. Provide basic information about the history of logistics.

2. When did the science of logistics originate and who is its founder?

3. Name two fundamental approaches to the definition of logistics and show the difference between them.

4. Why is logistics put at the service of the efficiency of material management?

5. Give a summary definition of logistics.

6. How can one explain the discrepancy in the definition of logistics?

7. Name the main links of the logistics system.

8. List the elements of the logistics system.

9. List the main participants in the logistics system.

10. Define the supply chain.

11. What is meant by macrologistics?

12. What is meant by micrologistics?

13. List the main tasks of logistics.

14. What are the main functions of logistics.

15. Why is the concept of "logistics" wider than the concept of "marketing"?

16. What two groups of logistics functions do you know?

17. List the functions of the first group.

18. List the functions of the second group.

19. List the factors of direct impact on the development of logistics.

20. Expand the content of each of the factors in the development of logistics.

21. What are the factors that contributed to the creation of opportunities and incentives for the development of logistics.

22. What stages of development does logistics go through?

23. What is the difference between the previous stage of development of logistics and the next one?

LOGISTICS CONCEPT

AT foreign literature There are three periods of development of commodity circulation systems for material products: the pre-logistic period, the period of classical logistics and the period of neologistics25. Each of the periods is characterized by appropriate conceptual approaches to the creation and management of these systems and adequate criteria.

Responsibility for this area of activity on the scale of the company was assigned to one of the lower levels of the management vertical. Therefore, it is no coincidence that transportation and logistics have often been called the "Cinderella" of the company.

The rapid development of non-rail transport, especially automobile transport, which took place in the pre-logistic period, significantly increased its role in the movement of goods. The preference began to be given to optimization of transportations. As a criterion for the effectiveness of the latter, the minimum price for the transportation of goods by public transport and the minimum transport costs for transportation by own rolling stock were used. As a result, the traffic management function was first carried out by tariff and route specialists, and then the selection of transport service options and various additional services was included in their duties. Accordingly, the need arose for the control of transportation and forwarding of goods, checking cargo accounts, packaging, weighing, loading and unloading, etc. Beginning in the 1940s, the work of a freight manager became more versatile. This, along with the factors outlined above, laid the foundation for the development of logistics.

At its core, logistics is not a phenomenon completely new and unknown to practice. The Problem of the Most Rational Movement of Materials, Journal of Business Logistics. - 1986, vol. 7, No. of raw materials and finished products has always been the subject of close attention.

The novelty of logistics lies, firstly, in the change of priorities in the economic practice of firms, where the management of goods distribution processes began to occupy a central place. Secondly, the novelty of logistics lies in the use of an integrated approach to the issues of the movement of material values in the process of reproduction. With a fragmented method of managing material flows, coordination of actions is clearly insufficient, the necessary sequence and coordination in the actions of various departments of firms is not observed.

Logistics, based on an integrated approach, involves the coordination of processes related to material flows, production and marketing.

Thirdly, the novelty of logistics lies in the use of the theory of trade-offs in the economic practice of firms. All this, taken together, made it possible to move away from the separate management of various functions of product distribution and to integrate them, which made it possible to obtain such a general result of activity that exceeded the sum of individual effects.

which began in the early 1960s, is that instead of organizing optimal transportation, firms began to create logistics systems. During this period, three conceptual approaches to their creation can be distinguished, differing in the scope of compromises (harmonization of economic interests) and criteria. At the same time, within the framework of each approach, the compromises were of an intralogistical functional nature and did not affect the actual production activities of firms.

The scope of compromises in the first approach was the cost of individual logistics operations of one company, and the criterion was the minimum total cost of material distribution. This approach led to certain results. By increasing the costs of some operations in order to further reduce the costs of others, it was possible to minimize the costs of the entire logistics system. A typical example of this approach is the increase in transportation costs and their reduction in inventory management and warehousing.

Orientation towards minimization of total costs gave a positive economic effect based on the use of intra-functional trade-offs. However, time has shown that the cost criterion limits the financial capabilities of the company, since it does not reflect the impact of demand on the ratio of its income and expenses. As a result, there has been a transition to a different criterion (maximizing the company's profit from logistics operations), which is focused on both costs and demand. But the new approach also had certain limitations.

The emphasis on intra-firm logistics functions with relatively little attention to similar functions performed by other firms participating in the same logistics process infringed on the interests of the latter. Therefore, at the end of the period of classical logistics, there were changes in its concept. The criterion for the formation of an optimal distribution management system was the maximum profit from the logistics operations of all participating firms. Emphasis was shifted to intercompany trade-offs in the field of logistics.

The beginning of the 1980s can be dated new period in the development of logistics - the period of non-logistics and logistics, or logistics of the second generation. During this period, logistics is characterized by the expansion of the scope of compromises. The need for such an expansion was justified by the fact that none of the functional areas inside the company, including logistics, usually does not have sufficient resources and capabilities to “alone” properly respond to significant changes in external conditions and work effectively independently. A more effective response required the joint efforts of all structural divisions firms or enterprises. In addition, it was necessary to use the knowledge and experience of managers who consider the activities of the company as a whole.

The conceptual approach to the development of logistics systems that embodies this idea has been called "integrated", or "approach based on the entire enterprise". Within the framework of this approach, the logistics functions are considered as the most important subsystem of the corporate system. This means that logistics systems must be created and managed based on a common goal - to achieve maximum efficiency for the entire company. Therefore, attention began to focus on the cross-functional trade-offs of the firm, including its own production and other non-logistics divisions. The criterion for this approach was to minimize the costs of the entire enterprise.

Another argument in favor of the development of cross-functional trade-offs was the interdependence of costs for the logistics, production and other operations of the firm, since any change in one of these activities will inevitably affect others, but not necessarily favorable. Very often, trying to keep costs as low as possible at the expense of any element can lead to higher overall costs. For example, low shipping costs can be costly for the firm as a whole. This situation may arise if the transport unit achieves this goal by sacrificing speed and, in particular, reliability of delivery. Therefore, the proposal to change one of the activities must be considered in conjunction with the total cost of distribution and production.

The criterion of minimum total costs of distribution and production requires finding certain compromises between the interests of all structural divisions of the company in order to achieve the best ratio between costs and the results obtained. However, the interests of different departments, of course, are different. For example, the heads of the marketing department are interested in increasing the market share and, in connection with this, in a high level of stocks, since only under this condition it is possible to ensure the rhythm, reliability and regularity of deliveries of the minimum amount of goods required by consumers, i.e., to achieve a high quality of customer service.

For its part, the production department, in an effort to avoid possible supply disruptions, also advocates a high level of inventory, but this policy also reduces another indicator of the level of service - the fulfillment of individual orders, which the department is generally reluctant to do due to the fact that production costs increase with a decrease in the size of batches of products and an increase in the number of changeovers in the technological process. The financial and control departments tend to reduce the volume of stocks, and the transport department requires a larger volume of one-time deliveries (this leads to a decrease in the rhythm of deliveries, an increase in the volume of warehouse stocks for both suppliers and customers). The inventory department is interested in reducing them, but following this leads to a decrease in the reliability of the entire distribution network, production, and ultimately weakens the competitive position of the company.

Logistics specialists, like material managers, take a compromise position and try to find and maintain the optimal balance of costs, inventory and quality of service.

Much work is being done by them to coordinate various functions. For example, the on-time shipment that many companies strive for requires coordination between production and marketing logistics.

Since the same task can be accomplished in different ways at different costs and levels of efficiency, a more accurate and reasonable estimate interconnections and costs of logistics means can have a decisive impact on the profitability of companies. How it is possible to establish the optimal balance of interests of various departments of firms and achieve the minimum total costs on this basis is shown in Fig. 2.1.

Rice. 2.1. Order Fulfillment Costs Dependence a - total order fulfillment costs; b - storage costs;

c - transport costs; q - batch size; s - costs.

Since the share of storage and transport costs in the overall cost structure is large, the minimum total order fulfillment costs are above the intersection of lines b and c. In more complex logistic models, other requirements are taken into account to resolve contradictions. At the same time, they proceed from the characteristics of the products manufactured, the type of enterprise, the strategy and tactics of the company. In turn, strategic and tactical plans should justify which territory and, accordingly, which market sector can be covered by deliveries with various combinations of warehousing and transportation methods at a set time.

The dependence of the costs of placing products (transportation and storage) on the time of delivery is shown in fig. 2.2. It follows from the above figure that in order to achieve the minimum delivery time, it is most expedient to carry them out through a network of intermediate warehouses located near customers, where the necessary stocks are created for this.

With a warehouse form of supply, costs fall to a certain point due to an increase in the delivery time, and then, with a lengthening of the supply cycle, the costs practically do not change. The transit form of supply is characterized by a closer relationship between costs and the possible time of delivery, and up to a certain point, the warehouse form is more effective, and for non-urgent or rhythmic deliveries, the transit form.

a - direct deliveries; b - warehouse deliveries; t - delivery time;

s - placement costs. Accommodation is transportation Since the mid-1980s, a new approach to the development of logistics has emerged in Western countries, which can be generally described as a logical and natural continuation of the above integrated approach. Its specificity lies in the exit of the logistics system beyond the economic environment and taking into account social, environmental and political aspects; criterion - the maximum ratio of benefits and costs. The new approach was called the concept of "common responsibility". It is assumed that at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the social significance of the problems of vocational training, protection environment and consumer rights will increase. Under these conditions, the scope of compromises will continue to expand, and, most importantly, it will include balancing the goals of making a profit and solving social problems.

The development of logistics is characterized by the fact that, simultaneously with the evolution of its concept, the process of developing methodological foundations for costing is going on, although it does not proceed so quickly and unambiguously. The problem here is primarily to identify the structure of the cost of products and services.

The impetus for the analysis of logistics costs was the instability of the economic situation in Western countries in the mid-1950s, which caused a decrease in company profits. Initially, such costs included the total cost of operations for the movement of goods (expenses for transportation, warehousing, order processing, etc.). Then, logistics costs began to be considered as cost optimization for the movement of finished products, including their storage and maintenance of stocks, packaging and support activities (spare parts, after-sales service). As for the share of expenses for after-sales service in the Benelux countries, the USA, France, Germany, Canada, Italy and the UK, for example, in the structure of the total cost of electronic equipment, it remained at the level of 4243% for a whole decade26.

In connection with the integration of logistics functions and the development of the idea of functional trade-offs, many companies in their logistics activities have adopted the concept of "full distribution costs". They included the costs of providing production with material resources, explaining this by the fact that decisions related to the level of service significantly affect the size of inventory, which must therefore be included in the logistics system. An analysis of the ratio of costs associated, on the one hand, with the logistics of production, and on the other hand, with the distribution of finished products of various industries, showed that, for example, in France Mate E., Tiksier D. Logistics of the enterprise .

M.: Progress, 1993, p. 5556.

the first of them is about 1.59% of the sale price, and the second - 324%, i.e. 23 times more than the first.

In the future, when, as already noted, cross-functional compromises became widespread, there was a rejection of an isolated consideration of measures to rationalize the sphere of circulation and production, and the total cost method began to be introduced into the commercial practice of firms.

In other words, firms began to conduct a total cost analysis called the "one umbrella principle."

An integrated approach to the development of logistics has changed the concept of its costs. Costing began to be carried out not on a functional principle, but on a focus on the final result, when the volume and nature of the work of the logistics system are initially determined, and then the costs associated with its implementation. Under these conditions, a new approach to calculating costs was developed, which consisted in the development of missions, i.e., determining the goals that must be achieved by the logistics system within a certain “product market” situation. The mission can be defined in terms of the type of market served, the type of product, and service and cost constraints. The mission can, for example, be formulated as achieving, with minimal costs, the largest share of the total supply of goods to consumers at a convenient time for them, while observing the required batch size and dispatch intervals (it is possible to include other company goals).

Currently, in line with the mission approach, one of the basic principles the calculation of logistics costs has become a requirement for the mandatory reflection of material flows that cross the traditional functional boundaries arising from the performance of individual operations (i.e., the costs of servicing consumers in the market must be identified). This means that this principle should allow separate analysis of costs and benefits by types of consumers and market segments or distribution channels. Such a requirement arises due to the fact that operating with average values of functional costs is fraught with danger, since in cases of identifying costs, significant deviations from average values may not come into view. Thus, the modern costing system is considered, on the one hand, as a system that determines the total costs of logistics in accordance with its goals (“outputs”), and on the other hand, as the sum of the costs associated with the performance of traditional logistics functions (“inputs” ). At the same time, the costs for “outputs” and “inputs” are coordinated with each other.

Since the implementation of the mission is supposed to cut functional areas logistics activities, then the achievement of certain goals is associated with the costs of a large number of functional operations performed by activity centers within the firm. Practice shows that the highest efficiency of costing in the sphere of distribution is achieved by separately determining the costs associated with the implementation of specific tasks (“outputs”) of this sphere, and the various inputs involved in achieving these “outputs” (goals). The difference between a mission-based outcome orientation and an “input” orientation based on a functional approach is illustrated schematically in Figure 1. 2.3.

Mission A: Serve the company's Western European markets with 95% delivery reliability in 10 days at the lowest overall cost;

Mission B: Serve the customers of the company's products, meet their shipment size and delivery frequency requirements at the lowest possible total Mission C: Satisfy the demand of domestic customers with the existing distribution channels and facilities to maximize the company's profits by balancing retail requirements against costs.

Source: Cristopher M. The Strategy of Distribution Management, - L., 1986, p. 67.

The figure also shows how the defined distribution missions can have different effects on the costs of functional areas and yet provide a very logical basis for firm costing. In other words, at present, in competitive markets, functional logistics costs are determined by the needs of the mission being performed, i.e., the summation of costs along the vertical. The combination of a functional approach and the implementation of specific targets in the field of logistics is also used in the analysis of company profits.

The interaction of the two principles of cost and profit calculation noted above in terms of logistics has led to the need to develop the most economical distribution scheme for firms with a clear sequence. First of all, the goals of logistics and alternatives for their implementation are determined. Then the functions are outlined, the implementation of which should lead to the achievement of the goals, and the associated costs for each alternative are calculated. At the final stage of developing a logistics scheme, based on the criterion of the comparative effectiveness of such options, the most suitable of them is selected.

Thus, by calculating the costs using the mission method, the firm, using the above matrix model, can select the most profitable options in terms of the choice of service objectives. In the case of using the services of several competing activity centers (for example, transport companies), the mission method provides an opportunity to choose a center that is capable of carrying out logistics operations within the framework of the set goals with minimal costs for the customer company or acceptable for both parties.

It is expressed in calculations that reflect the interests of both various departments of firms and all firms participating in the logistics process. However, when decision-making is influenced by a large number of variables, the harmonization of interests is achieved not by calculations, but by comparison quality characteristics firms' activities.

Since the distribution of products (transportation, loading and unloading, storage, etc.) takes place at various points in the logistics chain, then, based on the theory of compromises, as already noted, in order to adopt right decisions it is necessary to take into account the needs of adjacent functions on interfaces. This means that metrics such as volume and frequency of deliveries, which determine the size of the forwarding area and the cost of just-in-time delivery of materials, should not be considered in isolation.

Considering trade-offs as a method of balancing costs, revenues and profits of firms, it should be noted that they are evaluated in two aspects: first, in terms of the impact on the total costs of the system and, secondly, in terms of the impact on sales revenue. It is possible to find a compromise in such a way that the total cost will increase, but due to better service delivery, the income from sales increases. If the difference between income and costs is greater than it was before, the trade-off results in an improvement in the cost-effectiveness ratio.

The sphere of influence of economic compromises covers the strategic, organizational and operational levels of decisions in the field of distribution of goods27. Strategic decisions concern problems of a fundamental nature. They form part strategic plan in which the company's activities are planned for a relatively long period (more than three years).

Thus, the choice of a supplier is an example of a strategic purchasing decision, because relationships with suppliers are usually negotiated for a long period.

At the next, lower, organizational level, decisions concern the organization of production and the market. They cover a period of one to three years. The choice of shipment method, mode of transport and level of customer service are examples of trade-offs at this level. At the operational level, trade-offs are achieved by making decisions on the detailing of organizational plans. Such decisions are implemented in a short period of time, the maximum time horizon of which is one year. Operational level trade-offs often arise in day-to-day operations. These include, for example, the choice of the size of the consignment, types of containers, discounts on the volume of the order.

From the point of view of decision levels and integral control over the material flow in the process of its movement from the supplier to the consumer, it is important to determine which logistical criteria and where exactly come into play as components of these decisions. Decision analysis shows that, at a strategic level, when choosing a supplier, the main criterion is the purchase price. Other main criteria include the reliability of the supplier and the quality of the shipped products. The location of the supplier, which can be decisive for transport costs, the time the goods are in transit, and possible import duties and border crossing fees, may also be criteria for supplier selection, but sometimes they may not be included in the selection process.

At an organizational level, for example, when choosing the reliability of service that a firm seeks to provide to customers of products, the frequency of shipments is usually taken as a criterion. Finally, at the operational level, if, for example, products are manufactured for the consumer on a regular basis, the criterion for changing the volume of consignments may be the route or mode of transport as the most suitable for a particular consignment.

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n1.doc

HIGHER EDUCATION

The series was founded in 1996.
State University of Management

Institute of World Economy and International

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Moscow State Technical

Bauman University

LOGISTICS
TEXTBOOK
Ed. Professor B. A. Anikin

Third edition, revised and enlarged
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Logistics: Textbook / Ed. B.A. Anikina: 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: L69 INFRA-M, 2002. - 368 p. - (Series "Higher education").
ISBN 5-16-000912-4
The textbook systematically presents knowledge about the rapidly developing new scientific and educational direction in the world - logistics, the science of organizing and managing processes and material flows in the economy. The authors analyze the conceptual apparatus, development factors, the concept of logistics. The main components of logistics in their interrelation are considered in detail - information logistics, inventory logistics, warehousing logistics, transport, organization of logistics management, controlling in logistics schemes, etc.

For university students, students of postgraduate education institutions, managers and specialists.

in the following composition:

Anikin B. A. , Doctor of Economics Sci., professor - textbook architectonics, preface, chapter 10, sections 3.3 and 13.2-13.3;

Section 13.1 (together with V.I. Sergeev)

Dybskaya V.V. , Doctor of Economics Sciences, Professor - Chapter 8

Kolobov A. A., Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor - Chapter 11 (together with I. N. Omelchenko)

Omelchenko I. N. , Dr. tech. Sciences, Professor - Chapter 11 (together with A. A. Kolobov)

Sergeev V.I. , Doctor of Economics sciences, professor - section 6.3;

Section 13.1 (together with B. A. Anikin)

Tunakov A. P. , Dr. tech. Sciences, Professor - Chapter 12

Fedorov L. S. , Doctor of Economics Sciences, professor - chapters 1-2 and 9, sections 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1-7.2

Naimark Yu. Yu. , cand. economy sciences, professor - chapter 5

Sterligova A. N. , cand. economy Sciences, professor - sections 4.4, 6.2 and 7.3-7.7

Chudakov S. K. , cand. economy Sciences, Associate Professor - Sections 4.3 and 4.5

Anikin O. B. - sections 3.2 and 4.2

Reviewers:

Department of Production Management

Moscow State Technological

University "Stankin"

Doctor of Economics Sciences, Professor S. V. Smirnov

Preface to the second edition .................................................................. ………........ eight

Preface to the third edition ..............................................................................……… …........... nine
Chapter 1. THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS

AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT ..............................................… ……....... 12

1.1. Definition, concept, tasks and functions of logistics ..…….......... 12

1.2. Factors of development of logistics............................................................... ……... 22

1.3. Levels of development of logistics............................................................... ...…….... 27
Chapter 2. THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS .............................................. ... 34

2.1. Evolution of Conceptual Approaches to Logistics .......................... 34

2.3. Logistics as a boost factor

Competitiveness of firms ............................................................................................... ... 48

2.4. Basic requirements of logistics...................................................……... 53
Chapter 3. INFORMATION LOGISTICS .........................…………..... 60

3.1. Information logistics systems .........................…….... 60

3.2. Information infrastructure.............................................................................................. 69

3.3. Goals and role of information flows

In logistics systems ............................................................... .....…….... 80
Chapter 4. PURCHASING LOGISTICS...........................................…………... .84

4.1. Tasks and functions of procurement logistics ............................................................... 84

4.2. The mechanism of functioning of procurement logistics....……..… 94

4.3. Procurement planning .................................................................. .......…….... 110

4.4. Vendor selection .................................................................. ...............……... 118

4.5. Legal basis for procurement .......................................................... ...…….... 122
Chapter 5. LOGISTICS OF PRODUCTION

PROCESS................................................... .......................……...... 130

5.1. Goals and ways to improve organization

Material flows in production.............................................. 130

5.2. Requirements for organization and management

Material flows ...............................................................…… ...... 134

5.3. Laws of organization of production processes

And opportunities to optimize the organization

Material flows in space and time .............................. 138

5.4. Organization of rational material

Flows in non-flow production .............................................. 152

5.5. Optimization of the organization of production

Process in time .................................................................. ..........……...... 155

5.6. Rule 80-20 ............................................... .........................……….. 164
Chapter 6. SALES (DISTRIBUTION)

LOGISTICS................................................. .........................………........ 169

6.1. Logistics and marketing .................................................................. .........……... 169

6.2. Channels of distribution of goods ...............................................……...... 176

6.3. Distribution Logistics Rules...................................…….. 186
Chapter 7. INVENTORY LOGISTICS....................................................… ………..... 192

7.2. Inventory management systems in firms ........................……... 198

7.3. Inventory logistics location

In the logistics system of the organization ...............................…….... 205

7.4. Stock types .................................................................. ......................……..... 208

7.5. Basic Inventory Management Systems............................................................. 213

7.6. Other Inventory Management Systems.......................................................…….. 221

7.7. Methodological foundations of design

Efficient logistics system

Inventory management ................................................................ ...........…….... 227
Chapter 8. WAREHOUSING LOGISTICS .......................................................... 235

8.1. Main functions and tasks of warehouses

In the logistics system ............................................................... ......…….... 235

8.2. Problems of effective functioning of the warehouse ........…… .. 238

8.3. Logistics process in the warehouse...................................................……... 241

8.4. Warehousing system as the basis of profitability

Warehouse work................................................... .......................………….. 246
Chapter 9

9.1. The impact of logistics on transport...................................................……... 258

9.2. Transport company policy

And changes in the nature of their activities .............................................. 262

9.3. New logistics collection systems

And the distribution of goods ............................................... .........……... 266
Chapter 10. ORGANIZATION OF LOGISTICS

MANAGEMENT................................................... ......................………… 272

10.1. Basic forms of management

Logistics .......................................... 272

10.2. Cross-functional coordination mechanism

Management of material flows.............................................................. 285

10.3. Development of the logistics management system

Organization: from functional aggregation

Before Information Integration ................................................……... 295

10.4. Controlling in logistics systems .............................................. 301
Chapter 11. SERVICE SERVICE LOGISTICS

SERVICE ............................................... ...............………..... 304

11.1. Classification of types of service

Products ................................................. ...............................…….. 304

11.2. Satisfaction Service Criteria

Consumer demand .................................................................. ....…….. 306

11.3. Service Criteria

Production purpose ........................................................……. 308

11.4. After-sales Service Criteria.......................... 310

11.5. Information Service Service Criteria ..........…….. 312

11.6. Criteria for financial and credit service

Services ................................................. .....................…….. 313
Chapter 12. LOGISTICS CENTERS...................................…………... 315

12.1. Logistics centers of firms .................................................................. ..... 315

12.2. Regional Logistics Centers ..............................................……. 316

12.3. The composition of a typical regional center .......................................... 317

12.4. Logistics centers in Russia ..............................................................….... 321
Chapter 13. LOGISTICS OF THE FUTURE .............................................………… ... 324

13.1. Global Logistics .................................................................. .........…….. 324

13.2. Integration of Russian organizations into the world

Logistics network................................................... ...................... 329

13.3. Logistics of "harmonious" production............................................... 331
Recommended Reading .................................................................. .........………….... 334

Preface to the first edition
Logistics - the science of planning, organizing, managing and controlling the movement of material and information flows in space and time from their primary source to the end consumer.

Logistics, although it has deep historical roots, is nevertheless a relatively young science. It received especially rapid development during the Second World War, when it was used to solve strategic problems and clear interaction between the defense industry, logistics and supply bases and transport in order to timely provide the army with weapons, fuels and lubricants and food. Gradually, the concepts and methods of logistics began to be transferred from the military to the civilian field, first as a new scientific direction on the rational management of the movement of material flows in the sphere of circulation, and then in production. Logistics units have been created at industrial enterprises, the agro-industrial complex, transport, in the NATO apparatus, they are included in the organizing committees for major international competitions, etc.

By the end of the 20th century, logistics science acts as a discipline that includes purchasing, or supply, logistics, logistics of production processes, marketing, or distribution, logistics, transport logistics, information, or computer, logistics, and a number of others. Each of the listed areas of human activity has been sufficiently studied and described in the relevant literature; the novelty of the logistics approach itself lies in the integration of the listed, as well as other (unnamed) areas of activity in order to achieve the desired result with minimal time and resources through optimal end-to-end management of material and information flows. Thus, logistics primarily works for the consumer, trying to satisfy his needs as much as possible.

All this allows us to conclude that although logistics has been known for a long time, nevertheless it claims to be the name of a scientific and educational discipline of the 21st century and, in our opinion, will eventually be introduced as a basic discipline in the program of higher education and postgraduate education. and logistics specialists will be in demand in almost all areas of human activity.
Preface to the second edition

When preparing the third edition of the textbook, the authors introduced a number of necessary clarifications into the text. The structure of the book has undergone some changes. New material included  chapter 12 and section 10.3. Chapter 12, Logistics Centers, provides information about the two main types of logistics centers: organization and region. Section 10.3 discusses the main stages in the development of organizational structures for managing a logistics organization, including the concept of a 21st century organization. As a practical supplement to the text of this textbook, the "Workshop on Logistics" (2nd ed.) was published in 2001.

Table 01

Definition of the term "logistics" by Russian scientists and specialists

Scientific school____	Author__________	Definition_________
Institute of World economy and International Relations RAS	Fedorov L.S., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.	Logistics - improvement traffic control material flows from primary source of raw materials to the end consumer finished products and related information and financial flows to based on a systematic approach and economic compromises with a view to achieving synergistic effect Logistics - form market optimization connections, harmonization interests of all participants distribution chains
	Fedorov L.S., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.









Saint Petersburg state University of Economics and finance	Semenenko A.I., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.	Logistics - new direction of scientific practical activities the target function of which is a cross-cutting organizational- analytical optimization economic flow processes
	Semenenko A.I., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.




Moscow state Technical University them. N.E. Bauman	Kolobov A.A., Dr. tech. sciences, prof.; Omelchenko I.N., Dr. tech. sciences, prof.	Logistics is the science of planning, management and motion control material and information flows in any systems
Kazan State Technical university (KAI)	Tunakov A.P., Dr. tech. sciences, prof.	Logistics is the science of management of material, information and financial flows
	Tunakov A.P., Dr. tech. sciences, prof.

Moscow state road institute (technical University)	Mirotin L.B., Dr. tech. sciences, prof.; Tashbaev Y.E., Ph.D. Sciences, Assoc.	Logistics is the science of organizing a joint managers' activities various departments companies and groups enterprises for effective promotion of products chains of "purchase of raw materials - production  sales  distribution” based on integration and coordination operations, procedures and functions performed in this process in order to minimize the overall resource costs









State University - Graduate school of economics State management university	Sergeev V.I., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.; Sterligova A.N., Ph.D. Sciences, Assoc. Anikin B.A., Doctor of Economics sciences, prof.	Logistics is the science of management and optimization material and their accompanying flows (information, financial, service, etc.) in micro, meso or macroeconomic systems Logistics - management material flows, service flows and related with them informational and financial flows in logistics system for achievement of its before her goals Logistics is the science of streaming management processes in the economy

Chapter 1
THE CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS

AND FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT

I often think about where my place is in

this thread?

Genghis Khan
1.1. Definition, concept, tasks

and logistics functions
In recent years, significant transformations have taken place in the sphere of commodity circulation in a number of countries. In economic practice, new methods and technologies for the delivery of goods began to be used. They are based on the concept logistics.

Logistics comes from the Greek word "logistike", which means the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of practical logistics goes far into the past. Professor of the University of Hamburg G. Pavellek notes that even in the period of the Roman Empire there were ministers who bore the title of "logistics" or "logistics"; they were engaged in the distribution of food 1 . In the first millennium of our era, in the military lexicon of a number of countries, logistics was associated with the activity of providing the armed forces with material resources and maintaining their stocks. Thus, during the time of the Byzantine king Leon VI (865-912 AD), it was believed that the tasks of logistics were arming the army, supplying it with military equipment, timely and fully caring for its needs and, accordingly, preparing each act of a military campaign 2 .

According to a number of Western scientists, logistics has grown into a science thanks to military affairs. The creator of the first scientific works on logistics is considered to be the French military specialist of the early 19th century A. Jomini, who gave the following definition of logistics: "the practical art of maneuvering troops." He argued that logistics included not only transportation, but also a wide range of issues, such as planning, management and supply, determining the location of troops, as well as the construction of bridges, roads, etc. It is believed that some of the principles of logistics were used by Napoleon's army . However, as a military science, logistics was formed only by the middle of the 19th century.

Logistics began to be actively used during the Second World War, and above all in the material and technical supply of the US Army in the European theater of operations 3 . The precise interaction of the military industry, rear and front supply bases and transport made it possible to timely and systematically provide the American army with the supply of weapons, fuels and lubricants and food in the required quantities.

That is why, in many Western countries, logistics has been put at the service of the efficiency of material management in the economy. Like other methods of applied mathematics (operations research, mathematical optimization, network models, etc.), logistics gradually began to move from the military field to the field of economic practice. Initially, it took shape as a new kind of theory about the implementation of the management of the movement of commodity and material resources in the sphere of circulation, and then production. Thus, the ideas of integrating supply-production-distribution systems, which would link the functions of supplying materials and raw materials, production, storage and distribution, that arose in countries with market economies even before and during the economic crisis of the 1930s, were transformed into independent areas of scientific research and form of economic practice - logistics .

Russia has made a significant contribution to the development of logistics. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, professors of communications in St. Petersburg published a work called "Transport Logistics". On its basis, models for the transportation of troops, their provision and supply were built. These models received practical application in planning and conducting a number of campaigns of the Russian army during the First World War.

In the USSR during the years of the first five-year plans, on the basis of the principles of transport logistics, schedules were developed for the supply of goods for the most important construction projects, polar and other expeditions. During the Great Patriotic War, military communications services organized the movement of front-line cargo by all modes of transport 4 . In the post-war period, logistics has been further developed. In particular, in 1950 the work of B.G. Bakhaev "Fundamentals of the operation of the navy". In this work, the main credo of logistics was formulated, the essence of which was reduced to the requirement of rational organization of transportation and skirmishing of goods in the required quantity and quality to a given destination with minimal costs within a specified period.

In the late 1970s, a logistics technology was developed in Leningrad, i.e., the operation of modes of transport according to the method of a transport hub, where they interacted. The concepts of domestic scientists were studied by Western experts. At present, they form the basis for the development of a unified European transport system of the EU countries. At the end of the 1980s, an attempt was made in the USSR to introduce the Rhythm intersectoral system, which operates on the principles of logistics. A unified intersectoral technology for sustainable transportation of iron ore raw materials combined train schedules, the work of stations, enterprises - senders and recipients of goods to organize the promotion of technological routes. A logistics chain for the delivery of coal from Kuzbass to one of the Moscow CHPPs was developed and implemented.

In entrepreneurial activity, economic and scientific literature, foreign experts distinguish two fundamental directions in the definition of logistics. One of them is related to functional approach to the distribution of goods, i.e., the management of all physical operations that must be performed when goods are delivered from the supplier to the consumer. The other direction is characterized broader approach: in addition to managing commodity distribution operations, it includes an analysis of the market of suppliers and consumers, the coordination of supply and demand in the market of goods and services, as well as the harmonization of the interests of participants in the distribution process.

Within the framework of the noted approach to logistics, there are many different interpretations. Analyzing them, it is easy to notice a number of aspects through the prism of which logistics is considered. The most widespread are managerial, economic and operational-financial aspects. For example, Professor G. Pavellek 5 and members of the US National Council for Material Distribution Management 6 , defining the essence of logistics, focus on managerial aspect. Logistics, in their opinion, is the planning, management and control of the flow of material products entering the enterprise, processed there and leaving this enterprise and the corresponding information flow 7 .

Many specialists in the study area, including French ones, prefer economic side of logistics and interpret it as "... a set of various activities in order to obtain at the lowest cost the required quantity of products at a specified time and in a specified place in which there is a specific need for this product" 8 . In the guide issued by Danzas (one of the largest German freight forwarding companies), logistics is defined as a certain system developed for each enterprise with the aim of optimally, from the point of view of making a profit, accelerating the movement of material resources and goods inside and outside the enterprise, starting from the purchase of raw materials and materials, their passage through production and ending with the supply of finished products to consumers, including the information system that links these tasks 9 .

Some definitions of logistics reflect how managerial, and economic aspects of. The most typical in this regard is the characteristic of logistics given by Professor Pfol (Germany), who links together the processes of planning and controlling the movement of material assets with a reduction in the costs of their movement and information support 10 .

A number of definitions of logistics emphasize its operational-financial aspect. In them, the interpretation of logistics is based on the time of calculation of the partners in the transaction and activities related to the movement and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products in economic circulation from the moment the money is paid to the supplier until the moment the money is received for the delivery of the final product to the consumer 11.

Other definitions of logistics reflect the views of specialists who focus on individual functions in the cycle under consideration. Logistics in these cases is reduced to a very narrow range of operations: transportation, loading and unloading, warehousing, etc. Summarizing the above definitions of logistics, it can be characterized as the science of managing material flows from the primary source to the final consumer with minimal costs associated with the movement of goods and the flow of information related to it.

The first to predict the practical potential of logistics were American specialists Paul Converse and Peter Drucker. They identified its potential as "the last frontier of cost savings" and "the unidentified mainland of the economy" 12 . Subsequently, their point of view was shared by many theorists of logistics. Such American researchers as M. Porter, D. Stock and some others believe that logistics has gone beyond its traditional narrow definition and is of great importance in the strategic management and planning of the company 13 .

The French specialists E. Mate and D. Tixier are also adherents of the broad interpretation of logistics, who mean by it “the ways and methods of coordinating the relations of the company with partners, the means of coordinating the demand presented by the market and the proposal put forward by the company ... a way of organizing the activities of an enterprise that allows you to combine efforts various units producing goods and services in order to optimize the financial, material and labor resources used by the firm to achieve its economic goals” 14 . E. Mate and D. Tiksier believe that “...logistics is at the very heart of the choice made by the company in various areas, at the center of the actions taken; undoubtedly, it is an important factor in the development of the general policy of the firm" 15 . English scientists D. Benson and J. Whitehead also belong to the supporters of the broad interpretation of logistics. In their opinion, logistics covers market research and forecasting, production planning, the purchase of raw materials, materials and equipment, includes inventory control and a number of sequential goods-movement operations, and the study of customer service 16 .

From the above definitions of logistics by foreign experts, it follows that it is a broader category than marketing, many of whose main functions have been transferred to logistics. One of the confirmations of this can be the creation of logistics structures at a number of firms that absorbed the previously functioning marketing units. Moreover, English researchers M. Christopher and G. Wils believe that logistics is effective not only at the level of firms, but also at the industry level. She, they believe, should own decisions on the general economic process of the industry, including questions of the location of enterprises and warehouses.

The disparity in the definition of logistics is due to a number of reasons 17 . One of them lies in the specificity and difference in the scale of the tasks that individual firms are trying to solve in the field of product marketing, its transportation, warehousing, etc. Another reason is the existing differences in national systems for organizing and managing the movement of goods, as well as in the level of research on logistics problems in different countries. The third reason is the multiplicity of functional areas of activity in the external environment of the logistics system (Fig. I.I).

At its core, logistics is not a completely new and unknown phenomenon in practice. The problem of the most rational movement of raw materials, materials and finished products has always been the subject of close attention. The novelty of logistics lies, firstly, in the change of priorities in the economic practice of firms, which assigns a central place in it to the management of flow processes, and not to production management. Secondly, the novelty of logistics lies in a comprehensive integrated approach to the issues of the movement of material values in the process of reproduction.

Rice. 1.1. Functional "environment" of the logistics system:

1 - logistics and electronic data processing; 2 - purchase of raw materials and materials; 3 - planning of material and technical supply; 4 - production planning; 5 - improvement of product quality; 6 - planning and production management; 7 - warehouse systems; 8 - sales planning; 9 - sales market, marketing; 10 - service structure; 11 - organization of customer service; 12 - financial planning; 13 - current financial activity; 14 - the structure of the personnel system; 15 - planning and personnel management

Based on the foregoing, we can give the following general definition of logistics. Logistics is form of optimization of market relations, harmonization of interests of all participants in the process of product distribution. Logistics is improving the management of material and related information and financial flows on the way from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer of finished products based on a systematic approach and the use of economic compromises in order to obtain a synergistic effect.

In modern conditions, Western experts distinguish several types of logistics: logistics related to the provision of production with materials (purchasing logistics); production logistics; marketing (marketing or distribution logistics) eighteen . They also distinguish transport logistics, which, in essence, is an integral part of each of the three types of logistics. An integral part of all types of logistics is also the mandatory presence of a logistics information flow, which includes the collection of data on the flow of goods, their transfer, processing and systematization, followed by the issuance of ready-made information. This logistics subsystem is often referred to as computer logistics. If we follow the logic of Western experts, then the number of types of logistics could be continued. It seems that the operation of such concepts has not only a purely terminological meaning. It is reflected in the expansion of the scope of logistics, in the creation of appropriate new organizational structures for managing firms, special units to manage the movement of goods in the warehouses of the enterprise, marketing and material distribution in the sale of finished products. Therefore, in our opinion, it would be more correct to talk not about the types of logistics, but about its functional areas.

In the logistics chain , i.e., the chain along which the commodity and information flows from the supplier to the consumer pass, the following main links are distinguished: the purchase and supply of materials, raw materials and semi-finished products; storage of products and raw materials; Production of goods; distribution, including the dispatch of goods from the warehouse of finished products; finished product consumption(Fig. 1.2). Each link in the logistics chain includes its own elements, which together form the material basis of logistics. The material elements of logistics include: vehicles and their arrangement, storage facilities, means of communication and control. The logistics system, of course, also includes personnel, i.e., those workers who perform all sequential operations.

Information flow

material flow

Rice. 1.2. Logistics chain
Source: The realities and challenges of European logistics into the 90s. Milan, 6th European Logistics Congress. November 1988, p. ten.
The possibility of planning various operations and analyzing the levels of elements of the logistics system predetermined its division into macro- and micrologistics. Macrologistic but solves issues related to the analysis of the market of suppliers and consumers, the development of a general concept of distribution, the placement of warehouses at the service site, the choice of the type of transport and vehicles, the organization of the transport process, the rational directions of material flows, the points of supply of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, with the choice of a transit or warehouse scheme for the delivery of goods.

Micrologistic but solves local issues within individual firms and enterprises. An example is intra-production logistics, when various logistics operations are planned within the enterprise, such as transport and storage, loading and unloading, etc. Micrologistics provides operations for planning, preparing, implementing and controlling the processes of movement of goods within industrial enterprises. The difference between macro- and micrologistics also lies in the fact that, on the scale of the first, interaction between the participants in the process of commodity circulation occurs on the basis of the sale of goods, and within the framework of the second, on non-commodity relations.

The complication of production and the intensification of competition in the 1980s and 1990s required a more accurate linkage of logistics with the strategic goals of firms, as well as the activation of the role of logistics in increasing the flexibility of firms, their ability to quickly respond to market signals. Concerning the main task of logistics was to develop a carefully balanced and reasonable proposal that would help achieve the highest efficiency of the company, increase its market share and gain advantages over competitors. For, as practice has shown, underestimation of the close connection between the concept of logistics and an active market strategy has often led and leads to the fact that the purchase of raw materials, semi-finished products and components in itself becomes an incentive to start the production of a particular product without proper demand for it. In the current market situation, such an approach to product release is fraught with commercial failure. Of course, the focus on minimizing costs remains valid, but only if the optimal level of combination of costs and profitability of fixed and working capital involved in the market strategy is found.

One of the main tasks of logistics is also to improve the management of goods movement, to create an integrated effective system for regulating and controlling material and information flows. providing high quality product delivery. This task is most closely associated with the solution of such problems as: the correspondence of material and information flows to each other; control over the material flow and transfer of data about it to a single center; determination of the strategy and technology for the physical movement of goods; development of ways to manage the operations of the movement of goods; establishment of norms for standardization of semi-finished products and packaging; determination of the volume of production, transportation and storage; discrepancy between the intended goals and the possibilities of procurement and production. This task can be accomplished by solving scientific problems of the development of logistics itself, starting from the structuring of the technology of its chains and ending with various local tasks.

In accordance with the modern tasks of logistics, two types of its functions are distinguished: operational and coordination. Operational functions associated with the direct management of the movement of material values in the field of supply, production and distribution and, in essence, differ little from the functions of traditional logistics. Purchasing functions include managing the movement of raw materials, individual parts, or stocks of finished products from a supplier or point of purchase to manufacturing plants, warehouses, or retail stores. In the production phase, inventory management becomes a logistics function, including control of the movement of semi-finished products and components through all stages of the production process, as well as the movement of finished products to wholesale warehouses and retail markets. The functions of managing the distribution of products cover the operational organization of the flow of final products from the manufacturing enterprise to consumers.

To the number logistics coordination functions include: identification and analysis of the needs for material resources of various phases and parts of production; analysis of the markets in which the enterprise operates and forecasting the development of potential markets; processing data relating to orders and customer needs (Fig. 1.3). The listed functions of logistics are to coordinate the supply and demand of goods. In this sense, marketing and logistics are closely interrelated, and the established formula is "Marketing generates demand, and logistics implements it"- has a solid foundation. To a certain extent, the formula is applicable to the coordination of the relationship between logistics and production. Thus, logistics deals with "dockingth» two spheres:

Rice. 1.3. Functional diagram of logistics